659:. A single galleon might carry 2 million pesos. The modern approximate value of the estimated 4 billion pesos produced during the period would come to $ 530 billion or €470 billion (based on silver bullion prices of May 2015). Of the 4 billion pesos produced, 2.5 billion was shipped to Europe, of which 500 million was shipped around Africa to Asia. Of the remaining 1.5 billion 650 million went directly to Asia from Acapulco and 850 million remained in the Western Hemisphere. Little of the wealth stayed in Spain. Of the 11 million arriving in 1590, 2 million went to France for imports, 6 million to Italy for imports and military expenses, of which 2.5 went up the
636:
20:
671:. 1.5 million was shipped from Portugal to Asia. Of the 2 million pesos reaching the Dutch Republic in that year, 75% went to the Baltic for naval stores and 25% went to Asia. The income of the Spanish crown from all sources was about 2.5 million pesos in 1550, 14 million in the 1590s, about 15 million in 1760 and 30 million in 1780. In 1665 the debts of the Spanish crown were 30 million pesos short-term and 300 million long-term. Most of the New World production was silver, but
7341:
286:
376:. However, the growth in trade was strong in the early years. Numbering 17 ships in 1550, the fleets expanded to more than 50 much larger vessels by the end of the century. By the second half of the 17th century, that number had dwindled to less than half of its peak. As economic conditions gradually recovered from the last decades of the 17th century, fleet operations slowly expanded again, once again becoming prominent during the reign of the
149:
7239:
1178:
7610:
7251:
855:
1192:
6133:
7622:
496:
591:
The overland journey by mule train, as well as supplies provided by local farmers to prepare the fleets for long ocean voyages, invigorated the economy of colonial
Spanish America. Preparation and the transport of goods required porters, innkeepers, and foodstuffs to help facilitate travel. However,
360:, affecting the Spanish economy. As a consequence, the Crown was forced to delay the payment of some major debts, which had negative consequences for its creditors, mostly foreign bankers. By 1690 some of these creditors could no longer offer financial support to the Crown. The Spanish
920:, when it was surprised in port unloading its goods, but the Spanish sailors had already unloaded most of its cargo, including all of its silver. None of these attacks took place in open seas. In the case of the Manila galleons, only four were ever captured by British warships: the
1139:
by
British forces near Colombian's coasts. Its wreckage was discovered in 2015 and is believed to contain the record 17B US$ in gold, silver, and other precious stones. Its place is a national secret. In November 2023 the Colombian government are looking to recover the treasure.
134:
was the first permanent trade route across the
Pacific. The Spanish West and East Indies fleets are considered among the most successful naval operations in history and, from a commercial point of view, they made possible key components of today's global economic system.
355:
The flow of precious metals made many traders wealthy, both in Spain and abroad. As a result of the discovery of precious metals in
Spanish America, Spain's money supply increased tenfold. The increase in gold and silver on the Iberian market caused high
465:, would make a concerted effort to centralize the administration of Spanish America and more efficiently tax profits from overseas trade. One of these reforms was the granting of trading monopolies for certain regions to trading companies ran by
1120:
was the first of the 1733 ships to be found again in 1938. Salvage workers recovered items from the sunken ship over more than 10 years. Additional gold was recovered in June 2015. The ship's location: is 24° 55.491' north, 80° 30.891' west.
477:, traveling solo outside the fleet system to transport goods. These reforms gradually decreased reliance on the escorted convoys of the fleet system. In the 1780s, Spain opened its colonies to freer trade. In 1790, the
675:
mines produced mostly gold. The following table gives the estimated legal production. It necessarily excludes smuggling, which was increasingly important after 1600. The crown legally took one fifth (
515:, were sent back to Spain. Fleets of fifty or more ships sailed from Spain, one bound for the Mexican port of Veracruz and the other for Panama and Cartagena. From the Spanish ports of Seville or
2045:
507:
Every year, two fleets left Spain loaded with
European goods in demand in Spanish America; they were guarded by military vessels. Valuable cargo from the Americas, most significantly silver from
2124:
167:'s first expedition of 1492. The organized system of convoys dates from 1564, but Spain sought to protect shipping prior to that by organizing protection around the largest Caribbean island,
2400:
6195:
1077:
6185:
3832:
1166:
in
January 1656. The ship's cargo with almost 3.5 million items was recovered between 1650s and 1990s, while latest discoveries would be exhibited at the Bahamas Maritime Museum.
7510:
2418:
461:
began the reforms by sending investigators to report on conditions in
Spanish America, who brought back evidence of fraud. He and following Bourbon kings, notably including
3852:
4770:
2383:
6432:
1050:
1045:
268:
7367:
4317:
3812:
2430:
1082:
7517:
1976:
1653:
7648:
7481:
4775:
3862:
483:
was abolished, bringing to an end the great general purpose cargo convoys. Thereafter small groups of naval frigates were assigned specifically to transferring
453:
The end of the War of the
Spanish Succession in 1713 marked the beginning of the rule of the Bourbon dynasty over the Spanish Empire, which brought with it the
3467:
6904:
2825:
457:. These reforms, designed to halt Spain's decline and increase tax revenue, resulted in a series of changes to the fleet system throughout the 18th century.
6321:
7377:
1086:
4702:
7532:
7372:
7357:
7152:
2406:
2053:
6535:
4814:
2204:
948:
7537:
7362:
7162:
4682:
3786:
2464:
2132:
1845:. Documentos para la Historia de Canarias. Francisco Javier Macías Martín (ed.). Canarias: Archivo Histórico Provincial de Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
7688:
6651:
3766:
1217:
906:
175:
because of attacks by pirates and foreign navies. In the 1560s, the
Spanish government created a system of convoys in response to the sacking of
2436:
1155:
7673:
7404:
921:
7542:
7523:
6737:
4540:
3502:
3371:
2998:
2994:
2651:
1850:
1629:
3998:
909:
in 1657, but he captured only a single galleon and
Spanish officers managed to prevent most of the silver from falling into English hands.
7414:
7063:
5103:
4635:
4630:
3404:
3047:
2500:
7486:
7476:
7436:
7409:
7392:
5976:
5206:
5001:
4697:
3817:
1222:
352:
and most of the major European powers. The flow of precious metals in and out of Spain also stimulated the European economy as a whole.
3933:
2589:
2377:
344:
By the end of the 16th century, Spain became the richest country in Europe. Much of the wealth from this trade was used by the Spanish
7471:
7461:
7451:
7431:
7349:
7287:
6205:
6006:
4829:
4464:
3781:
3717:
3439:
3419:
2894:
2626:
2348:
2934:
2564:
313:, a river port in southern Spain. By law, the colonies could trade only with Seville, the one designated port in the mother country.
7466:
7446:
7441:
7419:
7330:
5120:
4866:
4439:
3837:
3381:
2334:
1466:
1431:
1393:
1370:
1313:
1271:
4530:
4106:
2676:
635:
7089:
6911:
6215:
5603:
5201:
5143:
4730:
4046:
4041:
3414:
2898:
972:
4246:
267:
to be loaded onto the Caribbean treasure fleet for shipment to Spain. To better defend this trade, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and
7528:
7381:
7193:
5165:
5148:
4667:
4459:
3595:
3545:
3530:
3429:
3116:
3018:
2372:
4101:
3842:
2280:
The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific, with an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565–1815
519:, the two fleets bound for the Americas sailed together down the coast of Africa, and stopped at the Spanish territory of the
7703:
7698:
7491:
6620:
6447:
6442:
6415:
5593:
4687:
4625:
4424:
3555:
3535:
3507:
3424:
3399:
3259:
3067:
2974:
2904:
2881:
2424:
2251:
1487:
1458:
608:
83:. The convoys were general purpose cargo fleets used for transporting a wide variety of items, including agricultural goods,
6275:
5986:
5981:
4650:
4479:
4236:
3923:
2412:
2018:
615:. He reinvested the benefits of the Canarian-American trade in his estates, devoted to the cultivation of the grapevines of
372:
The economic importance of exports later declined with the drop in production of the American precious metal mines, such as
187:
152:
523:
for provisions before the voyage across the Atlantic. Once the two fleets reached the Caribbean, the fleets separated. The
7668:
6990:
6628:
6462:
6457:
6334:
6326:
6295:
5688:
4780:
4735:
4677:
4655:
4469:
4241:
4036:
4031:
3712:
3697:
2782:
2646:
2599:
1010:
943:
917:
890:
470:
435:
412:
383:
The Spanish trade of goods was sometimes threatened by its colonial rivals, who tried to seize islands as bases along the
2227:
7658:
7588:
7424:
6876:
6757:
5951:
5127:
5090:
4891:
4672:
4660:
4640:
4171:
3993:
3472:
2852:
2661:
2457:
1242:
6519:
6350:
1669:"Power, Corruption, and Commerce: The Making of the Local Administrative Structure in Seventeenth-Century Buenos Aires"
6165:
5758:
4645:
4545:
4176:
3628:
3560:
2529:
1150:
991:
4096:
4003:
3943:
1131:
985:
19:
7203:
6592:
6406:
6160:
5266:
5160:
4901:
4580:
3963:
3918:
3590:
3477:
3389:
3361:
2988:
2958:
2594:
1735:
1362:
1162:) which had collided with another ship in the fleet suffered damage to its hull and sunk into a coral reef off the
1018:
2579:
2549:
7548:
7456:
7325:
6932:
6664:
6641:
6342:
6240:
6155:
6150:
5548:
4883:
4499:
4449:
4307:
4206:
3702:
3575:
3540:
3492:
3394:
3006:
2890:
2544:
2154:
1385:
902:
319:
5508:
2671:
2656:
7568:
7188:
6636:
6544:
6525:
6475:
6389:
5971:
5113:
4444:
4327:
4226:
4221:
4161:
3580:
3570:
3356:
3059:
2970:
2395:
1237:
1026:
548:
6495:
4287:
4086:
3988:
3903:
863:
1999:
1912:
7340:
7213:
7198:
7095:
6552:
6485:
6235:
6210:
6170:
6067:
5773:
5618:
5363:
5098:
4494:
4352:
4196:
4136:
3687:
3585:
3550:
3497:
3002:
2966:
2696:
2569:
2554:
2450:
1232:
886:
479:
431:
305:
211:
2178:
130:
The West Indies fleet was the first permanent transatlantic trade route in history. Similarly, the related
7678:
7280:
6975:
6918:
6515:
6452:
6280:
6225:
6180:
6175:
6145:
5956:
4785:
4357:
4292:
3928:
3796:
3565:
3525:
3169:
2962:
2621:
2611:
2312:
The Spanish Mariners: From the Discovery of America to Trafalgar. 1492–1805. Observations and Reflections.
