3407:, correlating with humans becoming more monogamous, whereas gorillas, who live in harems, show a large degree of sexual dimorphism. Concealed (or "hidden") ovulation means that the phase of fertility is not detectable in women, whereas chimpanzees advertise ovulation via an obvious swelling of the genitals. Women can be partly aware of their ovulation along the menstrual phases, but men are essentially unable to detect ovulation in women. Most primates have semi-concealed ovulation, thus one can think that the common ancestor had semi-concealed ovulation, that was inherited by gorillas, and that later evolved in concealed ovulation in humans and advertised ovulation in chimpanzees. Menopause also occurs in
5251:
3131:, discusses the evidence that Australopithecus were one of the first hominins to evolve into obligate bipedalists. The remains of this subfamily are very important in the field of research as it presents possible information regarding how these primates adapted from tree life to terrestrial life. This was a huge adaptation as it encouraged many evolutionary changes within hominins including the ability to use their hand to make tools and gather food, as well as a larger brain development due to their change in diet.
3331:
116:
150:
8036:
5499:
5056:
8758:
6240:
3423:
3145:
2943:
7196:
517:
3317:. This gene helps encourage the growth of the brain. Further research indicated that the MCPH1 gene in humans could have also been an encouraging factor of population expansion. Other researchers have included that the diet was an encouraging factor to brain size as protein intake increased this helped brain development.
475:
has three main branches leading: to gorillas (via the tribe
Gorillini); to humans and to chimpanzees (via the tribe Hominini and subtribes Hominina and Panina―(see graphic "Evolutionary tree", below). There are two living species of Panina, chimpanzees and bonobos, and two living species of gorillas
3121:
in efforts to help with the collecting of food. In his Male
Provisioning Hypothesis introduced in 1981, lowered birth rates in early hominids increased pressure on males to provide for females and offspring. While females groomed and cared for their children with the family group, males ranged to
3090:
in humans as they were now able to do many other things as they began to walk with their feet. These changes included the ability to now use their hands to create tools or carry things with their hands, the ability to travel longer distances at a faster speed, and the ability to hunt for food.
3106:(Dart 1925.) This theory hypothesized that hominins became bipedalists due to the environment of the Savanna such as the tall grass and dry climate. This was later proven to be incorrect due to fossil records that showed that hominins were still climbing trees during this era.
3292:
The current size of the human brain is a big distinguishing factor that separates humans from other primates. Recent examination of the human brain shows that the brain of a human is about more than four times the size of
3309:) and their association with the human brain. In this study researchers discovered that the increase in brain size is correlated to the increase of both ASP and MCPH1. MCPH1 is very polymorphic in humans compared to
637:
with acid soils that rarely preserve fossils. Although no fossil gorillas have been reported, four chimpanzee teeth about 500,000 years old have been discovered in the East-African rift valley (
440:
Some classification schemes provide a more comprehensive account of extinct groups—(see section "Taxonomic
Classification", below). For example, tribe Hominini shows two subtribes: subtribe
4133:
Popadin, Konstantin; Gunbin, Konstantin; Peshkin, Leonid; Annis, Sofia; Fleischmann, Zoe; Kraytsberg, Genya; Markuzon, Natalya; Ackermann, Rebecca R.; Khrapko, Konstantin (2017-10-19).
626:; that is, they are not assignable to any of the three extant branches. Their existence suggests that the Homininae tribes diverged not earlier than about 8 million years ago (see
3367:
Sexuality is related to family structure and partly shapes it. The involvement of fathers in education is quite unique to humans, at least when compared to other
Homininae.
3742:
Goodman M, Tagle DA, Fitch DH, Bailey W, Czelusniak J, Koop BF, Benson P, Slightom JL (March 1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids".
4090:
5360:
8877:
4000:
3122:
seek food and returned bipadally with full arms. Males who could better provide for females in this model were more likely to mate and produce offspring.
1440:
5428:
3437:
1310:
8928:
5325:
5438:
3447:
2896:
3843:
Fuss, J; Spassov, N; Begun, DR; Böhme, M (2017). "Potential hominin affinities of
Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe". PLOS One. 12 (5).
3694:
3040:
1330:
699:
3944:
8938:
8864:
4787:
5433:
3442:
1290:
5443:
3452:
4649:
3670:
3265:
have a brain volume slightly smaller (1250 cm) than
Neanderthals, women have a brain slightly smaller than men and the Flores hominids (
3095:. Darwin himself believed that larger brains in humans made an upright gait necessary, but had no hypothesis for how the mechanism evolved.
5535:
3853:
Sevim-Erol, Ayla; Begun, D. R.; Sözer, Ç Sönmez; Mayda, S.; van den Hoek
Ostende, L. W.; Martin, R. M. G.; Alçiçek, M. Cihat (2023-08-23).
641:
Formation, Kenya), where many fossils from the human lineage (hominins) have been found. This shows that some chimpanzees lived close to
3403:. Studies have suggested that the earliest hominins were dimorphic and that this lessened over the course of the evolution of the genus
2905:). Its separation into Gorillini and Hominini (the "gorilla–human last common ancestor", GHLCA) is estimated to have occurred at about
5365:
4759:
4377:
3301:. A study was conducted to help determine the evolution of the brain size within the sub family Homininae that tested the genes ASPM (
3228:
3026:
425:) contains one extant genus, Gorilla, with two extant species, with variants, and one known extinct genus. Alternatively, the genus
4611:
Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (2021). "From trees to the ground: the significance of
Australopithecus anamensis in human evolution".
8943:
5375:
3457:
1480:
511:
5092:
3166:
2964:
2597:
8869:
3271:), nicknamed hobbits, had a cranial capacity of about 380 cm (considered small for a chimpanzee), about a third of the
4174:"Independent evolution of knuckle-walking in African apes shows that humans did not evolve from a knuckle-walking ancestor"
3411:, and possibly in chimpanzees, but does not in gorillas and is quite uncommon in other primates (and other mammal groups).
3110:
4072:
3209:
3007:
920:
692:
2929:
There is evidence there was interbreeding of
Gorillas and the Pan–Homo ancestors until right up to the Pan–Homo split.
8933:
6948:
4780:
3246:
3181:
2979:
2890:
2434:
1270:
669:
627:
563:
then united with humans (now in subfamily
Homininae) as members of family Hominidae By 1990, it was recognized that
527:, emphasizing the subfamily Homininae: after an initial separation from the main line (some 18 million years ago) of
8882:
5448:
5300:
4729:
3654:
3162:
3127:
2960:
2618:
2611:
2604:
1373:
1107:
1099:
1091:
149:
3155:
2953:
8035:
5412:
5380:
5330:
5285:
4047:
3188:
2986:
2835:
2825:
1211:
3963:
5528:
5250:
2651:
608:
5310:
8757:
7793:
7611:
7018:
5406:
5385:
4755:
3289:. In this case, it seems that for intelligence, the structure of the brain is more important than its size.
2632:
2372:
2334:
1181:
685:
486:, have been found with dates as recent as 40,000 years ago. Individual members of this subfamily are called
4751:
3195:
2993:
8778:
7072:
6776:
6157:
5295:
4773:
2625:
1140:
4108:
8890:
7858:
7542:
7484:
7422:
3975:
3257:
2658:
912:
6239:
3177:
2975:
8838:
8262:
7956:
7449:
7415:
7351:
7092:
6840:
6578:
6455:
6403:
5355:
5290:
4575:
4501:
4449:
4318:
4185:
4015:
3802:
3751:
3608:
3551:
3075:
3047:
2849:
2760:
2561:
2554:
1549:
1350:
1197:
1066:
1051:
7973:
7581:
7195:
6523:
6167:
6057:
5925:
5791:
5655:
8535:
7916:
7631:
7477:
7463:
7294:
7113:
7058:
6469:
6433:
6313:
6048:
5918:
5869:
5749:
5521:
5335:
3368:
3103:
2861:
2665:
2343:
2279:
7838:
7566:
6796:
6625:
6194:
6177:
5953:
5805:
5798:
5777:
5678:
4765:
8923:
8918:
8178:
7743:
7368:
7358:
7308:
6988:
6904:
6550:
6150:
6064:
5904:
5883:
5763:
5756:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5685:
5671:
5265:
5223:
5203:
5085:
4898:
4880:
4690:
4628:
4599:
4550:
4525:
4342:
4284:
4039:
3967:
3826:
3775:
3053:
2443:
2425:
2416:
1460:
144:
128:
7470:
6850:
6742:
6635:
6462:
5932:
5911:
5897:
5840:
5833:
5742:
5275:
3912:"Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My"
8895:
7456:
6615:
6023:
6009:
5960:
5876:
5859:
5812:
5770:
5699:
5664:
115:
8825:
7757:
7733:
7406:
6718:
6030:
5995:
5939:
5847:
5826:
5784:
5644:
5370:
5213:
5109:
4889:
4682:
4645:
4591:
4517:
4427:
4419:
4373:
4334:
4276:
4213:
4031:
3999:
Chaimanee Y, Suteethorn V, Jintasakul P, Vidthayanon C, Marandat B, Jaeger JJ (January 2004).
3945:"Reassessing hominoid phylogeny: Evaluating congruence in the morphological and temporal data"
3892:
3874:
3818:
3767:
3666:
3658:
3636:
3577:
3396:
3285:
used fire and made stone tools at least as sophisticated as those of their proposed ancestors
3267:
3118:
3092:
2804:
2720:
2685:
2407:
613:
520:
482:
6389:
6303:
6071:
6037:
6002:
5974:
5946:
4257:"From Trees to the Ground: The Significance of Australopithecus anamensis in Human Evolution"
4135:"Mitochondrial pseudogenes suggest repeated inter-species hybridization in hominid evolution"
3375:
in women both also occur in a few other primates however, but are uncommon in other species.
