3400:
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3430:
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3347:
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142:
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did not start everywhere simultaneously. Extensive lava flows and volcanic eruptions of
Neoproterozoic age are found on most continents, evidence for large scale rifting about 750 Ma. As early as 850 to 800 Ma, a rift developed between the continental masses of present-day Australia, East Antarctica,
1441:
peaks in crust about to be rifted, and since warmer rocks are less dense, the crustal rocks rise up relative to their surroundings. This rising creates areas of higher altitude where the air is cooler and ice is less likely to melt with changes in season, and it may explain the evidence of abundant
1320:
and instead that this time and earlier times were dominated by a single, persistent "Paleopangaea" supercontinent. As evidence, he suggests an observation that the palaeomagnetic poles from the continental crust assigned to this time conform to a single path between 825 and 633 Ma and latterly to a
1293:
Little is known about the paleogeography before the formation of
Rodinia. Paleomagnetic and geologic data are only definite enough to form reconstructions from the breakup of Rodinia onwards. Rodinia is considered to have formed between 1.3 and 1.23 Ga and broke up again before 750 Ma. Rodinia was
1397:
In a separate rifting event about 610 Ma, the
Iapetus Ocean formed. The eastern part of this ocean formed between Baltica and Laurentia, the western part between Amazonia and Laurentia. Because the timeframe of this separation and the partially contemporaneous Pan-African orogeny are difficult to
165:
in Europe. Since then, many alternative reconstructions have been proposed for the configuration of the cratons in this supercontinent. Most of these reconstructions are based on the correlation of the orogens on different cratons. Though the configuration of the core cratons in
Rodinia is now
2278:
Li, Z. X.; Bogdanova, S. V.; Collins, A. S.; Davidson, A.; De Waele, B.; Ernst, R. E.; Fitzsimons, I. C. W.; Fuck, R. A.; Gladkochub, D. P.; Jacobs, J.; Karlstrom, K. E.; Lul, S.; Natapov, L. M.; Pease, V.; Pisarevsky, S. A.; Thrane, K.; Vernikovsky, V. (2008).
1453:. Lower-density, hot oceanic crust will not lie as deep as older, cool oceanic lithosphere. In periods with relatively large areas of new lithosphere, the ocean floors come up, causing the sea level to rise. The result was a greater number of shallower seas.
1353:
Rifting progressed in the same cratons 800–750 Ma and spread into
Laurentia and perhaps Siberia. India (including Madagascar) and the Congo–São Francisco Craton were either detached from Rodinia during this period or simply never were part of the
1349:
around 825–800 Ma whose influence—such as crustal arching, intense bimodal magmatism, and accumulation of thick rift-type sedimentary successions—has been recorded in South
Australia, South China, Tarim, Kalahari, India, and the Arabian-Nubian
1393:
Around 550 Ma, near the boundary between the
Ediacaran and Cambrian, the first group of cratons fused again with Amazonia, West Africa and the Rio de la Plata cratons during the Pan-African orogeny, which caused the development of Gondwana.
1316:, Piper's own concept. Piper proposes an alternative hypothesis for this era and the previous ones. This idea rejects that Rodinia ever existed as a transient supercontinent subject to progressive break-up in the late
1386:
India and the Congo and
Kalahari cratons on one side and later Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia and the West African and Rio de la Plata cratons on the other. This rift developed into the Adamastor Ocean during the
1357:
As the central part of
Rodinia reached the Equator around 750–700 Ma, a new pulse of magmatism and rifting continued the disassembly in western Kalahari, West Australia, South China, Tarim, and most margins of
1277:
which has South China between
Australia and the west coast of Laurentia. A revised "Missing-link" model is proposed in which Tarim Block serves as an extended or alternative missing-link between Australia and
1422:
was not as extensive as it is now. Ultraviolet light discouraged organisms from inhabiting its interior. Nevertheless, its existence significantly influenced the marine life of its time.
1476:. Increased volcanic activity also introduced into the marine environment biologically active nutrients, which may have played an important role in the earliest animals' development.
2932:
1831:
Wen, Bin; Evans, David A. D.; Li, Yong-Xiang (2017-01-15). "Neoproterozoic paleogeography of the Tarim Block: An extended or alternative "missing-link" model for Rodinia?".
166:
reasonably well known, recent reconstructions still differ in many details. Geologists try to decrease the uncertainties by collecting geological and paleomagnetical data.
1758:"Nature of three Proterozoic (1680 Ma, 1230 Ma and 775 Ma) mafic dyke swarms in North China: Implications for tectonic evolution and paleogeographic reconstruction"
1398:
correlate, it might be that all continental mass was again joined in one supercontinent between roughly 600 and 550 Ma. This hypothetical supercontinent is called
3235:
2557:"Palaeopangaea in Meso-Neoproterozoic times: The palaeomagnetic evidence and implications to continental integrity, supercontinent form and Eocambrian break-up"
1557:"Early Neoproterozoic (ca. 913–895 Ma) arc magmatism along the central–western Korean Peninsula: Implications for the amalgamation of Rodinia supercontinent"
173:
2888:
89:, assembled by global-scale 2.0–1.8 Ga collisional events. Rodinia broke up in the Neoproterozoic, with its continental fragments reassembled to form
2889:"Antarctica and Global Paleogeography: From Rodinia, through Gondwanaland and Pangea, to the birth of the Southern Ocean and the opening of gateways"
2010:
203:
2438:
2064:
3090:
2824:
2702:
2382:
2993:
105:, but not to their longitude, which geologists have pieced together by comparing similar geologic features, often now widely dispersed.
