1011:, the orthosis must take over the stability and stance phase control when walking. Different knee-securing functional elements are needed depending on the weakness of these muscles. In order to compensate for functional deviations with slightly weakness of these muscle groups, a free moving mechanical knee joint with the mechanical pivot point behind the anatomical knee pivot point can be sufficient. In the case of significant weakness, knee flexion when walking must be controlled by functional elements that mechanically secure the knee joint during the early stance phases between loading response and mid stance. Stance phase control knee joints which lock the knee in the early stance phases and release it for knee flexion during the swing phase can be used here, with these joints, a natural gait pattern can be achieved despite mechanically securing against unwanted knee flexion. In these cases, locked knee joints are often used, and while they have a good safety function, the knee joint remains mechanically locked during the swing phase while walking. Patients with locked knee joints have to manage the swing phase with a stiff leg, which only works if the patient develops compensatory mechanisms, such as by raising the body's center of gravity in the swing phase (
997:, the orthosis has to transfer large forces that the strong muscle group would otherwise take over. These forces are transmitted in a similar way to a ski boot during downhill skiing via the functional elements of the foot part, ankle joint and lower leg shell. Dynamic functional elements are preferable for the ankle joint as static functional elements would completely block the dorsiflexion, which would have to be compensated for by the upper body, resulting in an increased energy cost when walking. The functional element's resistance to protect against unwanted dorsiflexion should be able to be adapted according to the weakness of the plantar flexors. In the case of very weak plantar flexors, the functional element's resistance against undesired dorsiflexion must be very high in order to compensate for the functional deviations this causes. Adjustable functional elements allow the resistance to be adjusted exactly to the weakness of the muscle, and scientific studies recommend adjustable resistance in patients with paralysis or weakness of the plantar flexors.
508: β they are in the foreground of an optimal supply and are individually manufactured. If the physical examination of a patient is carried out precisely, the clinical picture often shows a combination of several functional deviations. Each functional deviation can be slight or severe. The combination of the functional deviation and its characteristics leads to a detailed indication. A major advantage of custom-made products is that the various necessary orthotic functions when doing the configuration of the orthotics can be optimally matched to the determined functional deviations. Another advantage of custom-made products is that each orthosis is made to fit the individual body shape of the patient. Custom-fabricated products were traditionally made by following a trace of the extremity with measurements to assist in creating a well-fitted device. Subsequently, the advent of plastics and later even more modern materials such as
1109:, different functional elements to compensate for their weakness can be integrated into the ankle joint; if both muscle groups are affected, the elements should be integrated into one orthotic joint. The necessary dynamics and resistance to movements in the ankle can be adapted via adjustable functional elements in the ankle joint of the orthosis, which allows it to compensate for muscle weaknesses, provide safety when standing and walking, and still allow as much mobility as possible. For example, adjustable spring units with pre-compression can enable an exact adaptation of both static and dynamic resistance to the measured degree of muscle weakness. Studies show the positive effects of these new technologies. It is of great advantage if the resistances for these two functional elements can be set separately.
1858:
926:. The forefoot lever required for energy-saving walking in the gait phases from mid-stance to pre-swing cannot be activated by the plantar flexors. This leads to excessive dorsiflexion in the ankle joint in terminal stance and a loss of energy while walking. The center of gravity of the body lowers towards the end of the stance phase and the knee of the contralateral leg is flexed excessively. With each step, the center of gravity must be raised above the leg by straightening the excessively flexed knee. Since the plantar flexors originate above the knee joint, they also have a knee-extension effect in the stance phase.
1152:
polypropylene are still called "DAFO" (dynamic ankle-foot orthosis), "SAFO" (solid ankle-foot orthosis) or "Hinged AFO". DAFOs are not stable enough to transfer the high forces required to balance the weak plantar flexors when standing and walking, and SAFOs block the mobility of the ankle joint. A "Hinged AFO" only allowed for the compensation that could be achieved with the orthotic joints of the time, for example, they commonly block plantar flexion, as the joints cannot simultaneously transmit the large forces that are required to compensate for muscle deviations while also offering the necessary dynamics.
1531:
unlocked knee joint can provide only minor compensation for paralysis-related issues while standing and walking, an orthotic knee joint with a rearward displacement of the pivot point can be installed in order to increase safety. However, even with this, a KAFO with a non-locked knee joint should only be used in cases of minor paralysis of the knee and hip extensors. With more severe paralysis and low levels of strength in these muscle groups, there is a significant risk of falling. A typical designation for a KAFO with a unlocked knee joint is, among other things, "KAFO with knee joint for movement control".
1432:
330:
795:, rapid care with an orthosis is necessary. Often areas of the brain are affected that contain "programs" for controlling the musculoskeletal system. With the help of an orthosis, physiological standing and walking can be relearned, preventing long term health consequences caused by an abnormal gait pattern. According to Vladimir Janda, when configuring the orthotic it is important to understand that the muscle groups are not paralyzed, but are controlled by the brain with wrong impulses, and this is why a muscle function test can lead to incorrect results when assessing the ability to stand and walk.
257:
550:. The orthotist creates another detailed physical examination and compares it with the prescription from the physician. The orthotist describes the configuration of the orthosis, which shows which orthotic functions are required to compensate for the functional deviation of the neuromuscular or skeletal system and which functional elements must be integrated into the orthosis for this. Ideally, the necessary orthotic functions and the functional elements to be integrated are discussed in an interdisciplinary team between physician,
1759:
1132:
1482:
1327:
723:
784:
979:
of the drop foot orthosis type is therefore not suitable for the care of patients with weakness in other muscle groups, as these patients require additional functional elements to be taken into account. Initial contact with the heel should be achieved by lifting the foot through the orthosis, and if the dorsiflexors are very weak, control of the rapid drop of the forefoot should be taken over by dynamic functional elements that allow for adjustable resistance of
1647:
849:
1538:
order to be able to walk efficiently, without stumbling, and without compensating mechanisms, the joint should allow knee flexion of approximately 60Β° in the swing phase. The first promising developments of automatic knee joints, or stance phase locking knee joints, emerged in the 1990s. In the beginning there were automatic mechanical constructions that took over the locking and unlocking, now automatic electromechanical and automatic
983:. Orthoses should be adapted to the functional deviation of the dorsiflexors in order to correct the shock absorption of the heel rocker lever during loading response, but should not block plantar flexion of the ankle joint as this leads to excessive flexion in the knee and hip and an increase in the energy needed for walking. This is why static functional elements are not recommended when there are newer technical alternatives.
1992:
775:
groups. The compensatory gait is an unconscious reaction to the lack of security when standing or walking that usually worsens with increasing age; if the right functional elements are integrated into the orthosis to counter this, and maintain physiological mobility, the right motor impulses are sent to create new cerebral connections. The goal of an orthotic is the best possible approximation of the physiological gait pattern.
563:
5243:
1638:
transfer their weight away from the ulcer to facilitate treatment. The anterior support shell is designed with a lateral hinged attachment to take advantage of the medial tibial flare structure to enhance the weight-bearing properties of the orthosis. A flexible, polyethylene hinge attaches the support shell to the L-shaped member and straps securely attach the anterior support shell to the user's lower leg.
441:
5253:
1273:
1839:
88:
47:
609:
patient's anatomy. Since the dynamics of the orthosis are executed via the orthotic joints, it is possible to manufacture the orthotic shells as stable and torsion-resistant, which is necessary for the quality and function of the orthosis. The orthosis thus offers the necessary stability to regain the security that has been lost due to paralysis when standing and walking.
1378:
180:
629:
799:
standing exercises, and this makes the work of mobilizing the patient at an early stage easier. With the right functional elements that maintain physiological mobility and provide security when standing and walking, the necessary motor impulses to create new cerebral connections can occur. Clinical studies confirm the importance of orthoses in stroke rehabilitation.
1225:
1177:
1515:
in order to not stumble, the leg must be swung forward and out in a circular arc (circumduction) or the hip must be raised unnaturally to swing the stiff leg. Each of these incorrect gait patterns can lead to secondary diseases in the bone and muscle system, and such compensatory movement patterns lead to increased energy consumption when walking. The film
1850:
195:
527: β they are used for fast supply in the case of diseases that occur frequently. They are manufactured industrially and in some cases can be adapted to the anatomical body conditions. Semi-finished products are also referred to as prefabricated products and custom fitted products, but in these cases it is not custom-fabricated.
869:. When determining the strength levels of the six major muscle groups as part of the patient's medical history, fatigue can be taken into account by using a standardized six-minute walking test. According to Vladimir Janda the muscle function test is carried out in combination with the six-minute walk test in the following steps:
865:
severity, can lead to considerable restrictions in everyday life. Persistent stress, such as from walking, causes a deterioration in muscle function and has a significant effect on the spatial and temporal parameters of walking, for example by significantly reducing the cadence and walking speed. Fatigue can be measured as
1028:
1749:
Rehabilitation braces are used to limit the movement of the knee in both medial and lateral directions, these braces often have an adjustable range of motion, and can be used to limit flexion and extension following ACL reconstruction. They are primarily used after injury or surgery to immobilize the
1732:
by realigning the knee joint. In this way a KO may help reduce osteoarthritis pain, however, there is no clear evidence about the most effective orthosis or the best approach to rehabilitation. A knee brace is not meant to treat an injury or disease on its own, but is used as a component of treatment
1668:
acting on the foot joints while standing, walking or running. They may be either pre-moulded (also called pre-fabricated) or custom made according to a cast or impression of the foot. They are used by everyone from athletes to the elderly to accommodate biomechanical deformities and a variety of soft
1585:
Relief
Orthoses are used when there is degeneration to a joint (from "wear and tear" for example) or after an injury such as a torn ligament. Relief orthoses are also used after operations such as operations on the joint ligaments, other bony, muscular structures, or after a complete replacement of a
1537:
The mechanical knee joint of a KAFO with locked and unlocked knee joint is locked when walking in the stance phase, providing the necessary stability and security for the user. The knee joint is then automatically unlocked in the swing phase, allowing the leg to be swung through without stumbling. In
1530:
An unlocked knee joint can move freely both when standing and when walking, both in the stance phase and in the swing phase. In order for the leg to swing through without stumbling, knee flexion of approximately 60Β° is allowed; the user does not need to unlock the knee joint to sit. As a KAFO with an
1523:
is additionally hindered in his urge to move by such orthoses. For centuries, KAFOs were built with mechanical knee joints that stiffened the knee of the paralyzed leg, and even today, such orthotic fittings are still common. Typical designations for a KAFO with a locked knee joint include "KAFO with
1127:
A drop foot orthosis is an AFO that only has one functional element for lifting the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors. If other muscle groups, such as the plantar flexors, are weak, additional functional elements must be taken into account, making a drop foot orthosis
1067:
fibers, and new knowledge about processing these materials into composite materials, the weight of orthotics has been reduced significantly. In addition to the weight reduction, these materials and technologies have created the possibility of making some areas of an orthosis so rigid that it can take
978:
are weak, an orthosis should lift the forefoot during the swing phase in order to reduce the risk of the patient stumbling. An orthosis that has only one functional element for lifting the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors is also known as a drop foot orthosis. An AFO
774:
Patients with paralysis due to cerebral palsy or traumatic brain injury are usually treated with an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). Although in these patients the muscles are not paralyzed but being sent the wrong impulses from the brain, the functional elements used in the orthotics are the same for both
1714:
An AFO can also be used to immobilize the ankle and lower leg in the presence of arthritis or a fracture. Ankleβfoot orthoses are the most commonly used orthoses, making up about 26% of all orthoses provided in the United States. According to a review of
Medicare payments from 2001 to 2006, the base
1542:
systems are available that make standing and walking safer and more comfortable. Various terms are used for a KAFO with a locked and unlocked knee joint. Typical designations are "KAFO with automatic knee joint" or "KAFO with stance phase control knee joint". In scientific articles, the
English term
1514:
The mechanical knee joint is locked both when standing and also when walking (in both the stance and swing phases) in order to achieve the necessary stability. To sit, the user can unlock the knee joint. When walking with a locked knee joint it is difficult for the user to swing the leg forward and,
1159:
to call for a new standardization of the terminology. With a focus on caring for children with cerebral palsy there is a recommendation to investigate the potential for gait pattern improvement via the design and manufacture of orthotics made of polypropylene. On the other hand, integrating orthotic
883:
This sequence of muscle function test and six-minute walk test is used to determine whether muscular fatigue can be induced. If the test reveals muscular fatigue, the strength levels and measured fatigue should be included in the planning of an orthosis, and when determining the functional elements.