8665:
8309:
8202:
7885:
7668:
7604:
7574:
7511:
6598:
6514:
6448:
6359:
6016:
5967:
5469:
5239:
4715:
4672:
4620:
4583:
4542:
4509:
4469:
4445:
4409:
4326:
4268:
4203:
4193:
4152:
4142:
4023:
3959:
3923:
3882:
3866:
3810:
3759:
3724:
3626:
3616:
3567:
3559:
3400:
3314:
3298:
3059:
2784:
2770:
2700:
2587:
2363:
1132:
1081:
317:
246:
8588:
8557:
8549:
8433:
8333:
8188:
8158:
7775:
7621:
7558:
7388:
7338:
7324:
7317:
7271:
7065:
6860:
6530:
6483:
6417:
5732:
5459:
5184:
5174:
4950:
4941:
4134:
3428:
3392:
3362:
3091:
According to researchers, humans were able to be bipedalists due to Darwin's Principle of
2886:
2750:
2498:
within the Hominina, as shown here, represents a hypothesis, but not scientific consensus.
2354:
2325:
2301:
2265:
2236:
2216:
1760:
1165:
934:
890:
653:
634:
579:, leading to their (gorillas' and chimpanzees') placement in subfamily Homininae as well.
539:
broke away—leading to the current orangutan; and later the Homininae split into the tribe
8816:
452:(chimpanzees/bonobos), as fossils of extinct chimpanzees/bonobos are very rarely found.
4579:
4505:
4322:
4189:
4019:
3887:
3854:
3806:
3755:
3728:
3612:
3555:
3344:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
8714:
8675:
8606:
8463:
8453:
8423:
8400:
8390:
8380:
8292:
8241:
8226:
8211:
8148:
8127:
8117:
7784:
7764:
7379:
7106:
7083:
6541:
4704:"The evolution of brain size among the Homininae and selection at ASPM and MCPH1 genes"
4563:
4208:
4173:
3631:
3596:
3572:
3540:"Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes"
3539:
3408:
3281:
as a case of insular dwarfism. In spite of their smaller brain, there is evidence that
3202:
3000:
2922:
2504:
2474:
2174:
2131:
1796:
1711:
1685:
986:
973:
903:
877:
622:
4303:
4231:
8912:
8693:
8528:
8519:
8248:
8218:
8168:
8138:
7980:
7946:
7878:
7800:
7750:
7709:
7688:
7287:
7247:
6968:
6931:
6887:
6880:
6830:
6806:
6426:
6349:
6116:
5502:
5078:
5059:
4632:
4554:
4529:
4288:
3306:
2740:
2570:
2188:
2145:
2116:
2107:
1813:
1173:
599:
283:
73:
4489:
3971:
8725:
8654:
8565:
8542:
8490:
8473:
8443:
8285:
8233:
8087:
7868:
7821:
7726:
7661:
7651:
7641:
7551:
7433:
7395:
7280:
7127:
7120:
7028:
6766:
6752:
6685:
6564:
6334:
6292:
6090:
5629:
5320:
5305:
5280:
4603:
4537:
Andrews, P.; Harrison, T. (2005). "7 The Last Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans".
4043:
3830:
3779:
3273:
3251:
3065:
2901:
2819:
2730:
2710:
2641:
2544:
2250:
2202:
2159:
1581:
1155:
1122:
1036:
960:
947:
603:
369:
263:
255:
4694:
4372:. Studies in language companion. Vol. 92–93. John Benjamins. pp. 35–42.
8830:
4677:
4660:
4346:
3621:
582:
The subfamily Homininae can be further subdivided into three branches, the tribe
8851:
8810:
8631:
7814:
7695:
7678:
7442:
7048:
6958:
6823:
6786:
6706:
6645:
6366:
5819:
5315:
5270:
5139:
4974:
4720:
4703:
4362:"As large as you need and as small as you can—implications of the brain size of
3597:"Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe"
3388:
3302:
3144:
2942:
2794:
2401:
2394:
1852:
1668:
1227:
851:
591:
528:
405:
48:
4370:
Mental States: Evolution, function, nature; 2. Language and cognitive structure
4302:
Brown P, Sutikna T, Morwood MJ, Soejono RP, Saptomo EW, Due RA (October 2004).
4178:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3870:
3563:
3422:
8107:
7899:
7226:
7213:
7163:
7099:
7038:
6941:
6924:
6816:
6759:
6732:
6695:
6665:
6655:
6380:
6106:
5988:
5692:
5637:
5589:
5544:
5464:
5155:
4995:
4836:
4546:
4513:
3418:
3380:
3242:
3114:
3099:
3087:
3083:
2840:
1841:
647:
568:
524:
410:
211:
136:
124:
93:
58:
8801:
4686:
4423:
4280:
3878:
3659:"Man's place in the phylogeny of the primates as reflected in serum proteins"
551:
Until 1970, the family (and term) Hominidae meant humans only; the non-human
8576:
8480:
8349:
8299:
7936:
7926:
7849:
7702:
7592:
7491:
7257:
7011:
6914:
6128:
5890:
5606:
5454:
5197:
4865:
4846:
4797:
4198:
3928:
3911:
3372:
3294:
2295:
1932:
1744:
1565:
1396:
1242:
638:
583:
576:
552:
544:
472:
468:
464:
418:
365:
311:
288:
231:
161:
98:
42:
20:
4521:
4490:"A new Miocene ape and locomotion in the ancestor of great apes and humans"
4431:
4398:"Molecular evolution of microcephalin, a gene determining human brain size"
4338:
4304:"A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia"
4217:
4035:
3896:
3822:
3640:
3581:
4595:
3771:
8795:
8642:
8618:
8411:
8370:
8316:
8255:
7828:
6978:
6871:
6571:
6496:
6396:
5981:
5621:
5562:
5423:
4964:
4855:
4818:
4414:
4397:
3384:
3098:
The first major theory attempting to directly explanation the origins of
2468:
2388:
2029:
1972:
1884:
1652:
1613:
1527:
1505:
1416:
838:
595:
587:
556:
540:
536:
499:
460:
441:
386:
361:
293:
181:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
24:
4330:
4027:
3814:
3689:
8703:
8596:
8323:
7963:
7892:
7144:
7137:
6999:
6894:
6676:
6557:
6503:
6323:
6184:
6141:
5574:
5418:
5401:
5345:
5168:
4926:
4830:
4587:
4157:
4091:"Scientists unlock genetic code for gorillas - and show the human link"
3793:
McBrearty S, Jablonski NG (September 2005). "First fossil chimpanzee".
3763:
3169: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3070:
2967: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2917:
2522:
2319:
1484:
1021:
1013:
999:
823:
564:
495:
456:
422:
376:
201:
132:
103:
78:
8856:
4564:"Primate Evolution at the DNA Level and a Classification of Hominoids"
3086:
encouraged multiple changes among hominins especially when it came to
2907:
516:
8273:
8097:
7906:
7807:
7528:
6725:
6441:
6271:
6258:
6210:
5568:
5556:
5235:
5145:
4986:
4824:
4812:
3376:
3310:
2454:
1982:
532:
430:
414:
221:
191:
171:
8772:
4702:
Leyva-Hernández, Sandra; Fong-Zazueta, Ricardo; et al. (2021).
4256:
3855:"A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines"
2865:
2852:
2844:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2689:
2645:
2591:
2574:
2548:
2526:
2509:
2478:
2305:
2110:
4624:
4272:
4147:
559:. Later discoveries led to revised classifications, with the great
403:
sapiens), and numerous extinct human species; and the extant genus
5484:
5474:
5126:
5025:
4361:
3395:, in humans, chimpanzees or gorillas, respectively. The levels of
2679:
617:
572:
515:
445:
396:
8843:
8683:
7716:
5479:
5120:
5010:
2674:
391:
8776:
8051:
7211:
6256:
5587:
5517:
5074:
4769:
3715:
Goodman M (1974). "Biochemical Evidence on Hominid Phylogeny".
8066:
8053:
8003:
5101:
3324:
3138:
2936:
1598:
664:
560:
344:
5513:
4001:"A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand"
448:; and subtribe Panina, which presents only the extant genus,
598:(humans and their extinct relatives), and the extinct tribe
3964:
10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0614:RHPECI>2.0.CO;2
338:
429:
is considered by some to belong, instead of to a subtribe
323:
3245:) as the ancestors of modern humans progressed along the
3057:(6 million years old) suggest some degree of bipedalism.
1616: (Humans, Chimpanzees, and Gorillas)
329:
4488:
Böhme, Madelaine; Spassov, Nikolai; et al. (2019).
437:) "Panini"—which would be a third tribe for Homininae.
5070:
4562:
Goodman, Morris; Tagle, Danilo A.; et al. (1990).
3342:. The reason given is: Cited evidence is out of date..
4640:
Hollox, Edward; Hurles, Matthew; et al. (2013).
3125:
Anthropologist Yohannes Haile-Selassie, an expert on
657:) at the time; the same is likely true for gorillas.