1338:
3228:
2209:
Goodge, J. W.; Vervoort, J. D.; Fanning, C. M.; Brecke, D. M.; Farmer, G. L.; Williams, I. S.; Myrow, P. M.; DePaolo, D. J. (2008).
1543:
2210:
1433:, and temperatures were at least as cool as today. Substantial parts of Rodinia may have been covered by glaciers or the southern
3196:
1264:-Configuration (Southwest US-East Antarctica craton): Antarctica is southwest of Laurentia, and Australia is north of Antarctica.
910:
3984:
970:
768:
3937:
2062:
Dalziel, I. W. (1997). "Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculation".
1538:
Taube, Aleksandr M., R. S. Daglish (1993) 'Russko-angliiskii Slovar' =: Russian-English Dictionary. Moscow: Russkii iazyk
1341:
project 440, named "Rodinia Assembly and Breakup," concluded that Rodinia broke up in four stages between 825 and 550 Ma:
1329:. However, this theory has been widely criticized, as incorrect applications of paleomagnetic data have been pointed out.
3843:
3221:
2694:
828:
2896:
Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences
149:
The idea that a supercontinent existed in the early Neoproterozoic arose in the 1970s, when geologists determined that
3803:
2104:; Burke, K. C. (1973). "Tibetan, Variscan, and Precambrian basement reactivation: products of continental collision".
1456:
The increased evaporation from the oceans' larger water area may have increased rainfall, which in turn increased the
444:
196:
1325:
period and produced the dramatic environmental changes that characterised the transition between the Precambrian and
2835:
3201:
1270:
AUSMEX-Configuration (Australia-Mexico): Australia is at the location of current day Mexico relative to Laurentia.
3748:
3738:
3491:
2374:
1485:
1218:
1071:
788:
86:
3030:
2940:
Valentine, J. W.; Moores, E. M. (1970). "Plate-tectonic Regulation of Faunal Diversity and Sea Level: a Model".
2505:
2085:
3989:
3957:
3723:
2926:
2603:
2446:
1555:
Kee, Weon-Seo; Kim, Sung Won; Kwon, Sanghoon; Santosh, M.; Ko, Kyoungtae; Jeong, Youn-Joong (1 December 2019).
748:
412:
2795:
2324:
Loewy, S. L.; Dalziel, I. W. D.; Pisarevsky, S.; Connelly, J. N.; Tait, J.; Hanson, R. E.; Bullen, D. (2011).
1869:
1321:
near-static position between 750 and 633 Ma. This latter solution predicts that break-up was confined to the
3780:
3775:
2907:
1222:
2989:"The Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia: paleomagnetically derived reconstructions for 1100 to 800 Ma"
2721:"Late Proterozoic plate tectonics and palaeogeography: a tale of two supercontinents, Rodinia and Pannotia"
1680:
See for example the correlation between the North American Grenville and European Dalslandian orogenies in
3718:
2561:
1757:
1556:
1411:
1182:
808:
476:
189:
3603:
3511:
3321:
3316:
3148:
3106:
1234:
1157:
869:
2816:
40:
3994:
3942:
3697:
3588:
3157:
3115:
3045:
3002:
2951:
2783:
2732:
2652:
2612:
2570:
2528:
2493:
2455:
2410:
2339:
2297:
2288:
2227:
2166:
2115:
2101:
2073:
2019:
1926:
1840:
1771:
1762:
1570:
1561:
1491:
1202:
428:
71:
2471:
3979:
3952:
3899:
3689:
3648:
1370:
1246:
1238:
1214:
930:
889:
162:
82:
27:
3807:
3653:
3633:
2975:
2868:
2748:
2668:
2259:
2190:
2139:
2131:
2106:
2089:
2043:
1586:
1446:
1438:
1304:
According to J.D.A. Piper, Rodinia is one of two models for the configuration and history of the
1261:
1254:
1250:
1051:
950:
848:
124:
periods are thought to have been triggered by the breaking up of Rodinia or to a slowing down of
3926:
3874:
3728:
3693:
3086:
3082:
2967:
2860:
2843:
2820:
2799:
2774:
2698:
2519:
2484:
2401:
2378:
2330:
2251:
2243:
2218:
2211:"A positive test of East Antarctica–Laurentia juxtaposition within the Rodinia supercontinent"
2182:
2035:
1539:
1305:
158:
1437:. Low temperatures may have been exaggerated during the early stages of continental rifting.
58:
that assembled 1.26–0.90 billion years ago (Ga) and broke up 750–633 million years ago (Ma).
3889:
3553:
3165:
3123:
3053:
3010:
3006:
2959:
2942:
2899:
2852:
2791:
2740:
2688:
2660:
2620:
2578:
2536:
2501:
2463:
2418:
2347:
2305:
2235:
2174:
2157:
2123:
2081:
2027:
1934:
1848:
1844:
1779:
1685:
1578:
1472:
levels to below the threshold required to trigger the period of extreme glaciation known as
1415:
1210:
102:
37:
3879:
3849:
3790:
3613:
2280:
1366:
1282:
1230:
1031:
532:
125:
48:
93:
633–573 Ma. In contrast with Pannotia, little is known about Rodinia's configuration and
3161:
3119:
3049:
2955:
2787:
2736:
2656:
2616:
2574:
2532:
2497:
2459:
2414:
2343:
2301:
2231:
2170:
2153:"A 'snowball Earth' climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff"
2119:
2077:
2023:
1930:
1775:
1574:
1193:
Most reconstructions show Rodinia's core formed by the North American Craton (the later
3811:
3531:
3485:
2894:. In Cooper, A. K.; Barrett, P. J.; Stagg, H.; Storey, B.; Stump, E.; Wise, W. (eds.).
