308:
sitzball, the precursor to sitting volleyball. It is open to A1 to A9 classified players along with anyone who might be classified as "les autres" or who have lesser amputations that would not qualify them for ISOD classification. It is not open to people with spinal cord injuries. Play is open, with no requirements as to which types of disabilities are on the court at any time. Ten pin bowling is also open to people in this class, where they compete in the TPB10 class. Rowing is another sport open to people with amputations. In 1991, the first internationally accepted adaptive rowing classification system was established and put into use. People from this class were initially classified as A2 for people with double amputations.
205:
221:
jump, women in A6, A7 and A8 in the 100 meter race, women in A5, A6, A7 and A8 in the 100 meter race, men in the A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the discus, men in A6, A7 and A8 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, men in A6, A7 and A8 in the javelin, men in A8 and A9 in the shot put, men in A6, A7 and A8 in the high jump, men in A6, A7 and A8 in the long jump, men in A6, A7 and A8 in the 100 meter race, men in A7 and A8 in the 400 meter race, and men in A7 and A8 in the 1,500 meter race.
1238:
37:(ISOD).for people with acquired or congenital amputations. People in this class have one arm amputated below the elbow, but through or above the wrist joint. Their amputations impact their sport performance, including being more prone to overuse injuries. Sports people in this class are eligible to participate in include athletics, swimming, cycling, amputee basketball, amputee football, lawn bowls, and sitzball.
336:
46:
263:
One of the sports available to people in this class is amputee football. There are two variants of the game, one with 4 players a side and one with 7 players a side. In both variants, A2 and A4 players must be field players while A6 and A8 players must be goalkeepers. In the 4 person variant, there
232:
There is a basketball variant called amputee basketball. It uses the ISOD classification system as to whom is eligible to participate, but it is open in terms of all eligible classes, including this one, can play. There is no point system for who is allowed on the floor at any given time like there
180:
This classification was set up by ISOD, with the current version adopted in 1992 and then modified in 1993. IWAS was created following the merger of ISOD and
International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF) in 2005. Subsequently, IWAS became the classification governing body for some amputee
298:
S8 and S9 swimmers in this class have similar start times to people with legs amputations in S8 to S10 classes. Paralympic S9 swimmers in this class can get water entry distance off the block comparable to
Olympic athletes. S8 swimmers in this class have much shorter points of entry into the water
320:
For this class, classification generally has four phase. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and
216:
For athletics competitions that use the IPC athletics classification system, this class competes in T46, F46 and T47. The extent of their below elbow amputation needs to be greater than a below wrist amputation or they are not eligible to compete in this class. The missing arm weight changes their
220:
A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer
Paralympics. It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between women in A6, A7 and A8 in the discus, women in A6, A7 and A8 in the shot put, women in the A6, A7 and A8 in the long
307:
There are a number of sports to people in this class, including lawn bowls. A8 lawn bowlers can be classified as LB3. They can also play badminton, where they are classified as STU5. The class is for standing players with minimal arm impairment. Another sport open to people in this class is
159:
The nature of a person's amputations in this class can effect their physiology and sports performance. Because they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems for intact upper limbs for people in this class include
316:
Classification is often based on the anatomical nature of the amputation. The classification system takes several things into account when putting people into this class. These include which limbs are effected, how many limbs are effected, and how much of a limb is missing.
465:
299:
off the block. Compared to able bodied swimmers, swimmers in this class have a shorter stroke length and increased stroke rate. Because their legs are their greatest strength, they modify their entry into the water to take advantage of this.
53:
This class is for people who have one arm amputated below the elbow, but through or above the wrist joint. This classification is sometimes abbreviated as B/E. In competing in some sports, this class may have a different name:
294:
8, and S9. People with below the wrist amputations may be eligible to compete in swimming. Prior to the 1990s, this class was often grouped with other amputee classes in swimming competitions, including the
Paralympic Games.
321:
the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class. Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body.
473:
324:
Classification can be sport specific. For athletics, the training portion of the observation may include being asked to demonstrate their skills in athletics, such as running, jumping or throwing.
1572:
587:
1218:
730:"'The Impact of Technology on Sport VI' 7th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology, APCST2015Kinematics of Elite Unilateral Below-elbow Amputee Treadmill-running - A Case Study"
888:
251:
People in this class tend to be classified in cycling events as LC1. The class is for cyclists with upper limb disabilities including amputations. Classification is handled by
34:
1057:
558:
433:
365:
1565:
646:
1793:
1211:
224:
In general, track athletes with amputations in this class should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks.
