703:
442:, the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy's escorts was demonstrated when they managed to defend their troop convoy from a much larger and more powerful Japanese battle-fleet. The Japanese force comprised four battleships and numerous heavy cruisers, while the U.S. force consisted of escort carriers, destroyers, and destroyer escorts. Large numbers of American aircraft (albeit without much anti-ship ordnance other than torpedoes) and aggressive tactics of the destroyers (with their radar-directed gunfire) allowed the U.S. to sink three Japanese heavy cruisers at the cost of one escort carrier and three destroyers.
690:
if it were scattered as single ships. Moreover, once an attack had been made, the submarine would need to regain an attack position on the convoy. If, however, an attack were thwarted by escorts, even if the submarine had escaped damage, it would have to remain submerged for its own safety and might only recover its position after many hours' hard work. U-boats patrolling areas with constant and predictable flows of sea traffic, such as the United States
Atlantic coast in early 1942, could dismiss a missed opportunity in the certain knowledge that another would soon present itself.
686:
number of attacks that could be made, particularly when multiple firings were necessary for a single target. There was a real problem for the U-boats and their adversaries in finding each other; with a tiny proportion of the ocean in sight, without intelligence or radar, warships and even aircraft would be fortunate in coming across a submarine. The Royal Navy and later the United States Navy each took time to learn this lesson. Conversely, a U-boat's radius of vision was even smaller and had to be supplemented by regular long-range reconnaissance flights.
451:
53:
759:
854:
891:. Most truckers had difficult schedules to keep and as a result had to maintain a speed above the posted speed limit to reach their destinations on time. Convoys were started so that multiple trucks could run together at a high speed with the rationale being that if they passed a speed trap the police would only be able to pull over one of the trucks in the convoy. When driving on a highway, convoys are also useful to conserve fuel by
244:, Norman Dixon suggested that the hostility towards convoys in the naval establishment were in part caused by a (sub-conscious) perception of convoys as effeminating, due to warships having to care for civilian merchant ships. Convoy duty also exposes the escorting warships to the sometimes hazardous conditions of the North Atlantic, with only rare occurrences of visible achievement (i.e. fending off a submarine assault).
270:
956:
interruption. If other road users overtake the convoy, they are not allowed to split into the queue. Clear and uniform marking has been required in court decisions for these rights to apply. Operating such convoy usually needs special permission, but there are exemptions for emergency and catastrophe intervention. Common practice is, to operate with the same style of marking as NATO convoys:
988:) is used during winter in case weather is too bad for vehicles to pass on their own. Convoy driving is initiated when the strong wind quickly fills the road with snow behind snowplows, particularly on mountain passes. Only a limited number of vehicles are allowed for each convoy and convoy leader is obliged to decline vehicles not fit for the drive. Storm convoys are prone to
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119:
When merchant ships sailed independently, a privateer could cruise a shipping lane and capture ships as they passed. Ships sailing in convoy presented a much smaller target: a convoy was as hard to find as a single ship. Even if the privateer found a convoy and the wind was favourable for an attack,
693:
The destruction of submarines required their discovery, an improbable occurrence on aggressive patrols, by chance alone. Convoys, however, presented irresistible targets and could not be ignored. For this reason, the U-boats presented themselves as targets to the escorts with increasing possibility
689:
For both major allied navies, it had been difficult to grasp that, however large a convoy, its "footprint" (the area within which it could be spotted) was far smaller than if the individual ships had traveled independently. In other words, a submarine had less chance of finding a single convoy than
226:
were similar to privateers in the age of sail. These submarines were only a little faster than the merchant ships they were attacking, and capable of sinking only a small number of vessels in a convoy because of their limited supply of torpedoes and shells. The
Admiralty took a long time to respond
955:
The
Highway Code of several European countries (Norway, Italy, Greece, Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, possibly more) includes special rights for marked convoys. They have to be treated like a single vehicle. If the first vehicle has passed an intersection, all others may do so without
685:
were limited in their capabilities. Submerged speed and endurance was limited and not suited for overhauling many ships. Even a surfaced U-boat could take several hours to gain an attack position. Torpedo capacity was also restricted to around fourteen (Type VII) or 24 (Type IX), thus limiting the
419:
by the end of the war. Japanese submarines, unlike their U.S. and German equivalents, focused on U.S. battle fleets rather than merchant convoys, and while they did manage some early successes, sinking two U.S. carriers, they failed to significantly inhibit the invasion convoys carrying troops and
234:
Actual analysis of shipping losses in World War I disproved all these arguments, at least so far as they applied to transatlantic and other long-distance traffic. Ships sailing in convoys were far less likely to be sunk, even when not provided with an escort. The loss of productivity due to convoy
230:
Other arguments against convoys were raised. The primary issue was the loss of productivity, as merchant shipping in convoy has to travel at the speed of the slowest vessel in the convoy and spent a considerable amount of time in ports waiting for the next convoy to depart. Further, large convoys
967:
with its high number of military exercises, the military was the main user of convoy rights. Today, catastrophes like large-scale flooding might bring a high number of flagged convoys to the roads. Large-scale evacuations for the disarming of World War II bombs are another common reason for
75:, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support and can help maintain cohesion within a unit. It may also be used in a non-military sense, for example when driving through remote areas.