2366:
1473:
1469:
1194:
109:
98:
55:
52:
3127:
3014:
2482:
Moores, E. M. (1991). "Southwest US-East Antarctic (SWEAT) connection: a hypothesis".
2467:
1917:
Z.X, Li (October 2009). "How not to build a supercontinent: A reply to J.D.A. Piper".
3973:
3828:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3143:
3101:
3074:
3058:
2988:
2872:
2752:
2720:
2672:
2640:
2598:
2556:
2514:
2325:
2143:
2093:
2047:
2005:
1590:
1465:
1464:
into computer models, it has been shown that in conjunction with quick weathering of
1450:
1434:
1362:
1112:
3169:
3102:"Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent"
2772:
Sears, J. W.; Price, R. A. (2000). "New look at the Siberian connection: No SWEAT".
2309:
2263:
1938:
1783:
1701:
For a comparison of the SWEAT, AUSWUS, AUSMEX, and Missing-link reconstructions see
1582:
1257:
north of the North American craton differ strongly depending on the reconstruction:
3931:
3884:
3618:
3593:
3404:
3399:
2979:
2194:
2152:
1226:
990:
728:
2599:"A planetary perspective on Earth evolution: lid tectonics before plate tectonics"
3785:
3753:
3743:
2624:
1419:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1309:
674:
636:
94:
63:
1852:
3823:
3733:
3713:
3563:
3291:
3286:
3191:
2582:
2393:
2031:
1457:
1430:
1426:
1346:
1295:
1242:
1010:
113:
2903:
2803:
2641:"Late Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian palaeogeography: models and problems"
2540:
2422:
2326:"Coats Land crustal block, East Antarctica: A tectonic tracer for Laurentia?"
2247:
2151:
Donnadieu, Y.; Goddéris, Y.; Ramstein, G.; Nédélec, A.; Meert, J. G. (2004).
2039:
1872:. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder. May 2002
1410:
Unlike later supercontinents, Rodinia was entirely barren. It existed before
3894:
3863:
3758:
3708:
3628:
3623:
3568:
3501:
3244:
2856:
2239:
1387:
1322:
1267:
AUSWUS-Configuration (Australia-western US): Australia is west of Laurentia.
1198:
520:
460:
117:
78:
3031:"Rodinia connections between Australia and Laurentia: no SWEAT, no AUSWUS?"
2971:
2864:
2255:
2186:
141:
108:
The extreme cooling of the global climate around 717–635 Ma (the so-called
85:
and collision of fragments produced by breakup of an older supercontinent,
66:
supercontinent, which they named "Pangaea I." It was renamed "Rodinia" by
3818:
3703:
3608:
3583:
3573:
3536:
3521:
3506:
3496:
3419:
3414:
1399:
1374:
1092:
541:
523:
121:
90:
20:
2639:
Pisarevsky, S. A.; Murphy, J. B.; Cawood, P. A.; Collins, A. S. (2008).
2178:
2135:
116:
period) and the rapid evolution of primitive life during the subsequent
3838:
3833:
3598:
3578:
3558:
3516:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3207:
2281:"Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis"
1705:, Fig. 2, p. 182. For a comparison between the "consensus" Rodinia of
1692:, Implications for Rodinia reconstructions, pp. 124–126; fig. 5, p. 127
1461:
1298:
1206:
608:
575:
3213:
3192:
Scotese Animation: Breakup of Rodinia & Formation of Pacific Ocean
3144:"A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup"
2766:
3869:
3638:
3336:
3331:
3276:
3271:
2987:
Weil, A. B.; Van der Voo, R.; Mac Niocaill, C.; Meert, J. G. (1998).
2963:
2351:
1756:
Wang, Chong; Peng, Peng; Wang, Xinping; Yang, Shuyan (October 2016).
585:
557:
154:
150:
101:
provides some clues to the paleolatitude of individual pieces of the
2744:
2664:
2006:"Assembly and Breakup of Rodinia (Some Results of IGCP Project 440)"
2394:"What's in a name? The Columbia (Paleopangaea/Nuna) supercontinent"
2127:
3643:
3248:
2898:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 125–140.
1137:
492:
140:
3306:
3301:
2439:"The making and unmaking of a Supercontinent: Rodinia revisited"
1988:
1870:"Other Reconstructions for Rodinia based on sources for Mojavia"
1731:
1382:
566:
145:
Rodinia at 900 Ma. "Consensus" reconstruction of Li et al. 2008.
3217:
3197:"Dance of the Giant Continents: Washington's Earliest History"
3029:
Wingate, M. T. D.; Pisarevsky, S. A.; Evans, D. A. D. (2002).
1488:, for one possible reconstruction of an earlier supercontinent
1174:
1133:
168:
1976:
2506:
10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0425:SUSEAS>2.3.CO;2
2086:
10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0016:ONPGAT>2.3.CO;2
1807:
1818:
1706:
1702:
1613:
1274:
2796:
10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<423:NLATSC>2.0.CO;2
1684:, p. 14; for the correlation between the Australian
74:
and propose a temporal framework for the supercontinent.
1361:
650–550 Ma several events coincided: the opening of the
3100:
Zhao, G.; Cawood, P. A.; Wilde, S. A.; Sun, M. (2002).
