943:
was higher in patients with significant CAD than in patients with non-critical coronary lesions. Regression analysis revealed that thickening of the mean intima-media complex more than 1.0 was predictive of significant CAD our patients. There was incremental significant increase in CIMT with the number coronary vessel involved. In accordance with the literature, it was found that CIMT was significantly higher in the presence of CAD. Furthermore, CIMT was increased as the number of involved vessels increased and the highest CIMT values were noted in patients with left main coronary involvement. However, human clinical trials have been slow to provide clinical & medical evidence, partly because the asymptomatic nature of atheromata make them especially difficult to study. Promising results are found using carotid intima-media thickness scanning (CIMT can be measured by B-mode ultrasonography), B-vitamins that reduce a protein corrosive,
909:(MRI). The most promising since the early 1990s has been EBT, detecting calcification within the atheroma before most individuals start having clinically recognized symptoms and debility. Statin therapy (to lower cholesterol) does not slow the speed of calcification as determined by CT scan. MRI coronary vessel wall imaging, although currently limited to research studies, has demonstrated the ability to detect vessel wall thickening in asymptomatic high risk individuals. As a non-invasive, ionising radiation free technique, MRI based techniques could have future uses in monitoring disease progression and regression. Most visualization techniques are used in research, they are not widely available to most patients, have significant technical limitations, have not been widely accepted and generally are not covered by medical insurance carriers.
924:(CIMT) with myocardial infarction and stroke risk in patients without cardiovascular disease history. The ARIC Study was conducted in 15,792 individuals between 5 and 65 years of age in four different regions of the US between 1987 and 1989. The baseline CIMT was measured and measurements were repeated at 4- to 7-year intervals by carotid B mode ultrasonography in this study. An increase in CIMT was correlated with an increased risk for CAD. The CHS was initiated in 1988, and the relationship of CIMT with risk of myocardial infarction and stroke was investigated in 4,476 subjects 65 years of age and below. At the end of approximately six years of follow-up, CIMT measurements were correlated with cardiovascular events.
443:
101:
862:, atheroma rupture events remain the major problem and still sometimes result in sudden disability and death despite even the most rapid, massive and skilled medical and surgical intervention available anywhere today. According to some clinical trials, bypass surgery and angioplasty procedures have had at best a minimal effect, if any, on improving overall survival. Typically mortality of bypass operations is between 1 and 4%, of angioplasty between 1 and 1.5%.
939:, Bots et al. followed 7,983 patients >55 years of age for a mean period of 4.6 years, and reported 194 incident myocardial infarctions within this period. CIMT was significantly higher in the myocardial infarction group compared to the other group. Demircan et al. found that the CIMT of patients with acute coronary syndrome were significantly increased compared to patients with stable angina pectoris.
589:
61:
681:
1692:
292:
454:
Historically, arterial wall fixation, staining and thin section has been the gold standard for detection and description of atheroma, after death and autopsy. With special stains and examination, micro calcifications can be detected, typically within smooth muscle cells of the arterial media near the
299:
If the muscular wall enlargement eventually fails to keep up with the enlargement of the atheroma volume, or a clot forms and organizes over the plaque, then the lumen of the artery becomes narrowed as a result of repeated ruptures, clots and fibrosis over the tissues separating the atheroma from the
927:
Paroi artérielle et Risque
Cardiovasculaire in Asia Africa/Middle East and Latin America (PARC-AALA) is another important large-scale study, in which 79 centres from countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America participated, and the distribution of CIMT according to different ethnic
327:
response (an injury/repair response to both the debris and at the rupture site) begins within fractions of a second, eventually resulting in narrowing or sometimes closure of the lumen. Eventually downstream tissue damage occurs due to closure or obstruction of downstream microvessels and/or closure
942:
It has been reported in another study that a maximal CIMT value of 0.956 mm had 85.7% sensitivity and 85.1% specificity to predict angiographic CAD. The study group consisted of patients admitted to the cardiology outpatient clinic with symptoms of stable angina pectoris. The study showed CIMT
513:
arteries, with measurement of the thickness of the artery wall, offers a way to partially track the disease progression. As of 2006, the thickness, commonly referred to as IMT for intimal-medial thickness, is not measured clinically though it has been used by some researchers since the mid-1990s to
361:
of the artery results, usually over decades of living. This is a less common outcome. Atheroma within aneurysmal enlargement (vessel bulging) can also rupture and shower debris of atheroma and clot downstream. If the arterial enlargement continues to 2 to 3 times the usual diameter, the walls often
219:
and ensuing debility. The heart arteries are difficult to track because they are small (from about 5 mm down to microscopic), they are hidden deep within the chest and they never stop moving. Additionally, all mass-applied clinical strategies focus on both minimal cost and the overall safety
1940:
Bodai, Balazs I.; Nakata, Therese E.; Wong, William T.; Clark, Dawn R.; Lawenda, Steven; Tsou, Christine; Liu, Raymond; Shiue, Linda; Cooper, Neil; Rehbein, Michael; Ha, Benjamin P.; McKeirnan, Anne; Misquitta, Rajiv; Vij, Pankaj; Klonecke, Andrew; Mejia, Carmelo S.; Dionysian, Emil; Hashmi, Sean;
501:
which a CT scanner's software can recognize as distinct from the other surrounding tissues. Typically, such regions start occurring within the heart arteries about 2–3 decades after atheroma start developing. The presence of smaller, spotty plaques may actually be more dangerous for progressing to
2287:
Dod, Harvinder S.; Bhardwaj, Ravindra; Sajja, Venu; Weidner, Gerdi; Hobbs, Gerald R.; Konat, Gregory W.; Manivannan, Shanthi; Gharib, Wissam; Warden, Bradford E.; Nanda, Navin C.; Beto, Robert J.; Ornish, Dean; Jain, Abnash C. (February 2010). "Effect of
Intensive Lifestyle Changes on Endothelial
931:
Cahn et al. prospectively followed-up 152 patients with coronary artery disease for 6–11 months by carotid artery ultrasonography and noted 22 vascular events (myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, stroke, and coronary angioplasty) within this time period. They concluded that carotid
1990:
Zimmer, Sebastian; Grebe, Alena; Bakke, Siril S.; Bode, Niklas; Halvorsen, Bente; Ulas, Thomas; Skjelland, Mona; De Nardo, Dominic; Labzin, Larisa I.; Kerksiek, Anja; Hempel, Chris; Heneka, Michael T.; Hawxhurst, Victoria; Fitzgerald, Michael L.; Trebicka, Jonel; Björkhem, Ingemar; Gustafsson,
539:
and never show atheroma; the wall of arteries, including atheroma within the arterial wall remain invisible. The limited exception to this rule is that with very advanced atheroma, with extensive calcification within the wall, a halo-like ring of radiodensity can be seen in most older humans,
450:
Because artery walls enlarge at locations with atheroma, detecting atheroma before death and autopsy has long been problematic at best. Most methods have focused on the openings of arteries; while these methods are highly relevant, they totally miss the atheroma within the arterial lumen.
