612:
demanded by growers. The commission supported the
Company's submission of production control by weight instead of area. On the question of sharing the proceeds from the sale of sugar, the growers ended up worse off, getting a basic share of 57.75%, much less than what had been obtained under the 1950-1959 contract (62.6%). Eve also criticised Patel for adopting policies that harmed the growers and not showing a greater sense of responsibility to the country of his adoption.
731:
and concealed profits. He asked for a fairer price based on the price of sugar and its by-products. The
Denning contract awarded the growers, 65% and the millers 35% of the proceeds of all sale, including molasses. It further guaranteed the growers a minimum price of $ 7.75 per ton of cane paid in two instalments. Denning commended Patel for having mastery of all the facts and problems of the sugar industry and presenting them with skill and understanding.
649:, the establishment of the Fiji National Provident Fund, reform to the prisons systems to laying greater emphasis on the reformative side of prisons. Patel promoted non-racial schools and authorised the closure of schools to reduce fragmentation, duplication of effort, unnecessary competition and communal segregation. He attempted to remove race form the names of schools but was unsuccessful due to strong opposition from Fijians. He also urged the
518:. Both were fined £50 each or one month's prison in default. Both refused to pay, but before the five days allowed was over, an anonymous well-wisher paid the fine but Patel later won the case on appeal. The strike in the middle of a world war and his call for Indians to not join the army until they were given the same pay and conditions as Europeans, created a rift between Indians and Fijians which is remembered to this day.
603:. Patel wanted legislation compelling CSR to keep it book of accounts in Fiji so that the Company could not cheat farmers from the proceeds of molasses, establishment of growers co-operative mills to break the monopoly of the CSR, setting up of an independent Sugar Board to oversee smooth functioning of the industry and the abolition of the Sugar Price Stabilisation Fund.
564:. Patel was a leading member of the Federation. A number of meetings were held between the Growers Federation, the Company and the Government. The Company refused to back down as it had a lot of sugar in stock and the talks soon broke down. The Governor suggested a commission of inquiry but this was rejected by Patel, who instead proposed a court of arbitration.
624:. It was not a properly constituted political party but sought to promote economic, cultural and political progress and stability in a united Fiji. All three Citizen's Federation candidates were elected to the Legislative Council. Patel defeated Deo Sharma, president of the Kisan Sangh by 6244 votes to 3346.
730:
Patel again took up the case on behalf of the farmers when arbitration proceedings were begun on 19 August 1969 for the new cane contract. He rejected the Eve contract, blaming it for leading the farmers deeper into debt. He spoke about the monopoly position of CSR, its secret accounting procedures,
694:
on 20 September. Mara's
Alliance Party was a coalition of indigenous and European factions, with minimal Indo-Fijian participation. Patel and the NFP were consigned to the opposition benches. In protest at the new government's refusal to call a second constitutional conference, Patel led the nine
674:
applauding it and the
Federation Party denouncing it. The Federation Party won all the nine Indian communal seats, obtaining 65.25 percent of the votes cast for these seats. Patel defeated his old rival, Ayodhya Prasad by 7601 votes to 4025. Ratu Mara was elected the Chief Minister and Patel became
640:
The
Membership System was introduced on 1 July 1964, and Patel was appointed as the Member for Social Services taking over responsibility for cultural activities, education, health, prisons, social welfare and charitable societies. During his two years, as Member for Social Services, he carried out
454:
whom the farmers saw as exploiters because of the high interest rate charged by the
Gujarati merchants. The deciding factor was that Chattur Singh had turned the election to one between Fiji-born and India–born and Patel did not make the situation better when he labelled Singh as having been born in
739:
Patel died suddenly on 1 October 1969, in the midst of negotiations leading to Fijian independence which was granted barely a year afterwards. Despite his republicanism and his strident opposition to institutionalizing ethnic and sectarian rights, which ethnic
Fijians believed best protected their
611:
was born. Future levies to the Sugar price
Stabilisation Fund were abolished, although the fund remained in existence. Instead of a Sugar Board the commission recommended an Advisory Sugar Council. The commission agreed that the CSR had profited from molasses but did not recommend price increases
526:
The 1943 strike propelled Patel to the forefront of the political arena in Fiji and he easily won the 1944 Legislative