2004:
Bogdanova, S. V.; Pisarevsky, S. A.; Li, Z. X. (2009).
3204:
mapping Proterozoic supercontinents, including Rodinia
1689:
2690:
Origins: The Evolution of Continents, Oceans and Life
1951:
1445:
The rifting of the continents created new oceans and
2887:Torsvik, T. H.; Gaina, C.; Redfield, T. F. (2008).
2371:
The emergence of animals: the Cambrian breakthrough
2725:Geological Society of London, Special Publications
2645:Geological Society of London, Special Publications
1714:
1710:
1669:
1636:
1514:
67:
2931:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2515:"The supercontinent cycle: a retrospective essay"
2513:Nance, R. D.; Murphy, J. B.; Santosh, M. (2014).
3142:Zhao, G.; Sun, M.; Wilde, S. A.; Li, S. (2004).
1418:analysis, Rodinia's formation happened when the
59:
3083:Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV
3079:Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe
1954:, Breakup of Rodinia (825–700 Ma), pp. 266–267
1889:
1887:
1640:
3229:
197:
8:
1726:Examples of reconstructions can be found in
1609:
1607:
1281:Siberia attached to the western US (via the
26:For the genus of metalmark butterflies, see
1510:
1508:
1506:
3677:
3672:
3472:
3467:
3389:
3384:
3261:
3256:
3236:
3222:
3214:
1665:
1627:, Supercontinents in Earth history, p. 998
1468:, the increased rainfall may have reduced
1286:
204:
190:
47:, meaning "motherland, birthplace") was a
16:Hypothetical Neoproterozoic supercontinent
3057:
1864:
1862:
1201:), surrounded in the southeast with the
2011:Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation
1963:
1893:
1743:
1739:
1738:, Fig. 'Rodinia old and new', p. 1380;
1735:
1727:
1681:
1668:; the name 'Rodinia' was first used in
1650:
1648:
1526:
1502:
70:, who also were the first to produce a
62:were probably the first to recognise a
2924:
2065:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1803:
1460:of exposed rock. By inputting data on
2906:(inactive 2024-09-12). Archived from
1966:, Fig. 'Rodinia old and new', p. 1380
1905:
1654:
1624:
7:
1690:Wingate, Pisarevsky & Evans 2002
1449:, which produces warmer, less dense
1381:The Rodinia hypothesis assumes that
1146:
1122:
1101:
1081:
1060:
1040:
1020:
999:
979:
959:
939:
919:
899:
878:
858:
837:
817:
797:
777:
757:
737:
717:
2994:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2767:http://www.scotese.com/Rodinia3.htm
2437:Meert, J.G.; Torsvik, T.H. (2003).
1975:See for example reconstructions in
1952:Bogdanova, Pisarevsky & Li 2009
1833:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
153:of this age exist on virtually all
3210:: Plate Tectonic Animations (java)
1406:Influence on paleoclimate and life
1373:. The result was the formation of
1339:International Geoscience Programme
14:
1517:, chapter: The Rifting of Rodinia
1369:, and Mozambique oceans; and the
1365:; the closure of the Braziliano,
3948:
3947:
3925:
3443:
3428:
3413:
3398:
3360:
3345:
3330:
3315:
3300:
3285:
3270:
3059:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00401.x
1821:, Fig. 4, p. 188; fig. 8, p. 198
1715:Nance, Murphy & Santosh 2014
1462:the ratio of stable isotopes O:O
1414:colonized on dry land. Based on
3771:Possible future supercontinents
3170:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003
2310:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.021
1939:10.1016/j.precamres.2009.06.007
1784:10.1016/j.precamres.2016.09.015
1583:10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105498
1345:The breakup was initiated by a
137:Paleogeographic reconstructions
1711:McMenamin & McMenamin 1990
1688:and the Grenville orogeny see
1670:McMenamin & McMenamin 1990
1515:McMenamin & McMenamin 1990
68:McMenamin & McMenamin 1990
1:
3128:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9
3015:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00127-1
2468:10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00342-1
1709:and the original proposal of
1442:glaciation in the Ediacaran.
1205:(the later paleocontinent of
3549:Other prehistoric continents
2695:University of Oklahoma Press
1273:The "Missing-link" model by
1233:; and in the northeast with
1225:; in the southwest with the
2836:"The Rodinia Jigsaw Puzzle"
2625:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.12.042
2369:; McMenamin, D. L. (1990).
931:Earliest multicellular life
60:Valentine & Moores 1970
4011:
1853:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.030
1429:, Earth experienced large
77:Rodinia formed at c. 1.23
25:
18:
3917:
3675:
3671:
3470:
3466:
3387:
3383:
3259:
3255:
3202:IGCP Special Project 440:
2583:10.1016/j.jog.2010.04.004
2375:Columbia University Press
2032:10.1134/S0869593809030022
1170:
182:
171:
161:in North America and the
3958:Chronology of continents
2904:10.3133/of2007-1047.kp11
2597:Piper, J. D. A. (2013).
2555:Piper, J. D. A. (2010).
2541:10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.026
2423:10.1016/j.gr.2011.12.002
1217:; in the south with the
357:−1000 —
337:−1500 —
317:−2000 —
297:−2500 —
277:−3000 —
257:−3500 —
237:−4000 —
217:−4500 —
19:Not to be confused with
3007:1998E&PSL.154...13W
2857:10.1126/science.1083469
2834:Torsvik, T. H. (2003).
2811:Stanley, S. M. (1999).
2719:Scotese, C. R. (2009).