822:
Patients with paralysis after stroke who are able to walk have the option of analysing the gait pattern in order to determine the optimal function of an orthosis. One way of assessing is the classification according to the "N.A.P. Gait
Classification", which is a physiotherapeutic treatment concept.
592:
For the quality and function of a paralysis orthosis, it is important that the orthotic shell is in total-contact with the patient's leg to create an optimal fit, which is why a custom-made orthotic is often preferred. As reducing the weight of an orthosis significantly lessens the energy needed to
907:. The patient's foot cannot be sufficiently lifted during the swing phase while walking, as the necessary concentric work of the dorsiflexors can not be activated. There is a risk of stumbling, and the patient cannot influence the shock absorption when walking (gait phase, loading response), as the
657:
According to
Vladimir Janda, a muscle function test is carried out to determine strength levels. The degree of paralysis is given for each muscle group on a scale from 0 to 5, with the value 0 indicating complete paralysis (0%) and the value 5 indicating normal strength (100%). The values between 0
426:
In the United States, while orthotists require a prescription from a licensed healthcare provider, physical therapists are not legally authorized to prescribe orthoses. In the U.K., orthotists will often accept referrals from doctors or other healthcare professionals for orthotic assessment without
1723:
A knee orthosis (KO) or knee brace extends above and below the knee joint and is generally worn to support or align the knee. In the case of diseases causing neurological or muscular impairment of muscles surrounding the knee, a KO can prevent flexion, extension, or instability of the knee. If the
1554:
can be integrated into the ankle joint of the orthosis depending on the degree of paralysis of the two muscle groups. It is of great advantage if the resistances for these two functional elements can be set separately. The functional elements to compensate for paralysis of the knee-securing muscle
826:
This assessment is a two step process, in the first step, the patient is viewed from the side of the leg to be assessed, either directly or via a video recording. In gait type 1 the knee angle is hyperextended, while in type 2 the knee angle is flexed. In the second step the patient is viewed from
1784:
Upper-limb (or upper extremity) orthoses are mechanical or electromechanical devices applied externally to the arm, or segments of it, in order to restore or improve function or structural characteristics of the arm segments enclosed in the device. In general, musculoskeletal problems that may be
1766:
A soft brace, sometimes called soft support or a bandage, belong to the field of orthoses and are supposed to protect the joints from excessive loads. Soft braces are also classified according to regions of the body. In sport, bandages are used to protect bones and joints, and prevent and protect
1637:
A custom-made ankle/foot orthosis can be used for the treatment of patients with foot ulcers, it is a rigid L-shaped support member with a rigid anterior support shell on an articulated hinge. The plantar portion of the L-shaped member has at least one ulcer-protecting hollow to allow the user to
1563:
are integrated into the knee joint of the orthosis via knee-securing functional elements. A KAFO can use a variety of combinations of different variants in the stiffness of the foot shell, the different variants of the functional elements of a dynamic ankle joint, the variants in the shape of the
1094:
A custom-made AFO can compensate for functional deviations of muscle groups, it should be configured according to the patient data through a function and load calculation so that it meets the functional and load requirements. In calculating or configuring an AFO, variants are optimally matched to
936:
are weak, there is an increased risk of falling when walking, as between loading response to the mid-stance the knee extensors control knee flexion inadequately, or not at all. To control the knee, the patient develops compensatory mechanisms that lead to an incorrect gait pattern, for example by
818:
is supplied with wrong impulses from the central nervous system, which leads to uncertainty when standing and walking, an unconscious compensatory gait can occur. When configuring an orthosis functional elements that can restore safety when standing and walking must be used in these cases; a foot
714:) can cause incorrect motor impulses that often result in clearly visible deviations in gait. The usefulness of muscle strength tests is therefore limited, as even with high degrees of strength, disturbances to the gait pattern can occur due to the incorrect control of the central nervous system.
798:
An important basic requirement for regaining the ability to walk is that the patient trains early on to stand on both legs safely and well balanced. An orthosis with functional elements to support balance and safety when standing and walking can be integrated into physical therapy from the first
612:
In addition, an orthosis can be individually configured through the use of orthosis joints. In this way, the combination of the orthotic joints and the adjustability of the functional elements can be adjusted to compensate for any existing functional deviations that have resulted from the muscle
520:
mold of the body part in question. This method is still extensively used throughout the industry. By introducing composite materials made of carbon fiber materials and aramid fibers embedded in an epoxy resin matrix, the weight of modern orthoses is extremely reduced. With this technique, modern
806:
are supplied with incorrect impulses from the central nervous system. This can lead to insufficient foot lifting during swing phase of walking, and in these cases, an orthosis that only has functional elements to support the dorsiflexors can be helpful. Such an orthosis is also called drop foot
1166:
The
International Committee of the Red Cross published its manufacturing guidelines for ankleβfoot orthoses in 2006, and, unfortunately, today's terminologies are still based those guidelines and therefore require a particularly high level of explanation. The intent was to provide standardized
864:
in order to determine the necessary functions of an orthosis, just as in the case of diseases or injuries to the spinal/peripheral nervous system. However, patients with multiple sclerosis may experience muscular fatigue as well. The fatigue can be more or less pronounced and, depending on the
1896:
involving the T10 to L3 vertebrae, and a body jacket may be used to stabilize more involved fractures of the spine. There are several types of orthoses for managing cervical spine pathology. The halo brace is the most restrictive cervical thoracic orthosis in use; it is used to immobilize the
1741:
Prophylactic braces are used primarily by athletes participating in contact sports. Evidence indicates that prophylactic knee braces, like the ones football linemen wear that are often rigid with a knee hinge, are ineffective in reducing anterior cruciate ligament tears, but may be helpful in
608:
The production of a custom-made orthotic also allows the integration of orthotic joints, which means the dynamics of the orthotic can be matched exactly with the pivot points of the patient's anatomical joints. As a result, the dynamics of the orthosis take place exactly where dictated by the
1151:
Because new technologies are not widely used, AFOs are often made from polypropylene-based plastic, mostly in the shape of a continuous "L" shape, with the upright part behind the calf and the lower part under the foot, however, this only offers the rigidity of the material. AFOs made of
537:
Both custom-fabricated products and semi-finished products are used in long-term care and are manufactured or adapted by the orthotist or by trained orthopedic technicians according to the prescription. In many countries the physician or clinician defines the functional deviations in his
1745:
Functional braces are designed for use by people who have already experienced a knee injury and need support while recovering from it, or to help people who have pain associated with arthritis. They are intended to reduce the rotation of the knee, support stability, reduce the chance of
613:
weakness. The goal of a high-quality orthotic fitting is to adjust the functional elements so precisely that the orthosis provides the necessary support while restricting the dynamics of the lower extremities as little as possible to preserve the remaining functionality of the muscles.
4079:
749:
One way of classifying gait is according to the "Amsterdam Gait
Classification", which describes five gait types. To assess the gait pattern, the patient is viewed directly, or via a video recording, from the side of the leg being assessed. At the point when the leg is
967:
The functional elements of an orthosis ensure the flexion and extension movements of the ankle, knee and hip joints. They correct and control the movements and secure the joints against undesired incorrect movements, and help avoid falls when standing or walking.
521:
orthoses can achieve perfect stiffness in the areas where this is necessary (e.g., the connection between the ankle and knee joint) and flexibility in the areas where flexibility is required (e.g., in the area of the forefoot on the foot part of an orthosis).
398:
An orthotist is a specialist responsible for the customising, manufacture, and repair of orthoses. The manufacture of modern orthoses requires both artistic skills in modeling body shapes and manual skills in processing traditional and innovative materialsβ
911:
of the dorsiflexors is limited. After initial heel contact the forefoot either slaps too quickly on the floor via the heel rocker, which creates an audible noise, or the foot does touch the floor with forefoot first, which disrupts gait development.
356:
terminology, orthoses are classified by an acronym describing the anatomical joints they support. Some examples include KAFO, or knee-ankle-foot orthoses, which span the knee, ankle, and foot; TLSO, or thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthoses, supporting the
839:
of the knee, the letter "b" is added to the gait type. Patients are thus classified as gait types 1a, 1b, 2a or 2b. The goal of orthotic fitting for patients who are able to walk is the best possible approximation of the physiological gait pattern.
1071:
It is now possible to combine the required rigidity of the orthotic shells with the dynamics in the ankle, with this, other new technologies, and the possibility of producing lightweight but rigid orthoses, new demands have been made of orthotics:
1785:
alleviated by the use of upper limb orthoses include those resulting from trauma or disease (arthritis for example). They may also benefit individuals who have a neurological impairment from a stroke, spinal cord injury, or peripheral neuropathy.
1709:
Knee orthosis with toothed gear segment joints for the care of patients e.g. after a cruciate ligament tear. (Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: the knee, English abbreviation: KO for knee
1068:
over the forces of the weakened muscles (e.g. the connection from the ankle joint to the frontal contact surface on the shin), while at the same time leaving areas requiring less support very flexible (e.g. the flexible part of the forefoot).
2912:
Kerkum YL, Harlaar J, Buizer AI, van den Noort JC, Becher JG, Brehm MA (May 2016). "An individual approach for optimizing ankle-foot orthoses to improve mobility in children with spastic cerebral palsy walking with excessive knee flexion".
1095:
individual requirements for the functional elements of the ankle joint, for the stiffness of the foot shell, and for the shape of the lower leg shell. The size of these components is selected by matching their resilience to the load data.
