1478:
49:
2451:
875:
2439:
497:
1105:
1248:), is an agent of ritual purity. Clean, white "ash for the purification ceremonies regarded as the basis of ritual life", which "are essentially the rites proper to the tending of a domestic fire, for the temple cult is that of the hearth fire raised to a new solemnity" (Boyce, 1975:455). For, "the man who sacrifices unto fire with fuel in his hand, with the
85:
901:
through righteousness, "where Asha
Vahishta is identified at times with the household fire on the hearth." There, "identification in the realms of matter and of spirit serves only to bring more into prominence the main tenets of Zoroaster's teachings in regard to Asha" (Dhalla, 1938:170). A vestige
1286:: in the oldest passages of that liturgy, it is the hearth fire that speaks to "all those for whom it cooks the evening and morning meal", which Boyce observes is not consistent with sanctified fire. The temple cult is an even later development: From
1380:
are all words for an ordinary house) perhaps reflect a desire on the part of those who fostered the temple-cult to keep it as close as possible in character to the age-old cult of the hearth-fire, and to discourage elaboration" (Boyce, 2002:9).
1278:
word for one. Moreover, Boyce suggests that the temple cult of fire was instituted in opposition to the image/shrine cult and "no actual ruins of a fire temple have been identified from before the
Parthian period" (Boyce, 1975:454).
1269:
The
Zoroastrian cult of fire is apparently much younger than Zoroastrianism itself and appears at approximately the same time as the shrine cult, first evident in the 4th century BCE (roughly contemporaneous with the introduction of
908:
4.54–55, where speaking against the truth and violating the sanctity of promise is punishable by flogging and is detected by the consumption of "water, blazing, of golden color, having the power to detect guilt." The
915:
translation/commentary on this passage translates "blazing" as "having brimstone and sulphur", and notes that innocence or guilt was established by the consumption of this "guilt-detecting liquid". Similarly, in the
1329:, the "places of burning fire", which as Boyce (1997:ch. 3) notes, became more and more prevalent as the iconoclastic movement gained support. Following the rise of the Sassanid dynasty, the shrines to the
807:, 30.7, 32.7, 51.9). An individual who has passed the fiery test, has attained physical and spiritual strength, wisdom, truth and love with serenity (30.7). However, among all the references to
1325:, sanctuaries dedicated to a specific divinity, constructed in honor of the patron Yazata of an individual or family and included an icon or effigy of the honored. The second were the
852:
radiates the "other lights" (31.7), the essence (of Ahura Mazda) from which insight and wisdom permeate the universe. So also
Zoroaster's injunction to always pray in the presence of
1465:, discovers fire in a rock. He recognizes it as the divine glory of Ahura Mazda, offers homage to it, and instructs his people to so as well. Also in the Shahnameh is the legend of
1424:
if a cult of fire and its associated priesthood did not yet exist in
Zoroaster's time. Thus, in all probability, "the word athravan has a different derivation." (Boyce, 2002:17)
1368:
fires being annually relit. While the fires themselves had special names, the structures did not, and it has been suggested that "the prosaic nature of the middle
Persian names (
897:
as the medium for detecting guilt is not directly evident in the later texts of the Avesta, but reappears in modified form as an allegory of burning and annihilating the
580:, sometimes described in abstract terms as "burning and unburning fire" or "visible and invisible fire" (Mirza, 1987:389). It is considered to be the visible presence of
525:
1520:
on the obverse (a figure of the ruling monarch on the obverse is consistent throughout the dynasty), with a representation of a fire altar, accompanied by the legend
2065:
1352:(226–650 CE) there is no evidence that the fires were categorized according to their sanctity. "It seems probable that there were virtually only two, namely the
1333:
continued to exist, with the statues—by law—either being abandoned as empty sanctuaries, or being replaced by fire altars (so also the popular shrines to Meher/
1505:, many of the kings of the dynasty issued one or more coins with a symbol of Fire on the verso, and seals and bullae with the fire symbol were common.