2240:10.1126/science.1159189
1845:2017E&PSL.458...92W
377:−500 —
3985:Former supercontinents
3719:Great Australian Bight
2817:W. H. Freeman & Co
2562:Journal of Geodynamics
1977:Pisarevsky et al. 2008
1666:Dewey & Burke 1973
1308:in the latter part of
1287:Sears & Price 2000
146:
99:Paleomagnetic evidence
3149:Earth-Science Reviews
3107:Earth-Science Reviews
1989:Donnadieu et al. 2004
1223:São Francisco cratons
144:
3943:Continental fragment
3938:Regions of the world
2813:Earth System History
2687:Redfern, R. (2001).
2392:Meert, J.G. (2012).
2289:Precambrian Research
1919:Precambrian Research
1763:Precambrian Research
1730:, pp. 336–337;
1562:Precambrian Research
1492:Supercontinent cycle
1312:times. The other is
1203:East European Craton
72:plate reconstruction
3900:Indian Subcontinent
3690:Submerged continent
3162:2004ESRv...67...91Z
3120:2002ESRv...59..125Z
3050:2002TeNov..14..121W
2956:1970Natur.228..657V
2851:(5624): 1379–1381.
2788:2000Geo....28..423S
2737:2009GSLSP.326...67S
2657:2008GSLSP.294....9P
2617:2013Tectp.589...44P
2575:2010JGeo...50..191P
2533:2014GondR..25....4N
2498:1991Geo....19..425M
2460:2003Tectp.375..261M
2415:2012GondR..21..987M
2344:2011Geo....39..859L
2302:2008PreR..160..179L
2232:2008Sci...321..235G
2179:10.1038/nature02408
2171:2004Natur.428..303D
2120:1973JG.....81..683D
2078:1997GSAB..109...16D
2024:2009SGC....17..259B
1931:2009PreR..174..208L
1776:2016PreR..285..109W
1575:2019PreR..33505498K
1371:Pan-African orogeny
1245:. The positions of
1215:West African Craton
911:Sexual reproduction
890:Huronian glaciation
163:Dalslandian orogeny
157:. Examples are the
28:Rodinia (butterfly)
3681:
3476:
3393:
3265:
2107:Journal of Geology
1808:Goodge et al. 2008
1742:, Fig. 11, p. 31;
1447:seafloor spreading
1439:Geothermal heating
1294:surrounded by the
1158:Quaternary ice age
1093:Earliest tetrapods
1052:Cambrian explosion
1011:Cryogenian ice age
870:Atmospheric oxygen
849:Pongola glaciation
477:Multicellular life
429:Single-celled life
147:
126:tectonic processes
23:, a genus of moth.
3967:
3966:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3729:Kerguelen Plateau
3667:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3092:978-90-6644-125-5
2950:(5272): 657–659.
2826:978-0-7167-2882-5
2704:978-0-8061-3359-1
2520:Gondwana Research
2402:Gondwana Research
2384:978-0-231-06647-1
2226:(5886): 235–240.
2165:(6980): 303–306.
1734:, Fig. 6, p. 21;
1337:In 2009 UNESCO's
1306:continental crust
1191:
1190:
1175:million years ago
1166:
1165:
1145:
1144:
1121:
1120:
1100:
1099:
1080:
1079:
1072:Andean glaciation
1059:
1058:
1039:
1038:
1019:
1018:
998:
997:
978:
977:
958:
957:
938:
937:
918:
917:
898:
897:
877:
876:
857:
856:
836:
835:
816:
815:
796:
795:
776:
775:
756:
755:
736:
735:
159:Grenville orogeny
4002:
3951:
3950:
3932:World portal
3930:
3929:
3867:
3816:
3773:
3701:
3678:
3673:
3551:
3489:
3473:
3468:
3447:
3432:
3417:
3402:
3390:
3385:
3364:
3349:
3334:
3319:
3304:
3289:
3274:
3262:
3257:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3208:Paleomap Project
3180:
3178:
3176:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3096:
3081:(2nd ed.).
3070:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3021:
2983:
2964:10.1038/228657a0
2936:
2930:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2840:
2830:
2807:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2509:
2478:
2476:
2470:. Archived from
2454:(1–4): 261–288.
2443:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2398:
2388:
2367:McMenamin, M. A.
2362:
2360:
2358:
2352:10.1130/G32029.1
2320:
2318:
2316:
2296:(1–2): 179–210.
2285:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2147:
2097:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1925:(1–2): 208–214.
1914:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1753:
1747:
1732:Weil et al. 1998
1724:
1718:
1717:, Fig. 11, p. 9.
1699:
1693:
1686:Musgrave orogeny
1678:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1641:Zhao et al. 2004
1637:Zhao et al. 2002
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1416:sedimentary rock
1231:Kalahari cratons
1211:Amazonian Craton
1152:
1147:
1128:
1123:
1107:
1102:
1087:
1082:
1066:
1061:
1046:
1041:
1026:
1021:
1005:
1000:
991:Earliest animals
985:
980:
965:
960:
945:
940:
925:
920:
905:
900:
884:
879:
864:
859:
843:
838:
823:
818:
803:
798:
789:Earliest fossils
783:
778:
763:
758:
743:
738:
723:
718:
697:
666:
628:
626:
600:
598:
505:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
206:
199:
192:
186:
176:
169:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3990:Plate tectonics
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3924:
3909:
3904:
3890:Eastern Siberia
3880:Central America
3868:
3861:
3855:
3850:Terra Australis
3817:
3801:
3795:
3791:Pangaea Proxima
3774:
3769:
3763:
3702:
3698:microcontinents
3687:
3663:
3658:
3604:East Antarctica
3552:
3547:
3541:
3490:
3486:supercontinents
3482:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3251:
3242:
3188:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3099:
3093:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3033:
3028:
3019:
3017:
2986:
2939:
2927:cite conference
2923:
2916:
2914:
2913:on 23 July 2011
2910:
2891:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2810:
2771:
2757:
2755:
2745:10.1144/SP326.4
2718:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2686:
2677:
2675:
2665:10.1144/SP294.2
2638:
2629:
2627:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2512:
2481:
2474:
2441:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2213:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2150:
2100:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1979:, Fig. 4, p. 19
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1746:, Fig. 1, p. 69
1725:
1721:
1700:
1696:
1679:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1482:
1408:
1354:supercontinent.