1818:
Ehara, Shoichi; Kobayashi, Yoshiki; Yoshiyama, Minoru; Shimada, Kenei; Shimada, Yoshihisa; Fukuda, Daiju; Nakamura, Yasuhiro; Yamashita, Hajime; Yamagishi, Hiroyuki; Takeuchi, Kazuhide; Naruko, Takahiko; Haze, Kazuo; Becker, Anton E.; Yoshikawa, Junichi; Ueda, Makiko (30 November 2004).
224:, do not detect any symptoms of the problem until atheromatous disease is very advanced because arteries enlarge, not constrict, in response to increasing atheroma. It is plaque ruptures, producing debris and clots which obstruct blood flow downstream, sometimes also locally (as seen on
2190:
Gould, K. Lance; Ornish, D; Scherwitz, L; Brown, S; Edens, RP; Hess, MJ; Mullani, N; Bolomey, L; Dobbs, F; Armstrong, WT (20 September 1995). "Changes in
Myocardial Perfusion Abnormalities by Positron Emission Tomography After Long-term, Intense Risk Factor Modification".
611:, specifically: Out of ten points, only 4 are referenced, and among those only one is a primary, peer-reviewed reference. Without the medical refs, it's unclear how reliable each advised approach is pertaining to treating the disease, even if it is a good general advice.
928:
groups and its association with the
Framingham cardiovascular score was investigated. Multi-linear regression analysis revealed that an increased Framingham cardiovascular score was associated with CIMT, and carotid plaque independent of geographic differences.
912:
From human clinical trials, it has become increasingly evident that a more effective focus of treatment is slowing, stopping and even partially reversing the atheroma growth process. There are several prospective epidemiologic studies including the
865:
Additionally, these vascular interventions are often done only after an individual is symptomatic, often already partially disabled, as a result of the disease. It is also clear that both angioplasty and bypass interventions do not prevent future
2220:
Ornish, Dean; Scherwitz, LW; Billings, JH; Brown, SE; Gould, KL; Merritt, TA; Sparler, S; Armstrong, WT; Ports, TA; Kirkeeide, RL; Hogeboom, C; Brand, RJ (16 December 1998). "Intensive
Lifestyle Changes for Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease".
264:(narrowing) of the vessel develops in some areas. Less frequently, the artery enlarges so much that a gross aneurysmal enlargement of the artery results. All three results are often observed, at different locations, within the same individual.
497:, machines have been the most effective method for detecting calcification present in plaque. However, the atheroma have to be advanced enough to have relatively large areas of calcification within them to create large enough regions of ~130
2421:
2406:
529:, to study intravascular ultrasound techniques regarding atherosclerotic plaque. More progressive clinicians have begun using IMT measurement as a way to quantify and track disease progression or stability within individual patients.
1606:
Zhang, Hongqi; Sun, Aijun; Shen, Yanguo; Jia, Jianguo; Wang, Shijun; Wang, Keqiang; Ge, Junbo (November 2004). "Artery interposed to vein did not develop atherosclerosis and underwent atrophic remodeling in cholesterol-fed rabbits".
2317:
Silberman, Anna; Banthia, Rajni; Estay, Ivette S.; Kemp, Colleen; Studley, Joli; Hareras, Dennis; Ornish, Dean (March 2010). "The
Effectiveness and Efficacy of an Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Program in 24 Sites".
892:
layers of about 25 mm (1 in) of artery length. Unfortunately, it gives no information about the structural strength of the artery. Angiography does not visualize atheroma; it only makes the blood flow within
2152:
Ornish, D.; Brown, S.E.; Billings, J.H.; Scherwitz, L.W.; Armstrong, W.T.; Ports, T.A.; McLanahan, S.M.; Kirkeeide, R.L.; Gould, K.L.; Brand, R.J. (July 1990). "Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease?".
786:, despite a trend for gradual improvement since the early 1960s (adjusted for patient age). Thus, increasing efforts towards better understanding, treating and preventing the problem are continuing to evolve.
348:
examinations, if severe enough. Since angiography methods can only reveal larger lumens, typically larger than 200 micrometres, angiography after a cardiovascular event commonly does not reveal what happened.