1207:
is the name of the ninth day of the month in the
Zoroastrian religious calendar, and the ninth month of the year of the civil Iranian calendar of 1925 (
944:
the divinity presiding over blazing fire is abrupt. While the older Gathic
Avestan texts have heat (and thus fire) associated with harsh judgement, the
1360:, or 'Fire of Fires', a parish fire, as it were, serving a village or town quarter" (Boyce, 1975:462; Boyce 1966:63). Apparently, it was only in the
968:
5.9, etc.). So also in their roles as protectors, for "when the Evil Spirit assailed the creation of Good Truth, Good
Thought and Fire intervened" (
930:
texts is attributed—is purported to have nine measures of "unburning molten zinc" applied to his chest as proof of accuracy of the sacred texts.
1568:
438–457) are similar to those in present-day fire temples. The legend introduced under
Ardeshir yields to a mint mark and year of issue under
1244:
Although Zoroastrians revere fire in any form, the temple fire is not literally for the reverence of fire, but together with clean water (see
1096:("Original Creation", completed in the 11th or 12th century). In the latter, the description of the first and last kind of fire is reversed.
518:
48:
447:
2058:
1701:. 32:Evidence and Counter-Evidence: Essays in honour of Frederik Kortlandt. v 1: Balto-Slavic and Indo-European Linguistics: 591–608.
1392:(derived from the Avestan language "athravan") as "fire-priest" in the English language is based on the mistaken assumption that the
999:
is "master of the house", recalling the role of the hearth fire in the Gathas. The same passage enumerates the "five kinds of fire":
2482:
1881:
1862:
1793:
1742:
2477:
758:
is still—with only one exception—an abstract concept simply an instrument, a medium, of the Creator and is not yet the divinity (
1477:
1290:
it is known that in the mid-5th century BCE the Zoroastrians worshipped to the open sky, ascending mounds to light their fires (
511:
1062:
most swift", later qualified as the fire in clouds, i.e. lightning, and as "the fire that neither drinks water nor eats food".
952:
completely representing and being represented by fire itself; and associated with warmth and light and essential for growth.
1074:
2051:
2502:
639:
1282:
That the cult of fire was a doctrinal modification and absent from early Zoroastrianism is still evident in the later
477:
457:
2487:
1052:
of greatest bliss", later qualified as "the fire of happy life", and "the fire that drinks water but eats no food".
2497:
2455:
680:
432:
68:
1732:
848:), and enlightening one's inner-self (46.7). Within this framework of the concept of divine illumination,
775:
is a medium, a faculty, through which judgement is passed and reflects the pre-Zoroastrian institution of
195:
38:
2036:
1078:"holy") ( described in "Zend" texts as "the fire of prosperity" and as the spiritual fire burning before
2361:
1292:
482:
385:
31:
1560:
283–388), a divinity appears to be emerging from the fire. The shape of the fire altar in the coins of
1042:), later qualified as "the fire diffusing goodness", and "the fire that consumes both water and food".
1489:
During the Sassanid era (226–650 CE), the symbol of Fire plays much the same role that the winged sun
823:
34.4). Altogether, "there are said to have been some 30 kinds of fiery tests in all." (Boyce, 2002:1)
2074:
1634:
1306:
1274:
as a divinity). There is no allusion to a temple cult of fire in the Avesta proper, nor is there any
1192:
856:—either towards the sun, or towards their own hearths—so as to better concentrate their devotions on
634:), a type of priest, but that is now considered unlikely (Boyce, 2002:16). The ultimate etymology of
437:
380:
2374:
2232:
1317:(250 BCE–226 CE), Zoroastrianism had in fact two kinds of places of worship: One, apparently called
2237:
1644:
407:
2394:
1697:
Vermeer, Willem (2008). "The Prehistory of the Albanian Vowel System: A Preliminary Exploration".
240:
2389:
2016:
1944:
1820:
1702:
1130:
746:
687:
320:
250:
2379:
754:
that structurally interrupts the Gathas and is linguistically as old as the Gathas themselves),
1877:
1858:
1789:
1738:
1494:
1014:
texts as "the fire that eats food but drinks no water", and the kind of fire that burns in an
673:
660:
2409:
1532:
241–272), has much the same image but adds two attendants at the fire altar. On the coins of
2492:
2346:
2298:
2202:
2162:
2127:
2078:
2004:
1936:
1841:
1812:
1254:
in his hand, with milk in his hand, with the mortar for crushing the branches of the sacred
1228:'s assistance, who serves as the life-force, that the other six creations begin their work (
819:
is spoken of in the third person masculine singular: "He detects sinners by hand-grasping" (
701:
608:
596:
550:
412:
235:
230:
2192:
2443:
2278:
2107:
1502:
1349:
945:
923:
776:
501:
1584:
Atar is the name of a French jet engine, developed and produced by the SNECMA company.