Council election, defeating the sitting member for North West Viti Levu, by 1841 votes to 554. He retained the seat in the 1947 election, defeating Chattur Singh by 1972 votes to
479:
languages. On 31 October 1937 the Sangam was registered as a limited liability company, with Patel as general manager. Patel managed to persuade the government to exempt the Sangam from laws limiting ownership of land so that the Sangam could own up to one thousand acres (4 km). Furthermore,
344:
to improve his chances of success in the exam by gaining direct experience of the
English intellectual, social and political scene. In London he rubbed shoulders with other intellectuals from the sub-continent and became aware of the plight of Indians living in the other colonies. He changed his
606:
The finding of the commission was mostly against the demands of Patel. The idea of cooperative mill was rejected because the commission believed that the farmers could not manage it when could not even manage farms on their own. The commission supported CSR's idea of setting up wholly owned
513:
and required them to inform the police in person of their movements. Both Patel and Rudrananda decided to disobey the order and it landed both of them in court. This stirred up the farmers and a large number gathered in Nadi, holding prayer meetings. Shops were closed throughout the
547:
In 1947, while in India, Patel married Leela Ben, 20-year-old daughter of an old acquaintance of his. Patel then was 42 years old. They had five children and the break from politics between 1950 and 1963 allowed Patel to devote more time to his family and to his law practice.
504:
to take over its leadership, in June 1941, Patel formed the Maha Sangh with the support of Swami Rudrananda. In 1943, he led the sugar cane farmers on a prolonged strike after his demands for an increase in the price of sugar cane in line with inflation was rejected by the
744:, did in fact agree to such a compromise with Mara at a London conference in April 1970. Mara was of the opinion, however, that had Patel lived, an agreement with him would have commanded much greater respect in the Indo-Fijian community, such was his stature among them.
718:- dissipated much of the remaining goodwill that Fijian and British leaders had towards him, and when all nine NFP legislators were returned with increased majorities (In the 1968 election, the NFP won 78.55% of the votes cast. Patel won by 7903 votes to 2772 for
33:
438:, a law clerk. Chattur Singh polled 671 votes to Patel's 651. Patel's loss was a surprise, especially since he was supported by the Indian Leadership in Fiji, which included Vishnu Deo. His defeat was due to a number of factors. Chattur Singh was a well known
365:
to Fiji, where he arrived on 11 October 1928. A reason for Patel to not want to return to India was his relationship with an English divorcee, Patricia Catherall Seymour, who had a son from her previous marriage. This was unacceptable for the
665:
A constitutional conference in London in 1965 had made minor concessions to Indo-Fijians, abolishing educational and property qualifications for the franchise while confirming the sectarian basis of the electoral system. The September,
417:
In 1935, when there was a proposal to have members of the Legislative Council nominated, instead of elected, Patel, together with Vishnu Deo, led the anti-nomination campaign from outside parliament as President and Secretary of the
560:(CSR), in January 1959, drafted a new contract which rolled back most of the gains made by the farmers in the last 20 years. The growers were suspicious of the Company and in May 1959 decided to work together by forming the
374:
with her young son in 1933, and she and Patel were formally married on 25 January 1934. Their inter-racial marriage was strained by racially defined social hierarchy in Fiji. Patricia was ostracised by the local
509:. When the majority of farmers refused to harvest their cane, the Government invoked the Defence Regulation and restricted Patel and Swami Rudrananda to a radius of five miles (8 km) from their homes in
627:
The success of the Citizens Federation in the 1963 elections, and the impending constitutional convention, prompted Patel to transform the Citizens Federation into a fully fledged political party. The
539:
of the Kisan Sangh, by 2718 votes to 1919 votes. During his days in the political wilderness, Patel concentrated on his law practice and continued to support the Sangam and the Ramakrishna Mission.
325:
when he began his non-violent protest in India. He developed a habit of reading very early in his school days and excelled in secondary school. He then entered the prestigious Gujarat College in
861:
361:
Patel's father tried to persuade him to return and practice law in India and to help with the education of his younger siblings, but in the end helped pay his son's fare from
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NFP legislators in a mass walkout in September 1967. Missing two consecutive sections of the Legislative Council resulted in the forfeit of their seats, forcing
403:, to resolve the political crisis brought about by the walkout of Fiji Indian members of the Legislative Council when their demand for common roll was rejected.