220:
of the procedure. Therefore, existing diagnostic strategies for detecting atheroma and tracking response to treatment have been extremely limited. The methods most commonly relied upon, patient symptoms and
1416:
343:
While clots at the rupture site typically shrink in volume over time, some of the clot may become organized into fibrotic tissue resulting in narrowing of the artery lumen; the narrowings sometimes seen on
366:(bleeding), major symptoms and debility; often rapid death. The main stimulus for aneurysm formation is pressure atrophy of the structural support of the muscle layers. The main structural proteins are
808:, traditionally the most commonly performed non-invasive testing method for blood flow limitations, generally only detects lumen narrowing greater than about 75%, although some physicians advocate
778:, infection control and increasing life spans, atheroma processes have become an increasingly important problem and burden for society. Atheromata continue to be the primary underlying basis for
540:
especially when arterial lumens are visualized end-on. On cine-floro, cardiologists and radiologists typically look for these calcification shadows to recognize arteries before they inject any
2355:
Glagov, Seymour; Weisenberg, Elliot; Zarins, Christopher K.; Stankunavicius, Regina; Kolettis, George J. (28 May 1987). "Compensatory
Enlargement of Human Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries".
1326:
Glagov, Seymour; Weisenberg, Elliot; Zarins, Christopher K.; Stankunavicius, Regina; Kolettis, George J. (28 May 1987). "Compensatory
Enlargement of Human Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries".
421:. When foam cells die, their contents are released, which attracts more macrophages and creates an extracellular lipid core near the centre to inner surface of each atherosclerotic plaque.
3268:
1767:
Tuzcu, E. Murat; Berkalp, Berktan; de Franco, Anthony C.; Ellis, Stephen G.; Goormastic, Marlene; Whitlow, Patrick L.; Franco, Irving; Raymond, Russell E.; Nissen, Steven E. (March 1996).
1523:
Jebari-Benslaiman, Shifa; Galicia-García, Unai; Larrea-Sebal, Asier; Olaetxea, Javier
Rekondo; Alloza, Iraide; Vandenbroeck, Koen; Benito-Vicente, Asier; Martín, César (2022-03-20).
2101:"Three-Dimensional Black-Blood Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Coronary Vessel Wall Imaging Detects Positive Arterial Remodeling in Patients With Nonsignificant Coronary Artery Disease"
897:
visible. Alternative methods that are non or less physically invasive and less expensive per individual test have been used and are continuing to be developed, such as those using
487:
is the current most sensitive method detecting and measuring more advanced atheroma within living individuals, but has had limited applications due to cost and body invasiveness.
535:, since the 1960s, has been the traditional way of evaluating for atheroma. However, angiography is only motion or still images of dye mixed with the blood within the arterial
599:
1019:
256:(enlargements) just large enough to compensate for the extra wall thickness with no change in the lumen diameter. However, eventually, typically as a result of rupture of
446:
Illustration comparing a normal blood vessel and partially blocked vessel due to atherosclerotic plaque. Notice the enlargement & absence of much luminal narrowing.
430:
do not develop atheromata, because they are not subjected to the same haemodynamic pressure that arteries are, unless surgically moved to function as an artery, as in
1718:"American College of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Standards for Acquisition, Measurement and Reporting of Intravascular Ultrasound Studies (IVUS)"
1991:
Jan-Åke; Westerterp, Marit; Tall, Alan R.; Wright, Samuel D.; Espevik, Terje; Schultze, Joachim L.; Nickenig, Georg; Lütjohann, Dieter; Latz, Eicke (6 April 2016).
1773:
1722:
2486:
315:) of the endothelium and fibrous cap occurs, then both a shower of debris from the plaque (debris larger than 5 micrometres are too large to pass through
3059:
2042:"2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin Treatment Does Not Induce Atherosclerotic Lesion Regression in Western-Type Diet-Fed Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice"
819:(non-occlusive or soft plaque), have led, since the 1950s, to the development of intensive care units and complex medical and surgical interventions.
873:
The older methods for understanding atheroma, dating to before World War II, relied on autopsy data. Autopsy data has long shown initiation of
2831:
1894:
761:, removing it from plaques. However, later work concluded that "treatment with 2HPβCD is ineffective in inducing atherosclerosis regression".
2836:
1642:
Roijers, Ruben B.; Debernardi, Nicola; Cleutjens, Jack P.M.; Schurgers, Leon J.; Mutsaers, Peter H.A.; van der Vusse, Ger J. (June 2011).
424:
Conversely, the outer, older portions of the plaque become more calcified, less metabolically active and more physically stiff over time.
974:
macrophage triggering processes involved in atheroma progression are slowly being better elucidated in animal models of atherosclerosis.
300:
blood stream. This narrowing becomes more common after decades of living, increasingly more common after people are in their 30s to 40s.
1209:
Oh, Jisu; Riek, Amy E.; Weng, Sherry; Petty, Marvin; Kim, David; Colonna, Marco; Cella, Marina; Bernal-Mizrachi, Carlos (6 April 2012).
914:
514:
track changes in arterial walls. Traditionally, clinical carotid ultrasounds have only estimated the degree of blood lumen restriction,
1582:
374:. This causes thinning and the wall balloons allowing gross enlargement to occur, as is common in the abdominal region of the aorta.
2258:
Ornish, Dean (November 1998). "Avoiding revascularization with lifestyle changes: the multicenter lifestyle demonstration project".
954:
Additionally, understanding what drives atheroma development is complex with multiple factors involved, only some of which, such as
272:
Over time, atheromata usually progress in size and thickness and induce the surrounding muscular central region (the media) of the
1821:"Spotty Calcification Typifies the Culprit Plaque in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Intravascular Ultrasound Study"
2986:
2603:
1037:
2618:
2479:
1476:"Anatomy, histology, and pathology of coronary arteries: A review relevant to new interventional and imaging techniques-Part I"
2937:
832:
431:
442:
328:
of the lumen at the rupture, both resulting in loss of blood flow to downstream tissues. This is the principal mechanism of
2749:
1262:"Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis: what is the difference?"