395:, which comprises only one extant species—the modern
341:
335:
8721:
8710:
8699:
8689:
8671:
8661:
8650:
8602:
8584:
8516:
8486:
8469:
8459:
8449:
8439:
8429:
8419:
8396:
8386:
8376:
8366:
8329:
8305:
8281:
8199:
8184:
8174:
8164:
8154:
8144:
8134:
8123:
8113:
8103:
8093:
8083:
7969:
7952:
7942:
7932:
7922:
7912:
7874:
7864:
7834:
7739:
7722:
7684:
7674:
7657:
7647:
7637:
7627:
7617:
7600:
7539:
7524:
7364:
7335:
7305:
7268:
7253:
7243:
7133:
7054:
7044:
7034:
7024:
7007:
6984:
6974:
6964:
6954:
6937:
6920:
6910:
6900:
6856:
6846:
6836:
6812:
6802:
6792:
6782:
6772:
6748:
6738:
6714:
6691:
6661:
6651:
6641:
6631:
6621:
6611:
6480:
6414:
6377:
6346:
6330:
6319:
6309:
6299:
6288:
6190:
6173:
6163:
6123:
6112:
6102:
5602:
543:(with subtribes Hominina and Panina), and the tribe
8785:
8641:
8617:
8575:
8515:
8504:
8410:
8347:
8272:
8198:
8064:
8002:
7848:
7783:
7774:
7591:
7538:
7509:
7432:
7405:
7378:
7334:
7304:
7267:
7224:
7162:
7082:
6998:
6870:
6705:
6675:
6596:
6540:
6513:
6479:
6413:
6376:
6345:
6269:
6209:
6140:
6089:
6047:
5857:
5730:
5654:
5600:
5394:
5344:
5258:
5108:
5008:
4972:
4963:
4924:
4915:
4863:
4854:
4845:
3595:Fuss J, Spassov N, Begun DR, Böhme M (2017-05-22).
3241:
There has been a gradual increase in brain volume (
3079:may have possessed an arboreal type of bipedalism.
332:
326:
320:
4073:"Gorilla genome analysis reveals new human links"
2899:) is estimated at some 14 to 12.5 million years (
3277:average. It is proposed that they evolved from
19:For an explanation of very similar terms, see
5529:
5086:
4781:
2490:has also been subsumed by other authors into
693:
8:
4665:Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology
4391:
4389:
3665:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 204–234.
4368:. In Schalley, A.C.; Khlentzos, D. (eds.).
3514:is a member of the family Hominidae, and a
3489:is a member of the family Hominidae, and a
3321:Evolution of family structure and sexuality
3297:and 20 times larger than the brain size of
2895:The age of the subfamily Homininae (of the
2855:(scientific name has not yet been assigned)
2787:(scientific name has not yet been assigned)
476:and one that is extinct. Traces of extinct
8773:
8623:
8512:
8359:
8355:
8076:
8072:
8061:
8048:
7999:
7780:
7517:
7343:
7236:
7232:
7221:
7208:
7159:
6604:
6488:
6281:
6277:
6266:
6253:
6095:
6086:
5613:
5597:
5584:
5536:
5522:
5514:
5093:
5079:
5071:
4969:
4921:
4860:
4851:
4788:
4774:
4766:
3518:is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea.
3510:is a member of the subfamily Homininae, a
3493:is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea.
3485:is a member of the subfamily Homininae, a
700:
686:
114:
31:
4719:
4676:
4413:
4207:
4197:
4156:
4146:
3927:
3886:
3630:
3620:
3571:
3383:seems to be related to family structure:
3229:Learn how and when to remove this message
3027:Learn how and when to remove this message
506:History of discoveries and classification
3695:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
3538:Grabowski M, Jungers WL (October 2017).
3041:Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism
633:Today, chimpanzees and gorillas live in
360:".) This subfamily includes two tribes,
352:—encompass humans, and are also called "
4463:
4461:
4255:Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (2021-12-01).
4109:"New Ape May Be Human-Gorilla Ancestor"
3530:
3470:
2897:Homininae–Ponginae last common ancestor
4396:Wang, Yin-qiu; Su, Bing (2004-06-01).
3684:
3682:
444:, which contains at least two extinct
5429:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
3506:is a member of the tribe Hominini, a
3481:is a member of the tribe Hominini, a
3438:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
3249:, starting from about 600 cm in
409:, which includes two extant species,
7:
5439:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
4172:Kivell TL, Schmitt D (August 2009).
4107:Hansford, Dave (November 13, 2007).
3448:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
3167:adding citations to reliable sources
2965:adding citations to reliable sources
2868:(classification not widely accepted)
1537:
1515:
1493:
1469:
1449:
1429:
1405:
1385:
1362:
1339:
1319:
1299:
1279:
1259:
4613:Journal of Anthropological Research
4261:Journal of Anthropological Research
3729:10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.001223
2036:
2025:
1996:
1988:
1978:
1946:
1938:
1928:
1898:
1890:
1880:
1859:
1848:
1837:
1737:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1620:
1609:
620:, as is, perhaps, its contemporary
494:—not to be confused with the terms
5434:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
5366:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
4760:National Museum of Natural History
4541:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
3663:Classification and Human Evolution
3443:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
3399:are generally seen as a marker of
3303:abnormal spindle-like microcephaly
14:
5444:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
4644:(2nd ed.). Garland Science.
3916:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
3453:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
1876:Hominidae (great apes)
555:were assigned to the then-family
8929:Extant Miocene first appearances
8756:
8034:
7194:
6238:
5498:
5497:
5249:
5055:
5054:
3421:
3329:
3143:
2941:
2678:– immediate ancestors of modern
316:
310:), is a subfamily of the family
148:
5376:Great Apes Survival Partnership
5326:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
3943:Finarelli JA, Clyde WC (2004).
3458:List of human evolution fossils
3154:needs additional citations for
2952:needs additional citations for
512:List of human evolution fossils
459:that arose after the subfamily
375:(or living) species as well as
8939:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
4568:Journal of Molecular Evolution
3744:Journal of Molecular Evolution
3073:. Very early hominins such as
2598:Australopithecus bahrelghazali
2448:Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
433:, to its own separate tribe, (
1:
3717:Annual Review of Anthropology
467:} split from the line of the
4752:Human Timeline (Interactive)
4678:10.1590/S1516-89132015060399
3622:10.1371/journal.pone.0177127
3051:(4.4 million years old) and
2243:Pierolapithecus catalaunicus
2138:Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
571:are more closely related to
4721:10.37819/biosis.002.02.0104
4642:Human Evolutionary Genetics
3247:timeline of human evolution
2891:Human evolutionary genetics
2435:Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee
2421:Pan troglodytes troglodytes
2311:Chororapithecus abyssinicus
628:Human evolutionary genetics
455:The Homininae comprise all
389:includes: the extant genus
314:(hominids). (The Homininae—
123:Three hominines – an adult
8960:
5449:List of fictional primates
5301:Neanderthal genome project
4708:Biosis: Biological Systems
3871:10.1038/s42003-023-05210-5
3564:10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4
3360:
3128:Australopithecus anamensis
3038:
2884:
2619:Australopithecus africanus
2612:Australopithecus afarensis
2605:Australopithecus anamensis
2229:Hispanopithecus crusafonti
2195:Anoiapithecus brevirostris
612:, described in 2007, is a
594:(chimpanzees/bonobos) and
509:
18:
8753:
8626:
8362:
8358:
8079:
8075:
8060:
8047:
8032:
7998:
7520:
7346:
7239:
7235:
7220:
7207:
7192:
7158:
6607:
6491:
6284:
6280:
6265:
6252:
6235:
6098:
6085:
5616:
5596:
5583:
5551:
5493:
5381:International Primate Day
5331:Borneo Orangutan Survival
5286:Chimpanzee genome project
5247:
5050:
4807:
4796:Extant species of family
4547:10.1163/9789047416616_013
4514:10.1038/s41586-019-1731-0
4095:The Sydney Morning Herald
3338:This section needs to be
2826:Anatomically modern human
2515:Sahelanthropus tchadensis
2368:Gorilla beringei beringei
2272:Samburupithecus kiptalami
2224:Hispanopithecus laietanus
2152:Otavipithecus namibiensis
2034:
2023:
1994:
1986:
1976:
1944:
1936:
1926:
1896:
1888:
1878:
1857:
1846:
1811:
1793:
1757:
1742:
1735:
1708:
1682:
1665:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1618:
1594:
678:
667:
535:), the line of subfamily
279:
274:
261:
254:
145:Scientific classification
143:
122:
113:
34:
4402:Human Molecular Genetics
4113:National Geographic News
3661:. In Washburn SL (ed.).
2923:Nakalipithecus nakayamai
2652:Paranthropus aethiopicus
2484:Graecopithecus freybergi
2377:Gorilla beringei graueri
2181:Nakalipithecus nakayamai
661:Taxonomic classification
609:Nakalipithecus nakayamai
5407:List of individual apes
5386:Nonhuman Rights Project
4661:"Origins of Bipedalism"
4659:Ko, Kwang Hyun (2015).
4232:"Origins of Bipedalism"
4199:10.1073/pnas.0901280106
4089:Jha A (March 9, 2012).
4071:Jha A (March 7, 2012).
3929:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505
3910:Hill A, Ward S (1988).
