51:
498:
Following histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis, a more thorough evaluation of any potential underlying illnesses may be conducted. Naturally, the first steps in the assessment process should be a thorough history, a review of the systems, and a physical examination to look for any signs of
1526:
Weishaupt, Carsten; Strölin, Anke; Kahle, Birgit; Kreuter, Alexander; Schneider, Stefan W; Gerss, Joachim; Eveslage, Maria; Drabik, Attyla; Goerge, Tobias (2016). "Anticoagulation with rivaroxaban for livedoid vasculopathy (RILIVA): a multicentre, single-arm, open-label, phase 2a, proof-of-concept
601:
Although there are numerous distinct treatment modalities for livedoid vasculopathy, no published, standardized, evidence-based therapeutic strategies exist. The improvement of skin lesions, avoidance of relapses, and pain relief are the main goals of treatment for livedoid vasculopathy. Since not
1617:
Criado, Paulo
Ricardo; Pagliari, Carla; Morita, Thâmara Cristiane Alves Batista; Marques, Gabriela Franco; Pincelli, Thais Prota Hussein; Valente, Neusa Yuriko Sakai; Garcia, Maria Salomé Cajas; Carvalho, Jozélio Freire; Abdalla, Beatrice Martinez Zugaib; Sotto, Mirian Nacagami (2021).
364:
Patients with hematological or solid organ cancers may also experience livedoid vasculopathy. Livedoid vasculopathy may deteriorate during pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester, though fetal compromise has not been documented. Still, a sizable fraction of cases are idiopathic.
1431:
Alavi, Afsaneh; Hafner, JĂĽrg; Dutz, Jan P.; Mayer, Dieter; Sibbald, R. Gary; Criado, Paulo
Ricardo; Senet, Patricia; Callen, Jeffery P.; Phillips, Tania J.; Romanelli, Marco; Kirsner, Robert S. (2013). "Livedoid vasculopathy: An in-depth analysis using a modified Delphi approach".
1757:
1742:
1727:
1322:
Weishaupt, C.; Strölin, A.; Kahle, B.; Kreuter, A.; Schneider, S. W.; Gerss, J.; Eveslage, M.; Drabik, A.; Goerge, T. (May 14, 2019). "Characteristics, risk factors and treatment reality in livedoid vasculopathy – a multicentre analysis".
1127:
Papi, Massimo; Didona, Biagio; De PitĂ , Ornella; Frezzolini, Alessandra; Di Giulio, Stefano; De
Matteis, Walter; Del Principe, Domenico; Cavalieri, Rino (April 1, 1998). "Livedo Vasculopathy vs Small Vessel Cutaneous Vasculitis".
664:
According to estimates, the annual incidence of livedoid vasculopathy is 1:100,000, with women being affected at a ratio of 3:1. Patients may experience functional impairment for decades as the mean age of onset is in the 30s.
253:, which causes blood and pressure to build up in the dermal superficial veins. The oxygen partial pressure in the skin decreases as a result of the blood flow obstruction, triggering a cutaneous response that presents as
469:
should be performed to confirm the diagnosis of livedoid vasculopathy when it is clinically suspected. The most suitable type of biopsy is a fusiform incisional biopsy that contains subcutaneous fat.
241:
of the superior superficial and medium dermal venulae, particularly on the lower extremities, bilaterally, is the initial clinical manifestation; upper extremity involvement has also been documented.
1475:
Juan, W-H.; Chan, Y-S.; Lee, J.C.; Yang, L-C.; Hong, H-S.; Yang, C-H. (August 18, 2005). "Livedoid vasculopathy: long-term follow-up results following hyperbaric oxygen therapy".
1001:
Criado, Paulo
Ricardo; Rivitti, Evandro Ararigboia; Sotto, Mirian Nacagami; Valente, Neusa Yuriko Sakai; Aoki, Valeria; Carvalho, Jozelio Freire de; Vasconcellos, Cidia (2011).
221:
Prompt and suitable intervention mitigates discomfort and averts the formation of wounds and additional complications. In addition to general supportive measures,
2348:
1877:
644:, which showed a significant reduction in pain after 12 weeks of therapy in an uncontrolled phase 2a trial. Common substitutes are antiplatelet agents like
561:
The initial step in the clinical work-up should be considering the differential diagnoses of additional common causes of atrophie blanche.