701:
fatty acids such as fish, fish-derived supplements, as well as flax seed oil, borage oil, and other non-animal-based oils;
2974:
2099:
Kim, W. Yong; Stuber, Matthias; Börnert, Peter; Kissinger, Kraig V.; Manning, Warren J.; Botnar, René M. (16 July 2002).
3054:
2679:
519:
417:
After they accumulate large amounts of cytoplasmic membranes (with associated high cholesterol content) they are called
1918:
660:
607:
3069:
3064:
2791:
2781:
1474:
Waller, Bruce F.; Orr, Charles M.; Slack, John D.; Pinkerton, Cass A.; Van Tassel, James; Peters, Thomas (June 1992).
632:
932:
atherosclerosis measured by this non-interventional method has prognostic significance in coronary artery patients.
3263:
3170:
2821:
2796:
2613:
2542:
2472:
906:
478:
618:
603:
3195:
3138:
2786:
2739:
2589:
2552:
2947:
2942:
639:
481:
as the most useful method to identify atherosclerosis and may now very well be the gold standard for detection.
362:
become weak enough that with just the stress of the pulse, a loss of wall integrity may occur leading to sudden
3180:
2993:
2766:
2744:
2436:
1033:
1014:
1009:
902:
494:
484:
288:) remains unchanged, until about 50% of the artery wall cross-sectional area consists of atheromatous tissue.
1361:
3235:
3217:
2699:
2694:
2658:
2628:
411:
109:
81:
77:
228:), which reduce/stop blood flow. Yet these events occur suddenly and are not revealed in advance by either
3207:
3190:
3185:
3175:
3016:
2952:
2594:
2495:
921:
824:
646:
470:
337:
221:
69:
2040:
Snip, Olga S.C.; Hoekstra, Menno; Zhang, Yiheng; Geerling, Janine J.; Van Eck, Miranda (31 August 2022).
3212:
2957:
2816:
2808:
2776:
2663:
867:
794:
503:
329:
216:
73:
394:
of the artery wall. While the early stages, based on gross appearance, have traditionally been termed
3126:
3121:
2925:
2717:
1004:
628:
144:
140:
100:
3202:
2969:
2425:
898:
809:
805:
771:
726:
229:
3116:
3026:
2608:
2343:
2246:
2178:
2130:
1850:
1505:
800:
A significant proportion of artery flow-disrupting events occur at locations with less than 50%
1769:"The Dilemma of Diagnosing Coronary Calcification: Angiography Versus Intravascular Ultrasound"
1260:
dos Santos, Vanessa Prado; Pozzan, Geanete; Castelli, Valter; Caffaro, Roberto
Augusto (2021).
280:. Typically, remodeling occurs just enough to compensate for the atheroma's size such that the
2907:
2856:
2756:
2447:
2372:
2335:
2305:
2275:
2238:
2208:
2170:
2122:
2081:
2063:
2022:
1972:
1890:
1842:
1800:
1792:
1749:
1741:
1673:
1624:
1564:
1546:
1497:
1398:
1343:
1299:
1281:
1242:
1191:
1142:
1124:
1093:
816:
460:
403:
312:
257:
212:
180:
89:
1884:
1211:"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Controls M2 Macrophage Differentiation and Foam Cell Formation"
1113:"An integrated approach for the mechanisms responsible for atherosclerotic plaque regression"
2912:
2561:
2364:
2327:
2297:
2267:
2230:
2200:
2162:
2112:
2071:
2053:
2012:
2004:
1962:
1954:
1832:
1782:
1731:
1663:
1655:
1616:
1554:
1536:
1487:
1335:
1289:
1273:
1232:
1222:
1181:
1173:
1132:
1083:
1075:
999:
523:
498:
200:
126:
1386:
183:. The accumulated material forms a swelling in the artery wall, which may intrude into the
3104:
3099:
3011:
2734:
2689:
2569:
1620:
994:
936:
855:
801:
536:
474:
285:
196:
184:
122:
1644:"Microcalcifications in Early Intimal Lesions of Atherosclerotic Human Coronary Arteries"
1457:
690:
Many approaches have been promoted as methods to reduce or reverse atheroma progression:
464:(non-occlusive or soft plaque), are widely used in research and clinical practice today.
917:
and the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), which have supported a direct correlation of
789:
According to United States data, 2004, for about 65% of men and 47% of women, the first
3153:
3003:
2866:
2826:
2761:
2722:
2633:
2117:
2100:
2076:
2017:
1992:
1967:
1942:
1837:
1820:
1668:
1643:
1559:
1524:
1294:
1261:
1237:
1210:
1186:
1161:
1137:
1112:
1088:
1063:
541:
526:
136:
2271:
1736:
1717:
1417:"Coronary CTA Should Be the Initial Test in Most Patients With Stable Chest Pain: PRO"
653:
458:
Interventional and non-interventional methods to detect atherosclerosis, specifically
17:
3257:
3021:
2684:
2204:
2166:
1787:
1768:
989:
967:
894:
775:
722:
395:
245:
161:
2430:
2347:
2250:
1854:
1509:
3162:
3074:
2889:
2579:
2522:
2464:
2182:
2134:
971:
963:
944:
889:
874:
754:
391:
192:
2301:
1943:"Lifestyle Medicine: A Brief Review of Its Dramatic Impact on Health and Survival"
698:
2441:
2008:
1659:
3227:
2623:
2368:
1339:
1024:
959:
955:
844:
820:
758:
711:
532:
407:
387:
345:
308:
304:
211:
For most people, the first symptoms result from atheroma progression within the
2041:
1993:"Cyclodextrin promotes atherosclerosis regression via macrophage reprogramming"
3143:
3133:
3094:
3038:
3031:
2861:
2452:
2415:
859:
779:
363:
295:
Narrowed arterial blood vessel blocked with an atheroma (artist's conception).