120:
it could still hope to capture only a handful of ships before the rest managed to escape, and a small escort of warships could easily thwart it. As a result of the convoy system's effectiveness, wartime insurance premiums were consistently lower for ships that sailed in convoys.
88:
Naval convoys have been in use for centuries, with examples of merchant ships traveling under naval protection dating to the 12th century. The use of organized naval convoys dates from when ships began to be separated into specialist classes and national navies were established.
410:
until it was too late. In the early part of the conflict, American submarines in the
Pacific were ineffective as they suffered from timid tactics, faulty torpedoes, and poor deployment, while there were only small numbers of British and Dutch boats. U.S. Admiral
702:
401:
merchant ships rarely traveled in convoys. Japanese destroyers were generally deficient in antisubmarine weaponry compared to their Allied counterparts, and the
Japanese navy did not develop an inexpensive convoy escort like the Allies'
1257:
841:. They are often justified because although less directly cost-effective than mass freight transport, they emphasise the support of large numbers of small groups, and are quite distinct from multinational organisations such as
235:
delays was small compared with the loss of productivity due to ships being sunk. Ports could deal more easily with convoys because they tended to arrive on schedule and so loading and unloading could be planned.
198:
could destroy many ships in a convoy before the others could scatter over the horizon. To protect a convoy against a capital ship required providing it with an escort of another capital ship, at very high
1515:
Milner, Marc. "Convoy
Escorts: Tactics, Technology and Innovation in the Royal Canadian Navy, 1939–1943." Military Affairs: The Journal of Military History, Including Theory and Technology (1984): 19–25.
415:'s efforts, coupled with strenuous complaints from his captains, rectified these problems and U.S. submarines became much more successful by war's end. As a result, the Japanese merchant fleet was
281:
was declared. Each convoy consisted of between 30 and 70 mostly unarmed merchant ships. Canadian, and later
American, supplies were vital for Britain to continue its war effort. The course of the
810:, to deal with the aftermath of the wars there. They also travel to countries where standards of care in institutions such as orphanages are considered low by Western European standards, such as
1254:
176:
had in place a sophisticated convoy system to protect merchant ships. Losses of ships travelling out of convoy, however, were so high that no merchant ship was allowed to sail unescorted.
372:
Prior to overt participation in World War II, the US was actively engaged in convoys with the
British in the North Atlantic Ocean, primarily supporting British activities in Iceland.
674:
The success of convoys as an anti-submarine tactic during the world wars can be ascribed to several reasons related to U-boat capabilities, the size of the ocean and convoy escorts.
564:
larger convoys, allowing more escorts per convoy as well as the extraction of enough escorts to form hunter-killer support groups that were not attached to a particular convoy
379:
ignored advice on this subject from the
British, as he had formed a poor opinion of the Royal Navy early in his career. The result was what the U-boat crews called their
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The convoys are made possible partly by the relatively small geographic distances between the stable and affluent countries of
Western Europe, and the areas of need in
423:
Several notable battles in the South Pacific involved Allied bombers interdicting Japanese troopship convoys which were often defended by Japanese fighters, notable
339:
The deterrence value of a battleship in protecting a convoy was also dramatically illustrated when the German light battleships (referred by some as battlecruisers)
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365:
The enormous number of vessels involved and the frequency of engagements meant that statistical techniques could be applied to evaluate tactics: an early use of
240:
1427:
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to this change in the tactical position, and in April 1917 convoys were trialled, before being officially introduced in the Atlantic in September 1917.
1190:
Parkin, Simon (2020) "A Game of Birds and Wolves: The Ingenious Young Women Whose Secret Board Game Helped Win World War II." Little, Brown and Company
1221:
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1422:
Herwig, Holger H., and David F. David. "The Failure of Imperial Germany's Undersea Offensive Against World Shipping, February 1917–October 1918."