2933:Evolution of bipedalism
2633:Australopithecus sediba
2439:Pan troglodytes ellioti
2373:Eastern lowland gorilla
2339:Gorilla gorilla gorilla
2335:Western lowland gorilla
2258:Rudapithecus hungaricus
1582:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1441:Dispersal beyond Africa
8944:Taxa described in 1825
5296:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
3859:Communications Biology
3690:"Homininae Gray, 1825"
3305:associated) and MCHP1
3255:up to 1500 cm in
2920:, close to the age of
2626:Australopithecus garhi
2580:Kenyanthropus platyops
2348:Gorilla gorilla diehli
713:−10 —
586:(gorillas), the tribe
548:
135:(left) and a juvenile
8891:Paleobiology Database
5311:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
4738:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
4539:Interpreting the Past
4360:Davidson, I. (2007).
3544:Nature Communications
3258:Homo neanderthalensis
2795:Homo neanderthalensis
2659:Paranthropus robustus
2430:Pan troglodytes verus
2410:(common chimpanzee),
2167:Oreopithecus bambolii
803:−1 —
793:−2 —
783:−3 —
773:−4 —
763:−5 —
753:−6 —
743:−7 —
733:−8 —
723:−9 —
519:
131:) holding a juvenile
5291:Human Genome Project
4899:Tapanuli orangutan (
4881:Sumatran orangutan (
4451:The Third Chimpanzee
3163:improve this article
3135:Brain size evolution
3076:Ardipithecus ramidus
3048:Ardipithecus ramidus
2961:improve this article
2850:Red Deer Cave people
2836:Archaic Homo sapiens
2830:Homo sapiens sapiens
2761:Homo heidelbergensis
2562:Ardipithecus kadabba
2555:Ardipithecus ramidus
2457:(pygmy chimpanzee),
2209:Dryopithecus fontani
2124:Kenyapitheus wickeri
1397:Earliest stone tools
16:Subfamily of mammals
7917:Paradolichopithecus
5336:Primate archaeology
4890:Bornean orangutan (
4580:1990JMolE..30..260G
4506:2019Natur.575..489B
4331:10.1038/nature02999
4323:2004Natur.431.1055B
4190:2009PNAS..10614241K
4028:10.1038/nature02245
4020:2004Natur.427..439C
3815:10.1038/nature04008
3807:2005Natur.437..105M
3756:1990JMolE..30..260G
3613:2017PLoSO..1277127F
3556:2017NatCo...8..880G
3369:Concealed ovulation
3113:has suggested that
3104:Savannah hypothesis
2862:Homo sapiens idaltu
2666:Paranthropus boisei
2494:. The placement of
2344:Cross River gorilla
2286:Danuvius guggenmosi
523:of the superfamily
480:species, including
8934:Mammal subfamilies
7543:Victoriapithecidae
7485:Plesiopliopithecus
7423:Platodontopithecus
5266:Great ape language
5224:Tapanuli orangutan
5204:Sumatran orangutan
4588:10.1007/BF02099995
4468:Diamond J (1997).
4415:10.1093/hmg/ddh127
3764:10.1007/BF02099995
3261:. However, modern
3054:Orrorin tugenensis
3045:Recent studies of
2916:) during the late
2813:H. heidelbergensis
2532:Orrorin tugenensis
2444:Eastern chimpanzee
2426:Western chimpanzee
2417:Central chimpanzee
1198:H. heidelbergensis
549:
129:Leonard Carmichael
8906:
8905:
8779:Taxon identifiers
8770:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8751:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8500:
8499:
8343:
8342:
8043:
8042:
8030:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8021:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7407:Dionysopithecidae
7309:Propliopithecidae
7203:
7202:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7154:
7153:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6248:
6247:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6205:
6204:
6081:
6080:
5511:
5510:
5371:Great Ape Project
5214:Bornean orangutan
5068:
5067:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5019:
4980:
4951:Western gorilla (
4942:Eastern gorilla (
4935:
4911:
4910:
4874:
4801:
4651:978-0-8153-4148-2
4500:(7783): 489–493.
4408:(11): 1131–1137.
4364:Homo floresiensis
4317:(7012): 1055–61.
3672:978-0-202-36487-2
3397:sexual dimorphism
3359:
3358:
3315:Old World monkeys
3299:old world monkeys
3268:Homo floresiensis
3239:
3238:
3231:
3213:
3119:sexual dimorphism
3093:natural selection
3082:The evolution of
3037:
3036:
3029:
3011:
2910:million years ago
2908:8 to 10
2805:Homo rhodesiensis
2721:Homo floresiensis
2686:Homo gautengensis
2097:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1866:
1865:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1724:
1723:
1697:
1696:
1607:
1606:
1599:million years ago
1558:
1557:
1536:
1535:
1514:
1513:
1506:Earliest rock art
1492:
1491:
1468:
1467:
1461:Earliest language
1448:
1447:
1428:
1427:
1404:
1403:
1384:
1383:
1374:Earliest sign of
1361:
1360:
1351:Earliest sign of
1338:
1337:
1318:
1317:
1298:
1297:
1278:
1277:
921:Ou. macedoniensis
671:Hominine timeline
575:than they are to
521:Evolutionary tree
483:Homo floresiensis
301:
300:
250:
8951:
8899:
8898:
8886:
8885:
8873:
8872:
8860:
8859:
8847:
8846:
8834:
8833:
8821:
8820:
8819:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8774:
8761:
8760:
8723:
8712:
8701:
8691:
8673:
8666:Australopithecus
8663:
8652:
8624:
8604:
8586:
8518:
8513:
8488:
8471:
8461:
8451:
8441:
8431:
8421:
8398:
8388:
8378:
8368:
8360:
8356:
8331:
8307:
8283:
8203:Dendropithecidae
8201:
8186:
8176:
8166:
8156:
8146:
8136:
8125:
8115:
8105:
8095:
8085:
8077:
8073:
8062:
8049:
8038:
8000:
7971:
7954:
7944:
7934:
7924:
7914:
7876:
7866:
7836:
7781:
7741:
7724:
7686:
7676:
7659:
7649:
7639:
7629:
7619:
7605:Cercopithecoides
7602:
7575:Victoriapithecus
7541:
7526:
7518:
7512:Cercopithecoidea
7366:
7344:
7337:
7307:
7270:
7255:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7222:
7209:
7198:
7160:
7135:
7056:
7046:
7036:
7026:
7009:
6986:
6976:
6966:
6956:
6939:
6922:
6912:
6902:
6858:
6848:
6838:
6814:
6804:
6794:
6784:
6774:
6750:
6740:
6716:
6693:
6663:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6605:
6515:Proteopithecidae
6489:
6482:
6416:
6379:
6348:
6332:
6321:
6311:
6301:
6290:
6282:
6278:
6267:
6254:
6243:
6242:
6192:
6175:
6165:
6125:
6114:
6104:
6096:
6087:
5614:
5604:
5598:
5585:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5515:
5501:
5500:
5470:Mythic humanoids
5253:
5228:P. tapanuliensis
5095:
5088:
5081:
5072:
5058:
5057:
5018:
5015:
4979:
4970:
4934:
4931:
4922:
4901:P. tapanuliensis
4873:
4870:
4861:
4852:
4799:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4767:
4741:
4725:
4723:
4698:
4680:
4655:
4636:
4607:
4558:
4533:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4456:
4455:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4417:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4308:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4211:
4201:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4150:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4046:. Archived from
4014:(6973): 439–41.
4005:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3974:. Archived from
3949:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3535:
3519:
3500:
3494:
3475:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3401:sexual selection
3354:
3351:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3307:(microcephalin-1
3234:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3171:
3147:
3139:
3117:was a result of
3060:Australopithecus
3032:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3010:
2969:
2945:
2937:
2911:
2777:(probable early
2771:Homo cepranensis
2701:Homo rudolfensis
2588:Australopithecus
2537:Orrorin praegens
2364:Mountain gorilla
2359:Gorilla beringei
2037:
2026:
1997:
1989:
1979:
1947:
1939:
1929:
1899:
1891:
1881:
1860:
1855: (gibbons)
1849:
1838:
1738:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1621:
1610:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1570:
1568:
1552:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1528:Earliest clothes
1521:
1516:
1508:
1499:
1494:
1475:
1470:
1455:
1450:
1435:
1430:
1417:Earliest sign of
1411:
1406:
1391:
1386:
1376:Australopithecus
1368:
1363:
1345:
1340:
1331:Earliest bipedal
1325:
1320:
1311:Chimpanzee split
1305:
1300:
1285:
1280:
1265:
1260:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1214:
1200:
1186:
1158:
1145:
1125:
1112:
1084:
1082:Australopithecus
1071:
1056:
1039:
1026:
1002:
989:
976:
963:
950:
937:
925:
906:
893:
880:
868:
854:
841:
828:
826:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
702:
695:
688:
682:
672:
665:
635:tropical forests
471:. The Homininae
354:African hominids
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
245:
153:
152:
118:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
8959:
8958:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8894:
8889:
8881:
8876:
8868:
8863:
8855:
8850:
8842:
8837:
8829:
8824:
8815:
8814:
8809:
8800:
8799:
8794:
8781:
8771:
8762:
8755:
8731:
8637:
8613:
8589:Chororapithecus
8571:
8558:Pierolapithecus
8550:Hispanopithecus
8509:
8496:
8434:Gigantopithecus
8406:
8352:
8339:
8334:Yuanmoupithecus
8268:
8263:Turkanapithecus
8194:
8189:Samburupithecus
8159:Nacholapithecus
8069:
8056:
8039:
8018:
7986:
7957:Procynocephalus
7844:
7776:Cercopithecinae
7770:
7622:Dolichopithecus
7587:
7559:Nsungwepithecus
7534:
7514:
7497:
7450:Barberapithecus
7428:
7416:Dionysopithecus
7401:
7389:Epipliopithecus
7374:
7352:Krishnapithecus
7339:Pliopithecoidea
7330:
7325:Propliopithecus
7318:Aegyptopithecus
7300:
7272:Oligopithecidae
7263:
7229:
7216:
7199:
7178:
7150:
7078:
6994:
6866:
6841:Proteropithecia
6701:
6671:
6601:
6584:
6579:Ucayalipithecus
6536:
6509:
6484:Parapithecoidea
6475:
6456:Myanmarpithecus
6418:Amphipithecidae
6409:
6404:Phenacopithecus
6372:
6341:
6274:
6261:
6244:
6237:
6225:
6201:
6136:
6077:
6043:
5853:
5733:Anaptomorphinae
5726:
5650:
5610:
5592:
5579:
5547:
5542:
5512:
5507:
5489:
5460:Human evolution
5390:
5347:
5340:
5276:Birutė Galdikas
5254:
5245:
5185:Western gorilla
5175:Eastern gorilla
5111:
5104:
5099:
5069:
5064:
5034:
5016:
5014:
5004:
4978:
4959:
4932:
4930:
4907:
4871:
4869:
4841:
4803:
4794:
4748:
4728:
4701:
4658:
4652:
4639:
4610:
4561:
4536:
4487:
4484:
4482:Further reading
4479:
4471:Why is Sex Fun?