249:
172:
114:
94:
2234:
2067:
1796:
1745:
1550:
1285:
1277:
1128:
854:
Yet despite these medical advances, with success in reducing the symptoms of
307:(the cell monolayer on the inside of the vessel) and covering tissue, termed
2897:
2638:
2574:
2530:
2513:
2508:
1462:
1227:
984:
951:
artery plaque volume and thickness, and stroke, even in late-stage disease.
741:
737:
418:
399:
316:
233:
225:
60:
2339:
2309:
2126:
2085:
2026:
1976:
1846:
1753:
1677:
1628:
1568:
1492:
1475:
1303:
1246:
1195:
1146:
1097:
2376:
2331:
2279:
2242:
2212:
2174:
1804:
1501:
1402:
1347:
694:
eating a diet of raw fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans, berries, and grains;
3111:
2713:
2650:
2535:
2058:
1958:
1541:
840:
828:
797:(heart attack) or sudden death (death within one hour of symptom onset).
515:
367:
358:
324:
320:
261:
253:
188:
165:
118:
2398:
27:
Accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of artery walls
1177:
948:
918:
851:, most recently drug coated stents, to stretch the stenoses more open.
790:
715:
617:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
510:
490:
467:
371:
281:
2504:
2410:
1079:
885:
493:
using state of the art higher resolution spiral, or the higher speed
357:
If the muscular wall enlargement is overdone over time, then a gross
333:
273:
244:
The healthy epicardial coronary artery consists of three layers, the
176:
884:
ultrasound technology; it gives us the precise volume of the inside
877:
in later childhood with slow asymptomatic progression over decades.
291:
1693:"Carotid intima-media thickness – indicator of cardiovascular risk"
311:, separate atheroma from the blood in the lumen. If a rupture (see
2848:
966:
are best known and researched. More recently, some of the complex
848:
783:
730:
441:
252:. Atheroma and changes in the artery wall usually result in small
815:
The sudden nature of the complications of pre-existing atheroma,
2880:
1041:
881:
836:
427:
2468:
1029:
582:
455:
fatty streaks within a year or two of fatty streaks forming.
753:
mouse studies indicated that subcutaneous administration of
568:
Type VI: Fissured, ulcerated, hemorrhagic, thrombotic lesion
1941:
Greger, Michael; Stoll, Scott; Campbell, Thomas M. (2018).
2288:
Function and on Inflammatory Markers of Atherosclerosis".
880:
One way to see atheroma is the very invasive and costly
614:
747:
maintaining normal, or healthy, blood pressure levels;
1387:"Ordering and Understanding the Exercise Stress Test"
2388:
1886:
Atlas of atherosclerosis: progression and regression
3226:
3161:
3152:
3087:
3047:
3002:
2906:
2888:
2879:
2847:
2807:
2712:
2672:
2649:
2560:
2551:
2521:
2503:
2392:
1020:
Hemorheologic-Hemodynamic Theory of Atherosclerosis
827:was begun to either visualize or indirectly detect
132:
108:
88:
42:
37:
1917:
1162:"Endoplasmic reticulum stress and atherosclerosis"
958:, more importantly lipoprotein subclass analysis,
160:, is an abnormal accumulation of material in the
3269:Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
1716:Mintz, Gary S.; Nissen, Steven E. (April 2001).
1583:"Thoracic aortic aneurysm - Symptoms and causes"
970:patterns that promote, or inhibit, the inherent
915:Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
191:it and restricting blood flow. Atheroma is the
755:oligosaccharide 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
613:Please review the contents of the section and
2480:
1774:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1723:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
522:did a five-year $ 5 million study, headed by
382:The accumulation (swelling) is always in the
8:
1919:"Ask the doctor: Reversing atherosclerosis?"
812:that can sometimes detect as little as 50%.
260:and clots within the lumen over the plaque,
1529:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1111:Francis, Andrew A; Pierce, Grant N (2011).
179:, calcium and a variable amount of fibrous
3158:
3060:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
2885:
2557:
2518:
2487:
2473:
2465:
2389:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
559:Type III: Preatheroma, intermediate lesion
477:) measurement has been recommended by the
398:by pathologists, they are not composed of
99:
59:
34:
2116:
2075:
2057:
2016:
1966:
1836:
1786:
1735:
1667:
1558:
1540:
1491:
1293:
1236:
1226:
1185:
1136:
1087:
518:, a result of very advanced disease. The
72:specimen. This shows the division of the
843:, around the stenoses and more recently
290:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1054:
509:Arterial ultrasound, especially of the
1117:Experimental & Clinical Cardiology
553:Type I: Isolated macrophage foam cells
2832:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1935:
1933:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1621:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.06.019
1160:Hotamisligil, Gökhan S (April 2010).
473:Scan (CIMT can be measured by B-mode
7:
2837:Generalized essential telangiectasia
2320:American Journal of Health Promotion
1525:"Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis"
1062:Lusis, Aldons J. (September 2000).
905:form, given its greater speed) and
2290:The American Journal of Cardiology
2260:The American Journal of Cardiology
2118:10.1161/01.cir.0000025629.85631.1e
1838:10.1161/01.CIR.0000148131.41425.E9
556:Type II: Multiple foam cell layers
25:
1648:The American Journal of Pathology
2987:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
2205:10.1001/jama.1995.03530110056036
679:
587:
276:to stretch out, which is termed
171:The material consists of mostly
2357:New England Journal of Medicine
1458:Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis
1328:New England Journal of Medicine
1215:Journal of Biological Chemistry
215:, most commonly resulting in a
2938:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1997:Science Translational Medicine
1421:American College of Cardiology
1385:Darrow, Mark D. (1999-01-15).