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Linking to STANAG 2154 directly would be preferable. Anybody, who finds it in the public part of the Internet, is welcome to improve this link.
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of destruction. In this way, the Ubootwaffe suffered severe losses, for little gain, when pressing pack attacks on well-defended convoys.
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The convoy prefix indicates the route of the convoy. For example, 'PQ' would be Iceland to Northern Russia and 'QP' the return route.
375:
After Germany declared war on the US, the US Navy decided not to organize convoys on the American eastern seaboard. US Fleet Admiral
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470:
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fighter aircraft (carried by escort carriers and merchant aircraft carriers) that would drive off German bombers and attack U-boats
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was a long struggle as the Germans developed anti-convoy tactics and the British developed counter-tactics to thwart the Germans.
605:
1169:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. US Government Printing Office. p. 470.
355:, with 41 ships) in the North Atlantic on February 8, 1941. When the Germans detected the slow but well-protected battleship
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The British adopted a convoy system, initially voluntary and later compulsory for almost all merchant ships, the moment that
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340:
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during blizzards. Convoy is sometimes used on road E134 at the highest and most exposed sections during bad weather. On
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changed the balance of power in convoy battles. Steaming faster than merchant ships and firing at long ranges, a single
149:
645:
424:
346:
1217:
Annex B to STANAG 2154, "Differences in National Marking of Columns and Legal Rights" can be found on pp. 161 ff. of
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989:
884:
659:
432:
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52:
997:
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The word "convoy" is also associated with groups of road vehicles being driven, mostly by volunteers, to deliver
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652:
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93:
1200:
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1012:) in winter conditions. During the winter of 1990 there was convoy driving for almost 500 hours at Saltfjellet
682:
450:
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218:. But the German capital ships had been bottled up in the North Sea, and the main threat to shipping came from
37:
This article is about an organised group of separate vehicles traveling together. For connected vehicles, see
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203:(i.e. potentially tying down multiple capital ships to defend different convoys against one opponent ship).
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escorting the convoy, they fled the scene rather than risk damage from her 15 in (38 cm) guns.
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1577:
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Connor, Guy, and Jeffrey L. Patrick. "On Convoy Duty in World War I: The Diary of Hoosier Guy Connor."
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from capturing unarmed civilian freighters who would otherwise pose easy targets if they sailed alone.
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The capability of a heavily armed warship against a convoy was dramatically illustrated by the fate of
112:. Some convoys contained several hundred merchant ships. The most enduring system of convoys were the
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Syrett, David. "The Organization Of British Trade Convoys during the American War, 1775–1783."
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Commander in Chief, United States Fleet, "Convoy and Routing." Washington, 1945. 147 pp.,
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allocating vessels to convoys according to speed, so that faster ships were less exposed.
529:, submarine-hunters disguised as unarmed merchant ships to lure submarines into an attack
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993:
842:
830:
795:
587:
322:
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1405:
Crowhurst, R. Patrick. "The Admiralty and the Convoy System in the Seven Years War."
1264:, Statens Vegvesen (in Norwegian), published 19 March 2013, accessed 7 November 2015.
1180:
https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Wrens-Wargames-North-Atlantic/
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improved anti-ship weapons, including magnetic detonators and sonic homing torpedoes.
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Military Affairs: The Journal of Military History, Including Theory and Technology
269:
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2154 marking plus country-specific augmentation listed in Annex B to the STANAG.
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351:, mounting 11 in (28 cm) guns, came upon an eastbound British convoy (
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The allied convoy system, 1939–1945: its Organization, Defence and Operation
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pass convoy driving is often used when wind speed is over 15–20 m/s (
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Many naval battles of World War II were fought around convoys, including:
336:, in addition to failing light, allowed the rest of the convoy to escape.
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The Spanish convoy of 1750: heaven's hammer and international diplomacy
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Allard, Dean C. "Anglo-American Naval Differences During World War I."
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763:
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814:; and where other disasters have led to problems, such as around the
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In the present day, convoys are used as a tactic by navies to deter
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The Western Hemisphere, Guarding the United States and Its Outposts
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45:. For a group of separate vehicles where each follows another, see
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852:
757:
594:
580:
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449:
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51:
838:
767:
41:. For an organised group of vehicles only following a lead, see
1574:– a comprehensive analysis of certain naval convoy routes
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Freiburg Land preparing for a march under special convoy rights
791:, supplies, and—a stated objective in some cases—"solidarity".