4467:
4466:
4459:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4240:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4184:(34): 14241–6.
4171:
4170:
4166:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4099:
4097:
4088:
4081:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3801:(7055): 105–8.
3792:
3791:
3787:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3700:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3607:(5): e0177127.
3594:
3593:
3589:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3501:
3497:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3429:Primates portal
3427:
3420:
3417:
3365:
3363:Human sexuality
3355:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3283:H. floresiensis
3235:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3172:
3170:
3160:
3148:
3137:
3109:Anthropologist
3043:
3033:
3022:
3016:
3013:
2970:
2968:
2958:
2946:
2935:
2915:
2906:
2893:
2887:Human evolution
2883:
2811:(probable late
2751:Homo antecessor
2412:Pan troglodytes
2355:Eastern gorilla
2330:Gorilla gorilla
2326:Western gorilla
2302:Chororapithecus
2266:Samburupithecus
2237:Pierolapithecus
2217:Hispanopithecus
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2032: (Humans)
2013:
2004:
1963:
1954:
1915:
1906:
1867:
1835:
1826:
1783:
1774:
1761:Chororapithecus
1745:Crown Gorillini
1725:
1698:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:H o m i n i d s
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1004:
998:
993:
992:
991:
985:
980:
979:
978:
972:
967:
966:
965:
959:
954:
953:
952:
946:
941:
940:
939:
935:Chororapithecus
933:
928:
927:
926:
917:
909:
908:
902:
897:
896:
895:
891:Samburupithecus
889:
884:
883:
882:
876:
871:
870:
869:
862:
858:
857:
856:
850:
845:
844:
843:
837:
832:
831:
830:
824:
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
706:
680:
674:
670:
663:
654:H. rhodesiensis
616:member of this
590:with subtribes
514:
508:
319:
315:
270:
267:
244:
147:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8957:
8955:
8947:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8911:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8887:
8874:
8861:
8848:
8835:
8822:
8807:
8791:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8777:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8729:
8719:
8715:Sahelanthropus
8708:
8697:
8687:
8680:
8676:Graecopithecus
8669:
8659:
8647:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8607:Nakalipithecus
8600:
8593:
8581:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8562:
8554:
8546:
8539:
8532:
8524:
8522:
8510:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8494:
8484:
8477:
8467:
8464:Lufengpithecus
8457:
8454:Khoratpithecus
8447:
8437:
8427:
8424:Ankarapithecus
8416:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8401:Ouranopithecus
8394:
8391:Nakalipithecus
8384:
8381:Graecopithecus
8374:
8363:
8353:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8327:
8320:
8313:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8278:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8242:Rangwapithecus
8238:
8230:
8227:Nyanzapithecus
8223:
8215:
8212:Dendropithecus
8207:
8205:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8182:
8172:
8162:
8152:
8149:Morotopithecus
8142:
8132:
8128:Kamoyapithecus
8121:
8118:Griphopithecus
8111:
8101:
8091:
8080:
8070:
8065:
8058:
8057:
8052:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8008:
8006:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7977:
7974:Soromandrillus
7967:
7960:
7950:
7940:
7930:
7920:
7910:
7903:
7896:
7889:
7882:
7872:
7862:
7854:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7797:
7794:Allenopithecus
7789:
7787:
7785:Cercopithecini
7778:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7765:Trachypithecus
7761:
7754:
7747:
7737:
7730:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7682:
7672:
7665:
7655:
7645:
7635:
7625:
7615:
7608:
7597:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7582:Zaltanpithecus
7578:
7571:
7563:
7555:
7547:
7545:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7521:
7515:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7438:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7419:
7411:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7392:
7384:
7382:
7380:Pliopithecidae
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7362:
7355:
7347:
7341:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7321:
7313:
7311:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7276:
7274:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7251:
7240:
7230:
7225:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7168:
7166:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7141:
7131:
7124:
7121:Leontopithecus
7117:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7088:
7086:
7084:Callitrichidae
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7052:
7042:
7032:
7022:
7015:
7004:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6982:
6972:
6962:
6952:
6945:
6935:
6928:
6918:
6908:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6876:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6854:
6844:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6810:
6800:
6790:
6780:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6746:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6711:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6689:
6681:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6659:
6649:
6639:
6629:
6619:
6608:
6602:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6575:
6568:
6561:
6554:
6546:
6544:
6542:Parapithecidae
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6524:Proteopithecus
6519:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6500:
6492:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6430:
6422:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6385:
6383:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6353:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6328:
6317:
6307:
6297:
6285:
6275:
6270:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6188:
6181:
6171:
6168:Hesperotarsius
6161:
6154:
6146:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6121:
6110:
6099:
6093:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5926:Gunnelltarsius
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5865:
5863:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5792:Pseudotetonius
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5738:
5736:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5658:
5656:Microchoerinae
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5626:
5617:
5611:
5601:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5559:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5518:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5242:: Hylobatidae)
5233:
5232:
5231:
5221:
5211:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5160:P. troglodytes
5153:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5116:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5022:
5020:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:P. troglodytes
4993:
4983:
4981:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4858:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4762:(August 2016).
4747:
4746:External links
4744:
4743:
4742:
4726:
4714:(2): 293–310.
4699:
4671:(6): 929–934.
4656:
4650:
4637:
4625:10.1086/716743
4619:(4): 457–482.
4608:
4574:(3): 260–266.
4559:
4534:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4457:
4437:
4385:
4379:978-9027231055
4378:
4352:
4294:
4273:10.1086/716743
4267:(4): 457–482.
4247:
4223:
4164:
4148:10.1101/134502
4125:
4063:
3991:
3958:(4): 614–651.
3935:
3902:
3845:
3836:
3785:
3734:
3707:
3678:
3671:
3646:
3587:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3495:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3416:
3413:
3409:rhesus monkeys
3357:
3356:
3337:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3237:
3236:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3069:may have been
3035:
3034:
2949:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2913:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2816:
2801:
2791:
2782:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2505:Sahelanthropus
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:Graecopithecus
2488:Graecopithecus
2475:Graecopithecus
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2175:Nakalipithecus
2171:
2170:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2132:Ouranopithecus
2128:
2127:
2126:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1992:(chimpanzees)
1987:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1797:Nakalipithecus
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1712:Ouranopithecus
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:Graecopithecus
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1133:H. rudolfensis
1118:
1117:
1116:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1009:
1008:
1007:
996:
995:
994:
987:Graecopithecus
983:
982:
981:
974:Sahelanthropus
970:
969:
968:
957:
956:
955:
944:
943:
942:
931:
930:
929:
904:Ouranopithecus
900:
899:
898:
887:
886:
885:
878:Nakalipithecus
874:
873:
872:
861:
860:
859:
848:
847:
846:
835:
834:
833:
820:
819:
818:
816:
813:0 —
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
708:
707:
705:
704:
697:
690:
679:
676:
675:
668:
662:
659:
623:Ouranopithecus
507:
504:
368:, both having
299:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
277:
276:
272:
271:
269:Linnaeus, 1758
268:
259:
258:
252:
251:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8956:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8897:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8827:
8823:
8818:
8812:
8808:
8803:
8797:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8775:
8759:
8728:
8727:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8694:Kenyanthropus
8688:
8686:
8685:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8670:
8668:
8667:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8644:
8640:
8634:
8633:
8629:
8628:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8609:
8608:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8583:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8574:
8568:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8540:
8538:
8537:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8529:Anoiapithecus
8526:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8520:Dryopithecini
8514:
8511:
8508:
8503:
8493:
8492:
8485:
8483:
8482:
8478:
8476:
8475:
8468:
8466:
8465:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8438:
8436:
8435:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8403:
8402:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8365:
8364:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8346:
8336:
8335:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8321:
8319:
8318:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8249:Rukwapithecus
8246:
8244:
8243:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8219:Micropithecus
8216:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8204:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8183:
8181:
8180:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8169:Otavipithecus
8163:
8161:
8160:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8139:Kenyapithecus
8133:
8130:
8129:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8082:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8068:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8050:
8046:
8037:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7983:
7982:
7981:Theropithecus
7978:
7976:
7975:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7947:Procercocebus
7941:
7939:
7938:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7883:
7881:
7880:
7879:Gorgopithecus
7873:
7871:
7870:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7808:Cercopithecus
7805:
7803:
7802:
7801:Allochrocebus
7798:
7796:
7795:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7751:Semnopithecus
7748:
7746:
7745:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7734:Rhinopithecus
7731:
7729:
7728:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7689:Parapresbytis
7683:
7681:
7680:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7632:Kuseracolobus
7626:
7624:
7623:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7513:
7508:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7478:Laccopithecus
7475:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7464:Egarapithecus
7461:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7295:Talahpithecus
7292:
7290:
7289:
7288:Oligopithecus
7285:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7248:Micropithecus
7242:
7241:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7210:
7206:
7197:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6969:Protopithecus
6963:
6961:
6960:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6831:Plecturocebus
6828:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6807:Miocallicebus
6801:
6799:
6798:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6595:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6470:Siamopithecus
6467:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:Bugtipithecus
6431:
6429:
6428:
6427:Amphipithecus
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:Afrotarsiidae
6344:
6337:
6336:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6314:Aseanpithecus
6308:
6306:
6305:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6197:
6196:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6158:Cephalopachus
6155:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6130:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:Afrotarsiidae
6111:
6109:
6108:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6049:Tarkadectinae
6046:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5919:Ekwiiyemakius
5916:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5870:Ageitodendron
5867:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5750:Anaptomorphus
5747:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5504:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5413:Apes in space
5411:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5348:social status
5343:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:Study of apes
5257:
5252:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4248:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4114:
4110:
4096:
4092:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4053:on 2012-01-17
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3981:on 2010-07-21
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3922:(59): 49–83.