1167:
procedures for the manufacture of high-quality modern, durable and economical devices to people with disabilities throughout the world. However, with the new technologies available, the main types mentioned are in need of revision today.
589:). They are intended to correct or improve functional limitations or to replace functions that have been lost as a result of the paralysis. Functional leg length differences caused by paralysis can be compensated for by using orthosis.
1147:
published in its 2006 Manufacturing
Guidelines for Ankle-Foot Orthoses, with the aim of providing people with disabilities worldwide standardized processes for the production of high-quality, modern, durable and economical devices.
640:
The plantar flexors contribute significantly to being able to stand upright by actuating the forefoot lever and thereby increasing the standing area when standing. This group of muscles moves the foot in the direction of plantar
1572:
HKAFO is the abbreviation for hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses; which is the
English name for an orthosis that spans the hip, the knee, the ankle and the foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, a HKAFO is used when there is a
1160:
joints with modern functional elements into the production of older technologies using polypropylene is unusual because the orthotic shells made of polypropylene either could not transfer the high forces or would be too soft.
807:
orthosis. When configuring a foot lifter orthosis, adjustable functional elements for setting the resistance can be included, which make it possible to adapt the passive lowering of the forefoot (plantar flexion) to the
665:
The combination of strength levels of the muscle groups determines the type of orthosis (AFO or KAFO) and the functional elements necessary to compensate for restrictions caused by the reduced muscular strength levels.
4832:
937:
exaggerated activation of the plantar flexors, leading into hyperextension of the knee, or when initial contact is with the forefoot and not the heel in order to prevent the knee-flexing effect of the heel rocker.
1861:
Jewett hyperextension body brace fitted to adolescent female patient in full support body suit. (Designated TLSO as the orthosis fits the thoracic, lumbar and sacroiliac regions, making for a thoraco-lumbo-sacral
4868:
1043:
and other paralyzes of the dorsiflexors and plantar flexors. (Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot
4224:
Aoife, Healy; Roozbeh, Naemi; Nachiappan, Chockalingam (30 June 2014). "The
Effectiveness of Footwear and Other Removable Off-loading Devices in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review".
2153:
Gatt, Alfred; Grech, Mark; Chockalingam, Nachiappan; Formosa, Cynthia (17 May 2017). "A Preliminary Study on the Effect of Computer-Aided Designed and Manufactured Orthoses on Chronic Plantar Heel Pain".
1775:
or to optimize performance in sport. At present, the scientific literature does not provide sufficient high quality research to allow for strong conclusions on their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.
1724:
ligaments or cartilage of the knee are affected, a KO can provide stabilization to the knee by replacing their functions. For instance, knee braces can be used to relieve pressure from diseases such as
1155:
While there was a multitude of AFOs with differing designs in clinical practice, there was also a clear lack of details regarding the design and the materials used for manufacture, leading Eddison and
1048:
AFO is the abbreviation for ankle-foot orthoses, which is the English name for an orthosis that spans the ankle and foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, they are mainly used when there is a
1746:
hyperextension, and increase the agility and strength of the knee. The majority of these are made of elastic. They are the least expensive of all braces and are easily found in a variety of sizes.
1733:
along with drugs, physical therapy and possibly surgery. When used properly, a knee brace may help an individual to stay active by enhancing the position and movement of the knee or reducing pain.
1098:
An ankle joint based on new technology is the connection between the foot shell and the lower leg shell and at the same time contains all the necessary adjustable functional elements of an AFO.
4585:
Eddison, Nicola; Benyahia, Salma; Chockalingam, Nachiappan (19 July 2021). "The Effect of Spinal Orthoses on Immobilizing the Cervical Spine: A Systematic Review of Research Methodologies".
4526:
Negrini, Stefano; Minozzi, Silvia; Bettany-Saltikov, Josette; Chockalingam, Nachiappan; Grivas, Theodoros B.; Kotwicki, Tomasz; Maruyama, Toru; Romano, Michele; Zaina, Fabio (18 June 2015).
2408:
Kobayashi T, Leung AK, Akazawa Y, Hutchins SW (March 2013). "The effect of varying the plantarflexion resistance of an ankle-foot orthosis on knee joint kinematics in patients with stroke".
922:
are weak, the muscles of the forefoot lever are either inadequately activated or not activated at all. The patient has no balance when standing and has to support themself with aids such as
852:
Determination of the strength levels of the large muscle groups, taking into account the muscular fatigue typical of MS patients using the example of the muscle group of the dorsal extensors
380:
can be fluid. An example is compensating for a leg length discrepancy, equivalent to replacing a missing part of a limb. Another example is the replacement of the forefoot after a forefoot
533: β these include short-term orthoses or bandages for a limited duration of therapy and are manufactured industrially. Finished products are also referred to as off-the-shelf products.
1693:(JIA) custom-made and pre-fabricated foot orthoses may also reduce foot pain. Foot orthoses may also be used in conjunction with properly fitted orthopedic footwear in the prevention of
637:
The dorsiflexors move the foot through concentric muscle work around the axis of the ankle in the direction of dorsiflexion and control the plantar flexion through eccentric muscle work.
4848:
1771:. They mostly consist of textiles, some of which have supportive elements. The supporting functions are low compared to paralysis and relief orthoses, though they are sometimes used
2205:
3067:
4961:
4858:
4189:(July 2013). "The effectiveness of footwear as an intervention to prevent or to reduce biomechanical risk factors associated with diabetic foot ulceration: A systematic review".
373:. The use of the International Standard is promoted to reduce the widespread variation in the description of orthoses, which is often a barrier to interpreting research studies.
98:
632:
Description of the functions of the large muscle groups used to define the functional elements of a paralysis orthosis intended to compensate for restricted muscle functions.
726:
The Amsterdam Gait Classification facilitates the assessment of the gait pattern in CP patients and patients with traumatic brain injury and helps to determine the gait type
1505:
of the knee or hip extensors. They have two orthotic joints: an ankle joint between the foot and lower leg shells and a knee joint between the lower leg and thigh shells.
574:
All orthoses that affect the foot, the ankle joint, the lower leg, the knee joint, the thigh or the hip joint belong to the category of orthoses for the lower extremities.
4889:
1497:. (Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: knee, ankle and foot, English abbreviation: KAFO for knee-ankle-foot orthoses)
1360:
Provides dynamics in the ankle but prevents the physiological plantar flexion caused by the heel lever, as the movement of the orthosis takes place behind the ankle joint
2352:"Optimizing spring hinged ankle foot orthoses for patients with neurological gait disorders using separate adjustability of plantarflexion and dorsiflexion resistance"
1898:
3693:
Alnajjar, Fady; Zaier, Riadh; Khalid, Sumayya; Gochoo, Munkhjargal (28 December 2020). "Trends and Technologies in Rehabilitation of Foot Drop: A Systematic Review".
2858:
1501:
KAFO is the abbreviation for knee-ankle-foot orthoses, which spans the knee, ankle and foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, a KAFO is used when there is a
1135:
Ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) manufactured using old technology from polypropylene in a variant that is also called "Hinged AFO". It can be used to support an isolated
384:. This treatment is often made from a combination of a prosthesis to replace the forefoot and an orthosis to replace the lost muscular function (ortho prosthesis).
353:
4863:
3885:
Eddison N, Chockalingam N (April 2013). "The effect of tuning ankle foot orthoses-footwear combination on the gait parameters of children with cerebral palsy".
1437:
AFO with stiff carbon fiber frame and dynamic ankle joint for adjustable stiffness through separately adjustable spring resistance in plantar- and dorsiflexion
2468:"Stiffness modification of two ankle-foot orthosis types to optimize gait in individuals with non-spastic calf muscle weakness β a proof-of-concept study"
1857:
1440:
Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses.
3191:"Association between perceived fatigue and gait parameters measured by an instrumented treadmill in people with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study"
653:
The hip extensors stretch the hip joint in the direction of the hip extension and, at the same time, extend the knee in the direction of the knee extension.
4701:
2948:
Nudo RJ, Barbay S (2009). "The Mechanisms and Neurophysiology of Recovery from Stroke". In Stein J, Harvey RL, Macko RF, Winstein CJ, Zorowitz RD (eds.).
5052:
1139:, but it will block plantar flexion. This AFO cannot transmit the high forces required to counterbalance weak plantar flexors while standing and walking.
3791:"Do research papers provide enough information on design and material used in ankle foot orthoses for children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review"
1706:
2857:
Esquenazi A (2008). "Assessment and orthotic management of gait dysfunction in individuals with brain injury". In Hsu JD, Michael JW, Fisk JR (eds.).
2792:
Rodda J, Graham HK (November 2001). "Classification of gait patterns in spastic hemiplegia and spastic diplegia: a basis for a management algorithm".
690:. In these patients, knowledge of the strength levels of the large muscle groups is necessary to configure the orthotic for the necessary functions.
1291:"Hinged" simply means a flexible connection between the two parts of the orthosis. The joint itself does not offer any further functional elements.
1144:
5087:
4951:
4853:
585:
orthoses are used for partial or complete paralysis, as well as complete functional failure of muscles or muscle groups, or incomplete paralysis (
2114:"Suggested Guidelines for the Prescription of Orthotic Services, Device Delivery, Education, and Follow-up Care: A Multidisciplinary White Paper"
5194:
3242:"Prevalence of Walking-Related Motor Fatigue in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: Decline in Walking Distance Induced by the 6-Minute Walk Test"
1892:
Spinal orthoses may also be used in the treatment of spinal fractures. A Jewett brace, for instance, may be used to aid healing of an anterior
1650:
A custom ankle-foot orthotic (AFO) specifically designed and fabricated based on a runner's individual foot and ankle anatomy and biomechanics.
1508:
KAFOs can be roughly divided into three variants, depending on whether the mechanical knee joint is: locked, unlocked or locked and unlocked.
802:
Patients with paralysis after a stroke are often treated with an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), as after a stroke stumbling can occur if only the
4058:
4031:
3677:
3537:
3496:
3417:
3377:
3339:
3301:
3097:
3007:
2957:
2896:
2868:
2771:
2721:
2073:"A systematic review to determine best practice reporting guidelines for AFO interventions in studies involving children with cerebral palsy"
2055:
4920:
2648:"The Effects of Varying Ankle Foot Orthosis Stiffness on Gait in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy Who Walk with Excessive Knee Flexion"
1618:
1543:
Stance Control Orthoses SCO is often used, but as this term differs from the ICS classification, one of the first two terms is preferable.
687:
3764:
2216:
1697:. A real-time weight bearing orthotic can be created using a neutral position casting device and the Vertical Foot Alignment System VFAS.
823:
According to this classification, the gait pattern is assessed in the mid-stance phase and described as one of four possible gait types.
337:
Orthotic devices are classified into four areas of the body according to the international classification system (ICS): orthotics of the
5163:
3023:
Owen E (September 2010). "The importance of being earnest about shank and thigh kinematics especially when using ankle-foot orthoses".