1520:
In Passage Perilous: Malta and the Convoy Battles of June 1942
1201:"Aid Convoy (charitable organisation) information on partners"
927:, or promotional purposes. They can also be used as a form of
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more convoy escorts, including cheaply produced yet effective
1243:
the return from EU exercise FloodEx 2009 in the Netherlands
883:
Truckers' convoys were created as a byproduct of the U.S.'
1323:"Vegvesenet går for billig veiløsningen på Hardangervidda"
1112:. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press
1077:. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press
420:
equipment in support of the U.S. island-hopping campaign.
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In the 1990s these convoys became common traveling from
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improved escort anti-submarine tactics developed by the
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long-range aircraft patrols to find and attack U-boats;
1347:. Fædrelandsvennen. 26 February 2015. Archived from
1239:
a convoy departure to the Elbe flood in Germany 2013
383:, which did not end until convoys were introduced.
1580:– a humanitarian aid charity running convoys
1510:Convoy: the Battle for Convoys SC. 122 and HX. 229
583:) allowing escort vessels to better track U-boats;
454:A convoy of merchant ships protected by airplanes
1133:Jonathan Cape Ltd 1976 / Pimlico 1994 pp. 210–211
720:The largest convoy effort since World War II was
477:long-range surveillance aircraft to find convoys;
222:. From a tactical point of view, World War I–era
210:did not adopt convoy tactics at the start of the
484:) that could be directed onto a convoy by radio;
292:. On November 5, 1940, the German heavy cruiser
1449:Thompson, F. J. "The Merchant Ship in Convoy."
1412:Gasslander, Olle. "The convoy affair of 1798."
1245:illustrate this kind of operation practically.
916:encourages truck drivers to travel in convoys.
318:falling afterwards. Only the sacrifices of the
273:Convoy routes in the Atlantic Ocean during 1941
887:and 18-wheelers becoming the prime targets of
8:
1567:Lists of convoy prefixes for both World Wars
601:allowing planes to find and destroy U-boats;
557:improved anti-submarine weapons such as the
1489:Fw 200 Condor Vs Atlantic Convoy, 1941–1943
1534:Convoy, The Defense of Sea Trade 1890–1990
1503:Convoy: merchant sailors at war, 1939–1945
1131:On the Psychology of Military Incompetence
972:(NGO) unit movements under convoy rights.
919:Truck convoys are sometimes organized for
241:On the Psychology of Military Incompetence
206:Battleships were the main reason that the
1527:Arctic Victory: The Story of Convoy PQ 18
1345:"Kolonnekjøring mellom Hovden og Haukeli"
1075:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
231:were thought to overload port resources.
116:, that sailed from the 1520s until 1790.
1275:"Kolonnekjøring er vinterens utfordring"
1110:The Oxford Companion to Military History
1069:I.C.B. Dear and Peter Kemp, ed. (2007).
857:A convoy of civilian trucks waiting for
701:
397:In the Pacific Theater of World War II,
1482:The road to Russia: Arctic convoys 1942
1058:
131:were fought around convoys, including:
7:
1414:Scandinavian Economic History Review
1325:. Dagens Næringsliv. 27 October 2015
96:of the late 18th century, effective
27:Group of vehicles traveling together
908:, explores the camaraderie between
1370:Statens vegvesen Nordland (2000).
728:1987–88 escort of reflagged
25:
1501:Kaplan, Philip, and Jack Currie.
992:. Convoy driving is used through
487:breaking the British naval codes;
1522:(Indiana University Press, 2012)
1301:"Kollisjon under kolonnekjøring"
885:national 55 mph speed limit
868:Truckers' convoys consisting of
748:pirates off the coast of Somalia
606:Western Approaches Tactical Unit
512:converted merchant ships, e.g.,
861:to secure a stretch of road in
544:were meant as a stopgap), and
494:The Allied responses included:
190:In the early 20th century, the
104:had been developed to ward off
1:
1498:(Naval Institute Press, 2000)
1436:(Univ Press of Florida, 2009)
980:In Norway, "convoy driving" (
970:non-governmental organization
518:Catapult Aircraft Merchantman
310:were quickly destroyed, and
212:first Battle of the Atlantic
150:Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)
1465:Indiana Magazine of History
1372:Ferdsel under Polarsirkelen
1108:. In Richard Holmes (ed.).