615:add the appropriate references
410:, that have taken up oxidized
68:Atherosclerotic plaque from a
54:), atheromatous plaque, plaque
1:
2750:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
2604:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
2302:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.09.038
2272:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00744-9
1889:. Parthenon Pub. p. 16.
1737:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01175-5
793:of cardiovascular disease is
390:lining and the smooth muscle
195:basis for the disease entity
3055:Chronic venous insufficiency
2680:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
2167:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91656-u
2009:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad6100
1788:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00537-4
1660:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.004
520:National Institute of Health
3070:Inferior vena cava syndrome
3065:Superior vena cava syndrome
2792:Vertebral artery dissection
2782:Intracranial berry aneurysm
2369:10.1056/NEJM198705283162204
1362:"Stress test - Mayo Clinic"
1340:10.1056/NEJM198705283162204
697:consuming foods containing
600:reliable medical references
3285:
3171:Hypertensive heart disease
2822:Arteriovenous malformation
2797:Familial aortic dissection
1883:Stary, Herbert C. (2003).
1266:Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
907:magnetic resonance imaging
574:Type VIII: Fibrotic lesion
479:American Heart Association
3196:Renovascular hypertension
3139:Hepatic artery thrombosis
2787:Carotid artery dissection
2740:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
2590:Intermittent claudication
2553:Peripheral artery disease
1391:American Family Physician
736:micronutrient (vitamins,
606:or relies too heavily on
571:Type VII: Calcific lesion
548:Classification of lesions
82:external carotid arteries
67:
58:
3181:Hypertensive nephropathy
2994:Post-thrombotic syndrome
2975:Paget–Schroetter disease
2767:Coronary artery aneurysm
2745:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
2235:10.1001/jama.280.23.2001
1278:10.1590/1677-5449.200211
1010:Coronary catheterization
903:electron beam tomography
835:, to plumb transplanted
757:(2HPβCD) can solubilize
704:abdominal fat reduction;
485:Intravascular ultrasound
402:but of accumulations of
175:, or debris, containing
3236:Orthostatic hypotension
3218:White coat hypertension
2695:Fibromuscular dysplasia
2659:Carotid artery stenosis
1228:10.1074/jbc.M111.338673
412:low-density lipoprotein
284:of the artery opening (
3208:Pulmonary hypertension
3191:Secondary hypertension
3186:Essential hypertension
3176:Hypertensive emergency
3017:Portacaval anastomosis
2953:Portal vein thrombosis
2595:Critical limb ischemia
2496:Cardiovascular disease
1947:The Permanente Journal
1493:10.1002/clc.4960150613
922:Intima-media thickness
825:cardiac stress testing
806:Cardiac stress testing
471:Intima-media thickness
447:
338:cardiovascular disease
296:
222:cardiac stress testing
70:carotid endarterectomy
18:Atherosclerotic plaque
3213:Systolic hypertension
2958:Renal vein thrombosis
2817:Arteriovenous fistula
2809:Vascular malformation
2777:Intracranial aneurysm
2664:Renal artery stenosis
2332:10.4278/ajhp.24.4.arb
947:and that reduce neck
795:myocardial infarction
565:Type V: Fibroatheroma
504:myocardial infarction
445:
330:myocardial infarction
294:
3127:Paradoxical embolism
3122:Cholesterol embolism
2948:May–Thurner syndrome
2943:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2926:Deep vein thrombosis
2921:primarily lower limb
2700:Raynaud's phenomenon
2059:10.3390/biom12091205
2052:(9). MDPI AG: 1205.
1542:10.3390/ijms23063346
1005:Coronary circulation
810:nuclear stress tests
714:synthesis (known as
268:Stenosis and closure
145:hypercholesterolemia
141:hypertriglyceridemia
3203:Benign hypertension
1480:Clinical Cardiology
1221:(15): 11629–11641.
899:computed tomography
772:developed countries
766:History of research
727:glycated hemoglobin
544:during angiograms.
158:atheromatous plaque
3117:Pulmonary embolism
3027:Esophageal varices
2965:upper limb / torso
2609:Arteriolosclerosis
1959:10.7812/TPP/17-025
1691:Poredos', 'Pavel.
1366:www.mayoclinic.org
1178:10.1038/nm0410-396
750:aspirin supplement
524:medical researcher
448:
353:Artery enlargement
319:) combined with a
297:
258:vulnerable plaques
207:Signs and symptoms
3264:Vascular diseases
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3088:Arteries or veins
3083:
3082:
2908:Venous thrombosis
2875:
2874:
2857:Cherry hemangioma
2757:Aortic dissection
2708:
2707:
2543:Buerger's disease
2462:
2461:
2363:(22): 1371–1375.
2161:(8708): 129–133.
1896:978-1-84214-153-3
1831:(22): 3424–3429.
1334:(22): 1371–1375.
1074:(6801): 233–241.
1064:"Atherosclerosis"
888:plus the central
817:vulnerable plaque
707:aerobic exercise;
688:
687:
664:
562:Type IV: Atheroma
461:vulnerable plaque
404:white blood cells
336:or other related
313:vulnerable plaque
181:connective tissue
150:
149:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3276:
3159:
2970:Mondor's disease
2913:Thrombophlebitis
2886:
2562:Arteriosclerosis
2558:
2519:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2390:
2380:
2351:
2313:
2283:
2254:
2216:
2186:
2139:
2138:
2120:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2061:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2003:(333): 333ra50.
1987:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1926:. November 2016.
1921:
1914:
1901:
1900:
1880:
1859:
1858:
1840:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1790:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1739:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1697:www.escardio.org
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1654:(6): 2879–2887.