2060:
192:, a painful ulceration in the distal regions of the lower extremities, is the characteristic clinical appearance. It heals to form porcelain-white,
2147:
2035:
2199:
2194:
465:
To diagnose livedoid vasculopathy and its causes, a thorough history, dermatological examination, and laboratory work-up are necessary. A
441:. Furthermore, insufficient tissue perfusion results in inadequate wound healing, creating a vicious cycle. The so-called Virchow trias,
1271:
Dodman, B.; Cunliffe, W.J.; Roberts, B.E. (1973). "Observations on tissue fibrinolytic activity in patients with cutaneous vasculitis".
495:
and a spare perivascular inflammatory infiltrate may be seen in the acute phase, but these results are not essential for the diagnosis.
390:
1870:
401:
At this point, the pathomechanism of livedoid vasculopathy is not fully understood. At first, livedoid vasculopathy was thought to be
265:-violaceous, purpuric plaques. They quickly develop into bleeding vesicles, or bullae, which, when they burst, produce painful, small
2262:
1966:
1892:
405:. Presently, livedoid vasculopathy is understood to be a vascular illness in which procoagulatory factors predominate, resulting in
382:
1620:"Livedoid vasculopathy in 75 Brazilian patients in a single-center institution: Clinical, histopathological and therapy evaluation"
602:
every patient responds to a single therapy approach equally, it is necessary to evaluate or combine a number of treatment options.
2204:
2015:
2322:
531:
453:. The manifestation of livedoid vasculopathy on the lower extremities is thought to be caused by variations in temperature and
2045:
1863:
1661:
Hairston, Bethany R.; Davis, Mark D. P.; Pittelkow, Mark R.; Ahmed, Iftikhar (November 1, 2006). "Livedoid
Vasculopathy".
321:
in livedoid vasculopathy, what sets off its initial episodes and relapses, and why it primarily affects the lower limbs.
2227:
2123:
2088:
1973:
570:
527:
354:
334:
2312:
1855:
1042:
Ricardo Criado, Paulo; Faillace, CĂ©sar; Salles MagalhĂŁes, Lidia; Brito, KĂ©sia; de
Carvalho, Jozélio Freire (2012). "".
2303:
1996:
1942:
129:
2288:
2142:
2000:
1900:
1570:
KLEIN, KENNETH L.; PITTELKOW, MARK R. (1992). "Tissue
Plasminogen Activator for Treatment of Livedoid Vasculitis".
543:
2065:
2040:
679:
574:
566:
523:
511:
487:
deposition in the vessel walls (which is frequently difficult to identify), and a high frequency of intraluminal
358:
346:
204:
90:
2073:
1938:
1772:
1174:
Thornsberry, Laura A.; LoSicco, Kristen I.; English, Joseph C. (2013). "The skin and hypercoagulable states".
2327:
2298:
2283:
2078:
1925:
1834:
374:
290:
199:
Livedoid vasculopathy has been linked to various conditions that can induce hypercoagulability, including
119:
1823:
652:. Patients who are not responding to traditional therapies may benefit from the use of low-dose systemic
373:
Livedoid vasculopathy is caused by a number of inherited and acquired coagulation abnormalities, such as
44:
Livedoid vasculitis, Livedo reticularis with summer/winter ulceration , Segmental hyalinizing vasculitis.
2164:
2157:
2134:
2103:
2098:
1910:
1978:
2317:
2083:
2010:
2005:
585:
is another common differential diagnosis that causes similar cutaneous lesions on the legs. A proper
582:
573:
are the most frequent conditions to be taken into account during the differential diagnosis process.
519:
342:
330:
2242:
2232:
2214:
2113:
2093:
2025:
2020:
1961:
1761:
618:
350:
270:
266:
185:
865:
Burg, Maria Rosa; Mitschang, Carolin; Goerge, Tobias; Schneider, Stefan Werner (October 3, 2022).
1915:
1508:
1410:
1356:
1304:
1253:
674:
578:
454:
442:
406:
246:
75:
309:
deposits in the skin are among the chronic complications associated with livedoid vasculopathy.