1341:—Mithra's Gate—that is today one of the Zoroastrian technical terms for a fire temple).
1104:
2422:
2308:
2273:
2142:
2112:
1599:
1208:
1153:
626:
603:
is an attribute of sources of heat and light, of which the nominative singular form is
573:
335:
330:
280:
220:
76:
712:) is iconographically conflated with fire itself, which in Middle Persian is 𐭠𐭲𐭧𐭱
2471:
2212:
1662:
1622:
1161:
882:
845:
452:
245:
150:
874:
1561:
1385:
1109:
1016:
898:
830:
is the light of revelation through which Zoroaster is selected by Ahura Mazda, the
577:
340:
325:
285:
215:
210:
175:
838:
31.3), radiated by Ahura Mazda (43.9), bearing the conviction of "Good Purpose" (
1224:
was the seventh of the seven creations of the material universe. It is only with
2369:
2341:
2187:
2157:
2092:
1466:
1275:
1144:—was incorporated in the Zoroastrian hierarchy of divinities. In that position,
1079:
1021:
812:
581:
370:
225:
100:
2438:
2043:
987:
25.7 et al.) and is addressed as "full of glory and full of healing remedies" (
496:
2417:
2097:
2008:
1845:
1553:
1544:(276–293) also appears himself, accompanied by what may be his queen and son.
1509:
1498:
1482:
1301:
1092:
1039:
840:
315:
205:
115:
57:
53:
1217:) which has month-names derived from those used by the Zoroastrian calendar.
2197:
1935:(1/2). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 75–89.
1657:
1541:
1540:
272–273), the emperor himself tends the fire with the help of an attendant.
1533:
1490:
1452:
1287:
1173:
741:
365:
360:
125:
105:
84:
1164:
responsible for the luminaries. From among the flowers associated with the
1552:
293–303) also attends the fire himself, this time alone. On the coins of
655:
2404:
2399:
2326:
2318:
2268:
2253:
2182:
2152:
2122:
1525:
1461:
1448:
904:
886:
664:
630:
270:
265:
170:
1706:
1412:
42.6) the term appears to be synonymous with "missionary". In the later
1300:
confirms this, noting that in the 6th century, the sanctuary at Zela in
2384:
2263:
2117:
1948:
1927:
Drower, Elizabeth Stephens (1944). "The Role of Fire in Parsi Ritual".
1576:
457–484), a feature evident in all the coins of the remaining dynasty.
1569:
1456:
1330:
1314:
918:
902:
of the ancient institution of ordeal by heat is nonetheless present in
826:
Also in the early texts, tangential to its role in establishing guilt,
615:
390:
310:
290:
130:
1824:
2336:
2331:
2303:
2283:
2217:
2177:
2172:
2167:
1768:, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 933–936
1734:
Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture - James Mallory - Google Boeken
1616:
1610:
1606:
1545:
1469:, who passes through "the unburning fire" as proof of his innocence.
1441:
1334:
1297:
1250:
1200:
1165:
1138:
940:
927:
760:
737:
733:
638:, previously unknown (Boyce, 2002:1), is now believed to be from the
592:. The rituals for purifying a fire are performed 1,128 times a year.
589:
442:
400:
395:
255:
200:
155:
17:
1992:
1940:
1719:
and proceeded to spread it to wherever Vlachs expanded subsequently.
1832:
Boyce, Mary (1984). "On the Antiquity of Zoroastrian Apocalyptic".
1816:
1086:
The description of the fires in the Sassanid era commentaries (the
960:
is however carried forward, and they are often mentioned together (
2351:
2222:
2207:
1973:
Gnoli, Gherardo (2002). "Bahram in old and middle Iranian texts".
1517:
1255:
1103:
1035:
983:
981:
is personified as "the son" of Ahura Mazda (standard appellation,
970:
873:
751:
651:
275:
260:
165:
160:
42:
2288:
2258:
2137:
2102:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1594:
1245:
1213:
1117:
911:
858:
811:
in the oldest texts, it is only once addressed independently of
614:(fire). It was once thought to be etymologically related to the
585:
120:
110:
2047:
2227:
2147:
1803:
Boyce, Mary (1975). "On the Zoroastrian Temple Cult of Fire".