2310:
2099:
898:
603:
began to participate in the West Indies Fleet. In this period he was the owner and captain of the frigate
420:
5613:
3128:
127:. Spanish goods such as oil, wine, textiles, books and tools were transported in the opposite direction.
7653:
7068:
7058:
6953:
6692:
6358:
6270:
6255:
5996:
5748:
5708:
5678:
5623:
5423:
5383:
5196:
5016:
4986:
4961:
4859:
4585:
4231:
3641:
3462:
3351:
3290:
3218:
2829:
2509:
419:
that violated the previous Spanish monopoly on legal trade to its colonial holdings. In 1739 during the
392:
7626:
4765:
4166:
4076:
3953:
3913:
3872:
2841:
1212:
1113:, then sank. Three men died during the storm. Afterward, divers recovered most of the treasure aboard.
584:
which had been harvested from offshore oyster beds. After loading was complete, both fleets sailed for
438:
ended in defeat, with high losses of men and ships. Spain dealt with the temporary British seizures of
1504:
7693:
7683:
6946:
6605:
6397:
6366:
6313:
6220:
6140:
6039:
5633:
5523:
5503:
5353:
5348:
5186:
5033:
4944:
4939:
4896:
4740:
4409:
4372:
4362:
4302:
4266:
4201:
4181:
4056:
3978:
3888:
3707:
2584:
2574:
462:
314:
164:
7007:
6852:
6762:
6610:
6384:
6285:
6095:
5368:
5343:
5261:
5256:
5231:
5155:
4954:
4809:
4565:
4555:
4550:
4434:
4414:
4367:
4347:
4256:
4151:
4146:
4091:
4061:
3827:
3452:
3409:
3366:
3295:
3264:
3035:
3014:
2980:
2886:
2856:
2787:
2631:
2604:
2504:
1110:
1072:
1053:
fleet, was discovered in 2011 with much of its cargo still aboard and part of its hull intact. The
976:
573:
561:
553:
447:
388:
224:
198:
4021:
2360:
7663:
7167:
7157:
7124:
6869:
6777:
6732:
6722:
6615:
6579:
6570:
6500:
6437:
6371:
6250:
6200:
6190:
5718:
5703:
5568:
5553:
5473:
5413:
5378:
4570:
4560:
4535:
4489:
4454:
4312:
3898:
3771:
3269:
3249:
2909:
2797:
2686:
2524:
2292:
1784:
1696:
1647:
1542:
1005:
913:
656:
348:
to finance armies to protect its European territories in the 16th and 17th centuries against the
191:
5788:
3893:
3822:
317:
has shown that the quantity of goods transported was sometimes higher than that recorded at the
1480:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 3, Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution, 1559-1610
7614:
7583:
7273:
7102:
7037:
6897:
6837:
6832:
6727:
6682:
6587:
6480:
6467:
6424:
6265:
6088:
5913:
5908:
5888:
5728:
5668:
5583:
5518:
5493:
5338:
4824:
4750:
4692:
4525:
4297:
4271:
4261:
4251:
4186:
4141:
4071:
4051:
4026:
3973:
3948:
3213:
2767:
2763:
2740:
2681:
2636:
2495:
2344:
2330:
1846:
1776:
1688:
1635:
1625:
1534:
1483:
1462:
1427:
1389:
1366:
1309:
1267:
1206:
1136:
458:
335:
taxed the wares and precious metals of private merchants at a rate of 20%, a tax known as the
285:
27:
or trans-pacific route begun in 1565 (Blue: Portuguese routes, operational from 1498 to 1640).
2389:
1757:"Inns, mules, and hardtack for the voyage: the local economy of the Manila Galleon in Mexico"
881:
two and a half centuries of operation; more flota galleons were lost to hurricanes. Only the
620:
7578:
7218:
7017:
6939:
6925:
6812:
6792:
6687:
6530:
6490:
6308:
6290:
6245:
6102:
6074:
6032:
5878:
5863:
5828:
5813:
5793:
5778:
5713:
5683:
5643:
5528:
5478:
5063:
4971:
4852:
4760:
4382:
4377:
4342:
4322:
4081:
3958:
3857:
3761:
3223:
3063:
2914:
2846:
2792:
1768:
1680:
1524:
1516:
980:
927:
408:
391:. However, the Atlantic trade was largely unharmed. The English acquired small islands like
357:
327:) for foreign merchants sent their goods on these fleets to the New World. Some resorted to
296:
124:
40:
2074:
1924:
1802:
1360:
The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization.
7315:
7254:
7208:
7172:
7147:
6970:
6890:
6883:
6802:
6797:
6767:
6752:
6717:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6548:
6053:
5893:
5848:
5843:
5823:
5698:
5673:
5648:
5328:
5323:
5276:
5246:
5073:
4991:
4949:
4934:
4575:
4515:
4429:
4337:
4211:
4191:
4156:
3938:
3908:
3847:
3457:
3447:
3228:
3120:
3077:
2837:
2745:
2616:
528:
454:
264:
216:
148:
131:
5588:
4484:
1977:"N.C Supreme Court revives lawsuit over Blackbeard's ship and lost Spanish treasure ship"
415:, the Spanish crown was forced to make concessions which included trading privileges for
572:
and transported across the isthmus of Panama by mule. Other ships went to the Caribbean
7595:
7320:
6787:
6782:
6376:
6001:
5883:
5808:
5783:
5743:
5458:
5418:
5373:
5318:
5313:
4996:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4802:
4419:
4332:
4216:
3968:
3791:
3776:
3677:
3651:
3636:
3517:
3112:
3106:
3010:
2777:
2691:
2641:
2519:
2473:
2373:
Attack of the Tierra Firma Fleet of 1708. Royal Geographical Society of South Australia
2355:
1227:
1000:
996:
894:
882:
668:
648:
536:
520:
424:
400:
349:
332:
232:
172:
120:
72:
64:
24:
7642:
7243:
7027:
6747:
6742:
6702:
6011:
5966:
5946:
5918:
5803:
5753:
5733:
5653:
5498:
5453:
5408:
5303:
5226:
5191:
5043:
3983:
2833:
2750:
2559:
1840:
1788:
1546:
1183:
1058:
1041:
935:
664:
434:
in an attempt to prevent the return sailing of the treasure fleet. In 1741 Vernon's
428:
252:
7573:
7107:
7032:
6822:
6772:
6712:
6707:
6697:
6303:
6230:
6109:
6060:
6046:
5961:
5923:
5898:
5853:
5838:
5818:
5738:
5638:
5628:
5578:
5573:
5563:
5543:
5533:
5448:
5308:
5216:
5108:
5023:
4976:
4755:
4745:
4474:
4013:
3867:
3692:
3208:
2984:
2666:
2514:
1197:
1067:
869:
Despite the general perception that many Spanish galleons were captured by foreign
859:
660:
466:
384:
291:
23:
Spanish galleon routes (white): West Indies or trans-atlantic route begun in 1492,
5768:
4066:
3136:
1772:
450:, by using a larger number of smaller fleets visiting a greater variety of ports.