1639:
1633:
1632:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1544:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1471:
1465:
1454:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1080:10.1038/35025203
1059:
1000:Atherothrombosis
901:(CT; led by the
847:, now including
774:, with improved
683:
682:
674:
671:
665:
663:
622:
591:
590:
583:
499:Hounsfield units
201:arteriosclerosis
173:macrophage cells
127:arteriosclerosis
104:
103:
63:
35:
21:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3240:
3222:
3148:
3105:Microangiopathy
3100:Macroangiopathy
3079:
3043:
3012:Gastric varices
2998:
2911:
2902:
2871:
2843:
2803:
2735:Aortic aneurysm
2721:
2704:
2690:Erythromelalgia
2668:
2645:
2570:Atherosclerosis
2547:
2511:
2499:
2493:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2401:
2387:
2354:
2316:
2286:
2257:
2219:
2199:(11): 894–901.
2189:
2151:
2148:
2146:Further reading
2143:
2142:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2039:
2038:
2034:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1897:
1882:
1881:
1862:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1609:Atherosclerosis
1605:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1455:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1325:
1324:
1311:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1166:Nature Medicine
1159:
1158:
1154:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
995:Atherosclerosis
980:
937:Rotterdam Study
768:
684:
680:
675:
669:
666:
623:
612:
608:primary sources
592:
588:
581:
550:
475:ultrasonography
440:
380:
355:
270:
242:
209:
199:, a subtype of
197:atherosclerosis
187:of the artery,
123:atherosclerosis
98:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3154:Blood pressure
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3004:Varicose veins
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2915:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2867:Spider angioma
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2849:Vascular nevus
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2827:Telangiectasia
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2762:Aortic rupture
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2727:
2725:
2723:pseudoaneurysm
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2634:Oxycholesterol
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2444:
2433:
2418:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:Classification
2386:
2385:External links
2383:
2382:
2381:
2352:
2326:(4): 260–266.
2314:
2296:(3): 362–367.
2284:
2255:
2229:(23): 2001–7.
2217:
2187:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2111:(3): 296–299.
2091:
2032:
1982:
1929:
1924:Harvard Health
1902:
1895:
1860:
1810:
1781:(4): 832–838.
1759:
1708:
1683:
1634:
1598:
1574:
1515:
1486:(6): 451–457.
1466:
1432:
1408:
1397:(2): 401–410.
1377:
1353:
1309:
1252:
1201:
1172:(4): 396–399.
1152:
1103:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
981:
979:
976:
833:bypass surgery
767:
764:
763:
762:
751:
748:
745:
744:) consumption;
734:
729:, also called
719:
710:inhibitors of
708:
705:
702:
695:
686:
685:
678:
676:
595:
593:
586:
580:
577:
576:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
549:
546:
542:contrast agent
527:Kenneth Ouriel
439:
436:
386:, between the
379:
376:
354:
351:
269:
266:
241:
238:
213:heart arteries
208:
205:
148:
147:
137:Hyperlipidemia
134:
130:
129:
112:
106:
105:
92:
86:
85:
65:
64:
56:
55:
50:), atheromas (
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3252:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Caput medusae
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Degos disease
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
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2266:(10): 72–76.
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2028:
2024:
2019:
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2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1983:
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1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
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1272:: e20200211.
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1234:
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1018:
1016:
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1003:
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996:
993:
991:
990:ApoA-1 Milano
988:
986:
983:
982:
977:
975:
973:
969:
968:immune system
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
940:
938:
933:
929:
925:
923:
920:
916:
910:
908:
904:
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896:
895:blood vessels
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
875:fatty streaks
871:
869:
863:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
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803:
798:
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792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
776:public health
773:
765:
760:
756:
752:
749:
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743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
723:blood glucose
720:
717:
713:
709:
706:
703:
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696:
693:
692:
691:
677:
673:
662:
659:
655:
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648:
645:
641:
638:
634:
631: –
630:
626:
625:Find sources:
620:
616:
610:
609:
605:
601:
596:This section
594:
585:
584:
578:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
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547:
545:
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444:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
422:
420:
415:
413:
409:
406:, especially
405:
401:
397:
396:fatty streaks
393:
389:
385:
384:tunica intima
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
360:
352:
350:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:, media, and
247:
246:tunica intima
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
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169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
111:
110:Complications
107:
102:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3250:
3163:Hypertension
3075:Venous ulcer
2981:
2964:
2932:
2920:
2890:Inflammation
2771:
2730:
2619:Hyperplastic
2584:
2580:Fatty streak
2523:Inflammation
2446:
2435:
2420:
2405:
2360:
2356:
2323:
2319:
2293:
2289:
2263:
2259:
2226:
2222:
2196:
2192:
2158:
2154:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2049:
2046:Biomolecules
2045:
2035:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1950:
1946:
1923:
1885:
1828:
1824:
1813:
1778:
1772:
1762:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1615:(1): 37–41.
1612:
1608:
1601:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1456:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
1411:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:
1356:
1331:
1327:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1123:(3): 77–86.
1120:
1116:
1106:
1071:
1067:
1057:
972:inflammatory
964:hypertension
956:lipoproteins
953:
945:homocysteine
941:
934:
930:
926:
911:
879:
872:
868:heart attack
864:
858:and reduced
853:
839:, sometimes
831:. Next came
814:
799:
788:
769:
689:
670:October 2019
667:
657:
650:
643:
636:
624:
604:verification
597:
531:
508:
489:
483:
466:
459:
457:
453:
449:
426:
423:
416:
392:middle layer
383:
381:
356:
342:
302:
298:
277:
271:
243:
230:stress tests
217:heart attack
210:
193:pathological
170:
157:
153:
151:
51:
47:
46:atheromata (
29:
3228:Hypotension
2772:head / neck
2624:Cholesterol
2514:capillaries
2105:Circulation
1825:Circulation
1730:(5): 1485.