5057:
4956:
4910:
787:
The N.A.P. Gait classification facilitates the assessment of the gait pattern in stroke patients and helps to determine the gait type
5256:
2746:
1453:
Depending on which functional elements are integrated in the ankle joint used, such an orthosis can enable the following functions:
488:
241:
74:
4504:
4077:, Rooney JE, "Method and apparatus for the treatment of plantar ulcers and foot deformities", issued 20 Septembere 2005
2592:"Ankle foot orthoses in cerebral palsy: Effects of ankle stiffness on trunk kinematics, gait stability and energy cost of walking"
4755:
1019:). Stance phase control knee joints and locked joints can both be mechanically "unlocked" so the knee can be flexed to sit down.
625:
is needed to determine the strength levels of the affected leg's six major muscle groups and the orthosis's necessary functions.
594:
509:
3555:"How can push-off be preserved during use of an ankle foot orthosis in children with hemiplegia? A prospective controlled study"
2762:
Fatone S (2009). "Chapter 31: Orthotic Management in Stroke". In Stein J, Harvey RL, Macko RF, Winstein CJ, Zarowitz RD (eds.).
570:
with incomplete paraplegia (lesion height L3) with a knee-ankle-foot orthosis with an integrated stance phase control knee joint
5158:
4694:
1869:, a condition describing an abnormal curvature of the spine, may in certain cases be treated with spinal orthoses, such as the
4284:
329:
5072:
5016:
3617:"Modifying ankle foot orthosis stiffness in patients with calf muscle weakness: gait responses on group and individual level"
3447:
Kerkum YL (2016). "The effect of ankle foot orthosis stiffness on trunk movement and walking energy cost in cerebral palsy".
2524:"Modifying ankle foot orthosis stiffness in patients with calf muscle weakness: gait responses on group and individual level"
819:
lifter orthosis is not suitable as it only compensates for the functional deviations caused by weakness of the dorsiflexors.
466:
3672:. AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices. Philadelphia: John D. Hsu, John W. Michael, John R. Fisk. pp. 487β500.
5123:
4884:
4760:
1690:
4391:
4376:
5297:
4925:
2981:
Neurological early rehabilitation using the example of a stroke β analyzes for the development of quality assurance
1833:
1393:
plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses
1285:
plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses
1237:
plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses
1189:
plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses
404:
159:
3485:
Meadows B, Bowers RJ, Owen E (2008). "Biomechanics of the hip, knee and ankle". In Hsu JD, Michael JW, Fisk JR (eds.).
216:
106:
4930:
4905:
4734:
4442:"A systematic review of randomised controlled trials assessing effectiveness of prosthetic and orthotic interventions"
2976:
Die neurologische FrΓΌhrehabilitation am Beispiel Schlaganfall β Analysen zur Entwicklung einer QualitΓ€tssicherung
1079:
Despite the necessary rigidity, the orthoses should not block the functionality of the muscles, but rather promote it.
1012:
670:
Physical examination for paralysis due to diseases or injuries to the spinal cord and/or the peripheral nervous system
256:
131:
4616:
Nickel VL, Perry J, Garrett A, Heppenstall M (October 1968). "The halo. A spinal skeletal traction fixation device".
3068:"Report of a Consensus Conference on the Orthotic Management of Stroke Patients, Non-Articulated Ankle-Foot Ortheses"
451:
3593:
5282:
5199:
4991:
4827:
4739:
4687:
1950:
1842:
Measurement of pelvic tilt during physical examination to determine whether spinal orthoses are indicated to treat
1682:
980:
828:
462:
60:
3553:
Desloovere K, Molenaers G, Van Gestel L, Huenaerts C, Van Campenhout A, Callewaert B, et al. (October 2006).
470:
455:
117:
102:
4915:
4770:
4144:
Hawke F, Burns J, Radford JA, du Toit V (July 2008). "Custom-made foot orthoses for the treatment of foot pain".
1004:
933:
138:
860:, the degree of strength of the six major muscle groups of the affected leg should be determined as part of the
835:
of the knee. If instead the patient stands on the inner edge of the foot (eversion), which is associated with a
349:, and orthotics for the head. Orthoses are also classified by function: paralysis orthoses and relief orthoses.
5302:
5277:
5092:
5067:
4095:"A case-series study to explore the efficacy of foot orthoses in treating first metatarsophalangeal joint pain"
2711:
1878:
1520:
975:
900:
4048:
2300:"Effect of carbon-composite knee-ankle-foot orthoses on walking efficiency and gait in former polio patients"
1889:, compliance is hampered by patient concerns about appearance and movement restrictions caused by the brace.
1628:
Otherwise correct the shape and/or function of the body, to provide easier movement capability or reduce pain
1468:
Adjustable resistance for stabilization when standing and walking for weak plantar flexors with energy return
5206:
5153:
5148:
5077:
4186:
1935:
1156:
1131:
1016:
4260:
Whiteside S, Allen MJ, Barringer WJ, Beiswenger WD, Brncick MD, Bulgarelli TD, et al. (January 2007).
2974:
1163:
New studies now show the better possibilities for improving the gait pattern through the new technologies.
145:
5189:
5128:
5082:
1758:
739:
703:
546:) and derives the indication from this, e.g. orthotic to restore safety when standing and walking after a
310:
3486:
3407:
4780:
1665:
959:
help control of the knee against unwanted flexion when walking between loading response and mid-stance.
400:
309:
is "an externally applied device used to influence the structural and functional characteristics of the
280:
2591:
1564:
lower leg shell, and the functional elements of a knee joint to compensate for the user's limitations.
205:
4074:
2351:
127:
5287:
5113:
5097:
5062:
4996:
4453:
4306:
Duivenvoorden T, Brouwer RW, van Raaij TM, Verhagen AP, Verhaar JA, Bierma-Zeinstra SM (March 2015).
3175:
Alterations in Temporal-Spatial Gait Parameters in People with Multiple Sclerosisβa Systematic Review
3126:
2659:
1674:
994:
919:
861:
743:
622:
543:
1446:- dynamic ankle joint with precompressed spring elements to control plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
722:
658:
and 5 indicate a percentage reduction in muscle function. All strength levels below five are called
5246:
4765:
4264:. Alexandria (VA): American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics, and Pedorthics, Inc.
1930:
1694:
1481:
562:
415:
are involved in orthotic manufacture. Orthotics also combines knowledge of anatomy and physiology,
292:
3839:
1705:
783:
754:
the knee angle and the contact of the foot with the ground are assessed. The five gait types are:
5179:
5001:
4729:
4598:
3987:
3910:
3867:
3726:
3271:
3048:
2817:
2619:
2379:
2187:
1494:
1486:
1040:
908:
857:
808:
770:
Type 5, the knee angle is flexed and foot contact is complete, this is also known as crouch gait.
751:
711:
675:
567:
358:
3115:"Motor fatigue measurement by distance-induced slow down of walking speed in multiple sclerosis"
209:
5292:
5133:
5036:
4986:
4797:
4633:
4567:
4481:
4403:
4368:
4337:
4242:
4206:
4167:
4126:
4054:
4027:
3979:
3902:
3859:
3820:
3753:
3718:
3710:
3673:
3667:
3648:
3574:
3533:
3492:
3464:
3413:
3373:
3335:
3297:
3263:
3222:
3173:
3154:
3093:
3040:
3003:
2953:
2930:
2892:
2864:
2809:
2767:
2742:
2717:
2687:
2611:
2563:
2545:
2499:
2435:
2371:
2329:
2321:
2280:
2262:
2243:"Functional outcome after lengthening with and without deformity correction in polio patients"
2179:
2171:
2135:
2094:
2051:
1678:
1444:- ventral shell with torsionally rigid reinforcement to focus the dynamics on the ankle joint
764:
Type 3, the knee angle is hyperextended and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot).
408:
298:
3931:
2020:
621:
In the case of paralysis due to disease or injury to the spinal/peripheral nervous system, a
5226:
5221:
5118:
5031:
4775:
4625:
4590:
4557:
4547:
4539:
4471:
4461:
4327:
4319:
4262:
Practice analysis of certified practitioners in the disciplines of orthotics and prosthetics
4234:
4198:
4157:
4149:
4116:
4106:
3969:
3894:
3851:
3810:
3802:
3702:
3638:
3628:
3566:
3456:
3253:
3212:
3202:
3144:
3134:
3113:
Phan-Ba R, Calay P, Grodent P, Delrue G, Lommers E, Delvaux V, et al. (13 April 2012).
3032:
2922:
2801:
2677:
2667:
2603:
2553:
2535:
2489:
2479:
2425:
2417:
2363:
2311:
2270:
2254:
2163:
2125:
2112:
Fisk JR, DeMuth S, Campbell J, DiBello T, Esquenazi A, Lin RS, et al. (February 2016).
2084:
1882:
1772:
1646:
1539:
1431:
848:
836:
694:
Physical examination for paralysis due to diseases or injuries to the central nervous system
551:
517:
370:
362:
2646:
Kerkum YL, Buizer AI, van den Noort JC, Becher JG, Harlaar J, Brehm MA (23 November 2015).
1326:
4935:
3406:
Meadows B, Bowers RJ, Owen E (12 July 2016) . "Biomechanics of the hip, knee, and ankle".
3240:
Leone C, Severijns D, DoleΕΎalovΓ‘ V, Baert I, Dalgas U, Romberg A, et al. (May 2016).
2522:
Waterval, Niels F. J.; Nollet, Frans; Harlaar, Jaap; Brehm, Merel-Anne (17 October 2019).
1960:
1955:
1870:
1574:
1502:
1049:
1008:
990:
956:
943: β if the knee flexors are weak, it is more difficult to flex the knee in pre-swing.
896:
866:
832:
659:
602:
416:
314:
949: β if the hip flexors are weak, it is more difficult to flex the knee in pre-swing.
4562:
4527:
4500:
4457:
3130:
2663:
1669:
tissue conditions. Foot orthoses are effective at reducing pain for people with painful
1076:
Despite the necessary rigidity, the orthoses should not block the mobility of the ankle.
5184:
4792:
4476:
4441:
4332:
4307:
4121:
4094:
3815:
3790:
3643:
3616:
3217:
3190:
3149:
3114:
2682:
2647:
2558:
2523:
2494:
2467:
2275:
2242:
1893:
1768:
1729:
1611:
1594:
1036:
767:
Type 4, the knee angle is flexed and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot).
735:
699:
598:
271:
152:
66:
4238:
3527:
1991:
5271:
5021:
4787:
4629:
4602:
4010:
Prosthetics and orthotics β Vocabulary β Part 3: Terms relating to orthoses
3871:
3730:
2805:
2623:
2383:
1970:
1940:
1897:
cervical spine, usually following fracture, and was developed by Vernon L. Nickel at
1885:. As scoliosis most commonly develops in adolescent females who are undergoing their
1686:
3991:
3914:
3554:
3275:
3052:
2821:
1664:) are devices inserted into shoes to provide support for the foot by redistributing
1204:
Provides functional elements against a drop foot and for stabilization when standing
5138:
5006:
4966:
4543:
4323:
4292:
4202:
4153:
3570:
3460:
2926:
2421:
2367:
2191:
1874:
1516:
1357:
Stabilization when standing and walking for weak plantar flexors with energy return
803:
679:
674:
Paralysis may be caused by injury to the spinal or peripheral nervous system after
513:
420:
3706:
1996:
1485:
Knee-ankle-foot orthosis for the treatment of patients e.g. with paraplegia after
1306:
Does not provide safety when standing and walking if the plantar flexors are weak.
