1108:, which combines elements of both New Keynesian and New classical macroeconomics, and forms the basis for the current consensus, which covers previously disputed areas of macroeconomics. The consensus built around this synthesis is characterised by an unprecedented agreement on methodological questions (such as the need to validate models econometrically); such agreement had, until the new synthesis, historically eluded macroeconomics, even during the
53:
4565:
880:
868:
987:
1287:
Economics has been initially shaped as a discipline concerned with a range of issues revolving around money and wealth. However, in the 1930s, mainstream economics began to mutate into a science of human decision. In 1931, Lionel
Robbins famously wrote "Economics is the science which studies human
1238:
often derived – although not systematically – the political prescription that political action should not be used to solve the problems of the economic system. Instead, the solution ought to derive from an intervention on the above-mentioned maximisation objectives and constraints. It is in this
1222:
Originally, the starting point of orthodox economic analysis was the individual. Individuals and firms were generally defined as units with a common goal: maximisation through rational behaviour. The only differences consisted of:
1077:
gained attention as older models were neither able to explain the causes of the
Depression nor provide solutions. It built on the work of the underconsumptionist school, and gained prominence as part of the
1230:
and the constraints faced in the process of maximisation (individuals might be constrained by limited income or commodity prices and firms might be constrained by technology or availability of inputs).
1279:. They may use neoclassical economics as a point of departure. At least one institutionalist, John Davis, has argued that "neoclassical economics no longer dominates a mainstream economics."
2017:
1032:, which was rather a loose set of related ideas than an institutionalized school. With the development of modern economics, conventionally given as the late 18th-century
1187:
While being long rejected by many heterodox schools, several assumptions used to underpin many mainstream economic models. These include the neoclassical assumptions of
1953:
1119:
and the ensuing global economic crisis exposed modelling failures in the field of short-term macroeconomics. While most macroeconomists had predicted the burst of the
2566:
4524:
3732:
3688:
910:
842:
3769:
1082:, which was the post–World War II merger of Keynesian macroeconomics and neoclassical microeconomics that prevailed from the 1950s until the 1970s.
4116:
3891:
2348:
1255:. These developments suggest a range of views on the desirability or otherwise of government intervention, from a more normative perspective.
1085:
In the 1970s, the consensus in macroeconomics collapsed as a result of the failure of the neoclassical synthesis to explain the phenomenon of
2560:
2528:
1821:
1797:
1778:
1726:
4592:
4587:
2300:
1199:. However, much of modern economic mainstream modeling consists of exploring the effects that complicating factors have on models, such as
4101:
1295:
The mainstream approach of economics as a science of decision-making contributed to enlarge the scope of the discipline. Economists like
2671:
2263:
2259:
1289:
1147:
and
Nordhaus on the inside back cover in the "Family Tree of Economics", which depicts arrows into "Modern Mainstream Economics" from
4257:
1116:
2499:
2091:
2070:
Himmelweit, Sue (17 March 1997). "Chapter 2: The individual as the basic unit of analysis". In Green, Francis; Nore, Peter (eds.).
1970:
4192:
2630:
2108:
Jahan, Sarwat; Mahmud, Ahmed Saber; Papageorgiou, Chris (September 2014). Hayden, Jeffrey; Primorac, Marina; et al. (eds.).
1316:
1288:
behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses". This drew a line of demarcation between
903:
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1063:
1917:
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1751:
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241:
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4128:
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3881:
3809:
3717:
3698:
3275:
3120:
3086:
3071:
3050:
3045:
2295:
2122:
1167:
Mainstream economics can be defined, as distinct from other schools of economics, by various criteria, notably by its
1022:
943:
852:
72:
62:
1137:
The term "mainstream economics" came into use in the late 20th century. It appeared in 2001 edition of the textbook
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1001:
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140:
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in
Germany, and throughout the 19th century there were debates in British economics, notably the opposition
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183:
106:
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1702:
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1152:
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125:
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513:
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3321:
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1312:
1212:
1200:
1196:
1034:
970:
832:
488:
473:
331:
271:
251:
246:
4096:
953:. However, this association has been challenged by prominent historians of economic thought including
4292:
3940:
3727:
3431:
3175:
3145:
3098:
2987:
2938:
2903:
2843:
2808:
2743:
2489:
1276:
1204:
1192:
1139:
1104:
Over the course of the 1980s and the 1990s, macroeconomists coalesced around a paradigm known as the
962:
583:
405:
356:
321:
261:
226:
130:
67:
2109:
1840:
1054:, the dominant school within the English-speaking world was classical economics, and its successor,
4519:
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4208:
4166:
3906:
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3466:
3326:
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3185:
3165:
3125:
3081:
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3022:
2963:
2888:
2878:
2848:
2771:
2317:
1336:
1335:
The precise distinction and relationship between classical economics and neoclassical economics is
1264:
1227:
the specific objective of the maximisation (individuals tend to maximise utility and firms profit);
1074:
1067:
1043:
973:, and the like, share very little common ground with the initial axioms of neoclassical economics.