4825:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
7022:
6997:
6985:
6847:
5833:
5763:
5558:
5538:
5488:
5403:
5393:
5170:
3656:
3646:
3482:
3051:
2401:
Treasure hunter that found Blackbeard's pirate ship sues state for $ 8.2 million
1756:
975:
or, as was more usually the case, by storms (with the ones which occurred 1622,
676:
616:
600:
500:
337:
256:
240:
854:
7119:
7053:
6817:
6677:
6597:
6540:
6260:
5941:
5903:
5868:
5663:
5483:
5463:
5433:
5428:
5388:
5333:
5271:
5251:
5236:
5048:
5006:
4520:
3254:
2924:
2534:
2297:
Trade and Navigation between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the Habsburgs
1639:
1520:
1173:
404:
328:
1780:
1692:
1538:
7002:
6081:
5693:
5598:
5468:
5438:
5011:
4966:
3487:
3244:
3144:
2821:
2755:
2252:"Hoard of priceless treasures recovered from 350-year-old Spanish shipwreck"
2228:"Hoard of priceless treasures recovered from 350-year-old Spanish shipwreck"
2205:"Colombia Accelerates Plan to Recover Up to $ 20 Billion in Sunken Treasure"
968:
870:
577:
532:
524:
508:
220:
195:
180:
160:
1619:
557:
407:
in 1634. Other losses to foreign powers came later. In 1713 as part of the
373:
1957:
7296:
6980:
6827:
6807:
6672:
5658:
5608:
5513:
5398:
4981:
3661:
2771:
2539:
1106:
877:, relatively few ships were lost to Spain's enemies in the course of the
672:
643:
Walton gives the following figures in pesos. For the 300-year period the
593:
540:
516:
377:
361:
345:
244:
96:
80:
76:
6132:
1842:
El corsario de Dios. Documentos sobre Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (1678-1747)
495:
231:
in order to return together to Spain. A secondary route was that of the
6116:
5723:
5058:
5038:
4819:
4790:
3343:
3300:
3285:
2929:
2075:"The Spanish Treasure Fleets of 1715 and 1733: Disasters Strike at Sea"
1700:
1668:
1529:
1383:
The Grandeur of Viceregal Mexico: treasures from the Museo Franz Mayer.
1163:
624:
484:
416:
396:
310:
272:
206:
194:. The treasure fleets sailed along two sea lanes. The main one was the
112:
979:, 1733 and 1750 being among the worst), are a prime target for modern
364:
over its West and East Indies colonies lasted for over two centuries.
7114:
7012:
5991:
5873:
5358:
5053:
5028:
4875:
3756:
3310:
3305:
3082:
874:
652:
612:
585:
569:
443:
439:
403:
in 1625, were expelled, only to return later, and the Dutch occupied
248:
228:
186:
The main procedures were established based on the recommendations of
176:
88:
84:
60:
2419:
Blackbeard's Law would clarify control of media rights to shipwrecks
1684:
999:. In August 1750, at least three Spanish merchantmen ran aground in
7310:
6842:
5858:
5798:
5241:
5068:
4797:
3124:
3071:
2919:
2735:
2000:"North Carolina Shipwrecks: The Spanish Galleons ~ 18 August 1750"
853:
634:
581:
494:
284:
147:
108:
104:
100:
68:
18:
2442:
5443:
3140:
3132:
3055:
644:
565:
512:
503:, a corsair and merchant, participated in the West Indies Fleet.
260:
168:
116:
92:
7269:
4848:
4719:
4614:
3738:
3616:
3331:
3190:
3158:
3095:
3032:
2947:
2870:
2810:
2724:
2713:
2484:
2446:
2046:"Rare Spanish Shipwreck From 17th Century Uncovered Off Panama"
2289:, vol. 2, p. 575. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
2125:"300-Year-Old Spanish Shipwreck Holds Million Dollar Treasure"
2019:"Hallan un buque español que naufragó en 1681 cerca de Panamá"
1085:, after being found by treasure hunters, are now protected as
119:, and other exotic goods from the overseas territories of the
1264:
Treasure lost at sea: diving to the world's great shipwrecks.
568:
silver. This had been shipped from the Pacific coast port of
473:. Another involved the increased use of registered ships, or
6131:
2425:
Controversy Over Blackbeard's Queen Anne's Revenge Continues
395:
in 1624; expelled in 1629, they returned in 1639 and seized
7265:
2396:
Shipwrecks and Treasure: the Spanish Treasure Fleet of 1750
651:
had about 25 grams of silver, about the same as the German
531:
in Mexico to load not only silver and the valuable red dye
2413:
Photographer suing state over Blackbeard shipwreck footage
1109:
of the 1733 fleet; it ran aground during a hurricane near
16:
Convoy system used by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790
4844:
639:
A silver 8-reales (peso) coin minted in México (1621–65).
556:
to load South American products, especially silver from
535:, but also porcelain and silk shipped from China on the
1505:"Reconstruction of the Spanish money supply, 1492–1810"
1065:
sank in less than 40 feet of water. The remains of the
679:) at the source and obtained more through other taxes.
596:
levied to finance the fleet, the Armada de Barlovento.
2437:
Plunder disputes plague the wreck of Blackbeard’s ship
1839:
De Paz Sánchez, Manuel; García Pulido, Daniel (2015).
1829:
vol. 1, p. 44. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons 1996.
190:, an experienced admiral and personal adviser of King
2788:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
1424:
Comerciantes y casas de negocios en Cádiz, 1650–1700.
588:, Cuba, to rendezvous for the journey back to Spain.
862:
in 16th century Seville: detail from a townscape by
623:, whose wine products (mainly Vidueño) were sent to
323:. Spanish merchants and Spaniards acting as fronts (
171:, and the maritime region of southern Spain and the
7561:
7502:
7391:
7348:
7303:
7181:
7140:
7133:
7081:
7046:
6963:
6861:
6663:
6650:
6578:
6509:
6126:
6024:
5932:
5296:
5289:
5215:
5179:
5136:
5089:
5082:
4927:
4882:
4508:
4402:
4395:
4280:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4012:
3881:
3805:
3749:
3670:
3627:
3516:
3438:
3380:
3342:
3278:
3237:
3201:
2407:
Lawmakers enter legal battle over Blackbeard's ship
2390:
Philip Masters, True Amateur of History, Dies at 70
2282:. Central Milton Keynes, England: Authorhouse 2011.
2273:
The Spanish Caribbean: Trade and Plunder, 1530–1630
155:, admiral and designer of the treasure fleet system
2287:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1827:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1335:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1057:sank in 1681 during a storm near the mouth of the
399:in 1655. French pirates established themselves in
2384:Treasure hunter in race to uncover ship of riches
1456:Born in the Country: a history of rural America.
893:in 1628, after which its cargo was taken to the
683:Estimated legal treasure flow in pesos per year
592:in Mexico in 1635, there was an increase of the
2322:. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1939.
2179:""Holy grail" of shipwrecks found off Colombia"
1618:Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019).
289:Spain claimed most of the Pacific Ocean as its
7281:
4860:
2977:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
2458:
1717:Parker, Son, and Bourn, 1861, v. 2, pp. 93–94
1426:Servicio Publicaciones UCA, 1997, pp. 27–30.
539:. The Asian goods were carried overland from
8:
6905:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island
2652:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
1925:"1733 Spanish Galleon Trail – Fleet of 1733"
1503:Chen, Yao; Palma, Nuno; Ward, Felix (2021).
889:managed to capture an entire fleet, in the
1803:"1733 Spanish Galleon Trail – Plate Fleets"
1742:. New York: Harper & Row, 1966, p. 102.
1333:John R. Fisher, "Fleet System (Flota)", in
1304:Konstam, Angus and Cordingly, Daviv (2002).
1087:Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves
971:of Spanish treasure ships, whether sunk in
912:The West Indies fleet was destroyed in the
7397:
7288:
7274:
7266:
7137:
6660:
5293:
5086:
4867:
4853:
4845:
4716:
4611:
4399:
4126:
4119:
3746:
3735:
3624:
3613:
3339:
3328:
3198:
3187:
3155:
3092:
3029:
2944:
2867:
2807:
2721:
2710:
2481:
2465:
2451:
2443:
2431:Battle Over Shipwreck Photos Brews in N.C.
2285:Fisher, John R. "Fleet System (Flota)" in
1652:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6536:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
4771:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
1528:
564:on the Caribbean coast of Panama to load
159:Spanish ships had carried goods from the
7163:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
4776:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1284:The treasure fleets of the Spanish Main.