4594:
4466:
3974:
3957:
3926:
3924:
3526:
Michael JW (2008). "Lower limb orthoses". In Hsu JD, Michael JW, Fisk JR (eds.).
3139:
3036:
2672:
1255:
Does not provide safety when standing and walking if the plantar flexors are weak
5216:
4288:
3806:
1886:
1655:
1083:
440:
412:
31:
3855:
2607:
2350:
Sabbagh, D.; D'Souza, S.; SchΓ€fer, C.; Fior, J.; Gentz, R. (1 September 2022).
5211:
5026:
4724:
4710:
4411:
4356:
4026:. Philadelphia: John D. Hsu, John W. Michael, John R. Fisk. pp. 373β378.
3633:
3207:
2540:
2484:
2258:
2130:
2113:
2089:
2072:
1965:
1838:
1087:
731:
381:
377:
342:
318:
3983:
3898:
3714:
3468:
3258:
3241:
2549:
2375:
2325:
2266:
2175:
2167:
1116:
can also be used for slight weakness of the knee-securing muscle groups, the
698:
Paralysis caused by diseases or injuries to the central nervous system (e.g.
593:
walk with it, the use of light weight and highly resilient materials such as
1945:
1925:
1866:
1843:
1725:
1670:
1622:
1414:
Blocks both plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, with all negative consequences
1207:
Blocks both plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, with all negative consequences
1136:
904:
582:
516:
as materials of choice for construction necessitated the idea of creating a
393:
338:
261:
35:
4571:
4485:
4407:
4372:
4341:
4246:
4210:
4171:
4130:
4111:
3906:
3863:
3824:
3722:
3652:
3578:
3267:
3226:
3158:
3044:
2934:
2813:
2691:
2615:
2567:
2503:
2439:
2333:
2284:
2183:
2139:
2098:
628:
4637:
4357:"Knee braces: current evidence and clinical recommendations for their use"
4005:
2590:
Meyns P, Kerkum YL, Brehm MA, Becher JG, Buizer AI, Harlaar J (May 2020).
2316:
2299:
831:, if it is the letter "a" is added to the gait. This is associated with a
644:
The knee extensors extend the knee in the direction of the knee extension.
5143:
4162:
923:
761:
Type 2, the knee angle is hyperextended and the foot contact is complete.
4008:. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). September 2020.
27:
Medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses
17:
4822:
4552:
3172:
DeCeglie S, Dehner S, Ferro S, Lamb R, Tomaszewski L, Cohen ET (2016).
2430:
1849:
1568:
Hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis (HKAFO) in the field of paralysis orthoses
1272:
586:
539:
260:
A pair of AFO (Ankle Foot Orthosis) braces being used to aid bilateral
116:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
2298:
Brehm, Ma; Beelen, A; Doorenbosch, Cam; Harlaar, J; Nollet, F (2007).
1430:
1377:
1376:
1325:
1271:
1223:
1175:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
2466:
Ploeger HE, Waterval NF, Nollet F, Bus SA, Brehm MA (7 August 2019).
1912:
1750:
leg and are larger in size than other braces, due to their function.
1235:
Designation of the orthosis according to one function: D for dynamic
1064:
1032:
888:
Functional deviations in the case of paralysis of large muscle groups
792:
707:
547:
366:
1399:
Designation is misleading as other orthoses also have this function
1224:
1176:
1112:
An AFO with functional elements to compensate for a weakness of the
1001:
Functional elements in paralysis of knee extensors and hip extensors
647:
The knee flexors bend the knee in the direction of the knee flexion.
3002:. Stuttgart New York: Renata Horst. pp. 12β15, 63, 66 and 77.
1187:
Designation of the orthosis according to one function: S for solid
30:
For the branch of medicine dealing with artificial body parts, see
4869:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
4674:
1856:
1848:
1837:
1757:
1704:
1645:
1598:
1490:
1480:
1477:
Knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) in the field of paralysis orthoses
1462:
Adjustable resistance for shock absorption during loading response
1130:
1026:
847:
782:
721:
683:
627:
561:
346:
255:
4274:
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, PSPS Files 2001β2006.
1411:
Stabilization when standing and walking for weak plantar flexors.
1546:
Different functional elements to compensate for weakness of the
1342:
Spring made from flexible material behind (posterior) the ankle
1027:
605:
is indispensable for the manufacture of a custom-made orthosis.
4683:
4669:
4093:
Welsh BJ, Redmond AC, Chockalingam N, Keenan AM (August 2010).
3932:"Prosthetics and orthotics: Part 3: Terms relating to orthoses"
1101:
Depending on the combination of the degree of paralysis of the
1063:
Through the use of modern materials, such as carbon fibers and
4440:
Healy A, Farmer S, Pandyan A, Chockalingam N (14 March 2018).
3532:(4 ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 343β355.
3491:(4 ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 299β309.
1283:
Designation of the orthosis according to one function: Hinged
1128:
unsuitable for patients with weakness in other muscle groups.
758:
Type 1, the knee angle is normal and foot contact is complete.
746:
in order to determine the necessary functions of an orthosis.
434:
188:
81:
40:
4679:
4308:"Braces and orthoses for treating osteoarthritis of the knee"
2710:
Nollet F, Noppe CT (2008). Hsu JD, Michael J, Fisk J (eds.).
2046:
Hohmann, Dietrich; Uhlig, Ralf; Mannerfelt, Lennart (1990).
1023:
Ankleβfoot orthoses (AFO) in the field of paralysis orthoses
321:
are professionals who specialize in designing these braces.
3615:
Waterval NF, Nollet F, Harlaar J, Brehm MA (October 2019).
2206:"Standards of proficiency β Prosthetists / orthotists"
1143:
In 2006, before these new technologies were available, the
4427:
Orthotics: clinical practice and rehabilitation technology
3296:. Hoboken, New Jersey: David A. Winter. pp. 236β239.
2050:(8., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl ed.). Stuttgart: Enke.
650:
The hip flexors bend the hip joint toward the hip flexion.
1701:
Ankleβfoot orthoses (AFO) in the field of relief orthoses
617:
Determination of strength levels for physical examination
4659:
2838:
Grunt S. "Geh-Orthesen bei Kindern mit Cerebralparese".
1742:
resisting medial and lateral collateral ligament tears.
4664:
3789:
Eddison N, Mulholland M, Chockalingam N (August 2017).
1388:
Designation of the orthosis according to one function:
1337:
Designation of the orthosis according to one function:
987:
Functional elements in paralysis of the plantar flexors
963:
Functional elements in paralysis of large muscle groups
113:
4654:
4618:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
3958:"Clinical Benefits of Stance Control Orthosis Systems"
1015:
limping) or by swinging the orthotic leg to the side (
4859:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
4047:
Wolters BW (2008). Hsu JD, Michael J, Fisk J (eds.).
3840:"Ankle Foot Orthoses: Standardisation of terminology"
1309:
Blocks plantar flexion with all negative consequences
873:
First muscle function test (without muscular fatigue)
4655:
International Society of Prosthetists and Orthotists
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
2071:
Ridgewell E, Dobson F, Bach T, Baker R (June 2010).
972:
Functional elements in paralysis of the dorsiflexors
5172:
5106:
5045:
4979:
4944:
4898:
4877:
4841:
4815:
4808:
4748:
4717:
4392:"Braces and splints for musculoskeletal conditions"
3370:
Gehen verstehen β Ganganalyse in der Physiotherapie
3075:
International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics
1345:A DAFO often also known as "Posterior Leaf Spring"
1031:Ankle-foot orthosis for the care of patients after
879:
Second muscle function test (with muscular fatigue)
285:
4665:British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists
4429:. New York: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 11β12.
4053:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 379β389.
2863:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 441β447.
2716:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 411β417.
1737:Prophylactic, functional and rehabilitation braces
1719:Knee orthoses (KO) in the field of relief orthoses
1303:Provides a functional element against a drop foot.
1252:Provides a functional element against a drop foot.
3294:Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movements
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
1823:Upper-extremity orthoses (with special functions)
1408:Provides functional elements against a drop foot.
1354:Provides functional elements against a drop foot.
4528:"Braces for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents"
3090:N.A.P. β Therapieren in der NeuroorthopΓ€die
3000:N.A.P. β Therapieren in der NeuroorthopΓ€die
2517:
2515:
2513:
2027:. International Organization for Standardization
1899:Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center
1853:Halo brace used to immobilize the cervical spine
4670:The Orthotics & Prosthetics Virtual Library
4660:American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists
3956:Zacharias, Britta; Kannenberg, Andreas (2012).
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3480:
3478:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
811:of the dorsal flexors during loading response.
742:, the gait pattern is analysed as part of the
3936:International Organization for Standardization
3621:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3332:Gait Analysis Noraml and Pathological Function
3287:
3285:
3195:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
2987:(PhD thesis) (in German). UniversitΓ€t Hamburg.
2705:
2703:
2701:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2528:Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
301:that focuses on the design and application of
112:Please review the contents of the article and
34:. For the specialist in orthotic devices, see
4864:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
4695:
4425:Redford JB, Basmajian JV, Trautman P (1995).
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
2882:
2880:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2241:Emara, Khaled M.; Khames, Ahmed (June 2008).
8:
3529:AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices
3488:AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices
2860:AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices
2713:Orthoses for persons with postpolio syndrome
1295:Designation given by the Red Cross in 2006:
1244:Designation given by the Red Cross in 2006:
1196:Designation given by the Red Cross in 2006:
305:, sometimes known as braces or calipers. An
4675:PFA Footcare Association (Canadian Chapter)
4312:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4146:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1593:Control, guide, limit and/or immobilize an
1524:Swiss lock" or "KAFO with drop lock lock".
1420:Resistance in Plantarflexion not adjustable
1261:Resistance in Plantarflexion not adjustable
469:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5252:
5053:Augmentative and alternative communication
4812:
4702:
4688:
4680:
4390:Gravlee JR, Van Durme DJ (February 2007).
4050:Knee orthoses for sports-related disorders
1535:KAFO with locked and unlocked knee joint -
1519:impressively shows how the main character
1465:Adjustable resistance to prevent drop foot
1366:Stiffness in Plantarflexion not adjustable
1315:Stiffness in Plantarflexion not adjustable
1213:Stiffness in Plantarflexion not adjustable
4561:
4551:
4475:
4465:
4331:
4191:Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications
4161:
4120:
4110:
3973:
3814:
3642:
3632:
3257:
3216:
3206:
3148:
3138:
2681:
2671:
2557:
2539:
2493:
2483:
2429:
2315:
2274:
2129:
2088:
1915:are an example of orthoses for the head.