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3353:
3341:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3233:
3230:
3222:
3219:December 2020
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180: –
3179:
3175:
3174:Find sources:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3152:This section
3150:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3031:
3028:
3020:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978: –
2977:
2973:
2972:Find sources:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2950:This section
2948:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:Homo ergaster
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:Kenyanthropus
2568:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:Anoiapithecus
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:Otavipithecus
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:Kenyapithecus
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:Dryopithecini
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1894:(Orangutans)
1893:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1844: (Apes)
1843:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Dryopithecini
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1569:
1567:
1551:
1550:Modern humans
1545:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1481:Earliest fire
1477:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1291:Gorilla split
1287:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1244:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1201:
1199:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1166:H. antecessor
1160:
1159:
1157:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1111:
1109:
1108:Au. anamensis
1103:
1101:
1100:Au. afarensis
1095:
1093:
1092:Au. africanus
1086:
1085:
1083:
1070:
1068:
1055:
1053:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1025:
1023:
1022:O. tugenensis
1017:
1015:
1003:
1001:
990:
988:
977:
975:
964:
962:
951:
949:
938:
936:
924:
922:
916:
914:
907:
905:
894:
892:
881:
879:
867:
866:
855:
853:
842:
840:
829:
827:
817:
710:
709:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
683:
677:
673:
666:
660:
658:
656:
655:
650:
649:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
624:
619:
615:
611:
610:
605:
601:
600:Dryopithecini
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
383:
381:
380:
374:
373:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
313:
309:
305:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:Dryopithecini
281:
280:
278:
273:
266:
265:
260:
257:
253:
248:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
26:
22:
8786:
8726:Paranthropus
8724:
8713:
8702:
8692:
8682:
8674:
8664:
8655:Ardipithecus
8653:
8630:
8605:
8595:
8587:
8566:Rudapithecus
8564:
8556:
8548:
8543:Dryopithecus
8541:
8534:
8527:
8506:
8491:Sivapithecus
8489:
8479:
8474:Meganthropus
8472:
8462:
8452:
8444:Indopithecus
8442:
8432:
8422:
8399:
8389:
8379:
8369:
8332:
8324:Symphalangus
8322:
8315:
8308:
8298:
8291:
8286:Bunopithecus
8284:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8234:Oreopithecus
8232:
8225:
8217:
8210:
8187:
8177:
8167:
8157:
8147:
8137:
8126:
8116:
8106:
8096:
8088:Afropithecus
8086:
7979:
7972:
7962:
7955:
7945:
7935:
7925:
7915:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7884:
7877:
7869:Dinopithecus
7867:
7857:
7839:Nanopithecus
7837:
7827:
7822:Erythrocebus
7820:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7763:
7756:
7749:
7742:
7732:
7727:Rhinocolobus
7725:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7696:Piliocolobus
7694:
7687:
7677:
7667:
7662:Microcolobus
7660:
7652:Mesopithecus
7650:
7642:Libypithecus
7640:
7630:
7620:
7610:
7603:
7580:
7573:
7567:Prohylobates
7565:
7557:
7552:Noropithecus
7550:
7527:
7490:
7483:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7434:Crouzeliidae
7421:
7414:
7396:Pliopithecus
7394:
7387:
7367:
7357:
7350:
7323:
7316:
7293:
7286:
7281:Catopithecus
7279:
7256:
7246:
7143:
7136:
7126:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7071:
7064:
7057:
7047:
7037:
7029:Dolichocebus
7027:
7017:
7010:
6987:
6977:
6967:
6957:
6947:
6940:
6930:
6923:
6913:
6903:
6893:
6886:
6879:
6859:
6849:
6839:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6805:
6797:Mazzonicebus
6795:
6785:
6775:
6765:
6758:
6753:Cebupithecia
6751:
6741:
6731:
6724:
6719:Antillothrix
6717:
6694:
6684:
6664:
6654:
6644:
6634:
6626:Perupithecus
6624:
6614:
6577:
6570:
6565:Parapithecus
6563:
6556:
6549:
6529:
6522:
6502:
6495:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6432:
6425:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6365:
6358:
6335:Phileosimias
6333:
6322:
6312:
6302:
6293:Altiatlasius
6291:
6195:Xanthorhysis
6193:
6183:
6178:Oligotarsius
6176:
6166:
6156:
6149:
6126:
6115:
6105:
6091:Tarsiiformes
6070:
6063:
6056:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5954:Macrotarsius
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5806:Strigorhysis
5804:
5799:Sphacorhysis
5797:
5790:
5783:
5778:Chlororhysis
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5679:Microchoerus
5677:
5670:
5663:
5643:
5636:
5630:Altiatlasius
5628:
5620:
5361:Research ban
5321:Elgin Center
5306:Willie Smits
5281:Jane Goodall
5227:
5217:
5207:
5196:
5188:
5178:
5167:
5159:
5149:
5138:
5130:
5119:
5027:
5009:
4997:
4996:Chimpanzee (
4988:
4973:
4952:
4943:
4925:
4916:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4872:(Orangutans)
4864:
4800:(great apes)
4737:
4731:
4711:
4707:
4668:
4664:
4641:
4616:
4612:
4571:
4567:
4538:
4497:
4493:
4470:
4450:
4440:
4405:
4401:
4369:
4363:
4355:
4314:
4310:
4297:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:
4226:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4138:
4128:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:
4098:. Retrieved
4094:
4080:. Retrieved
4077:The Guardian
4076:
4066:
4055:. Retrieved
4048:the original
4011:
4007:
3994:
3983:. Retrieved
3976:the original
3955:
3952:Paleobiology
3951:
3938:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3839:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3750:(3): 260–6.
3747:
3743:
3737:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3699:. Retrieved
3693:
3662:
3649:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3404:
3366:
3347:
3339:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:Homo erectus
3272:
3266:
3263:Homo sapiens
3262:
3256:
3252:Homo habilis
3250:
3240:
3225:
3216:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3173:
3161:Please help
3156:verification
3153:
3126:
3124:
3111:Owen Lovejoy
3108:
3097:
3081:
3074:
3066:Paranthropus
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3023:
3014:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2971:
2959:Please help
2954:verification
2951:
2928:
2921:
2902:Sivapithecus
2900:
2894:
2860:
2834:
2829:
2820:Homo sapiens
2818:
2812:
2803:
2793:
2778:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2739:
2731:Homo erectus
2729:
2719:
2711:Homo habilis
2709:
2699:
2693:
2684:
2673:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:Paranthropus
2640:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2586:
2579:
2569:
2560:
2553:
2545:Ardipithecus
2543:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2514:
2503:
2495:
2492:Dryopithecus
2491:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2459:Pan paniscus
2458:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2400:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2318:
2310:
2300:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2251:Rudapithecus
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2208:
2203:Dryopithecus
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2160:Oreopithecus
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2100:
2099:
1812:
1795:
1794:
1759:
1758:
1743:
1710:
1709:
1684:
1683:
1667:
1666:
1651:
1624:
1578:
1563:
1419:
1375:
1353:Ardipithecus
1352:
1271:Earlier apes
1228:Neanderthals
1212:Homo sapiens
1209:
1208:
1195:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1138:
1130:
1120:
1119:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1064:
1049:
1037:Ardipithecus
1034:
1033:
1019:
1011:
997:
984:
971:
961:Sivapithecus
958:
948:Oreopithecus
945:
932:
918:
910:
901:
888:
875:
864:
863:
849:
836:
821:
652:
646:
642:
632:
621:
607:
604:Late Miocene
581:
550:
491:
487:
481:
477:
454:
449:
439:
434:
426:
404:
400:
390:
384:
378:
371:
358:African apes
357:
353:
307:
303:
302:
264:Homo sapiens
262:
256:Type species
241:
218:Infraorder:
41:12.5–0
29:
8852:iNaturalist
8811:Wikispecies
8274:Hylobatidae
7964:Rungwecebus
7829:Miopithecus
7815:Chlorocebus
7744:Sawecolobus
7679:Paracolobus
7443:Anapithecus
7359:Paidopithex
7114:Leontocebus
7049:Panamacebus
6959:Paralouatta
6895:Brachyteles
6787:Insulacebus
6707:Pitheciidae
6646:Canaanimico
6599:Platyrrhini
6551:Abuqatrania
6367:Afrotarsius
6272:Simiiformes
6259:Simiiformes
6211:Simiiformes
6065:Tarkadectes
5905:Diablomomys
5884:Brontomomys
5820:Teilhardina
5764:Arapahovius
5757:Anemorhysis
5721:Vectipithex
5714:Quercyloris
5707:Pseudoloris
5686:Nannopithex
5672:Melaneremia
5451:(non-human)
5415:(non-human)
5409:(non-human)
5316:Ian Redmond
5271:Dian Fossey
5218:P. pygmaeus
5179:G. beringei
5150:P. paniscus
5112:ape species
4989:P. paniscus
4944:G. beringei
4892:P. pygmaeus
4756:Smithsonian
4158:11427/36660
3723:: 203–228.