901:
410:, formed from the merger of two rival organisations, president of the Indian association of Fiji, president of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Patron of the
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interests, at the time of his death he was beginning to show signs willingness to meet indigenous leaders half-way. His successor as leader of the NFP,
297:, an ideal not realized in his lifetime. He also advocated a common voters' roll and opposed the communal franchise that characterized Fijian politics.
896:
399:, but was ineligible to stand as he did not meet the two-year residency requirement for candidates. He was involved in discussions with the Governor,
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community because of his strong public stance against nomination (The Muslims had asked for their own representative to be nominated), Patel was a
754:
concluded after a study of Patel's private correspondence that in reality he was not unsympathetic to indigenous interests, but was misunderstood.
535:
elections in 1950, however, he was defeated by Tulsi Ram Sharma of the rival Kisan Sangh. In the 1953 election, he was defeated by his old rival,
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clan in India, especially since he had been betrothed to a girl from his community before leaving for London. Patricia Seymour arrived in
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and she was unable to communicate with the local Indians. The couple separated in 1939 and divorced in 1943 and Patricia left for
464:
72:
317:, became barristers in Fiji (hence they were known as A.D. and R.D.). Ambalal received his primary and secondary education in
484:, and sought building grants from the Government. His persistence paid off when the Government paid the cost to bring two
871:
667:
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1106. In 1948, with the support of three of the five ethnic Indians in the Legislative Council, he was appointed to the
480:
Patel sought Sangam representation on the Board of Education, appealed for help in getting teachers from India to teach
431:
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The ensuing by-elections were marked by inter-ethnic violence. Patel's inflammatory language - he called Ratu Mara
583:, broke away and signed an agreement with CSR for the purchase of the 1960 crop. Tensions rose as Patel's opponents,
591:, accused him of again dividing the Indians and leading them further into debt and some Fijians, including Ratu Sir
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teachers from India to teach in Sangam schools. Patel's involvement in the Sangam deepened with the arrival of
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By 1930 Patel had taken up leadership positions in a number of organisations. These included president of the
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a number of significant changes. These included the establishment of the Western Regional Library in
772:"Fiji Elections Archive: Elections for the Legislative Council, North Western Division 1929 - 1959"
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595:, made calls to have Patel deported. The government appointed a commission of inquiry, headed by
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resident, he was the President of the Ba branch of the Indian Association and his elder brother,
313:, India, on 13 March 1905. He had three brothers and a sister. Ambalal and his younger brother,
818:
722:.), relations between the Indo-Fijian and indigenous communities appeared to be at a new low.
711:
632:
came into existence on 21 June 1964, with Patel as president and S.M. Koya as vice-president.
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The Federation Committee contested the 1963 Legislative Council election under the banner of
446:, was one of the 3 Indians elected to the Legislative Council in 1929, Patel had angered the
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599:, into the sugar industry. The Federation Committee was represented by Patel, assisted by
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Patel was involved in the 1929 Legislative Council election campaign, together with
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original plan for an ICS career without conferring with his parents joined the
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set up its first school, Patel became its manager. A. D. worked closely with
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Following his early academic success, he was sent to prepare to sit for the
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were fought on the issue of the new constitution with the newly formed
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293:, with full racial integration. He was one of the first to advocate a
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Most Fijian leaders today take a kinder view of Patel. In 2005, then-
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to unite. He also spoke out about the need for a University in Fiji.
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289:. Patel was uncompromisingly committed to a vision of an independent
471:, the founder of the Sangam, and Swami Avinashananda, sent by the
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and studied economics, politics and history. He graduated with
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politician, farmers' leader and founder and leader of the
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on a fact finding mission to find out ways of promoting
434:
for the North Western Indian Division. His opponent was
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subsidiary for managing its activities in Fiji and the
531:, outmaneuvering his one-time ally Vishnu Deo. In the
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A Vision For Change: AD Patel and the Politics of Fiji
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Ethnic tensions escalated following the adoption of
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Although, in 1938, he had rejected overtures by the
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556:With the 1950 contract due to expire in 1960, the
862:Indian members of the Legislative Council of Fiji
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281:(13 March 1905 – 1 October 1969), was an
892:Alumni of the London School of Economics
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353:, graduating in 1928 at the age of 23.