1715:cost of an AFO was about $ 500 to $ 700.
1577:of the pelvic stabilizing trunk muscles.
1423:Resistance in Dorsiflexion not adjustable
1318:Resistance in Dorsiflexion not adjustable
1264:Resistance in Dorsiflexion not adjustable
876:Six-minute walk test directly followed by
718:Cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury
489:Learn how and when to remove this message
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
3962:JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
3838:Eddison N, Chockalingam N (March 2021).
2952:. New York: Springer. pp. 123β134.
2833:
2831:
2766:. New York: Springer. pp. 522β523.
2596:European Journal of Paediatric Neurology
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1369:Stiffness in Dorsiflexion not adjustable
1216:Stiffness in Dorsiflexion not adjustable
1169:
1145:International Committee of the Red Cross
328:
297:'to straighten, to align') is a
5088:Disproportionality in special education
4589:. Publish Ahead of Print (2): e93βe98.
4532:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3887:Prosthetics and Orthotics International
3025:Prosthetics and Orthotics International
2077:Prosthetics and Orthotics International
1983:
1673:, and may be effective for people with
1601:or body segment for a particular reason
1450:Not mentioned by the Red Cross in 2006
1403:Not mentioned by the Red Cross in 2006
1349:Not mentioned by the Red Cross in 2006
814:In cases where the muscle group of the
4507:from the original on 25 September 2010
4355:Paluska SA, McKeag DB (January 2000).
1604:Restrict movement in a given direction
827:the front to determine if the foot is
3246:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
2889:Motorisches Strategietraining und PNF
2345:
2343:
2215:. London. August 2013. Archived from
1767:injuries. Bandages should also allow
1589:Relief orthosis may also be used to:
989: β in order to compensate for a
376:The transition from an orthosis to a
7:
4587:Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
3092:. Stuttgart New York: Renata Horst.
2950:Stroke Recovery & Rehabilitation
2764:Stroke Recovery & Rehabilitation
1442:Plus further descriptions, such as:
467:adding citations to reliable sources
5195:Disability in children's literature
4024:Orthoses in total joint replacement
3754:"ICRC AFO Manufacturing Guidelines"
2213:Health and Care Professions Council
5058:Emotional or behavioral disability
4379:from the original on 14 July 2014.
4099:Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
3795:Journal of Children's Orthopaedics
2739:Manuelle Muskelfunktionsdiagnostik
2472:Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
2304:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
2048:OrthopΓ€dische Technik: 22 Tabellen
25:
4239:10.2174/1573399810666140918121438
3770:from the original on 7 March 2016
791:In the case of paralysis after a
56:This article has multiple issues.
5251:
5242:
5241:
4630:10.2106/00004623-196850070-00009
4285:"Knee braces for osteoarthritis"
3695:Expert Review of Medical Devices
2806:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00042.x
1990:
1797:Clavicular and shoulder orthoses
1297:AFO with Tamarack Flexure Joint
1082:Despite the necessary rigidity,
916:Paralysis of the plantar flexors
856:In the case of paralysis due to
439:
193:
178:
86:
45:
4499:Lansang Jr RS (18 March 2009).
1660:Foot orthoses (commonly called
1614:forces for a particular purpose
1528:KAFO with unlocked knee joint -
930:Paralysis of the knee extensors
734:patients with paralysis due to
64:or discuss these issues on the
5073:Disability and LGBT identities
4544:10.1002/14651858.CD006850.pub3
4324:10.1002/14651858.CD004020.pub3
4203:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.03.001
4185:Healy, Aoife; Naemi, Roozbeh;
4154:10.1002/14651858.CD006801.pub2
3571:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.08.003
3461:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.070
3330:Perry J, Burnfield JM (2010).
2927:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.03.001
2422:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.07.028
2368:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.07.101
1456:provides dynamics in the ankle
953:Paralysis of the hip extensors
538:prescription, e.g. paralysis (
431:Prescription and manufacturing
219:and remove irrelevant content.
114:add the appropriate references
1:
4885:Services for mental disorders
3707:10.1080/17434440.2021.1857729
2794:European Journal of Neurology
1995:The dictionary definition of
1691:juvenile idiopathic arthritis
1689:(bunions). For children with
1512:KAFO with locked knee joint -
941:Paralysis of the knee flexors
893:Paralysis of the dorsiflexors
217:relocate relevant information
4890:Services for disabled people
4595:10.1097/JPO.0000000000000382
4467:10.1371/journal.pone.0192094
3975:10.1097/jpo.0b013e3182435db3
3594:"The new generation of AFOs"
3140:10.1371/journal.pone.0034744
3037:10.3109/03093646.2010.485597
2673:10.1371/journal.pone.0142878
1834:Halo-gravity traction device
1814:Forearm-wrist-thumb orthoses
1789:Types of upper-limb orthoses
1633:Ulcer healing orthoses (UHO)
1003: β in the case of weak
947:Paralysis of the hip flexors
212:on an aspect of the subject.
5173:Arts, media, culture, sport
3807:10.1302/1863-2548.11.160256
3669:Orthoses for cerebral palsy
2156:Foot & Ankle Specialist
2021:"Prosthetics and orthotics"
1817:Forearm-wrist-hand orthoses
1625:after the removal of a cast
688:Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
286:
99:reliable medical references
5319:
5200:Disability in horror films
4992:Activities of daily living
3856:10.1016/j.foot.2020.101702
2608:10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.02.009
2247:International Orthopaedics
1951:Neuromechanics of orthoses
1831:
1653:
506:Custom-fabricated products
427:requiring a prescription.
391:
29:
5237:
4396:American Family Physician
4361:American Family Physician
3634:10.1186/s12984-019-0600-2
3208:10.1186/s12984-015-0028-2
2541:10.1186/s12984-019-0600-2
2485:10.1186/s13047-019-0348-8
2259:10.1007/s00264-007-0322-0
2131:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00542
2090:10.3109/03093641003674288
1607:Assist movement generally
1090:should not be stimulated.
678:, or by diseases such as
554:, orthotist and patient.
501:Orthoses are offered as:
275:
105:or relies too heavily on
5093:Sexuality and disability
5068:Disability and disasters
4980:Structural and assistive
4503:. eMedicine from WebMD.
4227:Current Diabetes Reviews
4187:Chockalingam, Nachiappan
3899:10.1177/0309364612450706
3259:10.1177/1545968315597070
2358:. ESMAC 2022 Abstracts.
2168:10.1177/1938640017709906
1879:Charleston bending brace
1417:Alignment not adjustable
1363:Alignment not adjustable
1339:"Posterior Leaf Spring"
1312:Alignment not adjustable
1258:Alignment not adjustable
1210:Alignment not adjustable
333:Codification of Orthoses
5207:Disability in the media
5078:Disability and religion
5017:Personal Care Assistant
3368:GΓΆtz-Neumann K (2006).
3189:Kalron A (April 2015).
2891:. Georg Thieme Verlag.
1936:Comparison of orthotics
1887:adolescent growth spurt
1803:Functional arm orthoses
1762:Knee bandage/Knee brace
844:Multiple sclerosis (MS)
542:) of the calf muscles (
510:carbon fiber composites
5190:Disability in the arts
5083:Disability and poverty
5022:Physical accessibility
4501:"Upper Limb Orthotics"
4112:10.1186/1757-1146-3-17
3178:. CMSC Annual Meeting.
1863:
1854:
1846:
1811:Forearm-wrist orthoses
1763:
1711:
1666:ground reaction forces
1651:
1498:
1435:
1390:FR for Floor reaction
1381:
1334:Posterior Leaf Spring
1330:
1276:
1228:
1180:
1140:
1045:
853:
788:
740:traumatic brain injury
727:
704:traumatic brain injury
633:
571:
525:Semi-finished products
354:International Standard
334:
264:
4781:driver rehabilitation
4075:US patent 6945946
3666:Novacheck TF (2008).
3372:. Stuttgart: Thieme.
2741:. Urban und Fischer.
2317:10.2340/16501977-0110
1860:
1852:
1841:
1832:Further information:
1761:
1708:
1649:
1484:
1434:
1380:
1329:
1275:
1227:
1179:
1134:
1030:
851:
786:
725:
631:
565:
332:
259:
5114:Models of disability
5098:Youth and disability
5063:Invisible disability
5012:Orthotics and braces
4997:Assistive technology
4809:Rights, law, support
4295:on 28 February 2012.
3412:. pp. 299β309.
3334:. Thorofare: SLACK.
1794:Upper-limb orthoses
1695:diabetic foot ulcers
1685:(MTP) joint pain or
1675:rheumatoid arthritis
1459:Adjustable alignment
862:physical examination
744:physical examination
623:physical examination
463:improve this section
345:, orthotics for the
5298:Rehabilitation team
4766:Learning disability
4458:2018PLoSO..1392094H
4414:on 4 December 2010.
4367:(2): 411β8, 423β4.
3409:Musculoskeletal Key
3131:2012PLoSO...734744P
2800:(Suppl 5): 98β108.
2664:2015PLoSO..1042878K
1946:Orthotic horseshoes
1931:Cognitive orthotics
1780:Upper limb orthoses
1683:metatarsophalangeal
1171:
558:Lower limb orthoses
341:, orthotics of the
206:a different subject
5180:Disability culture
5107:Disability studies
5002:Independent living
4730:Disability studies
3559:Gait & Posture
3449:Gait & Posture
3292:Winter DA (2009).
2973:Corsten T (2010).
2915:Gait & Posture
2410:Gait & Posture
2356:Gait & Posture
1864:
1855:
1847:
1764:
1712:
1652:
1642:Foot orthoses (FO)
1499:
1495:multiple sclerosis
1487:spinal cord injury
1436:
1382:
1331:
1277:
1229:
1181:
1170:
1141:
1046:
1041:multiple sclerosis
858:multiple sclerosis
854:
789:
728:
712:multiple sclerosis
676:spinal cord injury
634:
578:Paralysis orthoses
572:
568:spinal cord injury
552:physical therapist
335:
265:
5283:Orthopedic braces
5265:
5264:
5134:Neuroqueer theory
5037:Web accessibility
4987:Accessible toilet
4975:
4974:
4828:Disability rights
4823:Ableism/disablism
4060:978-0-323-03931-4
4033:978-0-323-03931-4
4006:"ISO 8549-3:2020"
3679:978-0-323-03931-4
3539:978-0-323-03931-4
3498:978-0-323-03931-4
3419:978-0-323-03931-4
3379:978-3-13-132373-6
3341:978-1-55642-766-4
3303:978-0-470-39818-0
3099:978-3-13-146881-9
3066:Bowers R (2004).
3009:978-3-13-146881-9
2959:978-1-933864-12-9
2898:978-3-13-151351-9
2870:978-0-323-03931-4
2773:978-1-933864-12-9
2723:978-0-323-03931-4
2222:on 6 October 2013
2124:(2 Suppl): 11β7.