681:
331:to transport their cargoes untaxed. The
3767:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
2185:. The Associated Press. 6 December 2015
2100:"1733 Spanish Galleon Trail – Capitana"
1673:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1255:
1218:List of Atlantic hurricanes before 1600
303:Spain controlled the trade through the
255:. From Acapulco, the Asian goods were
2306:New York: Oxford University Press 1947
1645:
1345:
1343:
599:Between 1703 and 1705 Spanish corsair
63:system of sea routes organized by the
6322:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham
1975:Woolverton, Paul (11 November 2019).
1750:
1748:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1061:on the Caribbean side of Panama. The
271:designed the definitive model of the
205:, which departed in two convoys from
7:
7649:Spanish colonization of the Americas
7621:
7064:International Talk Like a Pirate Day
3048:Captaincy General of the Philippines
2540:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
2359:, November 21, 2005, pp. 76–83
2004:northcarolinashipwrecks.blogspot.com
1422:Carrasco González, María Guadalupe:
436:campaign against Cartagena de Indias
4751:Indochristian painting in New Spain
1715:History of civilization in England.
215:was based, bound for ports such as
3718:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
952:in 1762. The attempts to take the
607:, a ship which he sailed from the
87:, various metal resources such as
14:
6954:Silver: Return to Treasure Island
2692:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
1825:John Jay TePaske, "Alcabalas" in
901:twice attacked the fleet, in the
7620:
7609:
7608:
7339:
7250:
7249:
7237:
7090:A General History of the Pyrates
6912:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
6433:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
4803:Criollos in the colonial society
4731:Spanish missions in the Americas
3853:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2353:Zarin, Cynthia. "Green Dreams",
2226:Megan C. Hills (3 August 2022).
2155:"Shipwrecked Spanish Gold Found"
2153:Plucinska, Joanna (2015-07-28).
1509:Explorations in Economic History
1190:
1176:
1151:Nuestra Señora de las Maravillas
1144:Nuestra Señora de las Maravillas
907:Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
67:from 1566 to 1790, which linked
4830:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
1482:. CUP Archive. pp. 24–28.
7689:History of international trade
6448:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
6443:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
6196:Anti-piracy in the West Indies
2882:Captaincy General of Guatemala
2590:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2123:Lee, Jane J. (July 28, 2015).
1761:Colonial Latin American Review
1755:Seijas, Tatiana (2016-01-02).
1459:Johns Hopkins University Press
1266:Firefly Books, 2004, page 66.
609:port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
552:fleet, or galeones, sailed to
368:Decline, revival and abolition
227:before making a rendezvous at
1:
7674:History of the Atlantic Ocean
6304:Blockade of Charleston (Vane)
4781:General Archive of the Indies
4042:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
3713:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3698:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2647:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
2600:War of the Spanish Succession
2565:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2304:The Spanish Empire in America
2203:Wyss, Jim (3 November 2013).
2044:Lee, Jane J. (May 12, 2015).
1998:Heit, Judi (6 January 2012).
1773:10.1080/10609164.2016.1180787
1667:Moutoukias, Zacarias (1988).
1025:went ashore near present-day
1017:went ashore near present-day
918:War of the Spanish Succession
891:Battle in the Bay of Matanzas
413:War of the Spanish Succession
358:inflation in the 17th century
7589:Treasure Valuation Committee
6877:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea
6127:Pirate battles and incidents
2853:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2783:Union with Holy Roman Empire
2762:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
2677:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
2327:The Spanish Treasure Fleets.
2017:Úcar, Victor (18 May 2015).
1624:(Tenth ed.). New York.
631:The flow of Spanish treasure
6276:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
5759:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami
3333:Administrative subdivisions
2530:War of the League of Cognac
2329:Pineapple Press Inc, 2002.
1023:Nuestra Señora De Guadalupe
543:to Veracruz by mule train.
7720:
7153:Pirate films and TV series
6593:African Slave Trade Patrol
6161:Action of 11 November 2008
4950:Barbary pirates (corsairs)
4047:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
4032:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3934:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
2832:), Western United States (
2595:Portuguese Restoration War
1874:The Spanish Tresure Fleets
1363:Greenwood Publishing Group
1308:. The Lyons Press, p. 68.
7604:
7400:
7337:
7326:List of missing treasures
7231:
6642:Trans-Saharan slave trade
6241:Battle off Minicoy Island
6216:Battle of Cape Fear River
6186:Anti-piracy in the Aegean
6156:Action of 28 October 2007
6151:Action of 9 November 1822
4815:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4726:
4715:
4621:
4610:
4102:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
3843:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
3745:
3734:
3703:Barcelona Trading Company
3623:
3612:
3468:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
3338:
3327:
3197:
3186:
3165:
3102:
3043:
2975:Venezuela, part of Guyana
2954:
2877:
2828:, Central United States (
2817:
2731:
2720:
2709:
2560:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
2545:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2491:
2480:
2343:Unrest Adventures, 2020.
1521:10.1016/j.eeh.2021.101401
1386:University of Texas Press
1159:
1040:The wreck of the Spanish
1015:Nuestra Señora De Soledad
605:El Ave María y Las Ánimas
320:Archivo General de Indias
59:meaning "silver"), was a
7569:List of treasure hunters
7331:Treasure from shipwrecks
6637:Indian Ocean slave trade
6526:International piracy law
6463:Pirate attacks in Borneo
6335:Capture of the schooner
6327:Capture of the schooner
6261:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
5987:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
4756:Quito painting tradition
4746:Cusco painting tradition
4107:García López de Cárdenas
4097:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
4004:Felipe González de Ahedo
3924:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2501:Conquest of the Americas
2129:National Geographic News
2050:National Geographic News
1238:Portuguese India Armadas
1003:during a hurricane. The
986:Nuestra Señora de Atocha
858:A shipyard on the river
188:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
153:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
7096:Captain Charles Johnson
6520:1717–1718 Acts of Grace
6231:Battle of Mandab Strait
6211:Battle of Boca Teacapan
6206:Balanguingui Expedition
6171:Action of 23 March 2010
4541:Comuneros (New Granada)
4318:Balearic Islands (1558)
4037:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3964:Ruy López de Villalobos
3919:Miguel López de Legazpi
3833:García de Toledo Osorio
2697:Western Sahara conflict
2687:Independence of Morocco
2627:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
2570:Piracy in the Caribbean
2555:French Wars of Religion
2403:, Fayetteville Observer
2380:, Carolina Coast Online
2318:Schurz, William Lytle.
1979:. Fayetteville Observer
1478:Wernham, R. B. (1968).
1233:Piracy in the Caribbean
423:, the British admirals
6453:Operation Ocean Shield
6281:Battle of Tonkin River
6226:Battle of Doro Passage
6181:Action of 5 April 2010
6176:Action of 1 April 2010
6166:Action of 9 April 2009
6146:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
6136:
5972:Jose Campuzano-Polanco
5957:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
5104:British Virgin Islands
4786:Colonial Spanish Horse
4460:Colonia del Sacramento
3683:Spanish treasure fleet
3260:Royal Decree of Graces
2025:(in Spanish). El Mundo
1621:Colonial Latin America
1306:The History of Pirates
897:. The English admiral
866:
640:
504:
300:
156:
56:
44:
33:Spanish treasure fleet
28:
7704:18th century in Spain
7699:17th century in Spain
7069:Pirates versus Ninjas
6496:Slave raid of Suðuroy
6458:Persian Gulf Campaign
6343:Capture of the sloop
6271:Battle of the Leotung
6256:Battle of New Orleans
6135:
5997:Richard Avery Hornsby
5749:Piet Pieterszoon Hein
5709:Moses Cohen Henriques
5679:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
5424:Christina Anna Skytte
4962:Brethren of the Coast
4945:Baltic Slavic pirates
4892:Ancient Mediterranean
3944:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
3904:Juan Sebastián Elcano
3219:Council of the Indies
2580:Spanish–Moro conflict
2550:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2510:Treaty of Tordesillas
2409:, News & Observer
983:. Many, such as the
960:in 1710 were foiled.
864:Alonso Sánchez Coello
857:
667:and 1 million to the
638:
560:. Some ships went to
498:
446:(1762–4), during the
380:in the 18th century.
288:
151:
22:
7669:History of New Spain
6991:skull and crossbones
6947:Mistress of the Seas
6629:Capture of the brig
6606:Atlantic slave trade
6367:Falklands Expedition
6221:Battle of Cape Lopez
6141:1582 Cagayan battles
6068:Queen Anne's Revenge
5619:José Joaquim Almeida
5604:John Newland Maffitt
5524:Hayreddin Barbarossa
5364:Bartolomeu Português
5354:Artemisia I of Caria
5349:Alexandre Exquemelin
5187:Baltic Slavic piracy
4940:Anglo-Turkish piracy
4741:Mesoamerican Codices
4465:Comuneros (Paraguay)
4303:Siege of Castelnuovo
3889:Christopher Columbus
3708:Consulate of the Sea
3688:Casa de Contratación
3279:Titles and positions
2672:Spanish–American War
2662:Liberal constitution
2505:Asia and the Pacific
2325:Walton, Timothy R.:
2271:Andrews, Kenneth R.