491:
thrombi in blood vessels, particularly in the upper and middle dermis, during the acute phase.
2237:
2179:
2174:
2055:
2030:
1736:
1686:
1678:
1649:
1641:
1595:
1587:
1552:
1544:
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1457:
1449:
1402:
1394:
1348:
1340:
1296:
1288:
1245:
1237:
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1051:
1024:
978:
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888:
836:
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286:
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Due to the tissue exposure, the primary acute complications are pain and secondary infection.
226:
193:
148:
106:
63:
1670:
1631:
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1441:
1386:
1332:
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1229:
1183:
1137:
1091:
1014:
968:
952:
896:
878:
826:
810:
98:
1377:
Micieli, Robert; Alavi, Afsaneh (February 1, 2018). "Treatment for
Livedoid Vasculopathy".
617:, and routine wound debridement are examples of local therapies for livedoid vasculopathy.
2293:
1812:
941:"Livedoid vasculopathy: A multidisciplinary clinical approach to diagnosis and management"
733:
539:
535:
507:
is inherited or acquired, including looking into coagulating factors and their mutations.
492:
242:
189:
144:
797:
Eswaran, Harish; Googe, Paul; Vedak, Priyanka; Marston, William A; Moll, Stephan (2022).
2189:
1284:
973:
940:
901:
866:
831:
798:
649:
547:
302:
215:
125:
111:
1766:
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eventually combine to form painful, confluent, reticulate, and geometric ulcerations.
50:
2342:
2152:
2050:
1933:
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85:
68:
17:
1445:
1187:
1141:
956:
2308:
2252:
1751:
1233:
1080:"Livedoid vasculopathy: A review of pathogenesis and principles of management"
883:
814:
699:
637:
590:
562:
503:
laboratory testing is advised. More testing is necessary to determine whether
450:
402:
318:
294:
250:
238:
181:
177:
133:
94:
1682:
1645:
1591:
1548:
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1344:
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1149:
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1096:
1079:
1028:
964:
939:
Bilgic, Asli; Ozcobanoglu, Salih; Bozca, Burcin Cansu; Alpsoy, Erkan (2021).
892:
822:
1807:
1783:
799:"Livedoid vasculopathy: A review with focus on terminology and pathogenesis"
606:
555:
476:
1690:
1653:
1556:
1504:
1461:
1406:
1352:
1249:
1203:
1113:
1055:
982:
910:
840:
767:
449:
damage, also serve as risk factors for livedoid vasculopathy microvascular
1599:
1300:
1157:
1829:
610:
438:
434:
418:
378:
262:
254:
200:
1719:
1988:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
645:
632:
The most widely documented treatment for livedoid vasculopathy is oral
488:
1636:
1619:
1336:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
534:, detailed laboratory research should be conducted. Furthermore, when
1746:
1731:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
484:
430:
429:, may be the cause of the thrombotic effect. As a diffusion barrier,
422:
258:
1886:
Cutaneous vasculitis and other vascular-related cutaneous conditions
1843:
558:
should be done if there is a suspicion of an underlying infection.
1788:
626:
426:
577:
are diagnosed with the help of clinical signs, abnormal arterial
437:
formation cause a reduction in oxygen availability, which causes
1818:
867:"Livedoid vasculopathy – A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge"
282:
1859:
1325:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
551:
457:, as well as a lower concentration of thrombolytic factors.
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
621:
and compression therapy have been demonstrated to enhance
1169:
1167:
951:(5). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 588–599.
229:
medications can be considered the first-line treatments.
1084:
Indian
Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
538:
or solid organ cancers are suspected, tests for protein
317:
Few things are known about the origins of dermal vessel
1228:(8). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 627–636.
1078:
Vasudevan, Biju; Neema, Shekhar; Verma, Rajesh (2016).
1003:"Vasculopatia livedoide: uma doença cutânea intrigante"
581:
findings, and the ankle-brachial index test. Cutaneous
27:
Blood vessel disorder causing ulcers in the lower limbs
1215:
1213:
609:
is crucial and frequently the patients' top priority.