2118:Military Medicine
2057:978-3-432-82508-3
1679:plantar fasciitis
1474:
1473:
531:Finished products
499:
498:
491:
423:and engineering.
343:upper extremities
339:lower extremities
299:medical specialty
296:
284:
252:
251:
244:
234:
233:
187:
186:
163:
79:
16:(Redirected from
5310:
5255:
5254:
5245:
5244:
5227:Special Olympics
5119:Inspiration porn
5032:Universal design
4833:Pejorative terms
4813:
4776:Physical therapy
4704:
4697:
4690:
4681:
4642:
4641:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4555:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4469:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4410:. Archived from
4387:
4381:
4380:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4291:. Archived from
4281:
4275:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4114:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3977:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3758:
3750:
3735:
3734:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3598:The O&P EDGE
3592:MuΓ±oz S (2018).
3589:
3583:
3582:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3523:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3444:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3403:
3384:
3383:
3365:
3346:
3345:
3327:
3308:
3307:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3261:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3088:Horst R (2011).
3085:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2998:Horst R (2011).
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2887:Horst R (2005).
2884:
2875:
2874:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2789:
2778:
2777:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2737:Janda V (2000).
2734:
2728:
2727:
2707:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2658:(11): e0142878.
2643:
2628:
2627:
2587:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2543:
2519:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2463:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2405:
2388:
2387:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2319:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2017:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1883:Providence brace
1773:prophylactically
1671:high-arched feet
1540:electrohydraulic
1172:
837:valgus deformity
544:M. Triceps Surae
518:plaster of Paris
494:
487:
483:
480:
474:
443:
435:
315:skeletal systems
291:
289:
279:
277:
247:
240:
229:
226:
220:
197:
196:
189:
182:
181:
173:
170:
164:
162:
121:
90:
89:
82:
71:
49:
48:
41:
21:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5303:Skeletal system
5278:Muscular system
5268:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5233:
5168:
5102:
5041:
4971:
4945:Activist groups
4940:
4894:
4873:
4837:
4804:
4744:
4713:
4708:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4538:(6): CD006850.
4525:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4452:(3): e0192094.
4439:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4318:(3): CD004020.
4305:
4304:
4300:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4148:(3): CD006801.
4143:
4142:
4138:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4022:Lima D (2008).
4021:
4020:
4016:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3738:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3446:
3445:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3404:
3387:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3349:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3311:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2791:
2790:
2781:
2774:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2645:
2644:
2631:
2589:
2588:
2575:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2465:
2464:
2447:
2407:
2406:
2391:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1961:Orthopedic cast
1956:Cervical collar
1921:
1910:
1904:
1871:Milwaukee brace
1836:
1830:
1828:Spinal orthoses
1791:
1782:
1756:
1739:
1721:
1703:
1658:
1644:
1635:
1583:
1581:Relief orthoses
1570:
1552:plantar flexors
1479:
1445:
1443:
1384:
1333:
1279:
1231:
1183:
1114:plantar flexors
1107:plantar flexors
1058:plantar flexors
1025:
995:plantar flexors
981:plantar flexion
974: β if the
965:
932: β if the
920:plantar flexors
918: β If the
890:
867:muscle weakness
846:
833:varus deformity
816:plantar flexors
781:
720:
696:
672:
660:muscle weakness
619:
580:
560:
495:
484:
478:
475:
460:
444:
433:
417:pathophysiology
396:
390:
369:regions of the
327:
308:
248:
237:
236:
235:
230:
224:
221:
214:
198:
194:
183:
179:
174:
168:
165:
122:
111:
107:primary sources
91:
87:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5316:
5314:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5187:
5185:Disability art
5182:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4650:
4649:External links
4647:
4644:
4643:
4608:
4577:
4518:
4491:
4432:
4417:
4382:
4347:
4298:
4276:
4267:
4252:
4233:(4): 215β230.
4216:
4197:(4): 391β400.
4177:
4136:
4085:
4066:
4059:
4039:
4032:
4014:
3997:
3948:
3920:
3877:
3830:
3801:(4): 263β271.
3781:
3736:
3685:
3678:
3658:
3607:
3584:
3545:
3538:
3511:
3497:
3474:
3432:
3418:
3385:
3378:
3347:
3340:
3309:
3302:
3281:
3232:
3181:
3164:
3105:
3098:
3080:
3058:
3015:
3008:
2990:
2965:
2958:
2940:
2904:
2897:
2876:
2869:
2849:
2827:
2779:
2772:
2754:
2747:
2729:
2722:
2697:
2629:
2573:
2509:
2445:
2389:
2339:
2310:(8): 651β657.
2290:
2253:(3): 403β407.
2233:
2197:
2162:(2): 112β116.
2145:
2104:
2063:
2056:
2038:
2003:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1894:wedge fracture
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:Elbow orthoses
1804:
1801:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1769:proprioception
1755:
1752:
1738:
1735:
1730:osteoarthritis
1720:
1717:
1702:
1699:
1654:Main article:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1619:rehabilitation
1615:
1612:weight-bearing
1608:
1605:
1602:
1582:
1579:
1569:
1566:
1555:groups of the
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1386:
1383:AFO known as:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1335:
1332:AFO known as:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1281:
1278:AFO known as:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1230:AFO known as:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1182:AFO known as:
1118:knee extensors
1092:
1091:
1080:
1077:
1037:cerebral palsy
1024:
1021:
1005:knee extensors
964:
961:
934:knee extensors
909:eccentric work
889:
886:
881:
880:
877:
874:
845:
842:
809:eccentric work
780:
777:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
736:cerebral palsy
719:
716:
700:cerebral palsy
695:
692:
671:
668:
655:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
638:
618:
615:
579:
576:
566:Patient after
559:
556:
535:
534:
528:
522:
497:
496:
447:
445:
438:
432:
429:
392:Main article:
389:
386:
326:
325:Classification
323:
306:
250:
249:
232:
231:
204:may relate to
201:
199:
192:
185:
184:
177:
175:
94:
92:
85:
80:
54:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5315:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5258:
5250:
5248:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:Social issues
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4788:Special needs
4786:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Mainstreaming
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Medical model
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4624:(7): 1400β9.
4623:
4619:
4612:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4519:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4163:1959.13/42937
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4086:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3949:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3893:(2): 95β107.
3892:
3888:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3782:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3565:(2): 142β51.
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3252:(4): 373β83.
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3125:(4): e34744.
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:(3): 254β69.
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2748:3-437-46430-2
2744:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:: S152βS153.
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2083:(2): 129β45.
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2001:at Wiktionary
2000:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1971:Pet orthotics
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Dental braces
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1908:Head orthoses
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1820:Hand orthoses
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:hallux valgus
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:hip extensors
1558:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1491:poliomyelitis
1488:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:"Hinged-AFO"
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:Flexible AFO
1243:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1122:hip extensors
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1017:circumduction
1014:
1010:
1009:hip extensors
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
982:
977:
973:
969:
962:
960:
958:
957:hip extensors
954:
950:
948:
944:
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:results in a
902:
898:
894:
887:
885:
878:
875:
872:
871:
870:
868:
863:
859:
850:
843:
841:
838:
834:
830:
824:
820:
817:
812:
810:
805:
800:
796:
794:
785:
778:
776:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
755:
753:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
724:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
691:
689:
685:
684:poliomyelitis
681:
677:
669:
667:
663:
661:
652:
649:
646:
643:
639:
636:
635:
630:
626:
624:
616:
614:
610:
606:
604:
600:
596:
590:
588:
584:
577:
575:
569:
564:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
532:
529:
526:
523:
519:
515:
514:aramid fibers
511:
507:
504:
503:
502:
493:
490:
482:
472:
468:
464:
458:
457:
453:
448:This section
446:
442:
437:
436:
430:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
395:
387:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
331:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
311:neuromuscular
304:
300:
294:
288:
282:
273:
269:
263:
258:
254:
246:
243:
228:
218:
213:
211:
207:
202:This article
200:
191:
190:
176:
172:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130: β
129:
125:
124:Find sources:
119:
115:
109:
108:
104:
100:
95:This article
93:
84:
83:
78:
76:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5149:Anthropology
5139:Deaf studies
5129:Crip as verb
5011:
5007:Mobility aid
4967:Reach Canada
4740:Social model
4621:
4617:
4611:
4586:
4580:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4511:15 September
4509:. Retrieved
4494:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4426:
4420:
4412:the original
4402:(3): 342β8.
4399:
4395:
4385:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4293:the original
4279:
4270:
4261:
4255:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4145:
4139:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4069:
4049:
4042:
4023:
4017:
4009:
4000:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3939:. Retrieved
3935:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3760:
3701:(1): 31β46.
3698:
3694:
3688:
3668:
3661:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3528:
3502:. Retrieved
3487:
3452:
3448:
3423:. Retrieved
3408:
3369:
3331:
3293:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3174:
3167:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3089:
3083:
3074:
3061:
3028:
3024:
3018:
2999:
2993:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2949:
2943:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2888:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2797:
2793:
2763:
2757:
2738:
2732:
2712:
2655:
2651:
2599:
2595:
2531:
2527:
2475:
2471:
2416:(3): 457β9.
2413:
2409:
2359:
2355:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2217:the original
2212:
2200:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2047:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2024:
1997:
1986:
1911:
1903:
1891:
1875:Boston brace
1865:
1800:Arm orthoses
1783:
1765:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1722:
1713:
1661:
1659:
1636:
1588:
1584:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:dorsiflexors
1547:
1545:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1521:Forrest Gump
1517:Forrest Gump
1511:
1510:
1507:
1500:
1441:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1165:
1162:
1157:Chockalingam
1154:
1150:
1142:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1103:dorsiflexors
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1084:contractures
1070:
1062:
1057:
1054:dorsiflexors
1053:
1047:
1000:
999:
986:
985:
976:dorsiflexors
971:
970:
966:
955: β the
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
939:
929:
928:
915:
914:
901:dorsiflexors
892:
891:
882:
855:
825:
821:
815:
813:
804:dorsiflexors
801:
797:
790:
773:
748:
729:
697:
680:spina bifida
673:
664:
656:
620:
611:
607:
595:carbon fiber
591:
581:
573:
536:
530:
524:
505:
500:
485:
476:
461:Please help
449:
425:
421:biomechanics
409:CNC machines
397:
375:
351:
336:
302:
267:
266:
253:
238:
222:
215:Please help
210:undue weight
203:
166:
156:
149:
142:
135:
123:
103:verification
96:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
5288:Orthopedics
5222:Paralympics
5217:Deaflympics
5027:Prosthetics
4718:Main topics
4553:2434/721317
4289:Mayo Clinic
2431:10397/11188
1754:Soft braces
1656:Shoe insert
1280:Hinged AFO
413:3D printing
128:"Orthotics"
97:needs more
32:Prosthetics
5272:Categories
5212:Parasports
4749:Approaches
4725:Disability
4711:Disability
3968:(1): 2β7.
3850:: 101702.
3627:(1): 120.
2921:: 104β11.
2840:Pediatrica
2534:(1): 120.