939:
809:
618:
478:
440:
381:
306:
296:
266:
193:
101:
1028:
Prior to the development and prevalence of classical economics, the dominant school in Europe was
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3641:
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3155:
3135:
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3017:
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2813:
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2534:
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2235:
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2058:
2009:
2001:
1945:
1904:
1863:
1300:
1248:
1208:
837:
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598:
435:
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168:
36:
2290:
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4028:
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3501:
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3229:
3032:
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2933:
2923:
2793:
2614:
2556:
2524:
2495:
2461:
2415:
2393:
2227:
2184:
2180:
2164:
2126:
2087:
2028:
1993:
1937:
1896:
1827:
1817:
1793:
1774:
1722:
1304:
728:
703:
653:
613:
493:
450:
386:
351:
341:
173:
135:
91:
2431:
1706:
1343:
terms used to refer to successive chronological periods of an interrelated group of theories.
4469:
4454:
3964:
3935:
3923:
3913:
3849:
3829:
3799:
3794:
3626:
3571:
3556:
3541:
3526:
3506:
3456:
3436:
3416:
3371:
2978:
2928:
2898:
2893:
2783:
2721:
2604:
2516:
2485:
2451:
2443:
2383:
2332:
2219:
2154:
2079:
2048:
1985:
1929:
1888:
1855:
1766:
1714:
1216:
1098:
1090:
1051:
778:
723:
708:
693:
678:
658:
608:
588:
568:
523:
396:
346:
316:
311:
4061:
4056:
2072:
52:
4474:
4434:
4414:
4275:
4066:
4023:
3994:
3854:
3737:
3631:
3596:
3561:
3496:
3421:
3406:
3300:
3256:
3093:
3027:
3002:
2997:
2973:
2716:
2701:
2427:
1235:
872:
783:
748:
713:
648:
573:
558:
445:
420:
415:
391:
163:
158:
1243:
finds its justification. Yet, mainstream economics now includes descriptive theories of
1000:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
4541:
4444:
4439:
4364:
4081:
3930:
3886:
3804:
3778:
3651:
3636:
3601:
3586:
3566:
3536:
3386:
3356:
3007:
2728:
2696:
2481:
2032:
1811:
1807:
1758:
1272:
1244:
1144:
1120:
954:
803:
788:
753:
738:
718:
688:
538:
508:
425:
115:
111:
2589:
4581:
4464:
4449:
4424:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4374:
4369:
4018:
3979:
3876:
3616:
3606:
3581:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3491:
3481:
3451:
3441:
3346:
3246:
3219:
2983:
2538:
2473:
2410:
2271:
2203:
2013:
1908:
1743:
1718:
1308:
1125:
1025:, with different schools having different prominence across countries and over time.
768:
758:
733:
673:
668:
663:
643:
633:
603:
593:
498:
401:
2510:
2247:
2176:
1949:
1867:
4484:
4429:
4389:
4161:
4033:
3999:
3989:
3947:
3824:
3819:
3646:
3591:
3486:
3476:
3471:
3396:
3241:
2766:
2706:
2286:
2207:
1747:
1029:
884:
798:
743:
638:
628:
623:
548:
96:
17:
4489:
3984:
3969:
3621:
3611:
3401:
3280:
3224:
2711:
2367:
2199:
1859:
1296:
1086:
1059:
958:
773:
763:
553:
188:
1989:
4419:
4349:
4280:
4225:
3531:
3331:
3108:
2083:
1933:
1892:
1839:
Colander, David; Holt, Richard P. F.; Rosser, Barkley J. Jr. (November 2003).