1335:
1283:Belt Supergroup
1219:Río de la Plata
1187:
1186:
1178:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1032:Ediacaran biota
1024:
1015:
1014:
1003:
994:
993:
983:
974:
973:
971:Earliest plants
963:
954:
953:
943:
934:
933:
923:
914:
913:
903:
894:
893:
882:
873:
872:
862:
853:
852:
841:
832:
831:
829:Earliest oxygen
821:
812:
811:
801:
792:
791:
781:
772:
771:
761:
752:
751:
741:
732:
731:
721:
714:
713:
712:
707:
706:
705:
700:
699:
698:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
673:
669:
668:
667:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
642:
641:
640:
639:
638:
637:
635:
631:
630:
629:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
611:
610:
609:
607:
603:
602:
601:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
580:
579:
578:
571:
570:
569:
562:
561:
560:
553:
552:
551:
546:
545:
544:
537:
536:
535:
528:
527:
526:
516:
515:
514:
509:
508:
507:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
488:
487:
486:
481:
480:
479:
472:
471:
470:
465:
464:
463:
456:
455:
454:
449:
448:
447:
440:
439:
438:
433:
432:
431:
424:
423:
422:
417:
416:
415:
408:
407:
406:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
210:
184:
178:
174:
139:
134:
49:Mesoproterozoic
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3885:Eastern Africa
3882:
3877:
3872:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3441:
3439:
3426:
3424:
3411:
3409:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3358:
3356:
3343:
3341:
3328:
3326:
3313:
3311:
3298:
3296:
3283:
3281:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3186:External links
3184:
3182:
3181:
3139:
3114:(1): 125–162.
3097:
3091:
3075:Ziegler, P. A.
3071:
3044:(2): 121–128.
3026:
2984:
2937:
2884:
2831:
2825:
2808:
2782:(5): 423–426.
2769:
2764:
2716:
2703:
2684:
2636:
2604:Tectonophysics
2594:
2569:(3): 191–223.
2552:
2510:
2492:(5): 425–428.
2479:
2477:on 2011-07-23.
2447:Tectonophysics
2434:
2409:(4): 987–993.
2389:
2383:
2363:
2338:(9): 859–862.
2321:
2275:
2206:
2148:
2128:10.1086/627920
2114:(6): 683–692.
2098:
2059:
2018:(3): 259–274.
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1981:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1909:
1898:
1896:, p. 1380
1883:
1858:
1823:
1819:Li et al. 2008
1811:
1796:
1748:
1719:
1707:Li et al. 2008
1703:Li et al. 2008
1694:
1673:
1658:
1644:
1629:
1617:
1614:Li et al. 2008
1603:
1547:
1531:
1519:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1474:Snowball Earth
1470:greenhouse gas
1407:
1404:
1379:
1378:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1334:
1331:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1275:Li et al. 2008
1271:
1268:
1265:
1195:paleocontinent
1189:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1006:
996:
995:
989:
988:
986:
976:
975:
969:
968:
966:
956:
955:
951:Earliest fungi
949:
948:
946:
936:
935:
929:
928:
926:
916:
915:
909:
908:
906:
896:
895:
888:
887:
885:
875:
874:
868:
867:
865:
855:
854:
847:
846:
844:
834:
833:
827:
826:
824:
814:
813:
809:LHB meteorites
807:
806:
804:
794:
793:
787:
786:
784:
774:
773:
767:
766:
764:
754:
753:
749:Earliest water
747:
746:
744:
734:
733:
727:
726:
724:
715:
710:
709:
708:
703:
702:
701:
672:
671:
670:
634:
633:
632:
606:
605:
604:
583:
582:
581:
574:
573:
572:
565:
564:
563:
556:
555:
554:
549:
548:
547:
540:
539:
538:
531:
530:
529:
519:
518:
517:
512:
511:
510:
491:
490:
489:
484:
483:
482:
475:
474:
473:
468:
467:
466:
459:
458:
457:
452:
451:
450:
445:Photosynthesis
443:
442:
441:
436:
435:
434:
427:
426:
425:
420:
419:
418:
411:
410:
409:
404:
403:
402:
400:
397:0 —
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
212:
211:
209:
208:
201:
194:
183:
180:
179:
172:
138:
135:
133:
130:
110:Snowball Earth
56:supercontinent
53:Neoproterozoic
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4007:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:Subcontinents
3860:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Kumari Kandam
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3792:
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3784:
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3779:
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3768:
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3407:
3406:
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3369:
3368:
3367:South America
3363:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:North America
3348:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3318:
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3309:
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3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:(1): 91–123.