1508:
The first silver coins of the empire have helmeted busts of
862:, righteousness, and the virtue that should be striven for (
1874:
History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. II, Under the Achamenians
1304:
was an artificial mound, walled in, but open to the sky (
716:, one of the primary objects of Zoroastrian symbolism.
1834:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1524:, "Fire of Ardeshir", on the reverse. Ardashir's son,
561:
1420:, which in this context could not be a reference to
1090:
texts) differs slightly from those described in the
803:(43.4), through the blazing, shining, molten metal (
2360:
2317:
2246:
2085:
1855:
History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I, The early period
1404:does not appear in the Gathas, where a priest is a
787:Boyce 1996:ch. 6). Justice is administered through
1598:, "the waters", which is of similar importance to
1364:that fire was kept continuously burning, with the
1191:is evident from a dedication to the entity in the
1416:13.94, Zoroaster himself is said to have been an
1203:that have a month-name dedication. Additionally,
1485:with a fire altar on its reverse (180 – 242 AD).
679:"hearth", "fireplace", and thereafter spread to
1929:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
52:Iranian Fire God Adur (Atar) on a coin of the
2059:
2021:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project
926:era high-priest to whom the collation of the
672:) "hearth", "fireplace", which was loaned to
519:
8:
1652:, original substance of the original being,
1388:-Zoroastrian practice of rendering the term
736:, the oldest texts of the compendium of the
650:tr- 'fire'. This would make it a cognate to
1811:(3). Ann Arbor: AOS/UMich. Press: 454–465.
2066:
2052:
2044:
1731:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997).
933:Seen chronologically, the transition from
526:
512:
83:
63:
1699:Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics
1116:ceremony (here the blessing of a home in
2019:(2011), "Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon",
1977:. New York: Mazda Pub. pp. 510–513.
1968:. Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute.
1922:. New York: Mazda Pub. pp. 471–472.
1805:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1681:
1476:
47:
1964:JamaspAsa, Kaikhushroo M., ed. (1964).
1674:
75:
1913:. New York: Mazda Pub. pp. 16–17.
740:and believed to have been composed by
1904:. New York: Mazda Pub. pp. 9–10.
1784:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938).
795:31.3, 34.4, 36.2, 47.2), the blazing
744:himself. At this juncture, as in the
7:
1956:Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (1963).
1895:. New York: Mazda Pub. pp. 1–5.
1764:Boyce, Mary (1983), "Aməša Spənta",
1232:3.7–8; more logically explained in
881:(Atar) on the reverse of a coin of
799:(31.19, 51.9), through the heat of
554:
448:Zoroastrianism in the United States
1408:, and in its oldest attested use (
1348:Boyce, 1975:462), even during the
1258:in his hand, is given happiness" (
768:was to become in the later texts.
25:
1072:most holy", cognate Balto-Slavic
1034:of good affection", cognate with
866:43.9, see also Boyce, 1975:455).
2450:
2449:
2437:
1900:Boyce, Mary (2002). "Ātaškada".
1711:Romanian also famously borrowed
1459:, the grandson of the first man
495:
27:Zoroastrian concept of holy fire
2035:Jahanian, Darius (2006-03-20).
1909:Boyce, Mary (2002). "Āθravan".
1609:, the most sacred texts of the
1444:, the great dragon of the sky.
1187:The importance of the divinity
1997:The Harvard Theological Review
1497:(648–330 BCE). Beginning with
1400:(Boyce, 2002:16–17). The term
977:It is in the later texts that
1:
2037:"Fire 'Athra' and Fiery Test"
1344:Also, as Schippman observed (
937:as a vehicle of judgement to
1918:Boyce, Mary (2002). "Ādur".
1891:Boyce, Mary (2002). "Ātaš".
1715:'hearth' with patently Tosk
1536:(also known as Ardashir II,
1137:—as the quintessence of the
1991:Moore, George Foot (1912).
771:In the most ancient texts,
562:
478:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
458:Persecution of Zoroastrians
2519:
1982:Mirza, Hormazdiar (1964).
