109:
613:
530:
575:
545:
500:
628:
658:
643:
485:
515:
1140:
560:
1162:
27:
262:
Alkmim, Fernando F.; Marshak, Stephen; Pedrosa-Soares, Antônio Carlos; Peres, Guilherme
Gravina; Cruz, Simone Cerqueira Pereira; Whittington, Alan (September 1, 2006).
448:
297:"Evolution of polycyclic basement complexes in the Aracuaí Orogen, based on U–Pb SHRIMP data: Implications for Brazil–Africa links in Paleoproterozoic time"
264:"Kinematic evolution of the Araçuaí-West Congo orogen in Brazil and Africa: Nutcracker tectonics during the Neoproterozoic assembly of Gondwana"
1202:
80:. The name, introduced by John Rogers in 1996, was chosen because the parts of the ancient continent are now located on opposite sides of the
441:
417:
108:
1192:
1150:
1056:
434:
1016:
295:
Noce, Carlos M.; Pedrosa-Soares, Antônio Carlos; da Silva, Luiz Carlos; Armstrong, Richard; Piuzana, Danielle (2007).
20:
961:
951:
704:
117:
1170:
936:
124:, Nena, and Atlantica — fragmented. Atlantica and continents Nena and Ur and some minor plates formed the
993:
988:
931:
816:
724:
534:
529:
93:
1197:
1155:
910:
801:
350:
311:
275:
81:
1165:
1112:
902:
861:
148:
162:, has left a distinct pattern of deformations, still present on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
1020:
866:
846:
374:
366:
144:
1139:
1087:
941:
906:
413:
341:
Rogers, John J. W. (January 1996). "A History of
Continents in the Past Three Billion Years".
407:
100:
in present-day South
America, and the Congo, West Africa and North Africa Cratons in Africa.
1102:
766:
358:
327:
319:
283:
97:
1092:
1062:
1003:
826:
171:
112:
Reconstruction of Earth 550 Ma ago showing the cratons of
Atlantica forming West Gondwana
354:
315:
279:
1024:
744:
698:
263:
140:
125:
121:
38:
387:
296:
1186:
1041:
579:
574:
564:
559:
378:
77:
323:
287:
155:
1144:
1097:
831:
806:
617:
612:
998:
966:
956:
73:
54:
1036:
946:
926:
776:
504:
499:
139:; Atlantica became the nucleus of West Gondwana. During this later stage, the
1107:
1076:
971:
921:
841:
836:
714:
457:
50:
26:
131:
about 1 Ga ago. Between 1–0.5 Ga
Rodinia split into three new continents:
1031:
916:
821:
796:
786:
749:
734:
719:
709:
632:
627:
136:
132:
16:
Ancient continent formed during the
Proterozoic about 2 billion years ago
370:
1051:
1046:
811:
791:
771:
739:
729:
662:
657:
647:
642:
159:
151:
128:
59:
426:
332:
1082:
851:
549:
544:
489:
484:
69:
406:
Yoshida, Masaru; Windley, Brian F.; Dasgupta, Somnath, eds. (2003).
362:
245:
856:
461:
107:
25:
519:
514:
233:
65:
430:
409:
Proterozoic East
Gondwana: supercontinent assembly and breakup
154:
system developed. The central part of this system, the
221:
116:
Atlantica separated from Nena between 1.6–1.4 Ga when
96:at about 1.9 Ga from Archaean cratons, including
30:Atlantica at about 2 Ga. Archean cratons in grey.
412:. Vol. 206. Geological Society of London.
205:
203:
442:
191:
189:
187:
8:
890:
885:
685:
680:
602:
597:
474:
469:
449:
435:
427:
388:"The supercontinent medley: Recent views"
331:
209:
183:
195:
120: — a supercontinent composed of
92:Atlantica formed simultaneously with
7:
222:Yoshida, Windley & Dasgupta 2003
14:
1161:
1160:
1138:
656:
641:
626:
611:
573:
558:
543:
528:
513:
498:
483:
984:Possible future supercontinents
324:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.06.001
288:10.1016/j.precamres.2006.06.007
1:
1203:History of the Atlantic Ocean
762:Other prehistoric continents
1219:
21:Atlantica (disambiguation)
18:
1130:
888:
884:
683:
679:
600:
596:
472:
468:
42:
1171:Chronology of continents
386:Sankaran, A. V. (2003).
72:located in what are now
64:(two billion years ago,
62: million years ago
53:that formed during the
932:Great Australian Bight
343:The Journal of Geology
113:
31:
1193:Historical continents
111:
29:
1156:Continental fragment
1151:Regions of the world
304:Precambrian Research
268:Precambrian Research
82:South Atlantic Ocean
68:) from various 2 Ga
19:For other uses, see
1113:Indian Subcontinent
903:Submerged continent
355:1996JG....104...91R
316:2007PreR..159...60N
280:2006PreR..149...43A
894:
689:
606:
478:
234:Alkmim et al. 2006
135:and East and West
114:
32:
1180:
1179:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
942:Kerguelen Plateau
880:
879:
875:
874:
675:
674:
670:
669:
592:
591:
587:
586:
1210:
1164:
1163:
1145:World portal
1143:
1142:
1080:
1029:
986:
914:
891:
886:
764:
702:
686:
681:
660:
645:
630:
615:
603:
598:
577:
562:
547:
532:
517:
502:
487:
475:
470:
451:
444:
437:
428:
423:
402:
392:
382:
337:
335:
301:
291:
249:
246:Noce et al. 2007
243:
237:
231:
225:
219:
213:
207:
198:
193:
63:
49:) is an ancient
44:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1137:
1122:
1117:
1103:Eastern Siberia
1093:Central America
1081:
1074:
1068:
1063:Terra Australis
1030:
1014:
1008:
1004:Pangaea Proxima
987:
982:
976:
915:
911:microcontinents
900:
876:
871:
817:East Antarctica
765:
760:
754:
703:
699:supercontinents
695:
671:
666:
661:
651:
646:
636:
631:
621:
616:
588:
583:
578:
568:
563:
553:
548:
538:
533:
523:
518:
508:
503:
493:
488:
464:
455:
420:
405:
401:(8): 1121–1123.