912:, where the culture of the
798:to countries of the former
646:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
1625:
990:multiple-vehicle collision
660:Battle of the Bismarck Sea
514:Merchant aircraft carriers
433:Battle of the Bismarck Sea
431:(5 January 1943), and the
390:
262:
251:
183:
155:The Glorious First of June
36:
29:
1491:(Osprey Publishing, 2010)
1443:(1976) 62#2 pp: 169–181.
1426:(1971) 33#4 pp: 611–636.
653:Battle of the Barents Sea
94:French Revolutionary Wars
1484:(Leo Cooper Books, 2002)
1409:(1971) 57#2 pp: 163–173.
880:than a military convoy.
783:Humanitarian aid convoys
571:They were also aided by
298:encountered the convoy.
1402:(1980): 75–81. in JSTOR
1104:Robb-Webb, Jon (2001).
599:radio direction finding
522:armed merchant cruisers
501:on the U-boat bases at
469:The German anti-convoy
254:Convoys in World War II
144:Battle of Ushant (1781)
114:Spanish treasure fleets
32:Convoy (disambiguation)
1525:Smith, Peter Charles.
1303:. NRK. 19 January 2008
1165:Conn, Stetson (1964).
1042:Shoaling and schooling
985:
952:
876:are more similar to a
865:
848:
845:humanitarian efforts.
779:
722:Operation Earnest Will
717:
709:vessels escorting the
466:
320:armed merchant cruiser
283:Battle of the Atlantic
274:
265:Battle of the Atlantic
186:Convoys in World War I
64:
1508:Middlebrook, Martin.
1453:79.513 (1934): 69–86.
1277:. NAF. Archived from
1129:Dixon, Dr. Norman F.
947:3. Einsatzeinheit of
946:
939:Special convoy rights
933:Canada convoy protest
906:song of the same name
904:, inspired by a 1975
856:
833:and, in a few cases,
761:
705:
453:
272:
55:
1441:The Mariner's Mirror
1432:Lewis, James Allen.
1407:The Mariner's Mirror
1374:. Statens vegvesen.
1010:fresh or strong gale
480:strings of U-boats (
427:(13 November 1942),
367:operational research
47:platoon (automobile)
30:For other uses, see
1518:O'Hara, Vincent P.
1505:(Aurum Press, 1998)
1416:2.1 (1954): 22–30.
1154:History Television.
870:semi-trailer trucks
588:German naval cipher
413:Charles A. Lockwood
162:Battle of Pulo Aura
1512:(Allen Lane, 1976)
1480:Edwards, Bernard.
1351:on 8 February 2016
1281:on 8 February 2016
1260:2016-02-08 at the
1224:2015-05-04 at the
1148:2011-07-19 at the
953:
866:
816:Chernobyl disaster
780:
766:traveling between
718:
639:Operation Pedestal
467:
435:(2–4 March 1943).
328:and the freighter
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168:By the end of the
137:Battle of Portland
65:
1609:Vehicle operation
1487:Forczyk, Robert.
1002:European route E6
849:Truckers' convoys
698:Post-World War II
534:destroyer escorts
417:largely destroyed
381:Second Happy Time
208:British Admiralty
16:(Redirected from
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1548:Official history
1451:The RUSI Journal
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802:, in particular
789:humanitarian aid
635:, September 1942
629:, June–July 1942
440:Battle off Samar
404:destroyer escort
201:opportunity cost
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18:Atlantic convoys
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1532:Winton, John.
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1529:(Kimber, 1975)
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1381:978-8299373814
1380:
1362:
1336:
1314:
1292:
1266:
1255:Kolonnekjøring
1247:
1230:
1210:
1207:on 2007-04-28.