1675:
1558:
1824:
1762:
1605:
1023:
855:
524:
1660:
1665:
1204:
947:
710:
1721:
1670:
1308:
593:
1788:
204:
895:
1176:
1139:. Newmarket, ON: Author. Available Federacion Espanola de Deportes de Minusvalidos Fisicos, c/- Ferraz, 16 Bajo, 28008 Madrid, Spain.
1767:
1747:
1742:
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1610:
1438:
1160:
1120:
1001:
931:
713:
626:
413:
1752:
1706:
1701:
1685:
1803:
1798:
1726:
1581:
825:"The (Non)sense of the Present-Day Classification System of Sports for the Disabled, Regarding Paralysed and Amputee Athletes"
1640:
1595:
1069:
728:
Subic, A.; Fuss, F. K.; Alam, F.; Pang, T. Y.; Takla, M.; Mally, Franziska; Litzenberger, Stefan; Sabo, Anton (2015-01-01).
570:
373:
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1343:
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252:
195:
30:
1757:
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1493:
273:
1635:
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242:
677:
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45:
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1379:
1374:
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1359:
1354:
1349:
1032:
864:
533:
264:
are two halves of 15 minutes each. In the 7 person variant, there are two halves of 25 minutes each.
246:
199:
165:
99:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1294:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
894:. London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 2011. p. 42. Archived from
291:
281:
277:
107:
20:
958:
795:
1156:
1116:
1091:
997:
927:
787:
706:
669:
622:
409:
161:
647:"Taxonomic Theory and the ICF: Foundations for a Unified Disability Athletics Classification"
1329:
779:
741:
661:
287:
501:
592:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 23. Archived from
1324:
1319:
1314:
605:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
209:
1060:[Activate e-sports for people with disabilities: Sports Classification Study]
561:[Activate e-sports for people with disabilities: Sports Classification Study]
1818:
799:
767:
341:
169:
824:
768:"Paralympic Classification: Conceptual Basis, Current Methods, and Research Update"
1550:
1150:
1110:
921:
746:
729:
616:
403:
1196:
783:
502:"Striving for fairness in Paralympic sport-Support from applied sport science"
331:
1095:
791:
673:
217:
running form by creating differences in rotation between hip and shoulder.
1031:(in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes. Archived from
863:(in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes. Archived from
665:
532:(in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes. Archived from
19:
This article is about the parasports classification. For other uses, see
432:
Tim-Taek, Oh; Osborough, Conor; Burkett, Brendan; Payton, Carl (2015).
434:"Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System"
766:
Tweedy, Sean M.; Beckman, Emma M.; Connick, Mark J. (August 2014).
286:
People with amputations are eligible to compete in swimming at the
1469:
1464:
1109:
DeLisa, Joel A.; Gans, Bruce M.; Walsh, Nicholas E. (2005-01-01).
1088:
International
Symposium Adaptive Rowing Amsterdam June, 26-27 1991
203:
44:
1479:
1182:. Sydney Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2 July 2010
1554:
1200:
1090:. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Stichting Roeivalidatie. p. 21.
993:
Handbook of Sports
Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete
1474:
1149:
Gilbert, Keith; Schantz, Otto J.; Schantz, Otto (2008-01-01).
1112:
Physical
Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice
290:. A8 swimmers may be found in several classes. These include
1135:
990:
Vanlandewijck, Yves C.; Thompson, Walter R. (2011-07-13).
466:"CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY"
49:
Type of amputation for an A8 classified sportsperson.
615:
Miller, Mark D.; Thompson, Stephen R. (2014-04-04).
1776:
1735:
1694:
1588:
35:International Sports Organization for the Disabled
402:Pasquina, Paul F.; Cooper, Rory A. (2009-01-01).
1152:The Paralympic Games: Empowerment Or Side Show?
618:DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
1566:
1212:
835:. International Medical Society of Paraplegia
701:DePauw, Karen P. and Gavron, Susan J. (2005)
8:
889:"Guide to the Paralympic Games – Appendix 1"
80:Comparable classifications in other sports
1573:
1559:
1551:
1219:
1205:
1197:
56:
1177:"CLASSIFICATION Information for Athletes"
745:
923:Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes
823:van Eijsden-Besseling, M. D. F. (1985).