1587:Mayo Clinic
1535:(6): 3346.
1025:Lipoprotein
962:levels and
960:blood sugar
845:angioplasty
821:Angiography
804:narrowing.
759:cholesterol
721:low normal
712:cholesterol
598:needs more
533:Angiography
408:macrophages
388:endothelium
359:enlargement
346:angiography
317:capillaries
309:fibrous cap
305:endothelium
162:inner layer
43:Other names
3258:Categories
3144:Vasculitis
3134:Thrombosis
3095:Angiopathy
3039:Varicocele
3032:Hemorrhoid
2862:Halo nevus
2718:dissection
2509:arterioles
2448:DiseasesDB
2155:The Lancet
1953:: 17–025.
1702:2023-11-03
1592:2023-10-24
1426:2023-10-24
1371:2023-10-24
1049:References
860:blood flow
823:and later
780:disability
640:newspapers
629:"Atheroma"
419:foam cells
364:hemorrhage
340:problems.
278:remodeling
250:adventitia
234:angiograms
226:angiograms
115:Thrombosis
95:Cardiology
2898:Phlebitis
2639:Trans fat
2575:Foam cell
2531:Arteritis
2498:(vessels)
2068:2218-273X
1797:0735-1097
1746:0735-1097
1551:1422-0067
1463:eMedicine
1286:1677-5449
1129:1205-6626
985:Angiogram
742:magnesium
738:potassium
579:Treatment
438:Diagnosis
434:surgery.
400:fat cells
378:Histology
254:aneurysms
240:Mechanism
189:narrowing
90:Specialty
76:into the
3112:Embolism
2714:Aneurysm
2651:Stenosis
2585:Atheroma
2536:Aortitis
2505:Arteries
2348:25915559
2340:20232608
2310:20102949
2251:21508600
2127:12119242
2086:36139044
2027:27053774
1977:29035175
1855:11917149
1847:15557374
1754:11300468
1678:21531376
1629:15488863
1569:35328769
1510:12034096
1304:34290756
1247:22356914
1196:20376052
1147:22065938
1098:11001066
978:See also
841:arteries
829:stenosis
725:levels (
516:stenosis
491:CT scans
368:collagen
325:clotting
321:platelet
262:stenosis
166:arterial
154:atheroma
119:embolism
78:internal
38:Atheroma
2933:abdomen
2614:Hyaline
2442:D058226
2377:3574413
2280:9860380
2243:9863851
2213:7674504
2183:4513736
2175:1973470
2135:2294253
2077:9496214
2018:4878149
1968:5638636
1805:8613611
1669:3124018
1560:8954705
1502:1617826
1403:9930131
1348:3574413
1295:8276643
1238:3320912
1187:2897068
1138:3209544
1089:2826222
949:carotid
935:In the
919:Carotid
802:lumenal
791:symptom
716:statins
699:omega−3
654:scholar
619:removed
511:carotid
468:Carotid
414:(LDL).
372:elastin
282:calibre
2375:
2346:
2338:
2308:
2278:
2249:
2241:
2211:
2181:
2173:
2133:
2125:
2084:
2074:
2066:
2025:
2015:
1975:
1965:
1893:
1853:
1845:
1803:
1795:
1752:
1744:
1676:
1666:
1627:
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1235:
1194:
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1145:
1135:
1127:
1096:
1086:
1068:Nature
886:intima
856:angina
849:stents
740:, and
656:
649:
642:
635:
627:
502:acute
432:bypass
334:stroke
274:artery
177:lipids
168:wall.
164:of an
133:Causes
97:
74:common
52:plural
48:plural
3048:Other
2881:Veins
2731:torso
2673:Other
2416:I70.9
2344:S2CID
2247:S2CID
2179:S2CID
2131:S2CID
1851:S2CID
1506:S2CID
890:media
837:veins
784:death
731:HbA1c
661:JSTOR
647:books
537:lumen
428:Veins
286:lumen
185:lumen
156:, or
2982:head
2512:and
2453:1039
2437:MeSH
2426:9-CM
2373:PMID
2336:PMID
2306:PMID
2276:PMID
2239:PMID
2223:JAMA
2209:PMID
2193:JAMA
2171:PMID
2123:PMID
2082:PMID
2064:ISSN
2023:PMID
1973:PMID
1891:ISBN
1843:PMID
1801:PMID
1793:ISSN
1750:PMID
1742:ISSN
1674:PMID
1625:PMID
1565:PMID
1547:ISSN
1498:PMID
1399:PMID
1344:PMID
1300:PMID
1282:ISSN
1243:PMID
1192:PMID
1143:PMID
1125:ISSN
1094:PMID
1042:VLDL
1040:and
882:IVUS
782:and
633:news
602:for
370:and
323:and
303:The
80:and
2629:LDL
2431:440
2422:ICD
2407:ICD
2365:doi
2361:316
2328:doi
2298:doi
2294:105
2268:doi
2231:doi
2227:280
2201:doi
2197:274
2163:doi
2159:336
2113:doi
2109:106
2072:PMC
2054:doi
2013:PMC
2005:doi
1963:PMC
1955:doi
1833:doi
1829:110
1783:doi
1732:doi
1664:PMC
1656:doi
1652:178
1617:doi
1613:177
1555:PMC
1537:doi
1488:doi
1461:at
1336:doi
1332:316
1290:PMC
1274:doi
1233:PMC
1223:doi
1219:287
1182:PMC
1174:doi
1133:PMC
1084:PMC
1076:doi
1072:407
1038:IDL
1034:HDL
1030:LDL
1015:EBT
770:In
495:EBT
232:or
152:An
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