1240:
1039:
931:
683:
483:
2618:
2465:
2419:
2397:
2231:
2168:
2130:
1997:
1941:
1900:
1042:, British economics developed and became dominated by what is now called the
4529:
4359:
3974:
3859:
3814:
3381:
3311:
2758:
2688:
2680:
2336:
1831:
1234:
From this (descriptive) theoretical framework, neoclassical economists like
927:
533:
464:
44:
1290:
mainstream economics and other disciplines and schools studying the economy
986:
2520:
1770:
867:
3160:
2447:
2223:
2159:
1159:" itself also first appears in the 1955 edition of Samuelson's textbook.
2626:
2609:
2456:
2388:
2371:
2239:
2005:
1918:"The turn in economics: neoclassical dominance to mainstream pluralism?"
2512:
Mapping
Mainstream Economics: Genealogical Foundations of Alternativity
2344:
2146:
2062:
1263:
Some economic fields include elements of both mainstream economics and
930:, as taught by universities worldwide, that are generally accepted by
2555:(Reprinted Paperback ed.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
1148:
1062:
in France formed a distinct tradition, as did the later work of the
2218:(3). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research: 697–743.
2053:
2036:
1089:: subsequent to this, two schools of thought in the field emerged:
4143:
3918:
3747:
2549:
Modern macroeconomics: its origins, development and current state
2037:"The New Neoclassical Synthesis and the Role of Monetary Policy"
949:
The economics profession has traditionally been associated with
3751:
2653:
2145:
Jelveh, Zubin; Kogut, Bruce; Naidu, Suresh (13 December 2022).
957:. They argue the current economic mainstream theories, such as
2590:"Convergence in Macroeconomics: Elements of the New Synthesis"
980:
1971:"Neoclassical, Mainstream, Orthodox, and Heterodox Economics"
1299:
began to study seemingly distant fields including crime, the
2649:
1570:
1568:
2260:"Modern Macroeconomic Models as Tools for Economic Policy"
1101:
to explain macroeconomic phenomena using microeconomics.
1657:
1655:
1403:
2509:
Schäfer, Georg N.; Schuster, Sören E. (7 June 2022).
1129:"they did not expect the financial system to break."
946:
that are only accepted by a minority of economists.
4511:
4499:
4333:
4267:
4200:
4191:
4153:
4048:
4010:
3785:
3667:
3309:
3043:
2792:
2757:
2687:
2071:
1598:
1559:
1547:
926:is the body of knowledge, theories, and models of
1523:
1058:. In continental Europe, the earlier work of the
1765:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.
1713:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1–5.
1622:
2372:"The Macroeconomist as Scientist and Engineer"
1813:Complexity and the history of economic thought
1792:(2 ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
1763:A Companion to the History of Economic Thought
1475:
1097:. Both sought to rebuild macroeconomics using
27:Generally accepted economic schools of thought
3763:
2665:
1761:; Biddle, Jeff E.; Davis, John Bryan (eds.).
1752:"The Austrian School of Economics: 1950–2000"
1511:
1315:. This expansion is sometimes referred to as
904:
8:
1451:
1841:"The Changing Face of Mainstream Economics"
1439:
1427:
1073:During the Great Depression, the school of
4197:
3770:
3756:
3748:
2672:
2658:
2650:
1881:Journal of the History of Economic Thought
1586:
1574:
911:
897:
31:
2608:
2597:American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics
2455:
2387:
2158:
2052:
1790:Political economy: a comparative approach
1535:
1415:
1379:
1367:
934:as a basis for discussion. Also known as
2546:Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard R. (2006).
2206:; Violante, Giovanni L. (1 March 2018).
1711:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
1487:
1499:
1391:
1360:
1328:
1021:Economics has always featured multiple
43:
3892:Measures of national income and output
2494:(17 ed.). Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
1685:
1673:
1661:
1646:
1634:
1463:
2331:(1) (published August 1999): 99–146.