1709:
2272:
2251:
2213:
2133:
2112:
1987:
1924:
1891:
1798:
1713:
1220:Goerge, T. (July 24, 2011). "Livedovaskulopathie".
758:Majmundar, Vidit D.; Baxi, Kalgi (August 8, 2023).
305:oozing from the high-pressure regimen veins due to
159:
140:
118:
105:
84:
74:
62:
40:
35:
1426:
1424:
1385:(2). American Medical Association (AMA): 193–202.
1136:(4). American Medical Association (AMA): 447–452.
625:in addition to their respective roles in reducing
184:that is characterized by excruciating, recurrent
996:
994:
992:
510:In the event that pertinent data suggestive of
80:Livedoid changes, atrophie blanche, and uclers.
1434:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1176:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
147:, wound care, smoking cessation, compression,
1871:
1483:(2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 251–255.
218:analysis are combined to make the diagnosis.
8:
1372:
1370:
945:International Journal of Women's Dermatology
1878:
1864:
1856:
1710:
1669:(11). American Medical Association (AMA).
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
550:should be carried out. Again, testing for
49:
32:
1635:
1095:
1018:
972:
900:
882:
830:
636:, which directly addresses dermal vessel
329:Livedoid vasculopathy has been linked to
58:Livedoid Vasculopathy ulcer at the ankle.
499:underlying diseases. For every patient,
421:dysfunction, or increased or restricted
2036:Purpura secondary to clotting disorders
691:
2349:Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
2200:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2061:Waldenström hyperglobulinemic purpura
605:Treating pain related to ulcers with
97:-predisposing genetic disorders, and
7:
2195:Generalized essential telangiectasia
567:peripheral arterial vascular disease
214:The history, clinical findings, and
1013:(5). FapUNIFESP (SciELO): 961–977.
640:. The most widely used of these is
629:and mitigating reperfusion injury.
391:methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
1285:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb07539.x
524:antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
359:antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
196:, also known as Atrophie blanche.
25:
2263:Template:Lymphatic vessel disease
1967:Perinatal gangrene of the buttock
1007:Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
383:plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
237:Recurrent focal non-inflammatory
2205:Unilateral nevoid telangiectasia
1489:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06843.x
1440:(6). Elsevier BV: 1033–1042.e1.
2323:Reactive angioendotheliomatosis
1020:10.1590/s0365-05962011000500015
532:mixed connective tissue disease
2148:Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome
1477:British Journal of Dermatology
1391:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.4374
1273:British Journal of Dermatology
1090:(5). Scientific Scholar: 478.
269:about 5 mm in diameter. These
1:
2046:Pigmentary purpuric eruptions
1584:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60922-7
1541:10.1016/s2352-3026(15)00251-3
1044:Acta Reumatologica Portuguesa
546:and lambda chain levels, and
413:dysfunction, such as reduced
345:, mixed and undifferentiated
207:, and inherited and acquired
2228:Arterial insufficiency ulcer
2124:Template:Systemic vasculitis
2089:Superficial thrombophlebitis
1974:Malignant atrophic papulosis
1675:10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413
1578:(10). Elsevier BV: 923–933.
593:from livedoid vasculopathy.
571:chronic venous insufficiency
528:systemic lupus erythematosus
355:systemic lupus erythematosus
335:systemic lupus erythematosus
2304:Arteriosclerosis obliterans
1997:Nonthrombocytopenic purpura
1943:Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
1535:(2). Elsevier BV: e72–e79.
1182:(3). Elsevier BV: 450–462.
130:peripheral vascular disease
91:Antiphospholipid antibodies
2365:
2289:Thromboangiitis obliterans
2143:Arteriovenous malformation
2001:Cryofibrinogenemic purpura
1901:Erythema elevatum diutinum
1446:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.019
1188:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.01.043
1142:10.1001/archderm.134.4.447
957:10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.08.013
575:Peripheral artery diseases
512:connective tissue diseases
347:connective tissue diseases
205:connective-tissue diseases
2066:Painful bruising syndrome
2041:Purpuric agave dermatitis
1234:10.1007/s00105-011-2172-3
884:10.3389/fmed.2022.1012178
815:10.1177/1358863X221130380
762:. StatPearls Publishing.