395:Current Science
390:
385:
340:
299:
294:
261:
258:
253:
252:
244:
240:
232:
228:
220:
216:
208:
201:
194:
185:
180:
172:Plate tectonics
168:
106:
90:
58:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:Eastern Africa
1095:
1090:
1085:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
979:
977:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
897:
895:
889:
882:
881:
878:
877:
873:
872:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
757:
755:
753:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
692:
690:
684:
677:
676:
673:
672:
668:
667:
654:
652:
639:
637:
624:
622:
609:
607:
601:
594:
593:
590:
589:
585:
584:
571:
569:
556:
554:
541:
539:
526:
524:
511:
509:
496:
494:
481:
479:
473:
466:
465:
456:
454:
453:
446:
439:
431:
425:
424:
418:
403:
383:
363:10.1086/629803
338:
310:(1–2): 60–78.
292:
274:(1–2): 43–64.
257:
254:
251:
250:
238:
226:
214:
212:, p. 1122
199:
182:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
167:
164:
141:Neoproterozoic
126:supercontinent
105:
102:
89:
86:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1215:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:Subcontinents
1073:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Kumari Kandam
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
985:
981:
980:
978:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
913:
912:
908:
904:
899:
898:
896:
893:
892:
887:
883:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
763:
759:
758:
756:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
701:
700:
694:
693:
691:
688:
687:
682:
678:
665:
664:
659:
653:
650:
649:
644:
638:
635:
634:
629:
623:
620:
619:
614:
608:
605:
604:
599:
595:
582:
581:
580:South America
576:
570:
567:
566:
565:North America
561:
555:
552:
551:
546:
540:
537:
536:
531:
525:
522:
521:
516:
510:
507:
506:
501:
495:
492:
491:
486:
480:
477:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
447:
445:
440:
438:
433:
432:
429:
421:
419:1-86239-125-4
415:
411:
410:
404:
400:
396:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:(1): 91–107.
348:
344:
339:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
259:
255:
247:
242:
239:
235:
230:
227:
223:
218:
215:
211:
210:Sankaran 2003
206:
204:
200:
197:
192:
190:
188:
184:
177:
173:
170:
169:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
110:
103:
101:
99:
95:
87:
85:
83:
79:
78:South America
75:
71:
67:
61:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
28:
22:
1136:
1075:
1061:
1025:hypothesised
1015:
983:
901:
832:Kazakhstania
807:Congo Craton
781:
761:
697:Prehistoric
696:
655:
640:
625:
618:Afro-Eurasia
610:
572:
557:
542:
527:
512:
497:
482:
408:
398:
394:
346:
342:
307:
303:
271:
267:
248:, p. 60
241:
229:
224:, p. 16
217:
158:-West Congo
115:
91:
76:and eastern
46:
34:
33:
1198:Proterozoic
999:Novopangaea
867:South China
847:North China
196:Rogers 1996
149:Pan African
74:West Africa
55:Proterozoic
1187:Categories
1135:See also:
1037:Hyperborea
1027:continents
962:Seychelles
947:Madagascar
927:Doggerland
822:Euramerica
777:Asiamerica
505:Antarctica
458:Continents
333:1885/33132
256:References
236:, Abstract
145:Brasiliano
1108:Greenland
972:Zealandia
937:Jan Mayen
922:Cathaysia
842:Laurentia
837:Laramidia
827:Kalaharia
782:Atlantica
715:Kenorland
535:Australia
379:128776432
88:Formation
51:continent
47:Atlantika
43:Ατλαντικα
35:Atlantica
1166:Category
1032:Atlantis
1017:Mythical
952:Mauritia
917:Beringia
802:Cimmeria
797:Chilenia
787:Avalonia
767:Amazonia
750:Vaalbara
735:Pannotia
720:Laurasia
710:Gondwana
705:Columbia
633:Americas
371:30068065
166:See also
152:orogenic
137:Gondwana
133:Laurasia
118:Columbia
98:Amazonia
1052:Meropis
1047:Lemuria
862:Siberia
812:Cuyania
792:Baltica
772:Arctica
740:Rodinia
730:Pangaea
663:Oceania
648:Eurasia
351:Bibcode
312:Bibcode
276:Bibcode
156:Araçuaí
143:era, a
129:Rodinia
104:Breakup
70:cratons
1088:Arabia
1083:Alaska
1023:, and
994:Aurica
989:Amasia
852:Pampia
550:Europe
490:Africa
416:
377:
369:
160:orogen
57:about
967:Sunda
957:Sahul
907:lands
857:Sahul
462:Earth
391:(PDF)
375:S2CID
367:JSTOR
300:(PDF)
178:Notes
60:2,000
39:Greek
1021:lost
909:and
725:Nena
520:Asia
414:ISBN
94:Nena
460:of
359:doi
347:104
328:hdl
320:doi
308:159
284:doi
272:149
1189::
1057:Mu
1019:,
745:Ur
399:85
397:.
393:.
373:.
365:.
357:.
345:.
326:.
318:.
306:.
302:.
282:.
270:.
266:.
202:^
186:^
122:Ur
84:.
66:Ga
45:;
41::
905:/
450:e
443:t
436:v
422:.
381:.
361::
353::
336:.
330::
322::
314::
290:.
286::
278::
147:-
37:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.