3155:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
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2207:
2196:
2192:
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2067:
2066:
2060:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
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1890:
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1824:
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1563:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:5-200-01883-8
1541:
1535:
1532:
1529:, p. 335
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:volcanic rock
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1451:oceanic crust
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:polar ice cap
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Iapetus Ocean
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1319:
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1200:
1196:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1134:Earliest apes
1130:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1113:Karoo ice age
1109:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1043:
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1023:
1022:
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1007:
1002:
1001:
992:
987:
982:
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962:
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947:
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927:
922:
921:
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907:
902:
901:
891:
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871:
866:
861:
860:
850:
845:
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819:
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805:
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780:
779:
770:
765:
760:
759:
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739:
730:
725:
720:
719:
716:
696:
665:
627:
599:
577:
568:
559:
543:
534:
525:
522:
506:
478:
462:
446:
430:
414:
401:
214:
213:
207:
202:
200:
195:
193:
188:
187:
181:
177:
175:Life timeline
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
143:
136:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
103:Earth's crust
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
35:
29:
22:
3923:
3862:
3848:
3812:hypothesised
3802:
3770:
3688:
3619:Kazakhstania
3594:Congo Craton
3548:
3526:
3484:Prehistoric
3483:
3442:
3427:
3412:
3405:Afro-Eurasia
3397:
3359:
3344:
3329:
3314:
3299:
3284:
3269:
3173:. Retrieved
3153:
3147:
3131:. Retrieved
3111:
3105:
3078:
3063:. Retrieved
3041:
3037:
3018:. Retrieved
3001:(1): 13–24.
2998:
2992:
2947:
2941:
2915:. Retrieved
2908:the original
2895:
2876:. Retrieved
2848:
2842:
2812:
2779:
2773:
2756:. Retrieved
2731:(1): 67–83.
2728:
2724:
2708:. Retrieved
2689:
2676:. Retrieved
2648:
2644:
2628:. Retrieved
2608:
2602:
2586:. Retrieved
2566:
2560:
2544:. Retrieved
2524:
2518:
2489:
2483:
2472:the original
2451:
2445:
2426:. Retrieved
2406:
2400:
2370:
2355:. Retrieved
2335:
2329:
2313:. Retrieved
2293:
2287:
2267:. Retrieved
2223:
2217:
2198:. Retrieved
2162:
2156:
2111:
2105:
2102:Dewey, J. F.
2072:(1): 16–42.
2069:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2015:
2009:
1984:
1971:
1964:Torsvik 2003
1959:
1947:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1901:
1894:Torsvik 2003
1876:20 September
1874:. Retrieved
1836:
1832:
1826:
1814:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1767:
1761:
1751:
1744:Scotese 2009
1740:Dalziel 1997
1736:Torsvik 2003
1728:Stanley 1999
1722:
1697:
1682:Ziegler 1990
1676:
1661:
1632:
1620:
1594:. Retrieved
1566:
1560:
1550:
1534:
1527:Redfern 2001
1522:
1455:
1444:
1424:
1412:complex life
1409:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1336:
1303:
1292:
1241:and eastern
1192:
1181:
729:Earth formed
148:
107:
76:
44:
33:
32:
3995:Proterozoic
3786:Novopangaea
3654:South China
3634:North China
2758:29 November
2651:(1): 9–31.
2527:(1): 4–29.
1804:Moores 1991
1789:17 December
1770:: 109–126.
1431:glaciations
1420:ozone layer
1327:Phanerozoic
1318:Proterozoic
1314:Paleopangea
1310:Precambrian
1255:South China
185:This box:
132:Geodynamics
64:Precambrian
3980:Cryogenian
3974:Categories
3922:See also:
3824:Hyperborea
3814:continents
3749:Seychelles
3734:Madagascar
3714:Doggerland
3609:Euramerica
3564:Asiamerica
3292:Antarctica
3245:Continents
3175:3 February
3133:3 February
3065:1 February
3038:Terra Nova
3020:6 February
2917:30 January
2878:24 January
2710:6 February
2678:6 February
2630:1 February
2588:24 January
2546:6 February
2428:6 February
2357:24 January
2315:6 February
2269:4 February
2200:29 January
2053:7 February
1997:References
1906:Piper 2010
1839:: 92–106.
1655:Piper 2013
1625:Meert 2012
1596:9 November
1458:weathering
1427:Cryogenian
1358:Laurentia.
1347:superplume
1296:superocean
1278:Laurentia.
1243:Antarctica
521:Arthropods
461:Eukaryotes
114:Cryogenian
95:geodynamic
36:(from the
3895:Greenland
3759:Zealandia
3724:Jan Mayen
3709:Cathaysia
3629:Laurentia
3624:Laramidia
3614:Kalaharia
3569:Atlantica
3502:Kenorland
3322:Australia
2873:129275224
2804:0091-7613
2753:128845353
2673:128498460
2611:: 44–56.
2248:0036-8075
2144:128770759
2094:129800903
2048:129254610
2040:0869-5938
1591:210298156
1388:Ediacaran
1367:Adamastor
1323:Ediacaran
1285:), as in
1235:Australia
1199:Laurentia
542:Dinosaurs
118:Ediacaran
97:history.
83:accretion
3953:Category
3819:Atlantis
3804:Mythical
3739:Mauritia
3704:Beringia
3589:Cimmeria
3584:Chilenia
3574:Avalonia
3554:Amazonia
3537:Vaalbara
3522:Pannotia
3507:Laurasia
3497:Gondwana
3492:Columbia
3420:Americas
3077:(1990).