1220:In Zoroastrian cosmogony,
732:is already evident in the
36:
29:
2431:
2009:10.1017/s0017816000013456
1984:Outlines of Parsi History
1846:10.1017/s0041977x0002214x
1786:History of Zoroastrianism
1626:as Zoroastrian divinities
1428:In mythology and folklore
1006:, "the highly beneficent
922:, Adharbad Maraspand—the
832:Zarathushtra Mainyu Athra
764:) of heat and light that
696:In later Zoroastrianism,
2483:Ancient Iranian religion
1737:. Taylor & Francis.
1337:which retained the name
1199:is one of the only five
1100:In culture and tradition
948:texts have the divinity
231:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
37:Not to be confused with
2478:Ancient Iranian deities
1840:. London: SOAS: 57–75.
1516:226–241) or his father
1020:, the highest grade of
1986:. Bombay: Amalgamated.
1966:Unvala Memorial Volume
1486:
1121:
890:
588:through the eponymous
196:Zoroastrian literature
61:
2370:Fravardigan (Mukhtad)
1975:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1920:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1911:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1902:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1893:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1766:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1501:, the founder of the
1480:
1107:
877:
815:. In this exception,
483:Zoroastrian cosmology
433:Zoroastrians in India
189:Scripture and worship
51:
32:Atar (disambiguation)
1872:Boyce, Mary (1997).
1853:Boyce, Mary (1996).
1635:Zoroastrian calendar
1396:prefix derives from
1276:old Persian language
1193:Zoroastrian calendar
956:'s association with
438:Zoroastrians in Iran
304:Accounts and legends
30:For other uses, see
2503:Zoroastrian symbols
2444:Religion portal
2017:Lubotsky, Alexander
1656:, in the old Norse
1645:Luminiferous aether
893:The Gathic role of
750:(the seven-chapter
725:In the Gathic texts
502:Religion portal
354:History and culture
1522:atash i artakhshir
1487:
1122:
891:
747:Yasna Haptanghaiti
321:Book of Arda Viraf
251:Cypress of Kashmar
62:
2488:Persian mythology
2465:
2464:
1960:. pp. 14–17.
1876:. Leiden: Brill.
1857:. Leiden: Brill.
1788:. New York: OUP.
1495:Achaemenid period
1473:As a royal symbol
1004:atar berezi-savah
844:, 43.4; see also
805:ayangha Khshushta
560:
536:
535:
16:(Redirected from
2510:
2498:Fire in religion
2453:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2362:Jashe/Parab days
2347:Zartosht No-Diso
2079:Iranian calendar
2068:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2040:
2024:
2012:
1993:"Zoroastrianism"
1987:
1978:
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1961:
1952:
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1828:
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1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1240:The cult of fire
1129:During the late
1028:atar vohu-fryana
1010:", qualified in
668:(definite form:
597:Avestan language
565:
559:romanized:
558:
556:
528:
521:
514:
500:
499:
236:Adur Burzen-Mihr
87:
64:
21:
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2029:Further reading
2015:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
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1941:10.2307/2844296
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1725:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1590:
1582:
1503:Sassanid Empire
1493:did during the
1481:Silver coin of
1475:
1430:
1356:and the lesser
1242:
1127:
1102:
1046:atar urvazishta
946:Younger Avestan
872:
783:, heat ordeal;
727:
722:
659:(black) and to
649:
645:
532:
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489:
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487:
472:
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331:Story of Sanjan
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144:Divine entities
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2375:Ardibeheshtgan
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2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
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2175:
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2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
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2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2003:(2): 180–226.