1286:World Pub. Co., 1968
1160:Our Lady of Miracles
480:Casa de Contratación
432:blockaded Portobello
315:Maritime archaeology
306:Casa de Contratación
280:Casa de Contratación
212:Casa de Contratación
165:Christopher Columbus
132:Manila galleon trade
55:; from the Spanish:
7659:Spanish West Indies
7511:Republic of Ireland
7368:Classical antiquity
7008:No purchase, no pay
6976:Davy Jones's locker
6919:The Angel's Command
6763:Guybrush Threepwood
6611:Barbary slave trade
6588:African slave trade
6385:Jiajing wokou raids
6286:Battle of Ty-ho Bay
5509:François l'Olonnais
5369:Bartholomew Roberts
5257:Republic of Pirates
4470:Cartagena de Indias
4092:Diego de Mazariegos
4062:Pere Fages i Beleta
3929:Sebastián de Ocampo
3410:Provincias Internas
3382:Captaincies General
3296:Municipal president
3265:School of Salamanca
3036:Spanish East Indies
3015:Misiones Orientales
2887:Spanish West Indies
2851:, Central America (
2798:Pyrénées-Orientales
2751:Union with Portugal
2642:Napoleonic invasion
2622:War of Jenkins' Ear
2427:, Public Radio East
2421:, News & Record
2378:Two firms seek ship
2341:Lions in the Water.
2104:info.flheritage.com
1947:Walton, pp. 216–217
1929:info.flheritage.com
1903:Walton, pp. 154–155
1807:info.flheritage.com
1111:Upper Matecumbe Key
916:in 1702 during the
905:in 1656 and in the
684:
576:, off the coast of
574:island of Margarita
421:War of Jenkin's Ear
389:Spanish West Indies
239:, which linked the
199:Spanish West Indies
7168:Timeline of piracy
7125:Piracy kidnappings
6778:Jacquotte Delahaye
6733:Charlotte de Berry
6723:Captain Sabertooth
6616:Blockade of Africa
6571:Piracy Law of 1820
6501:Turkish Abductions
6438:Operation Atalanta
6372:Great Lakes Patrol
6251:Battle of Nam Quan
6201:Attack on Veracruz
6137:
5719:Nicholas van Hoorn
5704:Michel de Grammont
5569:Jacquotte Delahaye
5554:Hippolyte Bouchard
5474:Elise Eskilsdotter
5414:Charlotte de Berry
5379:Benjamin Hornigold
4766:Academia Antártica
4721:Other civil topics
4087:Pánfilo de Narváez
3989:Sebastián Vizcaíno
3954:Andrés de Urdaneta
3914:Juan Ponce de León
3899:Ferdinand Magellan
3873:Bernardo de Gálvez
3772:Indian auxiliaries
3270:Trial of residence
3250:Laws of the Indies
3034:Asia and Oceania (
2895:Dominican Republic
2320:The Manila Galleon
2302:Haring, Clarence.
1872:Timothy R Walton,
1454:Danbom, David B.:
1381:Borrell, Miranda:
1365:, 2006, page 177.
949:Santísima Trinidad
914:Battle of Vigo Bay
867:
682:
657:Dutch rijksdaalder
641:
505:
475:navíos de registro
471:Guipuzcoan Company
301:
157:
29:
7636:
7635:
7584:Treasure Act 1996
7557:
7556:
7263:
7262:
7244:Piracy portal
7227:
7226:
7204:Fictional pirates
7103:Truce of Ratisbon
7077:
7076:
7038:Walking the plank
6898:On Stranger Tides
6838:Tony Tony Chopper
6728:Captain Stingaree
6665:Fictional pirates
6481:Sack of Baltimore
6476:Raid on Cartagena
6418:Moscow University
6297:Beluga Nomination
6266:Battle of Pianosa
6191:Antelope incident
6082:Marquis of Havana
6020:
6019:
5729:Olivier Levasseur
5669:Louis-Michel Aury
5634:Klaus Störtebeker
5584:Jeanne de Clisson
5504:François Le Clerc
5339:Anne Dieu-le-Veut
5285:
5284:
5202:South China Coast
5166:Strait of Malacca
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4711:
4710:
4616:Spanish conquests
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4391:
4390:
4072:Pedro de Alvarado
4057:Gaspar de Portolà
4052:Pedro de Valdivia
4027:Francisco Pizarro
3979:Nicolás de Ovando
3974:Alonso de Ercilla
3949:Alonso de Salazar
3782:Ships of the line
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3154:
3153:
3111:Northern Africa (
3107:Equatorial Guinea
3091:
3090:
3028:
3027:
2943:
2942:
2866:
2865:
2857:Spanish Caribbean
2830:Spanish Louisiana
2806:
2805:
2741:Crown of Castille
2705:
2704:
2682:Spanish Civil War
2657:Adams–Onís Treaty
2637:Nootka Convention
2585:Thirty Years' War
2575:Eighty Years' War
2496:Catholic Monarchs
2486:Timeline–immersed
2433:, Courthouse News
2361:www.newyorker.com
1852:978-84-7947-637-3
1631:978-0-19-064240-2
1559:Walton, pp. 84–85
1461:, 2006, page 20.
1388:, 2002, page 23.
1349:Walton, pp. 46–47
1337:, vol. 2, p. 575.
1207:Asiento de Negros
964:Famous shipwrecks
946:in 1743, and the
847:
846:
409:Treaty of Utrecht
37:West Indies Fleet
7711:
7624:
7623:
7612:
7611:
7579:Treasure hunting
7398:
7343:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7267:
7253:
7252:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7138:
6940:Pirate Latitudes
6933:Long John Silver
6926:Voyage of Slaves
6793:Long John Silver
6688:Captain Birdseye
6661:
6531:Letter of marque
6491:Salvador Pirates
6486:Sack of Campeche
6309:Chepo Expedition
6291:Battle of Tysami
6246:Battle off Mukah
6236:Battle of Manila
6075:Quedagh Merchant
6033:Adventure Galley
5879:Victual Brothers
5864:Thomas Cavendish
5829:Sayyida al Hurra
5814:Samuel Hall Lord
5794:Roche Braziliano
5779:Robert Culliford
5714:Nathaniel Gordon
5684:Martin Frobisher
5644:Laurens de Graaf
5614:Jørgen Jørgensen
5549:Henry Strangways
5529:Hendrick Lucifer
5479:Eustace the Monk
5344:António de Faria
5294:
5262:Republic of Salé
5232:Île Sainte-Marie
5087:
5064:Victual Brothers
4972:Cilician pirates
4869:
4862:
4855:
4846:
4717:
4683:Chibchan Nations
4612:
4581:Santiago de Cuba
4440:Guadalupe Island
4400:
4127:
4120:
4082:Diego de Almagro
3959:Antonio de Ulloa
3863:Ambrosio Spinola
3858:Pedro de Zubiaur
3828:Alfonso d'Avalos
3818:Antonio de Leyva
3762:Army of Flanders
3747:
3736:
3625:
3614:
3340:
3329:
3199:
3188:
3156:
3129:Peñón of Algiers
3093:
3030:
2945:
2868:
2850:
2808:
2722:
2711:
2632:Seven Years' War
2605:Queen Anne's War
2482:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2444:
2392:, New York Times
2339:Wyatt, Jack J.:
2293:Haring, Clarence
2260:
2259:
2258:. 3 August 2022.
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:on July 29, 2015
2131:. Archived from
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2052:. Archived from
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:Walton, page 129
1892:
1886:
1885:Walton, page 121
1883:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1752:
1743:
1740:Spain in America
1733:
1727:
1726:Walton, page 180
1724:
1718:
1713:Buckle, Thomas:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1615:
1596:
1595:Walton, page 177
1593:
1587:
1586:Walton, page 138
1584:
1578:
1577:Walton, page 136
1575:
1569:
1568:Walton, page 145
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1532:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1475:
1469:
1452:
1446:
1445:Walton, page 226
1443:
1437:
1436:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1379:
1373:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1260:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1161:
981:treasure hunters
956:in 1704 and the
928:Thomas Cavendish
685:
527:fleet sailed to
448:Seven Years' War
341:or royal fifth.