680:Antiphospholipid syndrome
57:
48:
2074:Paroxysmal hand hematoma
1939:Cryoglobulinemic purpura
1097:10.4103/0378-6323.183635
301:in the lower limbs from
2313:Marshall–White syndrome
2299:Septic thrombophlebitis
2079:Postcardiotomy syndrome
1926:Microvascular occlusion
1663:Archives of Dermatology
1572:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1331:(9). Wiley: 1784–1791.
1130:Archives of Dermatology
760:"Livedoid Vasculopathy"
589:can help differentiate
163:1 in 1,00,000 per year.
2170:lymphatic malformation
2135:Vascular malformations
1529:The Lancet Haematology
877:. Frontiers Media SA.
569:, and lower extremity
291:mononeuritis multiplex
120:Differential diagnosis
2165:Sinusoidal hemangioma
2158:Parkes Weber syndrome
2104:Fibrinolysis syndrome
2099:Blueberry muffin baby
1957:Livedoid vasculopathy
1911:Urticarial vasculitis
1824:Livedoid vasculopathy
871:Frontiers in Medicine
361:are more vulnerable.
249:are symptoms of such
170:Livedoid vasculopathy
36:Livedoid vasculopathy
2328:Trousseau's syndrome
2284:Raynaud's phenomenon
2277:cutaneous conditions
2084:Deep vein thrombosis
2011:Food-induced purpura
2006:Drug-induced purpura
1893:Cutaneous vasculitis
1624:Dermatologic Therapy
700:"Monarch Initiative"
583:polyarteritis nodosa
520:rheumatoid arthritis
343:polyarteritis nodosa
331:rheumatoid arthritis
188:on the lower limbs.
2318:Cholesterol embolus
2243:Acroangiodermatitis
2233:Hematopoietic ulcer
2114:Systemic vasculitis
2026:Orthostatic purpura
2021:Obstructive purpura
1962:Livedoid dermatitis
353:. Individuals with
293:from vasa nervorum
245:or, less commonly,
1979:Sneddon's syndrome
1916:Nodular vasculitis
1799:External resources
704:Monarch Initiative
675:Livedo reticularis
579:Doppler ultrasound
455:perfusion pressure
443:hypercoagulability
407:hypercoagulability
351:Sjogren's syndrome
247:livedo reticularis
233:Signs and symptoms
149:antiplatelet agent
2336:
2335:
2238:Neuropathic ulcer
2180:Aagenaes syndrome
2175:Hennekam syndrome
2056:Traumatic purpura
2031:Purpura fulminans
1853:
1852:
1637:10.1111/dth.14810
1337:10.1111/jdv.15639
803:Vascular Medicine
619:Hyperbaric oxygen
615:hyperbaric oxygen
287:hyperpigmentation
216:histopathological
176:) is an uncommon
167:
166:
107:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2356:
2275:vascular-related
2094:Mondor's disease
1880:
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1379:JAMA Dermatology
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998:
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755:
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730:
715:
714:
712:
710:
696:
297:, and cutaneous
99:paraproteinemias
53:
33:
21:
18:Atrophie blanche
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2294:Erythromelalgia
2276:
2274:
2268:
2247:
2209:
2129:
2108:
1983:
1920:
1887:
1884:
1854:
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1848:
1813:article/1082675
1794:
1793:
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1701:
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1613:
1611:Further reading
1608:
1607:
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693:
688:
671:
662:
634:anticoagulation
613:, compression,
599:
540:electrophoresis
536:paraproteinemia
493:Leukocytoclasia
483:proliferation,
463:
433:deposition and
399:
371:
327:
315:
279:
243:Livedo racemosa
235:
190:Livedo racemosa
145:Pain management
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2190:telangiectasia
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:IgA vasculitis
2013:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1826:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1769:
1754:
1739:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:Classification
1708:
1707:
1700:
1699:External links
1697:
1696:
1695:
1658:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1562:
1518:
1467:
1420:
1366:
1314:
1279:(3): 231–235.
1263:
1209:
1163:
1119:
1061:
1050:(3): 218–225.
