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establish control and sensation of multiple prosthetic joints. In preliminary testing of this new neural interface, patients with an AMI have demonstrated and reported greater control over the prosthesis. Additionally, more naturally reflexive behavior during stair walking was observed compared to subjects with a traditional amputation. An AMI can also be constructed through the combination of two devascularized muscle grafts. These muscle grafts (or flaps) are spare muscle that is denervated (detached from original nerves) and removed from one part of the body to be re-innervated by severed nerves found in the limb to be amputated. Through the use of regenerated muscle flaps, AMIs can be created for patients with muscle tissue that has experienced extreme atrophy or damage or for patients who are undergoing revision of an amputated limb for reasons such as neuroma pain, bone spurs, etc.
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and control their prosthetic limb as an extension of their own body, rather than using a prosthetic that merely resembles an appendage. In a normal agonist-antagonist muscle pair relationship (e.g. bicep-tricep), when the agonist muscle contracts, the antagonist muscle is stretched, and vice versa, providing one with the knowledge of the position of one's limb without even having to look at it. During a standard amputation, agonist-antagonist muscles (e.g. bicep-tricep) are isolated from each other, preventing the ability to have the dynamic contract-extend mechanism that generates sensory feedback. Therefore, current amputees have no way of feeling the physical environment their prosthetic limb encounters. Moreover, with the current amputation surgery which has been in place for over 200 years, 1/3 patients undergo revision surgeries due to pain in their stumps.
603:(EAS) for the purposes of better hearing was first described by C. von Ilberg and J. Kiefer, from the Universitätsklinik Frankfurt, Germany, in 1999. That same year the first EAS patient was implanted. Since the early 2000s FDA has been involved in a clinical trial of device termed the "Hybrid" by Cochlear Corporation. This trial is aimed at examining the usefulness of cochlea implantation in patients with residual low-frequency hearing. The "Hybrid" utilizes a shorter electrode than the standard cochlea implant, since the electrode is shorter it stimulates the basil region of the cochlea and hence the high-frequency tonotopic region. In theory these devices would benefit patients with significant low-frequency residual hearing who have lost perception in the speech frequency range and hence have decreased discrimination scores.
471:, Inc. (Sylmar, CA) began a trial with a prototype epiretinal implant with 16 electrodes. The subjects were six individuals with bare light perception secondary to RP. The subjects demonstrated their ability to distinguish between three common objects (plate, cup, and knife) at levels statistically above chance. An active sub retinal device developed by Retina Implant GMbH (Reutlingen, Germany) began clinical trials in 2006. An IC with 1500 microphotodiodes was implanted under the retina. The microphotodiodes serve to modulate current pulses based on the amount of light incident on the
728:, patients have difficulty emptying their bladders and this can cause infection. From 1969 onwards Brindley developed the sacral anterior root stimulator, with successful human trials from the early 1980s onwards. This device is implanted over the sacral anterior root ganglia of the spinal cord; controlled by an external transmitter, it delivers intermittent stimulation which improves bladder emptying. It also assists in defecation and enables male patients to have a sustained full erection.
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adjusting multi electrode arrays is a very tedious and time consuming process. Development of automatically adjusting electrodes would mitigate this problem. Anderson's group is currently collaborating with Yu-Chong Tai's lab and the
Burdick lab (all at Caltech) to make such a system that uses electrolysis-based actuators to independently adjust electrodes in a chronically implanted array of electrodes.
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prosthetic foot touching the ground) is necessary for balance. He has found that as long as people can see the limbs being controlled by a brain interface move at the same time as issuing the command to do so, with repeated use the brain will assimilate the externally powered limb and it will start to perceive it (in terms of position awareness and feedback) as part of the body.
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774:. Having a patient think about clenching a fist, for example, produces a different result than having him or her think about tapping a finger. The filters used in the prostheses are also being fine-tuned, and in the future, doctors hope to create an implant capable of transmitting signals from inside the skull
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One hurdle to overcome is the long term implantation of electrodes. If the electrodes are moved by physical shock or the brain moves in relation to electrode position, the electrodes could be recording different nerves. Adjustment to electrodes is necessary to maintain an optimal signal. Individually
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In 1957, French researchers A. Djourno and C. Eyries, with the help of D. Kayser, provided the first detailed description of directly stimulating the auditory nerve in a human subject. The individuals described hearing chirping sounds during stimulation. In 1972, the first portable cochlear implant
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The results and implications of fully functional visual prostheses are exciting. However, the challenges are grave. In order for a good quality image to be mapped in the retina a high number of micro-scale electrode arrays are needed. Also, the image quality is dependent on how much information can
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in 40 different positions of the visual field. This experiment showed that an implanted electrical stimulator device could restore some degree of vision. Recent efforts in visual cortex prosthesis have evaluated efficacy of visual cortex stimulation in a non-human primate. In this experiment after
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Power consumption drives battery size. Optimization of the implanted circuits reduces power needs. Implanted devices currently need on-board power sources. Once the battery runs out, surgery is needed to replace the unit. Longer battery life correlates to fewer surgeries needed to replace batteries.