297:Age of Discovery
237:Galeón de Manila
125:Spanish mainland
7719:
7718:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7600:
7553:
7524:Channel Islands
7498:
7387:
7378:Medieval Europe
7344:
7335:
7316:Buried treasure
7304:Types and terms
7299:
7294:
7264:
7259:
7238:
7236:
7223:
7189:Barbary pirates
7177:
7173:Women in piracy
7129:
7073:
7042:
6971:Buried treasure
6959:
6891:Facing the Flag
6884:Treasure Island
6857:
6803:Vaas Montenegro
6798:Monkey D. Luffy
6768:Hector Barbossa
6753:Elizabeth Swann
6718:Captain Pugwash
6655:
6653:
6646:
6623:Veloz Passagera
6621:Capture of the
6574:
6505:
6314:Capture of the
6122:
6054:Flying Dutchman
6016:
5982:Miguel Enríquez
5934:
5928:
5894:William Dampier
5849:Simon Mascarino
5844:Shirahama Kenki
5824:Samuel Pallache
5789:Roberto Cofresí
5699:Mary Wolverston
5674:Mansel Alcantra
5649:Lawrence Prince
5329:Albert W. Hicks
5281:
5219:
5211:
5175:
5132:
5078:
5074:Women in piracy
5039:Sindhi corsairs
4992:French corsairs
4982:Cossack pirates
4935:Albanian piracy
4928:Types of pirate
4923:
4878:
4873:
4843:
4834:
4810:Old inquisition
4722:
4707:
4617:
4590:
4546:Trinidad (1797)
4516:La Noche Triste
4504:
4500:San Juan (1797)
4450:San Juan (1595)
4387:
4276:
4116:Notable battles
4111:
4077:Martín de Ursúa
4008:
3939:Alonso de Ojeda
3909:Juan de la Cosa
3894:Pinzón brothers
3877:
3848:John of Austria
3823:Martín de Goiti
3801:
3741:
3722:
3666:
3619:
3600:
3512:
3508:Terra Australis
3503:Río de la Plata
3448:Castilla de Oro
3434:
3376:
3372:Río de la Plata
3334:
3315:
3274:
3233:
3229:Santa Hermandad
3193:
3174:
3170:Terra Australis
3161:
3150:
3117:Spanish Morocco
3098:
3087:
3078:Northern Taiwan
3039:
3024:
2995:Río de la Plata
2950:
2939:
2873:
2872:Central America
2862:
2844:
2813:
2802:
2746:Crown of Aragon
2727:
2716:
2701:
2617:Bourbon Reforms
2487:
2476:
2471:
2369:
2278:Fish, Shirley.
2268:
2266:Further reading
2263:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2056:on May 15, 2015
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1736:Gibson, Charles
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1685:10.2307/2515681
1666:
1665:
1661:
1644:
1632:
1617:
1616:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1421:
1417:
1413:Walton, page 30
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1380:
1376:
1358:Nolan, Cathal:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1213:Álvaro de Bazán
1196:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1146:
1127:
1095:
1038:
992:Santa Margarita
966:
903:Battle of Cádiz
852:
633:
537:Manila galleons
493:
455:Bourbon Reforms
370:
283:
269:Álvaro de Bazán
233:Manila Galleons
203:Flota de Indias
146:
141:
45:Flota de Indias
17:
12:
11:
5:
7717:
7715:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7641:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7618:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7596:Magnet fishing
7593:
7592:
7591:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7540:
7535:
7526:
7521:
7518:United Kingdom
7514:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7375:
7373:Late antiquity
7370:
7365:
7360:
7354:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7321:Treasure trove
7318:
7313:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7270:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7247:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7214:Piracy by year
7211:
7206:
7201:
7199:Female pirates
7196:
7194:By nationality
7191:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7144:
7142:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7050:
7048:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6788:Joshamee Gibbs
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6658:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6626:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6568:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6422:
6413:
6404:
6395:
6391:Maersk Alabama
6387:
6382:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6340:
6332:
6324:
6319:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6002:Robert Maynard
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5884:Vincenzo Gambi
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5809:Samuel Bellamy
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5784:Robert Surcouf
5781:
5776:
5774:Richard Glover
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5744:Pierre Lafitte
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5519:Grace O'Malley
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5459:Edward England
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5419:Cheung Po Tsai
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:Benito de Soto
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:Abraham Samuel
5316:
5314:Adam Baldridge
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5267:Saint Augustin
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5144:Horn of Africa
5140:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5128:Gulf of Guinea
5125:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5114:Lake Nicaragua
5106:
5095:
5093:
5091:Atlantic World
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4997:Jewish pirates
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4626:Canary Islands
4622:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4480:Túpac Amaru II
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4425:Bogotá savanna
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:Spanish Armada
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4227:White Mountain
4224:
4222:Cape Celidonia
4219:
4217:English Armada
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Juan Fernández
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3969:Diego Columbus
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3797:Army of Africa
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:Spanish Armada
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Manila galleon
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3621:
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3321:
3320:
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3308:
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3298:
3293:
3288:
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3267:
3262:
3257:
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3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3192:Administration
3191:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3113:Western Sahara
3109:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3011:Banda Oriental
2992:
2978:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
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2907:
2902:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2826:Coastal Alaska
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
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2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2474:Spanish Empire
2472:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2368:
2367:External links
2365:
2364:
2363:
2356:The New Yorker
2351:
2349:979-8607182045
2337:
2323:
2316:
2309:Murray, Paul.
2307:
2300:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2243:
2218:
2195:
2170:
2145:
2115:
2091:
2066:
2036:
2023:www.elmundo.es
2009:
1990:
1967:
1949:
1940:
1916:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1865:
1851:
1831:
1818:
1794:
1744:
1728:
1719:
1706:
1679:(4): 771–801.
1659:
1630:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
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1488:
1470:
1447:
1438:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1374:
1351:
1339:
1326:
1324:Walton, p. 191
1317:
1297:
1295:Walton, p. 189
1288:
1282:Marx, Robert:
1275:
1262:Marx, Robert:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1228:Manila galleon
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1187:
1171:
1168:
1145:
1142:
1126:
1123:
1094:
1091:
1049:, part of the
1037:
1033:Treasure ship
1031:
1001:North Carolina
965:
962:
895:Dutch Republic
851:
848:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
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721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
669:Ottoman Empire
649:piece of eight
632:
629:
521:Canary Islands
492:
489:
469:, such as the
425:Francis Hosier
401:Saint-Domingue
369:
366:
350:Ottoman Empire
333:Crown of Spain
282:
277:
275:in the 1550s.
173:Canary Islands
145:
142:
140:
137:
121:Spanish Empire
65:Spanish Empire
47:, also called
25:Manila galleon
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7716:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
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7680:
7679:Naval warfare
7677:
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7660:
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7586:
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7582:
7580:
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7570:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:Miscellaneous
7560:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7529:Great Britain
7527:
7525:
7522:
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7515:
7513:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7503:British Isles
7501:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7482:United States
7480:
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7082:Miscellaneous
7080:
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7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:Miscellaneous
7045:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7028:Pirate utopia
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
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6989:
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6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6748:Elaine Marley
6746:
6744:
6743:Edward Kenway
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6703:Captain Flint
6701:
6699:
6698:Captain Crook
6696:
6694:
6693:Captain Blood
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
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6666:
6662:
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6529:
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6524:
6521:
6517:
6516:Acts of grace
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
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6429:
6427:
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6419:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6409:Orkim Harmony
6405:
6403:
6401:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6352:Carré d'As IV
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6316:Ambrose Light
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
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6264:
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6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
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6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6096:Royal Fortune
6093:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6040:Ambrose Light
6037:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6013:
6012:Woodes Rogers
6010:
6008:
6007:Thomas Warren
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5967:Julius Caesar
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:Chaloner Ogle
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5919:Zheng Zhilong
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5804:Sadie Farrell
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:Princess Sela
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5734:Pedro Gilbert
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Liang Daoming
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5499:Francis Drake
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Dominique You
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:Charles Gibbs
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5304:Abduwali Muse
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5290:Major figures
5288:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:Barataria Bay
5225:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5217:Pirate havens
5214:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5192:Barbary Coast
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Timber pirate
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:Tapada limeña
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4718:
4714:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4613:
4609:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Montes Claros
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Vienna (1529)
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:Hernán Cortés
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4014:Conquistadors
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Juan de Ayala
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Duke of Savoy
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3733:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Dollar (Peso)
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3611:
3597:
3596:Santo Domingo
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:New Andalusia
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Santo Domingo
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3344:Viceroyalties
3341:
3337:
3330:
3326:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3185:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3157:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3094:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2949:South America
2946:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2869:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:Spanish Texas
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2812:North America
2809:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Franche-Comté
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:1-56164-261-4
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1962:Intersal, Inc
1959:
1958:"El Salvador"
1953:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:0-8018-8458-6
1464:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1432:84-7786-463-2
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1404:Walton, p. 57
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:0-89090-107-4
1391:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:0-313-33733-0
1368:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:1-58574-516-2
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:1-55297-872-9
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1185:
1184:Piracy portal
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1059:Chagres River
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:merchant ship
1036:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
950:
945:
941:
938:in 1709, the
937:
936:Woodes Rogers
933:
930:in 1589, the
929:
925:
924:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
861:
856:
849:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Low Countries
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
637:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
589:
587:
583:
580:, to collect
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
499:The Spaniard
497:
490:
488:
487:as required.