1988:
1979:
1970:
1958:A Form of Fire
1953:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1869:
1863:
1850:
1829:
1817:10.2307/599356
1800:
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1689:
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1666:
1665:
1660:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1629:Dedication to
1627:
1623:Amesha Spentas
1613:
1603:
1600:Zoroastrianism
1589:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1474:
1471:
1429:
1426:
1362:Atash-i Vahram
1358:Atash-i Adaran
1354:Atash-i Vahram
1241:
1238:
1209:modern Persian
1154:Middle Persian
1131:Achaemenid era
1126:
1123:
1101:
1098:
1084:
1083:
1066:atar spenishta
1063:
1053:
1043:
1025:
871:
870:In later texts
868:
777:ordeal by heat
726:
723:
721:
718:
702:Middle Persian
647:
643:
534:
533:
531:
530:
523:
516:
508:
505:
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491:
490:
486:
485:
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471:Related topics
470:
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333:
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323:
318:
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281:Khordeh Avesta
278:
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147:
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128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
97:
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94:Primary topics
93:
92:
89:
88:
80:
79:
77:Zoroastrianism
73:
72:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2214:
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2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
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2186:
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2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
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2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
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2076:
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2062:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1883:90-04-06506-7
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1864:90-04-10474-7
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1795:0-404-12806-8
1791:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1746:
1744:9781884964985
1740:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1682:Lubotsky 2011
1678:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1663:Eternal flame
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1580:In technology
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
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1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
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1496:
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1479:
1472:
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1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
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1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
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1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1310:XI.8.4.512).
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1293:The Histories
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:Amesha Spenta
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:Asha Vahishta
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:As a divinity
1124:
1119:
1115:
1112:-Zoroastrian
1111:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:atar vazishta
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:
980:
975:
973:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:Asha Vahishta
951:
947:
943:
942:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
920:
914:
913:
907:
906:
900:
896:
889:(150-180 CE).
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
867:
865:
861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
846:Amesha Spenta
843:
842:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
762:
757:
753:
749:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
704:: 𐭠𐭲𐭥𐭥𐭩
703:
699:
694:
692:
689:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
666:
662:
658:
657:
653:
641:
640:Indo-European
637:
633:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
564:
552:
548:
544:
540:
529:
524:
522:
517:
515:
510:
509:
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498:
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459:
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279:
277:
274:
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259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Adur Gushnasp
244:
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239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
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199:
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186:
185:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
141:
140:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:
59:
55:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2454:
2435:
2395:Shahrivargan
2293:
2163:Dae-Pa-Meher
2132:
2020:
2000:
1996:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1957:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1873:
1854:
1837:
1833:
1808:
1804:
1785:
1778:Bibliography
1765:
1759:
1748:. Retrieved
1733:
1726:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1593:
1583:
1573:
1565:
1562:Yazdegerd II
1557:
1549:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1488:
1460:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:Sassanid era
1345:
1343:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:Parthian era
1312:
1305:
1291:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1243:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1113:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1031:
1027:
1017:Atash-Behram
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
992:
988:
982:
978:
976:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
938:
934:
932:
917:
910:
903:
899:Angra Mainyu
894:
892:
878:
863:
857:
853:
849:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
820:
816:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
770:
765:
759:
755:
745:
729:
728:
720:In scripture
713:
709:
705:
697:
695:
690:
683:
676:
669:
663:
654:
635:
629:
622:
618:
611:
607:, source of
604:
600:
594:
568:
567:
546:
542:
538:
537:
341:Frashokereti
286:The Rivayats
241:Adur Farnbag
226:Fire Temples
216:Yenghe hatam
211:Ahuna Vairya
176:Angra Mainyu
2390:Amordadegan
2342:Khordad Sal
2309:Aspandarmad
2213:Ashishvangh
2128:Dae-Pa-Adar
2113:Aspandarmad
2075:Zoroastrian
1384:The Indian
1339:Darb-e Mehr
1307:Geographica
1284:Atash Nyash
1022:fire temple
813:Ahura Mazda
781:garmo-varah
693:"bonfire".
686:"fire" and
681:Serbo-Croat
582:Ahura Mazda
576:concept of
574:Zoroastrian
371:Khurramites
121:Persia/Iran
106:Zarathustra
101:Ahura Mazda
2472:Categories
2418:Bahmanagan
2380:Khordadgan
2259:Ardibehest
2233:Mahraspand
2203:Dae-Pa-Din
2103:Ardibehest
1750:2012-08-27
1669:References
1554:Shapur III
1510:Ardashir I
1499:Ardashir I
1483:Ardashir I
1442:Aži Dahāka
1302:Cappadocia
1296:, i.131).
1236:3.77–83).
1230:Bundahishn
1182:Bundahishn
1174:marigold (
1172:'s is the
1158:Ardvahisht
1152:(Avestan,
1093:Bundahishn
841:Vohu Manah
779:(Avestan:
391:Initiation
206:Ashem Vohu
116:Vohu Manah
58:Tegin Shah
54:Turk Shahi
2400:Meheragan
2319:Festivals
2279:Shehrevar
2254:Fravardin
2183:Fravardin
2108:Shehrevar
1658:cosmology
1542:Bahram II
1534:Hormizd I
1491:Faravahar
1453:Shahnameh
1346:loc. Cit.