1192:
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994:Hardangervidda
986:kolonnekjøring
977:
974:
940:
937:
931:, such as the
874:petrol tankers
850:
847:
843:United Nations
831:Eastern Europe
796:Western Europe
784:
781:
755:
752:
699:
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664:
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649:
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624:
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612:Convoy battles
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295:Admiral Scheer
260:
257:
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184:Main article:
181:
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166:
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158:
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146:
140:
85:
82:
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77:
71:is a group of
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6:
4:
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2:
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1594:Naval warfare
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1542:0-7181-2163-5
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1032:Police escort
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1015:
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1007:
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983:
976:Storm convoys
975:
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959:
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945:
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926:
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910:truck drivers
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769:
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753:
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749:
744:
742:
741:Iran–Iraq War
738:
734:
731:
727:
723:
715:
712:
708:
704:
697:
695:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:In practice,
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669:
667:
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650:
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643:
641:, August 1942
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586:breaking the
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332:to stall the
331:
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125:naval battles
121:
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111:
107:
103:
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90:
83:
79:Naval convoys
78:
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70:
63:
59:
54:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1475:World War II
1464:
1450:
1440:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1371:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:the original
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1269:
1250:
1233:
1213:
1205:the original
1195:
1186:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1114:. Retrieved
1109:
1079:. Retrieved
1074:
979:
962:
954:
918:
900:
897:
882:
867:
835:North Africa
828:
793:
786:
762:A convoy of
754:Road convoys
745:
737:Persian Gulf
719:
713:
692:
688:
676:
673:
665:
662:, March 1943
633:Convoy PQ 18
627:Convoy PQ 17
621:Convoy PQ 16
615:
570:
493:
468:
464:World War II
455:
437:
422:
396:
374:
371:
364:
358:
347:
341:
338:
333:
329:
324:
315:
311:
308:Kenbame Head
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:Convoy HX 84
287:
279:World War II
276:
248:World War II
239:
238:In his book
237:
233:
229:
205:
189:
167:
122:
118:
91:
87:
68:
66:
56:A convoy of
1047:Wagon train
1022:Camel train
1006:Saltfjellet
963:During the
921:fundraising
889:speed traps
863:Afghanistan
774:during the
739:during the
726:U.S. Navy's
507:La Rochelle
425:Guadalcanal
393:Pacific War
377:Ernest King
342:Scharnhorst
316:Fresno City
216:World War I
192:dreadnought
180:World War I
129:Age of Sail
84:Age of Sail
1588:Categories
1578:Aid Convoy
1572:Convoy web
1355:7 November
1329:7 November
1307:7 November
1285:7 November
1116:2008-12-07
1081:2008-12-07
1053:References
1037:Road train
800:Yugoslavia
623:, May 1942
473:included:
391:See also:
330:Beaverford
325:Jervis Bay
312:Beaverford
304:Trewellard
263:See also:
252:See also:
224:submarines
196:battleship
174:Royal Navy
110:privateers
60:trucks in
39:road train
1424:Historian
1027:Motorcade
982:Norwegian
935:in 2022.
898:The film
837:and even
707:U.S. Navy
593:improved
575:improved
542:corvettes
499:air raids
482:wolfpacks
460:Cape Town
359:Ramillies
357:HMS
348:Gneisenau
323:HMS
58:U.S. Army
43:motorcade
1536:, 1983.
1467:(1993).
1445:abstract
1418:abstract
1258:Archived
1222:Archived
1219:FM 55-30
1146:Archived
1106:"Convoy"
1071:"Convoy"
1016:See also
1004:through
996:pass on
965:Cold War
914:CB radio
893:drafting
776:Iraq War
764:Strykers
714:Gas King
679:Type VII
670:Analysis
559:hedgehog
538:frigates
456:en route
399:Japanese
369:in war.
259:Atlantic
73:vehicles
929:protest
925:charity
878:caravan
872:and/or
824:Ukraine
820:Belarus
812:Romania
778:in 2010
735:in the
733:tankers
730:Kuwaiti
716:in 1987
527:Q-ships
471:tactics
462:during
446:Tactics
438:At the
408:frigate
387:Pacific
220:U-boats
127:in the
106:pirates
102:tactics
100:convoy
92:By the
1555:online
1540:
1469:online
1428:online
1378:
1143:Convoy
998:road 7
958:STANAG
901:Convoy
808:Kosovo
804:Bosnia
772:Kuwait
724:, the
711:tanker
429:Rabaul
353:HX 106
334:Scheer
306:, and
300:Maiden
172:, the
164:(1804)
157:(1794)
139:(1653)
69:convoy
62:Hawaii
1152:from
595:radar
581:ASDIC
577:sonar
503:Brest
123:Many
98:naval
1538:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1357:2015
1331:2015
1309:2015
1287:2015
1241:and
839:Iraq
822:and
806:and
770:and
768:Iraq
681:and
658:The
651:The
644:The
597:and
540:(as
520:and
505:and
345:and
314:and
160:The
148:The
142:The
135:The
108:and
818:in
458:to
214:in
1590::
1090:^
1073:.
1061:^
984::
923:,
895:.
826:.
743:.
516:,
302:,
67:A
1384:.
1359:.
1333:.
1311:.
1289:.
1119:.
1084:.
590:;
579:(
561:;
548:;
536:/
509:;
406:/
49:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