348:
772:Paralympic Sports Medicine and Science
495:
493:
491:
427:
425:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
1115:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1022:Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011).
1017:
1015:
1013:
985:
983:
981:
979:
854:Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011).
818:
816:
761:
759:
757:
723:
721:
640:
638:
523:Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011).
460:
458:
397:
395:
393:
391:
7:
443:. International Paralympic Committee
654:Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly
14:
172:and peripheral nerve entrapment.
1236:
1086:Stichting Roeivalidatie (1991).
334:
1582:Disability sport classification
920:Broad, Elizabeth (2014-02-06).
1825:Amputee sports classifications
589:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
408:. Government Printing Office.
1:
1228:Amputee sports classification
1058:"장애인e스포츠 활성화를 위한 스포츠 등급분류 연구"
705:. Human Kinetics Publishers.
559:"장애인e스포츠 활성화를 위한 스포츠 등급분류 연구"
253:Union Cycliste Internationale
233:is in wheelchair basketball.
196:Para-athletics classification
16:Amputee sports classification
1155:. Meyer & Meyer Verlag.
747:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.223
621:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
506:Continuing Medical Education
274:Para-swimming classification
31:amputee sport classification
1068:(in Korean). Archived from
569:(in Korean). Archived from
372:. June 2012. Archived from
243:Para-cycling classification
1841:
1025:Deportistas sin Adjectivos
857:Deportistas sin Adjectivos
784:10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.04.013
526:Deportistas sin Adjectivos
405:Care of the Combat Amputee
271:
240:
193:
18:
1488:
1433:
1398:
1338:
1303:
1243:
1234:
996:. John Wiley & Sons.
645:Tweedy, Sean M. (2002).
1794:Intellectual disability
213:
50:
1722:Wheelchair basketball
1309:Wheelchair basketball
666:10.1123/apaq.19.2.220
207:
48:
734:Procedia Engineering
500:Bressan, ES (2008).
366:"Classification 101"
247:LC1 (classification)
212:at the London Games.
200:T46 (classification)
166:shoulder impingement
312:Becoming classified
282:S9 (classification)
278:S8 (classification)
1768:Wheelchair curling
1748:Para-nordic skiing
1743:Para-alpine skiing
1681:Wheelchair fencing
964:on August 17, 2016
376:on August 16, 2016
214:
114:Amputee basketball
51:
1812:
1811:
1753:Para-snowboarding
1707:Football 7-a-side
1702:Football 5-a-side
1686:Wheelchair tennis
1589:Individual Sports
1548:
1547:
948:"Get Into Sports"
711:978-0-7360-4638-1
152:
151:
119:Amputee football:
1832:
1804:Wheelchair sport
1777:Disability types
1727:Wheelchair rugby
1575:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1330:4.5 point player
1240:
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957:. Archived from
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901:on 26 April 2012
900:
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763:
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703:Disability Sport
699:
693:
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688:
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676:. Archived from
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612:
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604:
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476:on April 4, 2015
472:. Archived from
470:Queensland Sport
462:
453:
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441:VISTA Conference
438:
429:
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288:Paralympic Games
57:
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1641:Para-equestrian
1611:Disability golf
1596:Adaptive rowing
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272:Main articles:
270:
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208:T47 competitor
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192:
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157:
143:Ten-pin bowling
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1838:
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1828:
1827:
1817:
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1801:
1796:
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1789:Cerebral palsy
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1724:
1719:
1717:Sitting volley
1714:
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1626:Para-athletics
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1362:
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1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1325:4 point player
1322:
1320:3 point player
1317:
1315:2 point player
1312:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
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1194:
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1168:
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1128:
1121:
1101:
1078:
1075:on 2016-08-17.
1056:KOCCA (2011).
1048:
1009:
1002:
975:
955:Paralympics GB
939:
932:
912:
880:
846:
812:
753:
717:
714:(Google Books)
694:
660:(2): 220–237.
634:
627:
607:
579:
576:on 2016-08-17.
557:KOCCA (2011).
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210:Carlee Beattie
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1763:Sledge racing
1761:
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1758:Sledge hockey
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1736:Winter Sports
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1656:Paratriathlon
1654:
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1651:Para-swimming
1649:
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1646:Para-shooting
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328:References
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