31:
160:
on the tube. External beam radiotherapy began around the turn of the 20th century with ordinary diagnostic X-ray tubes, which used voltages below 150 kV. Physicians found that these were adequate for treating superficial tumors, but not tumors inside the body. Since these low energy X-rays were
328:
Bell, Brett I.; Vercellino, Justin; Brodin, N. Patrik; Velten, Christian; Nanduri, Lalitha S.Y.; Nagesh, Prashanth K.B.; Tanaka, Kathryn E.; Fang, Yanan; Wang, Yanhua; Macedo, Rodney; English, Jeb; Schumacher, Michelle M.; Duddempudi, Phaneendra K.; Asp, Patrik; Koba, Wade; Shajahan, Shahin; Liu,
164:
Therefore beginning in the 1920s "orthovoltage" 200–500 kV X-ray machines were built. These were found to be able to reach shallow tumors, but to treat tumors deep in the body more voltage was needed. By the 1930s and 1940s
136:
or pelvic organs. The relatively low energy of orthovoltage X-rays causes them to interact with matter via different physical mechanisms compared to higher energy
258:
Hill, Robin; Healy, Brendan; Holloway, Lois; Kuncic, Zdenka; Thwaites, David; Baldock, Clive (21 March 2014). "Advances in kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry".
517:
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mostly absorbed in the first few centimeters of tissue, to deliver a large enough radiation dose to buried tumors would cause severe skin burns.
54:
43:, except that higher voltages are used and the X-ray tube is longer, to prevent the high voltages from arcing across the tube. ICD10 =
456:
215:
699:
647:
483:
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389:
312:
242:
145:
792:
510:
844:
35:
A 200 kV orthovoltage X-ray tube used for radiation therapy, 1938. Orthovoltage X-ray machines are similar to diagnostic (
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969:
723:
954:
754:
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443:. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Vol. 320 (1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 6.
1027:
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894:
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produced by huge machines with 3–5 million volts on the tube, began to be employed. With the introduction of
173:
in the 1970s, which could produce 4–30 MV beams, orthovoltage X-rays are now considered quite shallow.
128:. They penetrate tissue to a useful depth of about 4–6 cm. This makes them useful for treating
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331:"Orthovoltage X-Rays Exhibit Increased Efficacy Compared with γ-Rays in Preclinical Irradiation"
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Laibin; Tomé, Wolfgang A.; Yang, Weng-Lang; Kolesnick, Richard; Guha, Chandan (3 August 2022).
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The energy and penetrating ability of the X-rays produced by an X-ray tube increases with the
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411:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 41.
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132:, superficial tissues, and ribs, but not for deeper structures such as
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112:(DXR). They cover the upper limit of energies used for diagnostic
434:"From X-Rays to Ion Beams: A Short History of Radiation Therapy"
208:
Radiation oncology physics: a handbook for teachers and students
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499:
210:. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 125.
998: Also known as sealed-source radiation therapy.
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Cognetta, Armand B.; Mendenhall, William M. (2013).
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204:"Treatment Machines for External Beam Radiotherapy"
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237:. London: Greenwich Medical Media. p. 107.
108:range. Orthovoltage X-rays are sometimes termed
992: Also known as external-beam radiotherapy.
384:. New Delhi: JP Brothers Medical. p. 872.
511:
304:Handbook of Evidence-based Radiation Oncology
234:Practical Radiotherapy: Physics and Equipment
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100:range, and therefore the X-rays have a peak
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405:Khan, Faiz M.; Gibbons, John P. (2014).
408:Khan's The Physics of Radiation Therapy
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378:Zaidi, Zohra; Walton, Shernaz (2013).
301:Hansen, Eric; Roach III, Mack (2007).
20:
7:
700:Selective internal radiation therapy
231:Cerry, Pam; Duxbury, Angela (1998).
71:
478:. New York: Springer. p. 33.
14:
475:Radiation Therapy for Skin Cancer
307:. New York: Springer. p. 5.
146:relative biological effectiveness
793:Intraoperative radiation therapy
18:High energy (100–500 KeV) X-rays
260:Physics in Medicine and Biology
583:Stereotactic radiation therapy
1:
1004: Also known as systemic
840:Radiation-induced lung injury
347:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-22-0656
970:Radiation treatment planning
955:Percentage depth dose curve
449:10.1007/978-3-642-21414-1_1
280:10.1088/0031-9155/59/6/R183
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118:external beam radiotherapy
988:
980:Tissue to Air Ratio (TAR)
202:Podgorsak, E. B. (2005).
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940:Oxygen enhancement ratio
895:Dose verification system
381:A Manual of Dermatology
900:Dose-volume histogram
104:in the 100–500
96:in the 100–500
960:Radiation oncologist
950:Pencil-beam scanning
925:Multileaf collimator
775:ibritumomab tiuxetan
965:Radiation Therapist
835:Radiation proctitis
694:Plaque radiotherapy
569:Orthovoltage X-rays
272:2014PMB....59R.183H
171:linear accelerators
144:, increasing their
86:Orthovoltage X-rays
24:Orthovoltage X-rays
1000:
994:
770:Radioimmunotherapy
574:Megavoltage X-rays
564:Superficial X-rays
527:Radiation oncology
432:Linz, Ute (2011).
183:Megavoltage X-rays
167:megavoltage X-rays
138:megavoltage X-rays
116:, and are used in
1028:Radiation therapy
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975:Radiopharmacology
935:Neutron generator
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341:(15): 2678–2691.
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62:OPS-301 code
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890:Dose profile
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704:SIR-Spheres
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546:Teletherapy
114:radiography
90:X-ray tubes
37:radiography
1022:Categories
880:Bragg peak
823:Conditions
755:Lexidronam
740:Iobenguane
588:Cyberknife
189:References
910:Isocenter
905:Dosimetry
862:equipment
696: (I)
537:therapies
120:to treat
1008:therapy.
915:Mobetron
798:electron
677:Prostate
611:electron
535:Specific
365:35919990
288:24584183
177:See also
94:voltages
870:BEAMnrc
757: (
742: (
710: (
356:9354647
268:Bibcode
158:voltage
152:History
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945:Pencil
803:TARGIT
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630:hadron
556:photon
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142:γ-rays
126:tumors
122:cancer
102:energy
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786:Other
437:(PDF)
134:lungs
74:[
67:8-521
55:92.22
50:ICD-9
480:ISBN
453:ISBN
413:ISBN
386:ISBN
361:PMID
309:ISBN
284:PMID
239:ISBN
212:ISBN
130:skin
124:and
885:D50
628:by
609:by
554:by
445:doi
351:PMC
343:doi
276:doi
148:.
106:keV
1024::
765:Sr
759:Sm
687:Pd
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