463:
elaborate predictive practices have also been suggested for the holes although all these methods, including Hoyle's, require a high level of astronomical awareness and a grasp of some very abstract concepts including knowing where and when to first position the stones around the circle. It has also been pointed out by R. Colton and R. L. Martin that simpler methods exist, based on observing the position of each moonrise, which would have worked just as well and which would not require moving numerous markers amongst 56 holes. This diminishes the astronomical significance of the number of the Aubrey Holes and their circular arrangement and tends to suggest that any astronomical purpose for the site may have been no more than symbolic.
393:, which occurs on average about once a year on a 346.62 day cycle. Lunar eclipses are not always visible as the Moon may be below the horizon as it moves across the sky, but over 18 to 19 years (18.61 years to be precise) the date and position of a visible eclipse will return to its beginning point on the horizon again. As the motion of the Moon's orbit also causes it to work its way across the sky on an 18.61 year cycle in what is known as the journey between
257:, since they are too shallow to be postholes. In fact the holes are identical in width, depth, and shape to the bluestones located elsewhere in Stonehenge. They are confident that the Aubrey holes belong to Stonehenge's initial phase of construction. Professor Parker Pearson said: "It's very exciting that we have evidence for stones right from its beginnings around 3000 BC. That's almost 500 years earlier than anyone had thought."
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238:, archaeologist Karen Walker collated and studied the surviving records from all the earlier work on the holes and concluded that "Although the evidence is inconclusive, and will no doubt be the subject of continued debate, the authors are inclined to support the view that the Aubrey Holes held posts, which were removed, rather than burnt in situ or left to decay."
33:
418:
the installation of the Heel Stone being the final nail in the coffin. Furthermore, the 56-year period is not in fact a reliable method of predicting eclipses and it is now accepted that they never repeat their date and position over three consecutive 18.61 year-long lunar cycles. Hawkins' theories also required strict observance of the
417:
More recent examination, notably by
Richard Atkinson, has proved Hawkins largely wrong, as it is now established that the different features at the monument that he tried to incorporate into many of his alignment theories were in use at different times and could not have worked alone, the lateness of
100:
stone chips in the holes' upper fills supports this. That none of the other antiquarians who visited the site noticed any such holes implies that they were not permanent features either. Pitts argues that they were more likely to be the cavities left by features that had recently been removed. He has
433:
by two holes every day, ending up with 56 holes in total. By moving another marker anticlockwise two holes every 13 days, which represented the Sun, an annual journey around the circle could also be made. Two further marker stones would also have had to be moved round 3 holes per year
172:
The positions of the holes are marked at the
Stonehenge site by white discs laid in the ground surface. Archaeologists number them 1 to 56 counting clockwise from the later Slaughter Stone at the eastern side of the north east entrance. Hawley reburied the human cremations he found, placing them in
220:
has been recovered with the holes although modern archaeological excavation techniques have not been applied to the pits. If the putative timbers were purposefully removed when they fell out of use, then even this evidence would be difficult to spot however. The lack of full documentation from the
215:
have influenced this interpretation; the positioning of the Aubrey Hole circle relative to the earth bank and ditch at
Stonehenge is reproduced at similar sites with rings of timber postholes. That the holes appear to have been filled soon after excavation and then possibly redug does not exclude
404:
Lunar movements may have had calendrical significance to early peoples, especially farmers who would have benefited from the division of the year into periods which indicated the best times for planting. 18.61 is not a whole number and so it cannot be used to predict an eclipse without precision
462:
symbolically associated Typhon with a polygon of 56 sides, hence the connection of 56 to lunar eclipses is explicit, at least for the
Hellenistic era. Although less complex and romantic than Hawkins' 'Stone Age calculator' such a technique is certainly feasible if only in theory. Much more
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rubble soon after being dug as no weathering has been noted on the chalk sides of the pits. They may also have been dug out and refilled numerous times. The holes are in an accurate, 271.6m circumference circle, distributed around the edge of the area enclosed by
Stonehenge's earth bank, with a
367:
The astronomical readings of the holes are largely a product of the interpretation of them as being simple pits without any structural features. This approach has required finding an explanation which tends towards the theory that the holes were repeatedly dug, filled and redug and excludes
78:
Whilst visiting the monument in 1666, Aubrey noticed five circular cavities in the ground and noted them in his records. These features were ignored or not seen by the later antiquarians to investigate the site, and it was not until the 1920s during the work carried out by
Colonel
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stone chips have only been found in the upper fills of the excavated pits implies that the digging of the holes predates the megalithic phases of
Stonehenge. From this stratigraphic evidence it is therefore likely that the holes were dug during the first phase of the monument,
414:, that which aligned with the Heel Stone, every 56 years. Going further, by placing marker stones at the ninth, eighteenth, twenty-eighth, thirty-seventh, forty-sixth and fifty sixth holes, Hawkins deduced that other intermediate lunar eclipses could also be predicted.