1034:
988:
916:
846:
809:(6): 593–603.
780:
750:
716:
690:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
677:
670:
667:
661:
658:
650:pentoxifylline
598:
595:
548:immunofixation
462:
459:
445:, stasis, and
398:
395:
370:
367:
357:who also have
326:
323:
314:
311:
283:Atrophic scars
278:
275:
234:
231:
223:anticoagulants
209:thrombophilias
194:atrophic scars
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:anticoagulants
142:
138:
137:
126:venous disease
122:
116:
115:
112:Histopathology
109:
103:
102:
88:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2361:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Cobb syndrome
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Solar purpura
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Calciphylaxis
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1630:(2): e14810.
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:(in German).
1223:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
995:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
847:
842:
838:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
781:
769:
765:
761:
754:
751:
739:
735:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
717:
705:
701:
695:
692:
685:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
659:
657:
655:
654:thrombolytics
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
505:thrombophilia
502:
501:thrombophilia
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Skin biopsies
470:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:formation or
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:. Defects in
408:
404:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:polymorphisms
368:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
322:
320:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
299:hemosiderosis
296:
292:
288:
285:, persistent
284:
277:Complications
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
230:
228:
224:
219:
217:
212:
210:
206:
203:, autoimmune
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2260:
2223:Venous ulcer
2188:
2169:
2121:
1956:
1952:coagulopathy
1949:
1906:Capillaritis
1839:
1828:
1817:
1806:
1782:
1771:
1756:
1741:
1726:
1666:
1662:
1627:
1623:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1437:
1433:
1382:
1378:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1225:
1222:Der Hautarzt
1221:
1179:
1175:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1087:
1083:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1010:
1006:
948:
944:
874:
870:
806:
802:
771:. Retrieved
753:
741:. Retrieved
737:
707:. Retrieved
703:
694:
663:
660:Epidemiology
631:
623:fibrinolysis
604:
600:
560:
509:
497:
471:
464:
417:activation,
400:
372:
363:
328:
325:Risk factors
316:
303:erythrocytes
280:
263:erythematous
236:
227:antiplatelet
220:
213:
198:
182:vasculopathy
173:
169:
168:
86:Risk factors
2072:ungrouped:
773:January 29,
743:January 29,
709:January 29,
642:rivaroxaban
587:skin biopsy
516:scleroderma
481:endothelial
467:skin biopsy
447:endothelial
415:plasminogen
411:endothelial
387:prothrombin
349:, and
339:scleroderma
307:hemosiderin
257:with itchy
69:Dermatology
41:Other names
2309:Bier spots
2253:Lymphedema
1778:D000090122
734:"UpToDate"
686:References
638:thrombosis
591:vasculitis
563:Vasculitis
514:, such as
451:thrombosis
403:vasculitis
319:thrombosis
295:thrombosis
251:thrombosis
239:thrombosis
178:thrombotic
134:vasculitis
95:thrombosis
2273:Ungrouped
1950:vascular
1808:eMedicine
1789:238775002
1784:SNOMED CT
1683:0003-987X
1646:1396-0296
1592:0025-6196
1549:2352-3026
1497:0007-0963
1454:0190-9622
1399:2168-6068
1361:128353394
1345:0926-9959
1293:0007-0963
1258:248194522
1242:0017-8470
1196:0190-9622
1150:0003-987X
1106:0378-6323
1029:0365-0596
965:2352-6475
893:2296-858X
823:1358-863X
607:analgesia
597:Treatment
556:hepatitis
477:histology
461:Diagnosis
397:Mechanism
393:(MTHFR).
385:(PAI-1),
201:neoplasms
160:Frequency
141:Treatment
64:Specialty
2343:Category
1844:Q3257123
1830:Orphanet
1691:17116831
1654:33496999
1557:26853646
1527:trial".