2291:"How did economists get it so wrong?"
1877:"The Death of Neoclassical Economics"
1610:
1404:Jahan, Mahmud & Papageorgiou 2014
7:
2432:"The New Keynesian Microfoundations"
2023:from the original on 12 August 2017.
1339:. Suffice to say that these are the
1201:imperfect and asymmetric information
2264:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
2208:"Monetary Policy According to HANK"
1978:Journal of Post Keynesian Economics
2636:from the original on 31 March 2023
2572:from the original on 30 April 2021
2325:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1969:Dequech, David (1 December 2007).
1922:Journal of Institutional Economics
25:
2515:(1 ed.). London: Routledge.
2147:"Political Language in Economics"
4564:
4563:
3195:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
2406:"The other-worldly philosophers"
2376:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2354:from the original on 30 May 2023
2303:from the original on 24 May 2023
1956:from the original on 3 July 2023
1810:(2000a). Colander, David (ed.).
1719:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1218-1
1599:Colander, Holt & Rosser 2003
1560:Kaplan, Moll & Violante 2018
1548:Kaplan, Moll & Violante 2018
985:
878:
866:
51:
2316:Lazear, Edward P. (July 1999).
1916:Davis, John B. (1 April 2006).
153:Concepts, theory and techniques
4525:Publications in macroeconomics
2110:"What Is Keynesian Economics?"
1875:Colander, David (June 2000b).
1064:historical school of economics
1:
4505:Critique of political economy
3131:Critique of political economy
1788:Clark, Barry Stewart (1998).
1524:Samuelson & Nordhaus 2001
1117:financial crisis of 2007–2010
2121:. Vol. 51, no. 3.
1095:New classical macroeconomics
942:, which encompasses various
4593:History of economic thought
4588:Schools of economic thought
2296:The New York Times Magazine
2123:International Monetary Fund
1860:10.1080/0953825042000256702
1848:Review of Political Economy
1623:Schäfer & Schuster 2022
1215:, heterogeneous agents and
1023:schools of economic thought
4609:
4253:New neoclassical synthesis
4236:Real business-cycle theory
3269:Real business-cycle theory
2436:NBER Macroeconomics Annual
2041:NBER Macroeconomics Annual
1990:10.2753/PKE0160-3477300207
1476:Goodfriend & King 1997
1106:new neoclassical synthesis
938:, it can be contrasted to
4561:
3709:
2118:Finance & Development
2084:10.1007/978-1-349-15751-8
1934:10.1017/S1744137405000263
1893:10.1080/10427710050025330
4258:Saltwater and freshwater
2212:American Economic Review
1707:"Neoclassical Synthesis"
141:JEL classification codes
4182:International economics
4107:Overlapping generations
2909:Industrial organization
2739:Computational economics
2337:10.1162/003355300554683
2151:SSRN Electronic Journal
2074:Economics: An Anti-text
1703:Blanchard, Olivier Jean
1440:Snowdon & Vane 2006
1428:Snowdon & Vane 2006
1269:institutional economics
1155:(1860–1910). The term "
967:industrial organization
327:Industrial organization
184:Computational economics
4552:Mathematical economics
4286:Modern monetary theory
4039:Universal basic income
3114:Modern monetary theory
2779:Experimental economics
2749:Pluralism in economics
2734:Mathematical economics
2318:"Economic Imperialism"
2256:Kocherlakota, Narayana
1239:context that economic
1189:rational choice theory
1157:neoclassical synthesis
1153:neoclassical economics
1110:neoclassical synthesis
1080:neoclassical synthesis
1056:neoclassical economics
996:is missing information
951:neoclassical economics
179:Experimental economics
4380:Wesley Clair Mitchell
4355:Thomas Robert Malthus
4177:Development economics
2521:10.4324/9781003287148
2078:. London: MacMillan.
1816:. London: Routledge.
1771:10.1002/9780470999059
1705:(11 November 2016) .
1213:imperfect competition
1197:rational expectations
1048:The Wealth of Nations
1035:The Wealth of Nations
998:about Microeconomics.
971:information economics
944:schools or approaches
4102:Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans
3941:Liquidity preference
2988:Social choice theory
2744:Behavioral economics
2486:Nordhaus, William D.