1978:References
1966:Back brace
1198:Rigid AFO
1088:spasticity
752:mid-stance
732:ambulatory
382:amputation
378:prosthesis
352:Under the
319:Orthotists
139:newspapers
61:improve it
5159:Education
5154:Geography
4798:education
4761:Inclusion
4603:238837441
4105:(1): 17.
3984:1040-8800
3872:219517122
3731:227234568
3715:1743-4440
3469:0966-6362
2624:212641072
2602:: 68β74.
2550:1743-0003
2478:(1): 41.
2384:252359961
2376:0966-6362
2326:0001-5555
2267:0341-2695
2226:5 October
2176:1938-6400
2031:11 August
1926:Orthotist
1901:in 1955.
1867:Scoliosis
1862:orthosis)
1844:scoliosis
1726:arthritis
1710:orthoses)
1662:orthotics
1623:fractures
1595:extremity
1137:foot drop
1044:orthoses)
905:drop foot
583:Paralysis
479:July 2023
450:does not
394:Orthotist
388:Orthotist
281:romanized
268:Orthotics
262:foot drop
225:July 2023
169:July 2023
67:talk page
36:Orthotist
5293:Podiatry
5247:Category
5164:Journals
5144:Eugenics
5124:Bodymind
4931:Students
4878:Services
4572:26086959
4563:10616811
4505:Archived
4486:29538382
4446:PLOS ONE
4408:17304865
4377:Archived
4373:10670507
4342:25773267
4247:25245020
4211:23643441
4172:18646168
4131:20799935
3992:75655968
3915:29917264
3907:22833518
3864:33036836
3825:28904631
3774:20 March
3765:Archived
3761:icrc.org
3723:33249938
3653:31623670
3579:16934470
3276:35067172
3268:26216790
3227:25885551
3159:22514661
3119:PLOS ONE
3077:: 87β94.
3053:38130573
3045:20738230
2935:27131186
2846:: 30β34.
2822:45860264
2814:11851738
2692:26600039
2652:PLOS ONE
2616:32147412
2568:31623670
2504:31406508
2440:22921491
2334:17896058
2285:17333186
2184:28513217
2140:26835739
2099:20384548
1998:calipers
1919:See also
1681:, first
1575:weakness
1503:weakness
1396:"FRAFO"
1120:and the
1050:weakness
1013:Duchenne
991:weakness
924:crutches
897:weakness
895: β
829:inverted
641:flexion.
603:aluminum
599:titanium
359:thoracic
307:orthosis
303:orthoses
18:Orthosis
4899:Support
4638:5677293
4477:5851539
4454:Bibcode
4333:7173742
4122:2939594
3941:15 July
3816:5584494
3644:6798503
3504:29 July
3425:11 July
3218:4403837
3150:3326046
3127:Bibcode
2683:4658111
2660:Bibcode
2559:6798503
2495:6686412
2276:2323412
2192:4298371
2025:iso.org
1913:Helmets
1610:Reduce
1586:joint.
1240:"DAFO"
1192:"SAFO"
1052:of the
993:of the
899:of the
587:paresis
540:paresis
471:removed
456:sources
295:
283::
208:or has
153:scholar
118:removed
4816:Rights
4793:school
4636:
4601:
4570:
4560:
4484:
4474:
4406:
4371:
4340:
4330:
4245:
4209:
4170:
4129:
4119:
4081:
4057:
4030:
3990:
3982:
3913:
3905:
3870:
3862:
3823:
3813:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3676:
3651:
3641:
3577:
3536:
3495:
3467:
3416:
3376:
3338:
3300:
3274:
3266:
3225:
3215:
3201:: 34.
3157:
3147:
3096:
3051:
3043:
3006:
2983:]
2956:
2933:
2895:
2867:
2820:
2812:
2770:
2745:
2720:
2690:
2680:
2622:
2614:
2566:
2556:
2548:
2502:
2492:
2438:
2382:
2374:
2332:
2324:
2283:
2273:
2265:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2138:
2097:
2054:
1385:FRAFO
1065:aramid
1033:stroke
793:stroke
779:Stroke
710:, and
708:stroke
548:stroke
367:sacral
363:lumbar
155:
148:
141:
134:
126:
5257:Lists
4962:MINDS
4599:S2CID
3988:S2CID
3911:S2CID
3868:S2CID
3768:(PDF)
3757:(PDF)
3727:S2CID
3455:: 2.
3272:S2CID
3071:(PDF)
3049:S2CID
2985:(PDF)
2979:[
2818:S2CID
2620:S2CID
2380:S2CID
2220:(PDF)
2209:(PDF)
2188:S2CID
1881:, or
1621:from
1599:joint
1232:DAFO
1184:SAFO
371:spine
365:and
347:trunk
287:ortho
276:ΞΟΞΈΟΟ
272:Greek
160:JSTOR
146:books
4936:CNIB
4921:SSDI
4916:Rail
4911:ODSP
4849:AODA
4634:PMID
4568:PMID
4536:2015
4513:2010
4482:PMID
4404:PMID
4369:PMID
4338:PMID
4316:2015
4243:PMID
4207:PMID
4168:PMID
4127:PMID
4055:ISBN
4028:ISBN
3980:ISSN
3943:2021
3903:PMID
3860:PMID
3844:Foot
3821:PMID
3776:2018
3719:PMID
3711:ISSN
3674:ISBN
3649:PMID
3575:PMID
3534:ISBN
3506:2023
3493:ISBN
3465:ISSN
3427:2021
3414:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3336:ISBN
3298:ISBN
3264:PMID
3223:PMID
3155:PMID
3094:ISBN
3041:PMID
3004:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2931:PMID
2893:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2810:PMID
2768:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2688:PMID
2612:PMID
2564:PMID
2546:ISSN
2500:PMID
2436:PMID
2372:ISSN
2330:PMID
2322:ISSN
2281:PMID
2263:ISSN
2228:2013
2180:PMID
2172:ISSN
2136:PMID
2095:PMID
2052:ISBN
2033:2021
1617:Aid
1559:and
1557:knee
1086:and
686:and
601:and
512:and
454:any
452:cite
411:and
313:and
293:lit.
132:news
101:for
4957:DPI
4952:CCD
4926:SSI
4906:DLA
4854:ADA
4842:Law
4756:IEP
4626:doi
4591:doi
4558:PMC
4548:hdl
4540:doi
4472:PMC
4462:doi
4328:PMC
4320:doi
4235:doi
4199:doi
4158:hdl
4150:doi
4117:PMC
4107:doi
3970:doi
3895:doi
3852:doi
3811:PMC
3803:doi
3703:doi
3639:PMC
3629:doi
3567:doi
3457:doi
3254:doi
3213:PMC
3203:doi
3145:PMC
3135:doi
3033:doi
2923:doi
2802:doi
2678:PMC
2668:doi
2604:doi
2554:PMC
2536:doi
2490:PMC
2480:doi
2426:hdl
2418:doi
2364:doi
2312:doi
2271:PMC
2255:doi
2164:doi
2126:doi
2122:181
2085:doi
1728:or
1550:or
1493:or
1105:or
1056:or
1007:or
738:or
730:In
465:by
405:CAM
401:CAD
317:."
5274::
4632:.
4622:50
4620:.
4597:.
4566:.
4556:.
4546:.
4534:.
4530:.
4480:.
4470:.
4460:.
4450:13
4448:.
4444:.
4400:75
4398:.
4394:.
4375:.
4365:61
4363:.
4359:.
4336:.
4326:.
4314:.
4310:.
4287:.
4241:.
4231:10
4229:.
4205:.
4195:27
4193:.
4166:.
4156:.
4125:.
4115:.
4101:.
4097:.
3986:.
3978:.
3966:24
3964:.
3960:.
3934:.
3923:^
3909:.
3901:.
3891:37
3889:.
3866:.
3858:.
3848:46
3846:.
3842:.
3819:.
3809:.
3799:11
3797:.
3793:.
3763:.
3759:.
3739:^
3725:.
3717:.
3709:.
3699:18
3697:.
3647:.
3637:.
3625:16
3623:.
3619:.
3602:11
3600:.
3596:.
3573:.
3563:24
3561:.
3557:.
3514:^
3477:^
3463:.
3453:49
3451:.
3435:^
3388:^
3350:^
3312:^
3284:^
3270:.
3262:.
3250:30
3248:.
3244:.
3221:.
3211:.
3199:12
3197:.
3193:.
3153:.
3143:.
3133:.
3121:.
3117:.
3073:.
3047:.
3039:.
3029:34
3027:.
2929:.
2919:46
2917:.
2879:^
2844:18
2842:.
2830:^
2816:.
2808:.
2796:.
2782:^
2700:^
2686:.
2676:.
2666:.
2656:10
2654:.
2650:.
2632:^
2618:.
2610:.
2600:26
2598:.
2594:.
2576:^
2562:.
2552:.
2544:.
2532:16
2530:.
2526:.
2512:^
2498:.
2488:.
2476:12
2474:.
2470:.
2448:^
2434:.
2424:.
2414:37
2412:.
2392:^
2378:.
2370:.
2360:97
2354:.
2342:^
2328:.
2320:.
2308:39
2306:.
2302:.
2279:.
2269:.
2261:.
2251:32
2249:.
2245:.
2211:.
2186:.
2178:.
2170:.
2160:11
2158:.
2134:.
2120:.
2116:.
2093:.
2081:34
2079:.
2075:.
2023:.
2006:^
1877:,
1873:,
1677:,
1597:,
1489:,
1124:.
1060:.
1039:,
1035:,
706:,
702:,
682:,
662:.
597:,
419:,
407:,
361:,
290:,
278:,
274::
120:.
70:.
4703:e
4696:t
4689:v
4640:.
4628::
4605:.
4593::
4574:.
4550::
4542::
4515:.
4488:.
4464::
4456::
4344:.
4322::
4249:.
4237::
4213:.
4201::
4174:.
4160::
4152::
4133:.
4109::
4103:3
4063:.
4036:.
3994:.
3972::
3945:.
3917:.
3897::
3874:.
3854::
3827:.
3805::
3778:.
3733:.
3705::
3682:.
3655:.
3631::
3604:.
3581:.
3569::
3542:.
3508:.
3471:.
3459::
3429:.
3382:.
3344:.
3306:.
3278:.
3256::
3229:.
3205::
3161:.
3137::
3129::
3123:7
3102:.
3055:.
3035::
3012:.
2962:.
2937:.
2925::
2901:.
2873:.
2824:.
2804::
2798:8
2776:.
2751:.
2726:.
2694:.
2670::
2662::
2626:.
2606::
2570:.
2538::
2506:.
2482::
2442:.
2428::
2420::
2386:.
2366::
2336:.
2314::
2287:.
2257::
2230:.
2194:.
2166::
2142:.
2128::
2101:.
2087::
2060:.
2035:.
492:)
486:(
481:)
477:(
473:.
459:.
403:/
270:(
245:)
239:(
227:)
223:(
171:)
167:(
157:Β·
150:Β·
143:Β·
136:Β·
110:.
77:)
73:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