486:
482:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
429:Edward Vernon
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
353:
351:
347:
342:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
308:
307:
298:
294:
293:
287:
281:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:Pacific Ocean
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
154:
150:
143:
138:
136:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
7654:Spanish Navy
7625:
7613:
7574:Treasure map
7516:
7509:
7235:
7108:Pirate Round
7088:
7059:Space pirate
7033:Treasure map
6952:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6917:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6823:Roronoa Zoro
6773:Jack Sparrow
6713:Captain Nemo
6708:Captain Hook
6630:
6622:
6598:
6468:
6425:
6417:
6408:
6399:
6390:
6377:
6360:Dai Hong Dan
6359:
6351:
6344:
6336:
6328:
6315:
6296:
6115:
6110:Whydah Gally
6108:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6061:Ganj-i-Sawai
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6025:Pirate ships
5977:Luis Fajardo
5962:James Brooke
5952:David Porter
5924:Zheng Yi Sao
5899:William Kidd
5854:Stede Bonnet
5839:Shap-ng-tsai
5819:Samuel Mason
5739:Peter Easton
5689:Mary Lindsey
5639:Lai Choi San
5629:Joseph Barss
5624:Joseph Baker
5594:John Hawkins
5589:Johanna Hård
5579:Jean Lafitte
5574:Jan Janszoon
5564:Israel Hands
5544:Henry Morgan
5534:Henri Caesar
5449:Dirk Chivers
5384:Black Caesar
5309:Abshir Boyah
5180:Other waters
5161:Persian Gulf
5149:Somali Coast
5137:Indian Ocean
5109:Spanish Main
5024:River pirate
5002:Moro pirates
4977:Child pirate
4902:21st century
4736:Architecture
4631:The Americas
4495:Newfoundland
4485:Túpac Katari
4475:Cuerno Verde
4410:Tenochtitlan
4242:Valenciennes
3999:Luis Fajardo
3868:Blas de Lezo
3813:Duke of Alba
3693:Spanish Road
3682:
3531:Buenos Aires
3440:Governorates
3209:Ayuntamiento
3202:Organization
2667:Carlist Wars
2515:Italian Wars
2354:
2340:
2326:
2319:
2314:Mexico, 1976
2311:
2303:
2296:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2255:
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2198:
2187:. Retrieved
2182:
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:
2148:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:the original
2128:
2118:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:
2069:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:the original
2049:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2022:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1841:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1797:
1767:(1): 56–76.
1764:
1760:
1739:
1731:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1620:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1479:
1473:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1435:(in Spanish)
1423:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1382:
1377:
1359:
1354:
1334:
1329:
1320:
1305:
1300:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1263:
1258:
1243:
1223:Luis Fajardo
1205:
1198:Spain portal
1158:) (English:
1149:
1147:
1137:sunk in 1708
1130:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1076:
1068:Urca de Lima
1066:
1062:
1054:
1051:Tierra Firme
1044:
1039:
1034:
1022:
1014:
1011:Cape Lookout
1004:
995:, have been
990:
984:
973:naval combat
967:
957:
953:
947:
944:George Anson
939:
931:
922:
911:
899:Robert Blake
878:
868:
860:Guadalquivir
661:Spanish Road
642:
604:
598:
590:
549:Tierra Firme
547:
545:
506:
478:
474:
467:peninsulares
452:
385:Spanish Main
382:
371:
354:
343:
336:
324:
318:
304:
302:
292:mare clausum
290:
279:
236:
210:
209:, where the
202:
185:
158:
129:
52:
49:silver fleet
48:
36:
32:
30:
7694:Age of Sail
7684:Anti-piracy
7393:By location
7023:Pirate code
6998:Keelhauling
6986:Jolly Roger
6848:Will Turner
6783:José Gaspar
6683:Barbe Rouge
6580:Slave trade
5834:Sister Ping
5764:Rachel Wall
5559:Huang Bamei
5539:Henry Every
5494:Fūma Kotarō
5489:Flying Gang
5404:Calico Jack
5394:Bully Hayes
5197:Falcon Lake
5171:Nosy Boraha
5029:Sea Beggars
5017:Confederate
4987:Filibusters
4703:Philippines
4668:El Salvador
4288:Capo d'Orso
4172:St. Quentin
4147:Rome (1527)
3806:Strategists
3556:Guadalajara
3483:New Navarre
3478:New Castile
3463:La Luisiana
3415:Puerto Rico
3405:Philippines
3362:New Granada
3052:Philippines
3013:(Uruguay),
3009:(Bolivia),
2959:New Granada
2899:Puerto Rico
2845: [
2715:Territories
2535:Encomiendas
2439:, Soundings
2211:14 November
2207:. Bloomberg
1983:27 December
1530:10451/48810
1244:San Esteban
1063:Encarnación
1055:Encarnación
1046:Encarnación
1035:Encarnación
1006:El Salvador
932:Encarnación
831:Philippines
783:20,000,000
763:18,000,000
677:quinto real
601:Amaro Pargo
501:Amaro Pargo
463:Charles III
387:and in the
338:quinto real
295:during the
257:transhipped
251:across the
241:Philippines
79:across the
73:territories
53:plate fleet
7643:Categories
7533:Bronze Age
7405:Azerbaijan
7358:Bronze Age
7182:Categories
7158:Privateers
7120:Matelotage
7054:Air pirate
7018:Pet parrot
6870:The Pirate
6818:Nico Robin
6738:Davy Jones
6678:Tom Ayrton
6652:Pirates in
6541:Piracy Act
6510:Piracy law
6426:North Star
6089:My Revenge
5942:Angelo Emo
5904:Zheng Jing
5869:Thomas Tew
5664:Lo Hon-cho
5484:Flora Burn
5464:Edward Low
5434:Dan Seavey
5429:Chui A-poo
5389:Blackbeard
5334:Anne Bonny
5272:Saint-Malo
5252:Port Royal
5237:Libertatia
5049:Ushkuyniks
5012:Privateers
5007:Narentines
4967:Buccaneers
4897:Golden Age
4373:Somosierra
4363:Manila Bay
4237:Nördlingen
4177:Gravelines
3657:Columnario
3629:Currencies
3546:Concepción
3518:Audiencias
3493:New Toledo
3458:La Florida
3291:Corregidor
3255:Papal bull
3160:Antarctica
3068:Micronesia
2525:Golden Age
2237:2022-09-26
2189:2015-12-09
2164:2015-07-30
2139:2015-07-30
2109:2015-07-30
2060:2015-05-13
1934:2015-05-13
1812:2015-05-13
1640:1015274908
1515:: 101401.