2448:10.1086/ma.2.4623707
2289:(2 September 2009).
2224:10.1257/aer.20160042
2160:10.2139/ssrn.2535453
1317:economic imperialism
1193:representative agent
963:behavioral economics
924:Mainstream economics
406:Social choice theory
4520:Macroeconomic model
4385:John Maynard Keynes
4167:Economic statistics
4112:General equilibrium
3072:American (National)
2772:Economic statistics
2610:10.1257/mac.1.1.267
2428:Rotemberg, Julio J.
2389:10.1257/jep.20.4.29
1478:, pp. 231–232.
1265:heterodox economics
1205:bounded rationality
1075:Keynesian economics
1068:underconsumptionist
940:heterodox economics
873:Business portal
194:Operations research
174:National accounting
4460:Edward C. Prescott
4172:Monetary economics
2482:Samuelson, Paul A.
2368:Mankiw, N. Gregory
2029:Goodfriend, Marvin
1759:Samuels, Warren J.
1750:(1 January 2003).
1512:The Economist 2009
1249:government failure
1209:incomplete markets
936:orthodox economics
204:Industrial complex
199:Middle income trap
18:Orthodox economics
4575:
4574:
4547:Political economy
4490:N. Gregory Mankiw
4480:Thomas J. Sargent
4329:
4328:
4320:Market monetarism
4124:Endogenous growth
3953:National accounts
3745:
3744:
3276:New institutional
2586:Woodford, Michael
2562:978-1-84542-208-0
2530:978-1-003-28714-8
2370:(1 August 2006).
2043:. NBER Chapters.
1823:978-0-415-13356-2
1799:978-0-275-96370-5
1780:978-0-631-22573-7
1728:978-1-349-95121-5
1466:, pp. 38–39.
1454:, pp. 11–12.
1452:Kocherlakota 2010
1277:complexity theory
1275:, and non-linear
1217:transaction costs
1019:
1018:
921:
920:
16:(Redirected from
4600:
4567:
4566:
4470:William Nordhaus
4455:Robert Lucas Jr.
4345:François Quesnay
4198:
3965:Nominal rigidity
3936:Demand for money
3914:Microfoundations
3850:Financial crisis
3830:Effective demand
3800:Aggregate supply
3795:Aggregate demand
3772:
3765:
3758:
3749:
2949:Natural resource
2784:Economic history
2722:Mechanism design
2674:
2667:
2660:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2612:
2594:
2588:(January 2009).
2581:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2554:
2542:
2505:
2477:
2459:
2430:(January 1987).
2423:
2414:. 18 July 2009.
2401:
2391:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2251:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2162:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2077:
2066:
2056:
2024:
2022:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1912:
1871:
1845:
1835:
1803:
1784:
1756:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1613:, pp. 1, 4.
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1344:
1333:
1251:and private and
1099:microfoundations
1091:New Keynesianism
1052:Great Depression
1044:classical school
1014:
1011:
1005:
989:
981:
913:
906:
899:
885:Money portal
883:
882:
881:
871:
870:
367:Natural resource
159:Economic systems
55:
32:
21:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4507:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4475:Joseph Stiglitz
4435:Milton Friedman
4415:Friedrich Hayek
4336:macroeconomists
4325:
4324:
4323:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4134:Mundell–Fleming
4129:Matching theory
4067:Keynesian cross
4044:
4043:
4042:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3781:
3776:
3746:
3741:
3738:Business portal
3705:
3704:
3703:
3663:
3427:von Böhm-Bawerk
3315:
3314:
3305:
3077:Ancient thought
3055:
3054:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3037:
2788:
2753:
2717:Contract theory
2702:Decision theory
2683:
2678:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2592:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2552:
2545:
2531:
2508:
2502:
2480:
2426:
2404:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2320:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2254:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2112:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2069:
2027:
2020:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1915:
1874:
1843:
1838:
1824:
1808:Colander, David
1806:
1800:
1787:
1781:
1754:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1587:Himmelweit 1997
1585:
1581:
1575:Himmelweit 1997
1573:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1490:, pp. 2–3.