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as whenever the moon and sun markers are directly opposite each other and the other two stones occupy those same opposing points, an eclipse can be guaranteed. This also has the additional benefit of not needing any standing stones to be present at the site.
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may have encountered whilst digging beneath the fallen
Slaughter Stone (so named from its reddish coloration) in the early nineteenth century. It was found that the pits were an average of 0.76m deep and 1.06m in diameter. 25 of the pits contained later
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of the
British Isles, which had varying numbers of postholes and orientations and could therefore not have been used for in island-wide eclipse predicting. The interpretation of such timber circles is unclear, although parallels were drawn with
513:
radio lecture. A 50 cm high carved wooden figure found in the Thames
Marshes in 1912 and carbon dated to 2460–1980 BC has been used rather tenuously to support the theory of carved wooden posts serving a more terrestrial purpose.
195:
Many interpretations prefer an astronomical explanation for the purpose of the holes although this is by no means proved. It was formerly thought that when the Aubrey holes were first dug, the only standing feature at Stonehenge was the
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in their positioning of 0.4m. The circle they describe is around 5m inside the monument's bank. 21 of the holes remain unexcavated and no reliable dating material has been recovered from the other 35. The only available
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and therefore easier to mark using 56 holes. Hawkins argued that the Aubrey Holes were used to keep track of this long time period and could accurately predict the recurrence of a lunar eclipse on the same
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burials inserted into their upper fills along with long bone pins which may have secured leather or cloth bags used to hold the remains. Their presence makes Stonehenge Britain's oldest cremation cemetery.
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possibilities relating to any possible timber posts standing in them. The theory that they may have been used to hold temporary markers for use in astronomical observations gained credence in the 1960s.
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examined the arguments in favour of an astronomical purpose for the holes and concluded that the 28 day lunar cycle could still have been indicated by moving a marker stone representing the moon
389:, Hawkins argued that the various features at the Stonehenge monument were arranged in such a way to predict a variety of astronomical events. He believed that the key to the holes' purpose was the
958:
200:, which marked the point of the midsummer sunrise, viewed from the centre of the henge. But the Heelstone is now attributed to Stonehenge 3 and was therefore not contemporary with the holes.
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to represent the points where the moon (or rather its marker) crossed the Sun marker's path. Hoyle proved that this could have been used to produce a much more reliable method of predicting
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The true purpose of the holes may never be known, although future excavation of the remaining twenty-four using modern archaeological techniques will certainly provide more information.
405:
equipment, using only crude marker stones or timber posts in a circle instead. Hawkins' theory was that three 18.61 year cycles multiply out to 55.83, which is much closer to an
537:
also notes that the azimuth of the Heel Stone, beyond the Aubrey Circle, marks the midpoint in the swing of the Moon between major and minor standstill points, at 51.3 degrees.
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although this number has no known significance. A recent CAD study of the holes has shown that a 56-sided polygon can be generated by the simple use of square and circle geometry.
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pointed out that the holes had been backfilled thousands of years before Aubrey visited the site. The presence of later cremation burials and
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and other Neolithic timber circles. Such a view contradicts the archaeo-astronomical view of the holes as being a unique predictive device.