333:with honours in 1925 at the age of 20.
714:, and characterized Chinese people as
682:in 1967, when Patel's arch-rival, the
340:(ICS) examination. He enrolled in the
857:National Federation Party politicians
7:
902:Fijian politicians of Indian descent
14:
887:Fijian people of Gujarati descent
609:South Pacific Sugar Mills Limited
432:1937 Legislative Council election
201:Member of the Legislative Council
153:Member of the Legislative Council
897:Leaders of the Opposition (Fiji)
789:Death in Fiji of Mr. A. D. Patel
716:"eaters of cats, rats, and bats"
847:Fijian people of Indian descent
558:Colonial Sugar Refining Company
507:Colonial Sugar Refining Company
496:Establishment of the Maha Sangh
675:the Leader of the Opposition.
661:Events leading to independence
645:with branches in Ba, Nadi and
1:
907:Fijian independence activists
616:Formation of Federation Party
387:Early involvement in politics
321:, which was the site used by
148:Northern and Western (Indian)
655:Fijian Teachers Association
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636:Member for Social Services
562:Federation of Cane Growers
420:Indian Association of Fiji
342:London School of Economics
44:Member for Social Services
459:General Manager of Sangam
287:National Federation Party
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882:Indian emigrants to Fiji
597:Sir Malcolm Trustram Eve
522:Election wins and losses
275:Ambalal Dahyabhai Patel,
73:Leader of the Opposition
792:Pacific Islands Monthly
552:1960 sugar cane dispute
25:Ambalal Dahyabhai Patel
680:responsible government
482:South Indian languages
401:Sir Murchison Fletcher
305:Patel was born in the
704:"a crow among swans,"
752:Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi
710:was a swear-word in
408:Fiji Indian Congress
338:Indian Civil Service
220:South-West Viti Levu
872:Fiji sugar industry
808:Lal, B. V. (2011).
794:, October 1969, p28
651:Fiji Teachers Union
622:Citizens Federation
533:legislative council
473:Ramakrishna Mission
430:Patel stood in the
104:Legislative Council
688:Ratu Kamisese Mara
581:Labasa Kisan Sangh
726:The Denning Award
567:On 24 July 1960,
529:Executive Council
463:In 1930 when the
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16:Fijian politician
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778:on 25 July 2007.
774:. Archived from
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630:Federation Party
516:Western division
490:Swami Rudrananda
469:Sadhu Kuppuswami
349:to qualify as a
331:Bachelor of Arts
277:better known as
229:Personal details
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196:Western (Indian)
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139:Tulsi Ram Sharma
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706:declared that
692:Chief Minister
690:was appointed
672:Alliance Party
668:1966 elections
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589:Vijay R. Singh
585:B. D. Lakshman
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217:Constituency
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182:Succeeded by
175:Seat created
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145:Constituency
134:Succeeded by
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91:Succeeded by
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61:Succeeded by
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852:1969 deaths
842:1905 births
573:Kisan Sangh
543:Family life
502:Kisan Sangh
393:S. B. Patel
381:New Zealand
315:R. D. Patel
283:Indo-Fijian
262:R. D. Patel
170:Preceded by
122:Preceded by
836:Categories
758:References
742:Sidiq Koya
397:Vishnu Deo
301:Early life
279:A.D. Patel
96:Sidiq Koya
601:S.M. Koya
492:in 1939.
377:Europeans
351:barrister
327:Ahmedabad
264:(brother)
258:Relatives
212:1966–1969
208:In office
164:1963–1966
160:In office
116:1944–1950
112:In office
85:1966–1969
81:In office
55:1964–1966
51:In office
712:Gujarati
653:and the
647:Sigatoka
452:Gujarati
295:republic
643:Lautoka
311:Gujarat
821:
686:chief
465:Sangam
448:Muslim
363:London
323:Gandhi
319:Nadiad
815:(PDF)
735:Death
684:Lauan
368:Patel
307:Kheda
240:Kheda
819:ISBN
708:Mara
587:and
575:and
511:Nadi
395:and
372:Suva
291:Fiji
250:Died
234:Born
579:of
571:of
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