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1337:a debated point
1334:
1330:
1325:
1285:
1267:: for example,
1261:
1236:Alfred Marshall
1185:
1165:
1135:
1123:, according to
1015:
1009:
1006:
999:
990:
979:
917:
879:
877:
865:
858:
857:
828:
818:
817:
816:
815:
579:von Böhm-Bawerk
467:
456:
455:
217:
209:
208:
164:Economic growth
154:
146:
145:
87:
85:classifications
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4606:
4604:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4542:Microeconomics
4539:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:Lawrence Klein
4442:
4440:Paul Samuelson
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Michał Kalecki
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:Disequilibrium
4307:
4306:
4305:
4298:Post-Keynesian
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:Related fields
4151:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Phillips curve
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3931:Money creation
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3889:
3887:Liquidity trap
3884:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3805:Business cycle
3802:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:Basic concepts
3783:
3782:
3779:Macroeconomics
3777:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Disequilibrium
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Organizational
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Macroeconomics
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2697:Microeconomics
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2646:
2603:(1): 267–279.
2582:
2561:
2543:
2529:
2506:
2500:
2478:
2424:
2402:
2364:
2313:
2283:
2258:(4 May 2010).
2252:
2204:Moll, Benjamin
2196:
2142:
2105:
2092:
2067:
2054:10.1086/654336
2033:King, Robert G
2025:
1984:(2): 279–302.
1966:
1913:
1887:(2): 127–143.
1872:
1854:(4): 485–499.
1836:
1822:
1804:
1798:
1785:
1779:
1744:Boettke, Peter
1740:
1727:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1564:
1562:, p. 709.
1552:
1550:, p. 699.
1540:
1536:Blanchard 2016
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1416:Blanchard 2016
1408:
1396:
1394:, p. 279.
1384:
1382:, p. 130.
1380:Colander 2000b
1372:
1368:Colander 2000a
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1284:
1281:
1273:neuroeconomics
1260:
1257:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1195:, and, often,
1184:
1181:
1164:
1161:
1134:
1131:
1121:housing bubble
1017:
1016:
993:
991:
984:
978:
975:
955:David Colander
919:
918:
916:
915:
908:
901:
893:
890:
889:
888:
887:
875:
860:
859:
856:
855:
850:
840:
835:
829:
824:
823:
820:
819:
814:
813:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
469:
468:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
372:Organizational
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
218:
216:By application
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
70:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4605:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4570:
4560:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Peter Diamond
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:Edmund Phelps
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4425:Richard Stone
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Joan Robinson
4408:
4406:
4405:Simon Kuznets
4403:
4401:
4400:Gunnar Myrdal
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:Irving Fisher
4373:
4371:
4370:Knut Wicksell
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4231:New classical
4229:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Shrinkflation
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Interest rate
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:Expectations
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:de Mandeville
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:New classical
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Malthusianism
3218:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Institutional
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:Public choice
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Participation
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Institutional
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Expeditionary
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Environmental
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2501:9780072509144
2497:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2411:The Economist
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2287:Krugman, Paul
2284:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2095:
2093:9780765639233
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1748:Leeson, Peter
1745:
1741:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1676:, p. 20.
1675:
1670:
1667:
1664:, p. 39.
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1649:, p. 14.
1648:
1643:
1640:
1637:, p. 19.
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1601:, p. 11.
1600:
1595:
1592:
1589:, p. 23.
1588:
1583:
1580:
1577:, p. 22.
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:Woodford 2009
1484:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1442:, p. 72.
1441:
1436:
1433:
1430:, p. 23.
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1406:, p. 53.
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1370:, p. 35.