1489:0521045436
1105:) was the
1083:1733 fleet
1073:1715 fleet
1019:Core Banks
1009:sank near
923:Santa Anna
871:privateers
843:3,000,000
803:7,000,000
777:11,000,000
743:2,000,000
562:Portobello
491:The fleets
427:and later
411:after the
329:contraband
325:cargadores
261:mule train
181:privateers
179:by French
7664:Sea lanes
7350:By period
7003:Marooning
6631:Brillante
6420:hijacking
6411:hijacking
6402:hijacking
6393:hijacking
5694:Mary Read
5599:John Hoar
5469:Eli Boggs
5439:Diabolito
5220:and bases
5156:Indonesia
5121:Venezuela
5099:Caribbean
4678:Nicaragua
4656:Guatemala
4566:Pichincha
4551:Chacabuco
4490:Pensacola
4435:Mataquito
4415:Cajamarca
4396:New World
4368:Trafalgar
4272:Alhucemas
4152:Landriano
4137:Comuneros
4123:Old World
4067:Joan Orpí
3787:Royalists
3561:Guatemala
3488:New Spain
3425:Venezuela
3400:Guatemala
3357:New Spain
3352:Columbian
3245:Exequatur
3145:Cape Juby
2999:Argentina
2822:New Spain
2756:Gibraltar
2520:Habsburgs
2415:, WRAL-TV
1789:163214741
1781:1060-9164
1693:0018-2168
1648:cite book
1547:235315822
1539:0014-4983
1081:from the
1078:San Pedro
1071:from the
940:Covadonga
887:Piet Hein
840:2,000,000
837:5,000,000
817:3,500,000
800:4,500,000
797:1,500,000
794:2,000,000
780:9,000,000
774:3,000,000
760:3,000,000
757:1,500,000
740:1,500,000
737:1,500,000
720:4,500,000
717:8,000,000
714:1,650,000
673:Colombian
594:sales tax
578:Venezuela
554:Cartagena
533:cochineal
525:New Spain
346:Habsburgs
309:based in
225:Cartagena
221:Portobelo
201:fleet or
196:Caribbean
192:Philip II
161:New World
71:with its
7615:Category
7538:Iron Age
7415:Bulgaria
7363:Iron Age
7297:Treasure
7255:Category
6981:Eyepatch
6853:Zanzibar
6828:Sandokan
6808:Mr. Smee
6673:Askeladd
6601:Incident
6471:incident
6380:incident
6362:incident
6354:incident
6299:incident
5914:Zheng Yi
5909:Zheng Qi
5889:Wang Zhi
5769:Redbeard
5659:Limahong
5609:John Pro
5514:Gan Ning
5399:Cai Qian
5207:Sulu Sea
5034:Sea Dogs
4688:Colombia
4673:Honduras
4586:Asomante
4571:Ayacucho
4561:Carabobo
4536:Curalaba
4313:Ceresole
4207:Gembloux
4167:Mühlberg
3882:Mariners
3740:Military
3662:Doubloon
3647:Maravedí
3591:Santiago
3498:Paraguay
3224:Germania
3064:Caroline
3019:Malvinas
3003:Paraguay
2963:Colombia
2905:Trinidad
2772:Sardinia
2612:Bourbons
2386:, Google
2183:CBS News
2159:TIME.com
1170:See also
1132:San José
1125:San José
1118:Capitana
1107:flagship
1099:Capitana
1093:Capitana
1075:and the
1027:Ocracoke
1021:and the
997:salvaged
989:and the
885:admiral
828:Acapulco
811:Acapulco
728:Colombia
617:Malvasía
566:Peruvian
541:Acapulco
529:Veracruz
459:Philip V
393:St Kitts
378:Bourbons
362:monopoly
265:Veracruz
245:Acapulco
217:Veracruz
81:Atlantic
77:Americas
7627:Commons
7549:Ireland
7487:Vietnam
7477:Ukraine
7457:Romania
7437:Germany
7410:Belgium
7219:Pirates
7148:Pirates
6656:culture
6654:popular
6599:Amistad
6400:Zafirah
6103:Saladin
5935:hunters
5724:Ng Akew
5324:Alfhild
5297:Pirates
5277:Tortuga
5059:Vikings
4955:Algiers
4884:Periods
4820:Asiento
4791:Mustang
4651:Yucatán
4646:Chiapas
4526:Tucapel
4358:Passaro
4308:Algiers
4298:Preveza
4267:Tetouan
4262:Vitoria
4252:Bitonto
4192:Antwerp
4187:Lepanto
4142:Bicocca
3618:Economy
3541:Charcas
3536:Caracas
3430:Yucatán
3301:Regidor
3286:Alcalde
3214:Cabildo
3121:Tripoli
3060:Mariana
3007:Charcas
2983:(Peru,
2967:Ecuador
2930:Bonaire
2925:Curazao
2910:Jamaica
2838:Florida
2275:. 1978.
2084:15 July
2079:nps.org
1701:2515681
1164:Bahamas
1103:El Rubi
958:Begonia
954:Rosario
879:flota's
875:pirates
754:850,000
734:500,000
663:to the
625:America
621:Vidueño
485:bullion
417:England
405:Curaçao
397:Jamaica
311:Seville
273:galleon
207:Seville
139:History
123:to the
113:tobacco
75:in the
41:Spanish
7472:Turkey
7462:Russia
7452:Poland
7432:France
7382:Viking
7209:Piracy
7115:Mutiny
7013:Pegleg
6964:Tropes
6862:Novels
6758:Franky
6428:affair
5992:Pompey
5933:Pirate
5874:Veborg
5359:Awilda
5247:Mamora
5054:Uskoks
4876:Piracy
4798:Castas
4556:Boyacá
4531:Guiana
4521:Iguape
4445:Recife
4383:Mactan
4378:Annual
4343:Rocroi
4338:Leiden
4323:Djerba
4257:Bailén
4212:Ostend
4197:Azores
3792:Legión
3757:Tercio
3750:Armies
3652:Escudo
3581:Panamá
3576:Mexico
3571:Manila
3526:Bogotá
3311:Vecino
3306:Syndic
3137:Béjaïa
3097:Africa
3083:Tidore
2971:Panama
2935:Belize
2842:Mexico
2768:Sicily
2764:Naples
2726:Europe
2347:
2333:
2299:(1918)
2029:29 May
1913:Murray
1876:, 1994
1858:8 June
1849:
1787:
1779:
1699:
1691:
1638:
1628:
1545:
1537:
1486:
1465:
1430:
1392:
1369:
1312:
1270:
1013:, the
969:Wrecks
850:Losses
788:Europe
768:Havana
751:Havana
748:México
731:Havana
723:minor
711:Havana
653:thaler
613:Havana
586:Havana
582:pearls
570:Callao
558:Potosí
509:Mexico
444:Manila
440:Havana
374:Potosí
249:Mexico
229:Havana
177:Havana
163:since
144:Origin
105:spices
101:pearls
89:silver
85:lumber
61:convoy
7543:Roman
7492:coins
7467:Spain
7447:Italy
7442:India
7425:coins
7420:China
7311:Hoard
7141:Lists
6843:Usopp
6833:Sanji
6469:Quest
6378:Irene
6337:Fancy
6329:Bravo
6047:Fancy
5859:Teuta
5799:Rusla
5242:Lundy
5083:Areas
5069:Wokou
4693:Chile
4661:Petén
4636:Aztec
4455:Bahia
4430:Penco
4420:Cusco
4348:Downs
4328:Tunis
4247:Ceuta
4232:Breda
4182:Malta
4162:Tunis
4157:Pavia
3671:Trade
3586:Quito
3551:Cusco
3390:Chile
3125:Tunis
3072:Palau
2989:Chile
2920:Aruba
2915:Haiti
2849:]
2778:Milan
2736:Spain
1785:S2CID
1697:JSTOR
1543:S2CID
1251:Notes
883:Dutch
771:Spain
703:1790
517:Cádiz
109:sugar
69:Spain
57:plata
35:, or
7134:Meta
6813:Nami
6565:1850
6561:1837
6557:1721
6553:1717
6549:1698
6545:1536
6345:Anne
6117:York
5444:Dido
4917:2024
4912:2023
4907:2022
4698:Inca
4641:Maya
4576:Guam
4509:Lost
4281:Lost
4202:Mons
3642:Real
3566:Lima
3453:Cuba
3395:Cuba
3367:Perú
3143:and
3141:Ifni
3133:Oran
3056:Guam
2985:Acre
2981:Peru
2891:Cuba
2770:and
2345:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2213:2023
2086:2015
2031:2015
1985:2019
1860:2016
1847:ISBN
1777:ISSN
1689:ISSN
1654:link
1636:OCLC
1626:ISBN
1535:ISSN
1484:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1148:The
1135:was
1129:The
1116:The
1097:The
977:1715
873:and
808:Peru
791:Asia
708:Peru
700:1700
697:1600
694:1550
688:From
655:and
645:peso
619:and
546:The
513:Peru
511:and
442:and
223:and
169:Cuba
117:silk
97:gems
93:gold
91:and
31:The
6416:MV
6407:MT
6398:MT
4403:Won
4130:Won
3238:Law
3135:,
2855:),
2836:),
2256:CNN
2232:CNN
1769:doi
1681:doi
1525:hdl
1517:doi
942:by
934:by
926:by
647:or
611:to
263:to
259:by
247:in
243:to
235:or
51:or
7645::
6563:,
6559:,
6555:,
6551:,
6547:,
3139:,
3131:,
3127:,
3123:,
3119:,
3115:,
3070:,
3066:,
3062:,
3058:,
3054:,
3017:,
3005:,
3001:,
2987:,
2973:,
2969:,
2965:,
2897:,
2893:,
2847:es
2840:,
2766:,
2503:,
2295:.
2254:.
2230:.
2181:.
2157:.
2127:.
2102:.
2077:.
2048:.
2021:.
2002:.
1960:.
1927:.
1805:.
1783:.
1775:.
1765:25
1763:.
1759:.
1747:^
1738:.
1695:.
1687:.
1677:68
1675:.
1671:.
1650:}}
1646:{{
1634:.
1600:^
1541:.
1533:.
1523:.
1513:81
1511:.
1507:.
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1089:.
1029:.
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691:To
627:.
219:,
183:.
115:,
111:,
107:,
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1964:.
1937:.
1862:.
1815:.
1791:.
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1683::
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