1513:25099027
1505:16433793
1462:24028907
1415:25609541
1407:29141075
1353:31009111
1309:29460421
1250:21786003
1204:23582572
1114:27297279
1056:23348110
983:35024414
911:36262273
841:36285834
768:32644463
738:UpToDate
669:See also
611:UV light
544:Ig kappa
479:reveals
439:necrosis
435:thrombus
419:platelet
379:factor V
369:Genetics
255:pruritus
124:Chronic
76:Symptoms
1989:Purpura
1840:Scholia
1705:DermNet
1600:1434852
1301:4514551
1158:9554296
974:8721056
902:9574051
832:9732787
646:aspirin
542:,
522:,
489:hyaline
341:,
333:,
259:papules
180:dermal
1835:542643
1689:
1681:
1652:
1644:
1598:
1590:
1555:
1547:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1460:
1452:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1202:
1194:
1156:
1148:
1112:
1104:
1054:
1027:
981:
971:
963:
909:
899:
891:
839:
829:
821:
766:
530:, and
485:fibrin
431:fibrin
423:fibrin
389:, and
313:Causes
271:ulcers
267:ulcers
186:ulcers
151:, and
132:, and
2215:Ulcer
1767:709.1
1752:L95.0
1509:S2CID
1411:S2CID
1357:S2CID
1305:S2CID
1254:S2CID
627:edema
427:lysis
2261:see
2122:see
1819:GARD
1773:MeSH
1762:9-CM
1737:EF50
1687:PMID
1679:ISSN
1650:PMID
1642:ISSN
1596:PMID
1588:ISSN
1553:PMID
1545:ISSN
1501:PMID
1493:ISSN
1458:PMID
1450:ISSN
1403:PMID
1395:ISSN
1349:PMID
1341:ISSN
1297:PMID
1289:ISSN
1246:PMID
1238:ISSN
1200:PMID
1192:ISSN
1154:PMID
1146:ISSN
1110:PMID
1102:ISSN
1052:PMID
1025:ISSN
979:PMID
961:ISSN
907:PMID
889:ISSN
837:PMID
819:ISSN
775:2024
764:PMID
745:2024
711:2024
648:and
554:and
261:and
225:and
1758:ICD
1743:ICD
1728:ICD
1671:doi
1667:142
1632:doi
1580:doi
1537:doi
1485:doi
1481:154
1442:doi
1387:doi
1383:154
1333:doi
1281:doi
1230:doi
1184:doi
1138:doi
1134:134
1092:doi
1015:doi
969:PMC
953:doi
897:PMC
879:doi
827:PMC
811:doi
552:HIV
377:in
2345::
1999::
1842::
1833::
1822::
1811::
1787::
1776::
1765::
1750::
1747:10
1735::
1732:11
1685:.
1677:.
1665:.
1648:.
1640:.
1628:34
1626:.
1622:.
1594:.
1586:.
1576:67
1574:.
1551:.
1543:.
1531:.
1507:.
1499:.
1491:.
1479:.
1456:.
1448:.
1438:69
1436:.
1423:^
1409:.
1401:.
1393:.
1381:.
1369:^
1355:.
1347:.
1339:.
1329:33
1327:.
1303:.
1295:.
1287:.
1277:88
1275:.
1252:.
1244:.
1236:.
1226:62
1212:^
1198:.
1190:.
1180:69
1178:.
1166:^
1152:.
1144:.
1132:.
1108:.
1100:.
1088:82
1086:.
1082:.
1064:^
1048:37
1046:.
1023:.
1011:86
1009:.
1005:.
991:^
977:.
967:.
959:.
947:.
943:.
919:^
905:.
895:.
887:.
873:.
869:.
849:^
835:.
825:.
817:.
807:27
805:.
801:.
783:^
736:.
719:^
702:.
656:.
565:,
526:,
518:,
475:'
381:,
337:,
289:,
211:.
174:LV
128:,
93:,
2311:/
2192::
1954::
1941:/
1879:e
1872:t
1865:v
1760:-
1745:-
1730:-
1720:D
1693:.
1673::
1656:.
1634::
1602:.
1582::
1559:.
1539::
1533:3
1515:.
1487::
1464:.
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1417:.
1389::
1363:.
1335::
1311:.
1283::
1260:.
1232::
1206:.
1186::
1160:.
1140::
1116:.
1094::
1058:.
1031:.
1017::
985:.
955::
949:7
913:.
881::
875:9
843:.
813::
777:.
747:.
713:.
172:(
155:.
136:.
114:.
101:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