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in Greek myth was identified as the shadow of the Earth which covers the Moon during lunar eclipses. Plutarch further records that the
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caused by the insertion of the later cremations during Stonehenge 2 have also added to the uncertainty over the function of the holes.
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Mike Pitts has asserted that the Aubrey Holes did in fact originally hold timbers and compares the site at this stage to Woodhenge,
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Another possible explanation for the holes, suggested by Richard Atkinson, is that they were excavated in turn in some unknown
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The depressions seen by Aubrey himself are more likely to have been different features from those that now bear his name.
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involving a procession around the inside of the monument. Others have pointed out the significance of the 28-day human
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Mike Parker, Pearson, Stonehenge A New Understanding: Solving the Mysteries of the Greatest Stone Age Monument, p. 183
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that Hawley's assistant Robert Newall identified a ring of pits he named in honour of Aubrey and his early survey.
177:. A plaque dating from the 1935 reburial was uncovered at the site. The project was detailed in an episode of the
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from the holes comes from charcoal in one of the later cremations. It gives the broad range of 2919–1519 BC. That
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suggested that perhaps further megaliths stood at Stonehenge which occupied these other holes and are now lost.
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and back, the theory that this period was both measurable and useful to Neolithic peoples seemed attractive.
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A white disc marks the location of Aubrey hole number 21 on the western side of the southern entrance to
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the Aubrey holes were an astronomical abacus to mark the positions and calculate the movement of
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the possibility that they held timber posts which were replaced intermittently. No evidence of
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the backfilled hole number 7. These remains were re-excavated in August 2008 as part of the
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71:. Despite decades of argument and analysis, their purpose is still unknown, although an
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calculated that the circle of holes had been laid out in a circumference of 131 of his
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dug two more Aubrey Holes which brought the total excavated to 35, including one that
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Plan of Stonehenge 1 with the Aubrey holes shown as white circles. After Cleal et al.
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In fact, early Stonehenge may have been barely different from the other Neolithic
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25 of the holes were excavated by Hawley in 1920 and seven more in 1924. In 1950
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An early attempt to analyse the positions of the Aubrey holes was undertaken by
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Pitts, M. W. (5 March 1981). "Stones, Pits and Stonehenge". Nature 290: 46–47.
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It has been suggested that the Aubrey holes were originally intended to be
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295: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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led the archaeologists to suggest that the 56 holes had held Welsh
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The pits appear to have been refilled with the freshly excavated
40:. The monument's encircling bank and ditch are visible behind it.
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were erected (around 2600 BC), the holes had fallen out of use.
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and argued that the holes may have been fertility indicators.
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containing timbers or stones but this is uncertain. Analogous
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893:
Pitts, M. W. (5 March 1981). "Stones, pits, and Stonehenge".
63:. They date to the earliest phases of Stonehenge in the late
228:
In a survey of twentieth-century excavations at Stonehenge,
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in successive centuries. By the time the standing stones of
832:
Stonehenge in its Landscape: Twentieth century excavations
804:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 130–134.
829:
Cleal, Rosamund M.J.; Walker, K.E.; Montague, R. (1995).
161:(around 3100 BC) and were then reused for burials during
754:. York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, Inc. pp. 8–10.
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which further complicated predictions using his model.
241:
In August 2008, further excavation of Aubrey Hole 7 by
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early Stonehenge digs in the twentieth century and the
876:
Solving Stonehenge: The new key to an ancient enigma
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Solving Stonehenge: The new key to an ancient enigma
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Solving Stonehenge: The new key to an ancient enigma
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1221:
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585:Cleal, R. M. J., Walker, K. E. & Montague, R.,
442:On astronomical symbolism several analysts from
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8:
802:Great Stone Circles: Fables, fictions, facts
694:"Eclipse Cycles and Eclipses at Stonehenge"
692:Colton, R.; Martin, R. L. (February 1967).
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1035:
1027:
779:. Thames & Hudson. pp. 208–217.
653:. Thames & Hudson. pp. 259–260.