1369:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1341:ex post facto
1338:
1332:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1126:The Economist
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1013:
1003:
997:
994:This section
992:
988:
983:
982:
976:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
894:
892:
891:
886:
876:
874:
869:
864:
863:
862:
861:
854:
851:
848:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
822:
821:
812:
811:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:de Mandeville
472:
471:
466:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
403:
402:Public choice
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Participation
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:Institutional
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Expeditionary
285:
283:
280:
278:
277:Environmental
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
213:
212:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
150:
149:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
108:
107:International
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:Branches and
80:
79:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4485:Paul Krugman
4430:Hyman Minsky
4390:Alvin Hansen
4162:Econometrics
4139:Overshooting
4092:Harrod–Domar
4087:Arrow–Debreu
4034:Central bank
4000:Unemployment
3990:Supply shock
3948:Money supply
3825:Disinflation
3820:Demand shock
3733:Publications
3689:Publications
3656:
3252:Neoclassical
3242:Mercantilism
3151:Evolutionary
3061:
3013:Sociological
2986: /
2884:Geographical
2864:Evolutionary
2839:Digitization
2804:Agricultural
2767:Econometrics
2707:Price theory
2638:. Retrieved
2600:
2596:
2574:. Retrieved
2548:
2511:
2490:
2457:1721.1/48619
2439:
2435:
2409:
2382:(4): 29–46.
2379:
2375:
2356:. Retrieved
2328:
2324:
2305:. Retrieved
2294:
2275:. Retrieved
2215:
2211:
2200:Kaplan, Greg
2188:. Retrieved
2150:
2134:. Retrieved
2116:
2097:. Retrieved
2073:
2044:
2040:
1981:
1977:
1958:. Retrieved
1925:
1921:
1884:
1880:
1851:
1847:
1812:
1789:
1762:
1732:. Retrieved
1710:
1688:, p. 6.
1681:
1669:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1555:
1543:
1538:, p. 1.
1531:
1519:
1507:
1500:Krugman 2009
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1418:, p. 4.
1411:
1399:
1392:Dequech 2007
1387:
1375:
1363:
1340:
1331:
1294:
1286:
1262:
1253:public goods
1233:
1221:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1169:assumptions,
1168:
1166:
1138:
1136:
1124:
1114:
1103:
1084:
1072:
1047:
1033:
1030:mercantilism
1027:
1020:
1007:
995:
948:
935:
923:
922:
843:Publications
808:
431:Sociological
404: /
302:Geographical
282:Evolutionary
257:Digitization
222:Agricultural
126:Mathematical
120:
97:Econometrics
29:
4365:LĂ©on Walras
4248:Supply-side
4077:Accelerator
3985:Stagflation
3970:Price level
3865:Demand-pull
3527:von Neumann
3296:Supply-side
3281:Physiocracy
3225:Marginalism
2914:Information
2854:Engineering
2834:Development
2829:Demographic
2712:Game theory
2689:Theoretical
2358:1 September
2277:26 November
2190:1 September
2136:9 September
2047:: 231–283.
1960:1 September
1928:(1): 1–20.
1695:Works cited
1686:Lazear 1999
1674:Lazear 1999
1662:Lazear 1999
1647:Lazear 1999
1635:Lazear 1999
1464:Mankiw 2006
1297:Gary Becker
1183:Assumptions
1151:(1936) and
1087:stagflation
1060:physiocrats
959:game theory
679:von Neumann
332:Information
272:Engineering
252:Development
247:Demographic
189:Game theory
131:Methodology
4582:Categories
4420:John Hicks
4350:Adam Smith
4303:Circuitism
4293:Ecological
4281:Chartalism
4226:Monetarism
4201:Mainstream
4097:Solow–Swan
4072:Multiplier
4029:Commercial
3924:Endogenous
3882:Investment
3684:Economists
3557:Schumacher
3462:Schumpeter
3432:von Wieser
3352:von ThĂĽnen
3312:Economists
3211:Circuitism
3176:Humanistic
3171:Historical
3146:Ecological
3136:Democratic
3109:Chartalism
3099:Behavioral
3062:Mainstream
3023:Statistics
3018:Solidarity
2939:Managerial
2904:Humanistic
2899:Historical
2844:Ecological
2809:Behavioral
2442:: 69–104.