3389:promiscuity
3178:"Homininae"
2976:"Homininae"
1853:Hylobatidae
1174:H. ergaster
1067:Ar. ramidus
1052:Ar. kadabba
1014:O. praegens
852:Pleistocene
681:This box:
569:chimpanzees
529:Hylobatidae
411:chimpanzees
238:Subfamily:
222:Simiiformes
8913:Categories
8108:Equatorius
8067:Hominoidea
8054:Hominoidea
8013:see below↓
8004:Hominoidea
7900:Mandrillus
7886:Lophocebus
7859:Cercocebus
7710:Procolobus
7471:Fanchangia
7227:Catarrhini
7214:Catarrhini
7173:see below↓
7164:Catarrhini
7100:Callithrix
7039:Killikaike
6942:Mohanamico
6925:Chilecebus
6851:Soriacebus
6817:Nuciruptor
6777:Homunculus
6767:Chiropotes
6760:Cheracebus
6743:Carlocebus
6733:Callicebus
6696:Tremacebus
6666:Lagonimico
6656:Branisella
6636:Szalatavus
6463:Pondaungia
6381:Eosimiidae
6220:see below↓
6107:Archicebus
5989:Shoshonius
5933:Hemiacodon
5912:Dyseolemur
5898:Chumashius
5841:Trogolemur
5834:Tetonoides
5743:Absarokius
5693:Necrolemur
5638:Bownomomys
5590:Haplorhini
5545:Haplorhini
5465:Monkey Day
5455:Great apes
5356:Personhood
5189:G. gorilla
5156:Chimpanzee
5131:H. sapiens
5028:H. sapiens
4953:G. gorilla
4933:(Gorillas)
4837:Haplorhini
4835:Suborder:
4798:Hominidae
4241:2023-06-25
4141:: 134502.
4057:2017-12-04
3985:2017-12-04
3865:(1): 842.
3701:2024-08-02
3550:(1): 880.
3526:References
3381:penis size
3361:See also:
3295:great apes
3287:H. erectus
3279:H. erectus
3243:brain size
3189:newspapers
3115:bipedalism
3100:bipedalism
3088:bipedalism
3084:bipedalism
3063:and early
3039:See also:
3017:April 2022
2987:newspapers
2885:See also:
2841:Cro-magnon
2815:specimens)
2785:Denisovans
2781:specimens)
2779:H. sapiens
2696:specimens)
2694:H. habilis
2692:(probable
2408:Chimpanzee
1942:(Gorilla)
1924:Homininae
1842:Hominoidea
1627: (7)
1243:Denisovans
1182:Au. sediba
1156:H. erectus
1123:H. habilis
913:Ou. turkae
648:H. erectus
577:orangutans
553:great apes
525:Hominoidea
510:See also:
469:great apes
465:orangutans
382:species.
212:Haplorhini
208:Suborder:
137:chimpanzee
125:human male
8924:Hominidae
8919:Homininae
8817:Homininae
8787:Homininae
8577:Gorillini
8507:Homininae
8350:Hominidae
8300:Hylobates
8179:Proconsul
7937:Pliopapio
7927:Parapapio
7850:Papionini
7717:Pygathrix
7703:Presbytis
7593:Colobinae
7492:Pliobates
7457:Crouzelia
7258:Saadanius
7093:Callimico
7012:Acrecebus
6989:Stirtonia
6932:Lagothrix
6915:Cartelles
6861:Xenothrix
6616:Parvimico
6142:Tarsiidae
6129:Omomyidae
6024:Washakius
6010:Uintanius
5961:Nesomomys
5891:Chipetaia
5877:Asiomomys
5860:Omomyinae
5813:Tatmanius
5771:Aycrossia
5700:Paraloris
5665:Indusomys
5607:Omomyidae
5555:Kingdom:
5346:Legal and
5208:P. abelii
5198:Orangutan
4917:Homininae
4883:P. abelii
4847:Hominidae
4811:Kingdom:
4740:. 207598.
4732:Homininae
4687:1678-4324
4633:240262976
4555:203884394
4530:207888156
4446:Diamond J
4424:1460-2083
4289:240262976
4281:0091-7710
3879:2399-3642
3655:Goodman M
3373:menopause
3350:June 2023
2881:Evolution
2467:Subtribe
2393:Subtribe
2296:Gorillini
2101:Homininae
1933:Gorillini
1625:Homininae
1141:Au. garhi
865:Homininae
639:Kapthurin
584:Gorillini
545:Gorillini
531:(current
492:hominines
473:cladogram
435:so-called
419:Gorillini
366:Gorillini
312:Hominidae
308:hominines
304:Homininae
289:Gorillini
242:Homininae
232:Hominidae
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
139:(right).
35:Homininae
21:Hominidae
8844:52231771
8796:Wikidata
8643:Hominina
8619:Hominini
8536:Danuvius
8412:Ponginae
8371:Buronius
8317:Nomascus
8256:Simiolus
7145:Saguinus
7107:Cebuella
7059:Patasola
6979:Solimoea
6881:Alouatta
6872:Atelidae
6824:Pithecia
6572:Qatrania
6497:Arsinoea
6397:Eosimias
6031:Wyomomys
5996:Steinius
5982:Rooneyia
5940:Jemezius
5848:Walshina
5827:Tetonius
5785:Gazinius
5645:Kohatius
5622:Altanius
5575:Primates
5569:Mammalia
5563:Chordata
5561:Phylum:
5557:Animalia
5503:Category
5424:Bushmeat
5060:Category
5017:(Humans)
4987:Bonobo (
4965:Hominini
4856:Ponginae
4831:Primates
4825:Mammalia
4819:Chordata
4817:Phylum:
4813:Animalia
4522:31695194
4448:(1991).
4432:15056608
4339:15514638
4218:19667206
4036:14749830
3972:86034107
3897:37612372
3888:10447513
3823:16136135
3657:(1964).