1288:Herodotus
1176:calendula
991:5.6). In
742:Zoroaster
688:Ukrainian
578:holy fire
572:, is the
426:Adherents
386:Festivals
366:Mazdakism
361:Zurvanism
316:Bundahišn
126:Faravahar
2456:Category
2405:Abanegan
2327:Gambhars
2143:Khorshed
2023:, Brill.
1707:40997529
1588:See also
1526:Shapur I
1467:Sevavash
1462:Gayomard
1449:Ferdowsi
1440:battles
1434:Vendidad
1418:athravan
1402:athravan
1390:athornan
1327:atroshan
1251:Baresman
1234:Zatspram
1184:27.24).
1120:, India)
924:Sassanid
905:Vendidad
887:Huvishka
674:Romanian
661:Albanian
631:atharvan
619:āθrauuan
584:and his
569:Dāštāɣni
555:𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭
408:Marriage
381:Calendar
271:Visperad
266:Vendidad
171:Fravashi
69:a series
67:Part of
60:, 728 CE
2493:Yazatas
2410:Azargan
2385:Tiragan
2274:Amardad
2264:Khordad
2123:Amardad
2118:Khordad
2093:Hormazd
1949:2844296
1684:, s.v.
1633:in the
1617:Yazatas
1457:Hoshang
1331:Yazatas
1313:By the
1264:Nyashes
1201:Yazatas
1166:Yazatas
1160:), the
1080:Ohrmuzd
1075:šventas
1068:, "the
1058:, "the
1048:, "the
1030:, "the
995:17.11,
974:13.77)
966:Nyashes
919:Denkard
623:aθaurun
616:Avestan
609:Persian
595:In the
551:Avestan
311:Dēnkard
291:Ab-Zohr
156:Yazatas
131:Avestan
2414:Daegan
2337:Pateti
2332:Nowruz
2304:Bahman
2247:Months
2238:Aneran
2228:Zamyad
2218:Ashtad
2188:Behram
2178:Rashne
2098:Bahman
1947:
1880:
1861:
1825:599356
1823:
1792:
1741:
1705:
1686:agni-.
1611:Avesta
1607:Gathas
1546:Narseh
1406:zaotar
1394:athra*
1376:, and
1366:Adaran
1335:Mithra
1323:ayazan
1298:Strabo
1266:5.7)
1262:62.1;
1139:Yazata
1114:Jashan
1040:friend
964:62.3,
941:Yazata
928:Avesta
885:ruler
883:Kushan
761:yazata
738:Avesta
734:Gathas
714:ātaxsh
590:Yazata
453:Iranis
443:Parsis
413:Burial
401:Sedreh
396:Kushti
276:Yashts
256:Gathas
201:Avesta
166:Daevas
161:Ahuras
2352:Sadeh
2284:Meher
2223:Asman
2198:Govad
2173:Srosh
2168:Meher
2148:Mohor
1945:JSTOR
1821:JSTOR
1713:vatër
1703:JSTOR
1570:Peroz
1518:Papak
1414:Yasht
1410:Yasna
1386:Parsi
1378:xanag
1370:kadag
1319:bagin
1260:Yasna
1256:Haoma
1148:aids
1110:Parsi
1036:bhaga
993:Yasna
989:Nyash
984:Yasna
971:Yasht
962:Yasna
939:Atar
879:Atsho
864:Yasna
836:Yasna
821:Yasna
793:Yasna
752:Yasna
691:vatra
684:vatra
677:vatră
670:vatra
665:vatër
652:Latin
627:Vedic
605:ātarš
566:) or
543:Atash
261:Yasna
56:king
43:Atari
39:Attar
18:Atsho
2294:Adar
2289:Avan
2158:Gosh
2138:Avan
2133:Adar
2086:Days
1878:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1838:47/1
1790:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1654:Ymir
1650:Eitr
1640:Agni
1631:Adar
1620:and
1605:The
1595:Aban
1438:Adar
1422:atar
1398:atar
1272:Adar
1246:Aban
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