1611:Davis 2006
1351:References
1241:capitalism
1050:until the
1040:Adam Smith
932:economists
838:Economists
709:Schumacher
614:Schumpeter
584:von Wieser
504:von ThĂĽnen
465:economists
441:Statistics
436:Solidarity
357:Managerial
322:Humanistic
317:Historical
262:Ecological
227:Behavioral
121:Mainstream
4530:Economics
4360:Karl Marx
4268:Heterodox
4243:Stockholm
4209:Keynesian
3975:Recession
3870:Cost-push
3860:Inflation
3815:Deflation
3602:Greenspan
3567:Samuelson
3547:Galbraith
3517:Tinbergen
3457:von Mises
3452:Heckscher
3412:Edgeworth
3291:Stockholm
3286:Socialist
3186:Keynesian
3166:Happiness
3126:Classical
3087:Mutualism
3082:Anarchist
3067:Heterodox
2964:Personnel
2924:Knowledge
2889:Happiness
2879:Financial
2849:Education
2824:Democracy
2759:Empirical
2681:Economics
2640:30 August
2619:1945-7707
2576:29 August
2539:249488205
2491:Economics
2474:154005964
2466:0889-3365
2420:0013-0613
2398:0895-3309
2307:30 August
2272:154126343
2232:0002-8282
2169:1556-5068
2131:0015-1947
2099:30 August
2014:153773877
1998:0160-3477
1942:1744-1382
1909:154275191
1901:1053-8372
1734:30 August
1625:, p. 11f.
1356:Footnotes
1145:Samuelson
1140:Economics
1010:June 2022
1002:talk page
928:economics
754:Greenspan
719:Samuelson
699:Galbraith
669:Tinbergen
609:von Mises
604:Heckscher
564:Edgeworth
382:Personnel
342:Knowledge
307:Happiness
297:Financial
267:Education
242:Democracy
136:Political
102:Heterodox
45:Economics
4569:Category
4512:See also
4500:Critique
4334:Notable
4276:Austrian
4024:Monetary
4011:Policies
3843:Rational
3838:Adaptive
3713:Category
3693:journals
3679:Glossary
3632:Stiglitz
3597:Rothbard
3577:Buchanan
3562:Friedman
3552:Koopmans
3542:Leontief
3522:Robinson
3407:Marshall
3257:Lausanne
3161:Georgism
3156:Feminist
3104:Buddhist
3094:Austrian
2993:Regional
2969:Planning
2944:Monetary
2874:Feminist
2819:Cultural
2814:Business
2631:Archived
2627:25760267
2567:Archived
2488:(2001).
2349:Archived
2301:Archived
2248:31927674
2240:26527936
2177:15818467
2035:(1997).
2018:Archived
2006:27746799
1954:Archived
1950:37162943
1868:35411709
1832:51977344
1313:religion
1309:politics
1175:and its
1070:school.
847:journals
833:Glossary
784:Stiglitz
749:Rothbard
729:Buchanan
714:Friedman
704:Koopmans
694:Leontief
674:Robinson
559:Marshall
463:Notable
411:Regional
387:Planning
362:Monetary
292:Feminist
237:Cultural
232:Business
37:a series
35:Part of
4535:Applied
4315:Marxian
4193:Schools
3728:Outline
3699:Schools
3691: (
3652:Piketty
3647:Krugman
3512:Kuznets
3502:Kalecki
3477:Polanyi
3367:Cournot
3362:Bastiat
3347:Ricardo
3337:Malthus
3327:Quesnay
3230:Marxian
3121:Chicago
3051:history
3046:Schools
3033:Welfare
3003:Service
2794:Applied
2345:2586936
2185:2535453
2063:3585232
1259:Methods
1173:methods
1046:. From
977:History
853:Schools
845: (
804:Piketty
799:Krugman
664:Kuznets
654:Kalecki
629:Polanyi
519:Cournot
514:Bastiat
499:Ricardo
489:Malthus
479:Quesnay
451:Welfare
421:Service
92:Applied
68:Outline
63:History
4049:Models
4019:Fiscal
3995:Saving
3855:Growth
3637:Thaler
3617:Ostrom
3612:Becker
3607:Sowell
3587:Baumol
3492:Myrdal
3487:Sraffa
3482:Frisch
3472:Knight
3467:Keynes
3442:Fisher
3437:Veblen
3422:Pareto
3402:Menger
3397:George
3392:Jevons
3387:Walras
3377:Gossen
3301:Thermo
2979:Public
2974:Policy
2929:Labour
2894:Health
2625:
2617:
2559:
2537:
2527:
2498:
2472:
2464:
2418:
2396:
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