3641:28531170
3601:PLOS ONE
3582:29026075
3516:hominoid
3508:hominine
3491:hominoid
3483:hominine
3415:See also
3385:monogamy
3102:was the
2486:. Note:
2469:Hominina
2389:Hominini
2280:Danuvius
2030:Hominina
1973:Hominini
1885:Ponginae
1653:Hominina
1614:Hominina
839:Pliocene
596:Hominina
588:Hominini
565:gorillas
557:Pongidae
541:Hominini
537:Ponginae
500:Hominini
496:hominins
488:hominine
461:Ponginae
457:hominids
442:Hominina
423:gorillas
417:. Tribe
387:Hominini
362:Hominini
294:Hominini
228:Family:
202:Primates
192:Mammalia
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
25:Hominini
8802:Q242047
8704:Orrorin
8597:Gorilla
8293:Hoolock
7669:Nasalis
7612:Colobus
7138:Micodon
7073:Sapajus
7066:Saimiri
7000:Cebidae
6949:Oreonax
6905:Caipora
6726:Cacajao
6677:Aotidae
6558:Apidium
6531:Serapia
6504:Biretia
6390:Bahinia
6360:Afrasia
6324:Nosmips
6304:Amamria
6185:Tarsius
6151:Carlito
6072:Tarkops
6038:Yaquius
6003:Stockia
5975:Ourayia
5947:Loveina
5573:Order:
5567:Class:
5419:Bigfoot
5402:Primate
5395:Related
5169:Gorilla
5026:Human (
4927:Gorilla
4829:Order:
4823:Class:
4604:2112935
4596:2109087
4576:Bibcode
4502:Bibcode
4319:Bibcode
4209:2732797
4186:Bibcode
4139:bioRxiv
4044:4349664
4016:Bibcode
3831:4423286
3803:Bibcode
3780:2112935
3772:2109087
3752:Bibcode
3632:5439669
3609:Bibcode
3573:5638852
3552:Bibcode
3512:hominid
3504:hominin
3487:hominid
3479:hominin
3340:updated
3311:gibbons
3203:scholar
3071:bipedal
3001:scholar
2918:Miocene
2523:Orrorin
2320:Gorilla
1542:←
1520:←
1498:←
1485:cooking
1474:←
1454:←
1434:←
1410:←
1390:←
1367:←
1344:←
1324:←
1304:←
1284:←
1264:←
1000:Orrorin
825:Miocene
808:–
798:–
788:–
778:–
768:–
758:–
748:–
738:–
728:–
718:–
606:fossil
533:gibbons
415:bonobos
275:Tribes
198:Order:
188:Class:
133:gorilla
8883:207598
8870:943805
8857:846252
8098:Ekembo
7893:Macaca
7758:Simias
7529:Alophe
6888:Ateles
6449:Krabia
6442:Ganlea
6017:Utahia
5968:Omomys
5240:family
5236:Gibbon
5146:Bonobo
5110:Extant
4695:761213
4693:
4685:
4648:
4631:
4602:
4594:
4553:
4528:
4520:
4494:Nature
4430:
4422:
4376:
4345:
4337:
4311:Nature
4287:
4279:
4216:
4206:
4118:May 8,
4100:May 8,
4082:May 8,
4042:
4034:
4008:Nature
3970:
3895:
3885:
3877:
3829:
3821:
3795:Nature
3778:
3770:
3669:
3639:
3629:
3580:
3570:
3377:Testis
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2680:humans
2455:Bonobo
2399:Genus
2395:Panina
2387:Tribe
2317:Genus
2294:Tribe
2106:Tribe
1983:Panina
1800:(†10)
1253:
602:. The
592:Panina
573:humans
446:genera
431:Panina
397:humans
385:Tribe
356:" or "
249:, 1825
8896:83070
8481:Pongo
8310:Junzi
7907:Papio
7019:Cebus
6686:Aotus
6058:Tarka
5485:Yowie
5475:Yeren
5127:Human
4866:Pongo
4691:S2CID
4629:S2CID
4600:S2CID
4551:S2CID
4526:S2CID
4347:26441
4343:S2CID
4307:(PDF)
4285:S2CID
4051:(PDF)
4040:S2CID
4004:(PDF)
3979:(PDF)
3968:S2CID
3948:(PDF)
3827:S2CID
3776:S2CID
3465:Notes
3393:harem
3391:, or
3210:JSTOR
3196:books
3008:JSTOR
2994:books
2914:GHLCA
1715:(†7)
618:clade
614:basal
379:tinct
306:(the
8878:NCBI
8865:ITIS
8684:Homo
7369:Kapi
7128:Mico
5480:Yeti
5121:Homo
5102:Apes
5011:Homo
4683:ISSN
4646:ISBN
4592:PMID
4518:PMID
4428:PMID
4420:ISSN
4374:ISBN
4335:PMID
4277:ISSN
4236:NOVA
4214:PMID
4120:2015
4102:2015
4084:2015
4032:PMID
3893:PMID
3875:ISSN
3819:PMID
3768:PMID
3667:ISBN
3637:PMID
3578:PMID
3405:Homo
3379:and
3371:and
3182:news
2980:news
2889:and
2675:Homo
1816:(†)
1764:(†)
1420:Homo
701:edit
694:talk
687:view
643:Homo
567:and
561:apes
478:Homo
413:and
401:Homo
392:Homo
372:tant
364:and
247:Gray
49:PreꞒ
23:and
8839:EoL
8831:JPH
8826:CoL
8632:Pan
5140:Pan
4975:Pan
4716:doi
4673:doi
4621:doi
4584:doi
4543:doi
4510:doi
4498:575
4410:doi
4327:doi
4315:431
4269:doi
4204:PMC
4194:doi
4182:106
4153:hdl
4143:doi
4024:doi
4012:427
3960:doi
3924:doi
3883:PMC
3867:doi
3811:doi
3799:437
3760:doi
3725:doi
3627:PMC
3617:doi
3568:PMC
3560:doi
3387:or
3165:by
2963:by
2507:(?)
2402:Pan
2253:(?)
2219:(?)
2162:(?)
2119:(?)
1669:Pan
651:or
630:).
498:or
490:or
450:Pan
427:Pan
406:Pan
8915::
8893::
8880::
8867::
8854::
8841::
8828::
8813::
8798::
4758:,
4754:–
4736:.
4710:.
4706:.
4689:.
4681:.
4669:58
4667:.
4663:.
4627:.
4617:77
4615:.
4598:.
4590:.
4582:.
4572:30
4570:.
4566:.
4549:.
4524:.
4516:.
4508:.
4496:.
4492:.
4460:^
4426:.
4418:.
4406:13
4404:.
4400:.
4388:^
4341:.
4333:.
4325:.
4313:.
4309:.
4283:.
4275:.
4265:77
4263:.
4259:.
4234:.
4212:.
4202:.
4192:.
4180:.
4176:.
4151:.
4137:.
4111:.
4093:.
4075:.
4038:.
4030:.
4022:.
4010:.
4006:.
3966:.
3956:30
3954:.
3950:.
3920:31
3918:.
3914:.
3891:.
3881:.
3873:.
3861:.
3857:.
3825:.
3817:.
3809:.
3797:.
3774:.
3766:.
3758:.
3748:30
3746:.
3719:.
3692:.
3681:^
3635:.
3625:.
3615:.
3605:12
3603:.
3599:.
3576:.
3566:.
3558:.
3546:.
3542:.
3502:A
3477:A
3313:,
2926:.
2912:(T
2828:,
2446:,
2437:,
2428:,
2419:,
2375:,
2366:,
2357:,
2346:,
2337:,
2328:,
1483:/
502:.
377:ex
370:ex
345:iː
339:aɪ
99:Pg
43:Ma
8722:†
8718:?
8711:†
8707:?
8700:†
8690:†
8679:?
8672:†
8662:†
8658:?
8651:†
8610:?
8603:†
8592:?
8585:†
8561:?
8553:?
8517:†
8487:†
8470:†
8460:†
8450:†
8440:†
8430:†
8420:†
8397:†
8387:†
8377:†
8367:†
8330:†
8306:†
8282:†
8237:?
8222:?
8200:†
8185:†
8175:†
8165:†
8155:†
8145:†
8135:†
8131:?
8124:†
8114:†
8104:†
8094:†
8084:†
7970:†
7953:†
7943:†
7933:†
7923:†
7913:†
7875:†
7865:†
7835:†
7740:†
7723:†
7685:†
7675:†
7658:†
7648:†
7638:†
7628:†
7618:†
7601:†
7570:?
7562:?
7540:†
7525:†
7365:†
7336:†
7306:†
7269:†
7254:†
7244:†
7134:†
7055:†
7045:†
7035:†
7025:†
7008:†
6985:†
6975:†
6965:†
6955:†
6938:†
6921:†
6911:†
6901:†
6857:†
6847:†
6837:†
6813:†
6803:†
6793:†
6783:†
6773:†
6749:†
6739:†
6715:†
6692:†
6662:†
6652:†
6642:†
6632:†
6622:†
6612:†
6481:†
6437:?
6415:†
6378:†
6352:?
6347:†
6338:?
6331:†
6327:?
6320:†
6310:†
6300:†
6296:?
6289:†
6198:?
6191:†
6174:†
6164:†
6133:?
6131:"
6127:"
6124:†
6120:?
6113:†
6103:†
5862:"
5858:"
5735:"
5731:"
5633:?
5625:?
5609:"
5605:"
5603:†
5537:e
5530:t
5523:v
5238:(
5230:)
5226:(
5220:)
5216:(
5210:)
5206:(
5191:)
5187:(
5181:)
5177:(
5162:)
5158:(
5152:)
5148:(
5133:)
5129:(
5094:e
5087:t
5080:v
5030:)
5000:)
4991:)
4955:)
4946:)
4903:)
4894:)
4885:)
4789:e
4782:t
4775:v
4734:"
4730:"
4724:.
4718::
4712:2
4697:.
4675::
4654:.
4635:.
4623::
4606:.
4586::
4578::
4557:.
4545::
4532:.
4512::
4504::
4474:.
4454:.
4434:.
4412::
4382:.
4366:"
4349:.
4329::
4321::
4291:.
4271::
4244:.
4220:.
4196::
4188::
4161:.
4155::
4145::
4122:.
4104:.
4086:.
4060:.
4026::
4018::
3988:.
3962::
3932:.
3926::
3899:.
3869::
3863:6
3833:.
3813::
3805::
3782:.
3762::
3754::
3731:.
3727::
3721:3
3704:.
3675:.
3643:.
3619::
3611::
3584:.
3562::
3554::
3548:8
3352:)
3348:(
3232:)
3226:(
3221:)
3217:(
3207:·
3200:·
3193:·
3186:·
3159:.
3030:)
3024:(
3019:)
3015:(
3005:·
2998:·
2991:·
2984:·
2957:.
2866:†
2853:†
2845:†
2843:)
2839:(
2809:†
2799:†
2789:†
2775:†
2765:†
2755:†
2745:†
2735:†
2725:†
2715:†
2705:†
2690:†
2646:†
2592:†
2575:†
2549:†
2527:†
2510:†
2479:†
2306:†
2111:†
1601:)
1597:(
1184:)
1180:(
1176:)
1172:(
1168:)
1164:(
1143:)
1139:(
1135:)
1131:(
1110:)
1106:(
1102:)
1098:(
1094:)
1090:(
1069:)
1065:(
1054:)
1050:(
1024:)
1020:(
1016:)
1012:(
923:)
919:(
915:)
911:(
645:(
547:.
463:(
421:(
399:(
348:/
342:n
336:n
333:ˈ
330:ɪ
327:m
324:ɒ
321:h
318:/
282:†
127:(
104:N
94:K
89:J
84:T
79:P
74:C
69:D
64:S
59:O
54:Ꞓ
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