355:Learn how and when to remove this message
980:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
549:
261:Archaeoastronomy and the Aubrey Holes
7:
293:adding citations to reliable sources
1296:Stonehenge replicas and derivatives
446:to Anthony Johnson have noted that
615:"Stonehenge earlier than believed"
478:Extra-astronomical interpretations
56:, named after seventeenth-century
25:
1317:Megalithic architectural elements
1335:
1334:
1147:
835:. London, UK: English Heritage.
269:
27:Ring of chalk pits at Stonehenge
1229:Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge
963:JISCMail: BRITARCH mailing list
280:needs additional citations for
75:role has often been suggested.
977:Sun, Moon, and Standing Stones
859:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
375:, a professor of astronomy at
1:
466:According to the astrologers
1280:Bringing Back the Bluestones
1241:Stonehenge Riverside Project
1104:Laser scanning at Stonehenge
957:Pitts, Mike (15 July 2004).
638:. No. 74. January 2004.
634:"Gerald Hawkins". Obituary.
175:Stonehenge Riverside Project
1235:Stonehenge in its landscape
588:Stonehenge in its landscape
235:Stonehenge in its landscape
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1251:Theories about Stonehenge
1145:
1089:Excavations at Stonehenge
974:Wood, John Edwin (1978).
874:Johnson, Anthony (2008).
853:; White, John B. (1965).
775:Johnson, Anthony (2008).
649:Johnson, Anthony (2008).
1291:Stonehenge Free Festival
191:Theories about the holes
1274:Battle of the Beanfield
942:. London, UK: Century.
878:. Thames & Hudson.
379:in the 1960s, using an
1129:Stonehenge road tunnel
1013:51.179133°N 1.825593°W
468:Bruno and Louise Huber
383:computer. In his book
187:around the same time.
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41:
969:on 27 September 2007.
800:Burl, Aubrey (1999).
133:
90:in a 1981 article in
35:
1246:The Salisbury Museum
1124:Stonehenge Landscape
1018:51.179133; -1.825593
938:Pitts, Mike (2000).
750:; Huber, L. (1995).
454:in Egyptian myth or
289:improve this article
1203:Stonehenge Aotearoa
1188:Maryhill Stonehenge
1009: /
907:1981Natur.290...46P
752:Moon-Node Astrology
710:1967Natur.213..476C
636:British Archaeology
243:Mike Parker Pearson
69:third millennium BC
1286:Polytantric Circle
856:Stonehenge Decoded
851:Hawkins, Gerald S.
420:phases of the moon
386:Stonehenge Decoded
145:standard deviation
136:
119:Richard Colt Hoare
42:
1348:
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1193:Mystical Horizons
885:978-0-500-05155-9
786:978-0-500-05155-9
704:(5075): 476–478.
660:978-0-500-05155-9
623:. 9 October 2008.
377:Boston University
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211:at sites such as
48:are a ring of 56
16:(Redirected from
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1213:Wally Wallington
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965:. Archived from
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115:Richard Atkinson
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1312:Earth mysteries
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1198:Phonehenge West
1160:and derivatives
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1099:Heelstone Ditch
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507:Stuart Piggott
495:timber circles
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450:reported that
444:Gerald Hawkins
373:Gerald Hawkins
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304:"Aubrey holes"
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81:William Hawley
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1109:Q and R Holes
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1016: /
535:Aubrey Burl
503:totem poles
472:lunar nodes
345:August 2024
223:disturbance
150:carbon date
61:John Aubrey
58:antiquarian
1366:Chalk pits
1361:Stonehenge
1355:Categories
1266:In culture
1094:Heel Stone
1058:Stonehenge
1001:51°10′45″N
940:Hengeworld
544:References
509:in a 1946
427:Fred Hoyle
315:newspapers
255:bluestones
247:Mike Pitts
181:TV series
88:Mike Pitts
67:and early
54:Stonehenge
38:Stonehenge
1183:Foamhenge
1173:Bamahenge
1134:Trilithon
1084:Bluestone
1004:1°49′32″W
923:0028-0836
748:Huber, B.
726:1476-4687
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198:Heelstone
124:cremation
105:The holes
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1158:Replicas
675:Plutarch
620:BBC News
591:. p107 (
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395:major
336:JSTOR
322:books
140:chalk
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681:. V.
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