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fish was used as a shocker to subside pain. Healers had developed specific and detailed techniques to exploit the generative qualities of the fish to treat various types of pain, including headache. Because of the awkwardness of using a living shock generator, a fair level of skill was required to
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The requirements for a high resolution retinal prosthesis should follow from the needs and desires of blind individuals who will benefit from the device. Interactions with these patients indicate that mobility without a cane, face recognition and reading are the main necessary enabling capabilities.
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and its functioning. By wirelessly monitoring the brain's electrical signals sent out by electrodes implanted in the subject's brain, the subject can be studied without the device affecting the results. Accurately probing and recording the electrical signals in the brain would help better understand
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Accurate characterization of the nonlinear input/output (I/O) parameters of the normally functioning tissue to be replaced is paramount to designing a prosthetic that mimics normal biologic synaptic signals. Mathematical modeling of these signals is a complex task "because of the nonlinear dynamics
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The MIT Biomechatronics Group has designed a novel amputation paradigm that enables biological muscles and myoelectric prostheses to interface neurally with high reliability. This surgical paradigm, termed the agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI), provides the user with the ability to sense
371:, have proposed tethering 'electrodes to be mounted on the exterior surface of the brain' to the inner surface of the skull. However, even if successful, tethering would not resolve the problem in devices meant to be inserted deep into the brain, such as in the case of deep brain stimulation (DBS).
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is a very important obstacle to overcome. Materials used in the housing of the device, the electrode material (such as iridium oxide), and electrode insulation must be chosen for long term implantation. Subject to
Standards: ISO 14708-3 2008-11-15, Implants for Surgery - Active implantable medical
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includes the power source, target anatomic placement location, current or voltage source, pulse rate, pulse width, and a number of independent channels. Programming options are very numerous (a four-contact electrode offers 50 functional bipolar combinations). The current devices use computerized
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using a powered exoskeleton with a brain interface. The exoskeleton was developed by the Walk Again
Project at the laboratory of Miguel Nicolelis, funded by the government of Brazil. Nicolelis says that feedback from replacement limbs (for example, information about the pressure experienced by a
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A visual prosthesis system consists of an external (or implantable) imaging system which acquires and processes the video. Power and data will be transmitted to the implant wirelessly by the external unit. The implant uses the received power/data to convert the digital data to an analog output
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An AMI is composed of two muscles that originally shared an agonist-antagonist relationship. During the amputation surgery, these two muscles are mechanically linked together within the amputated stump. One AMI muscle pair can be created for each joint degree of freedom in a patient in order to
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HermesC: Low-Power
Wireless Neural Recording System for Freely Moving Primates Chestek, C.A.; Gilja, V.; Nuyujukian, P.; Kier, R.J.; Solzbacher, F.; Ryu, S.I.; Harrison, R.R.; Shenoy, K.V.; Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Volume 17, Issue 4, Aug. 2009, pp.
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Implantation of the device presents many problems. First, the correct presynaptic inputs must be wired to the correct postsynaptic inputs on the device. Secondly, the outputs from the device must be targeted correctly on the desired tissue. Thirdly, the brain must learn how to use the implant.
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within a volume of tissue. Recent studies suggest goals and expected value are high-level cognitive functions that can be used for neural cognitive prostheses. Also, Rice
University scientists have discovered a new method to tune the light-induced vibrations of nanoparticles through slight
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Wireless
Transmission is being developed to allow continuous recording of neuronal signals of individuals in their daily life. This allows physicians and clinicians to capture more data, ensuring that short term events like epileptic seizures can be recorded, allowing better treatment and
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Neural implants are designed to be as small as possible in order to be minimally invasive, particularly in areas surrounding the brain, eyes, or cochlea. These implants typically communicate with their prosthetic counterparts wirelessly. Additionally, power is currently received through
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alterations to the surface to which the particles are attached. According to the university, the discovery could lead to new applications of photonics from molecular sensing to wireless communications. They used ultrafast laser pulses to induce the atoms in gold nanodisks to vibrate.
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be sent over the wireless link. Also this high amount of information must be received and processed by the implant without much power dissipation which can damage the tissue. The size of the implant is also of great concern. Any implant would be preferred to be minimally invasive.
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inherent in the cellular/molecular mechanisms comprising neurons and their synaptic connections". The output of nearly all brain neurons are dependent on which post-synaptic inputs are active and in what order the inputs are received. (spatial and temporal properties, respectively).
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Developments continue in replacing lost arms with cybernetic replacements by using nerves normally connected to the pectoralis muscles. These arms allow a slightly limited range of motion, and reportedly are slated to feature sensors for detecting pressure and temperature.