2972:16058645
2865:12775828
2264:11799613
2256:18621666
2187:15029192
2136:30058995
1486:Columbia
1480:See also
1400:Pannotia
1375:Gondwana
1213:and the
1183:Ice Ages
576:Primates
524:Molluscs
122:Cambrian
91:Pannotia
87:Columbia
21:Rhodinia
3839:Meropis
3834:Lemuria
3649:Siberia
3599:Cuyania
3579:Baltica
3559:Arctica
3527:Rodinia
3517:Pangaea
3450:Oceania
3435:Eurasia
3158:Bibcode
3116:Bibcode
3046:Bibcode
3003:Bibcode
2980:4220816
2952:Bibcode
2844:Science
2784:Bibcode
2775:Geology
2733:Bibcode
2653:Bibcode
2613:Bibcode
2571:Bibcode
2529:Bibcode
2494:Bibcode
2485:Geology
2456:Bibcode
2411:Bibcode
2340:Bibcode
2331:Geology
2298:Bibcode
2228:Bibcode
2219:Science
2195:4393545
2167:Bibcode
2116:Bibcode
2074:Bibcode
2020:Bibcode
1927:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1772:Bibcode
1571:Bibcode
1425:In the
1383:rifting
1350:Craton.
1333:Breakup
1299:Mirovia
1247:Siberia
1209:), the
1207:Baltica
1151:←
1127:←
1106:←
1086:←
1065:←
1045:←
1025:←
1004:←
984:←
964:←
944:←
924:←
904:←
883:←
863:←
842:←
822:←
802:←
782:←
762:←
742:←
722:←
558:Mammals
533:Flowers
392:–
387:—
382:–
372:–
367:—
362:–
352:–
347:—
342:–
332:–
327:—
322:–
312:–
307:—
302:–
292:–
287:—
282:–
272:–
267:—
262:–
252:–
247:—
242:–
232:–
227:—
222:–
155:cratons
151:orogens
112:of the
38:Russian
34:Rodinia
3875:Arabia
3870:Alaska
3810:, and
3781:Aurica
3776:Amasia
3639:Pampia
3337:Europe
3277:Africa
3089:
2978:
2970:
2943:Nature
2871:
2863:
2823:
2802:
2751:
2701:
2671:
2381:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2193:
2185:
2158:Nature
2142:
2134:
2092:
2046:
2038:
1589:
1542:
1138:humans
711:
704:
550:
513:
485:
469:
453:
437:
421:
405:
45:rodina
41:родина
3754:Sunda
3744:Sahul
3694:lands
3644:Sahul
3249:Earth
3034:(PDF)
2976:S2CID
2911:(PDF)
2892:(PDF)
2869:S2CID
2839:(PDF)
2749:S2CID
2669:S2CID
2475:(PDF)
2442:(PDF)
2397:(PDF)
2284:(PDF)
2260:S2CID
2214:(PDF)
2191:S2CID
2140:S2CID
2132:JSTOR
2090:S2CID
2044:S2CID
1587:S2CID
1498:Notes
1262:SWEAT
1251:North
1239:India
1227:Congo
567:Birds
413:Water
3808:lost
3696:and
3512:Nena
3307:Asia
3177:2016
3135:2016
3087:ISBN
3067:2016
3022:2016
2968:PMID
2933:link
2919:2016
2880:2016
2861:PMID
2821:ISBN
2800:ISSN
2760:2015
2712:2016
2699:ISBN
2680:2016
2632:2016
2590:2016
2548:2016
2430:2016
2379:ISBN
2359:2016
2317:2016
2271:2016
2252:PMID
2244:ISSN
2202:2016
2183:PMID
2055:2016
2036:ISSN
1878:2010
1791:2022
1713:see
1598:2022
1540:ISBN
1253:and
1249:and
1229:and
1221:and
769:LUCA
205:edit
198:talk
191:view
120:and
51:and
3247:of
3166:doi
3124:doi
3054:doi
3011:doi
2999:154
2960:doi
2948:228
2900:doi
2853:doi
2849:300
2792:doi
2741:doi
2729:326
2661:doi
2649:294
2621:doi
2609:589
2579:doi
2537:doi
2502:doi
2464:doi
2452:375
2419:doi
2348:doi
2306:doi
2294:160
2236:doi
2224:321
2175:doi
2163:428
2124:doi
2082:doi
2070:109
2028:doi
1935:doi
1923:174
1849:doi
1837:458
1780:doi
1768:285
1579:doi
1567:335
1197:of
81:by
3976::
3844:Mu
3806:,
3532:Ur
3164:.
3154:67
3152:.
3146:.
3122:.
3112:59
3110:.
3104:.
3085:.
3052:.
3042:14
3040:.
3036:.
3009:.
2997:.
2991:.
2974:.
2966:.
2958:.
2946:.
2929:}}
2925:{{
2867:.
2859:.
2847:.
2841:.
2819:.
2815:.
2798:.
2790:.
2780:28
2778:.
2747:.
2739:.
2727:.
2723:.
2697:.
2693:.
2667:.
2659:.
2647:.
2643:.
2619:.
2607:.
2601:.
2577:.
2567:50
2565:.
2559:.
2535:.
2525:25
2523:.
2517:.
2500:.
2490:19
2488:.
2462:.
2450:.
2444:.
2417:.
2407:21
2405:.
2399:.
2377:.
2373:.
2346:.
2336:39
2334:.
2328:.
2304:.
2292:.
2286:.
2258:.
2250:.
2242:.
2234:.
2222:.
2216:.
2189:.
2181:.
2173:.
2161:.
2155:.
2138:.
2130:.
2122:.
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