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deliver the therapy to the target for the proper amount of time. (Including keeping the fish alive as long as possible) Electro analgesia was the first deliberate application of electricity. By the nineteenth century, most western physicians were offering their patients
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Cochlear implants have been also used to allow acquiring of spoken language development in congenitally deaf children, with remarkable success in early implantations (before 2–4 years of life have been reached). There have been about 80,000 children implanted worldwide.
510:, started research on the design of a sophisticated visual prosthesis. Other scientists have disagreed with the focus of their research, arguing that the basic research and design of the densely populated microscopic wire was not sophisticated enough to proceed.
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implanted in the brain, an early difficulty was reliably locating the electrodes, originally done by inserting the electrodes with needles and breaking off the needles at the desired depth. Recent systems utilize more advanced probes, such as those used in
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signals into movements. Completing the translation, researchers have built interfaces that allow patients to move computer cursors, and they are beginning to build robotic limbs and exoskeletons that patients can control by thinking about movement.
793:: the first was implanted in an intact motor cortical region (e.g. finger representation area) and was used to move a cursor among a group of letters. The second was implanted in a different motor region and was used to indicate the selection.
563:. The microphone of the CI system receives sound from the external environment and sends it to processor. The processor digitizes the sound and filters it into separate frequency bands that are sent to the appropriate tonotonic region in the
754:. Research has found that the striatum plays a crucial role in motor sensory learning. This was demonstrated by an experiment in which lab rats' firing rates of the striatum was recorded at higher rates after performing a task consecutively.
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A small, light weight device has been developed that allows constant recording of primate brain neurons at
Stanford University. This technology also enables neuroscientists to study the brain outside of the controlled environment of a lab.
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arrays smaller than a square centimeter that can be implanted in the skull to record electrical activity, transducing recorded information through a thin cable. After decades of research in monkeys, neuroscientists have been able to decode
367:. The problem with either approach is that the brain floats free in the skull while the probe does not, and relatively minor impacts, such as a low speed car accident, are potentially damaging. Some researchers, such as Kensall Wise at the
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S Negi, R. Bhandari, L Rieth, R V Wagenen, and F Solzbacher, "Neural
Electrode Degradation from Continuous Electrical Stimulation: Comparison of Sputtered and Activated Iridium Oxide", Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 186, pp. 8–17,
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B. J. Gantz, C. Turner, and K. E. Gfeller, "Acoustic plus electric speech processing: Preliminary results of a multicenter clinical trial of the Iowa/Nucleus hybrid implant," Audiol. Neurotol., vol. 11 (suppl.), pp. 63–68, 2006, Vol
394:. A camera would wirelessly transmit to an implant, the implant would map the image across an array of electrodes. The array of electrodes has to effectively stimulate 600–1000 locations, stimulating these optic neurons in the
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Improved performance in cochlear implants not only depends on understanding the physical and biophysical limitations of implant stimulation, but also on an understanding of the brain's pattern processing requirements. Modern
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M. J. McMahon, A. Caspi, J. D.Dorn, K. H. McClure, M. Humayun, and R. Greenberg, "Spatial vision in blind subjects implanted with the second sight retinal prosthesis," presented at the ARVO Annu. Meeting, Ft. Lauderdale, FL,
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Lebedev MA, Carmena JM, O'Doherty JE, Zacksenhouse M, Henriquez CS, Principe JC, Nicolelis MA (2005) "Cortical ensemble adaptation to represent velocity of an artificial actuator controlled by a brain-machine interface."
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and was able to mimic the actions of
Warwick's own arm. Additionally, a form of sensory feedback was provided via the implant by passing small electrical currents into the nerve. This caused a contraction of the first
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S.S. Dalal, V.Z. Marmarelis, and T.W. Berger, "A nonlinear positive feedback model of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus," in Proc. 4th Joint Symp. Neural
Computation, California, 1997, vol. 7, pp.
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In contrast to traditional hearing aids that amplify sound and send it through the external ear, cochlear implants acquire and process the sound and convert it into electrical energy for subsequent delivery to the
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A. Y. Chow, V. Y. Chow, K. Packo, J. Pollack, G. Peyman, and R. Schuchard, "The artificial silicon retina microchip for the treatment of vision loss from retinitis pigmentosa," Arch.Ophthalmol., vol. 122, p. 460,
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Wessberg J, Stambaugh CR, Kralik JD, Beck PD, Laubach M, Chapin JK, Kim J, Biggs SJ, Srinivasan MA, Nicolelis MA. (2000) "Real-time prediction of hand trajectory by ensembles of cortical neurons in primates."
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T.W. Berger, T.P. Harty, X. Xie, G. Barrionuevo, and R.J. Sclabassi, "Modeling of neuronal networks through experimental decomposition," in Proc. IEEE 34th Mid Symp. Cir. Sys., Monterey, CA, 1991, vol. 1, pp.
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The first clinical trial of a permanently implanted retinal prosthesis was a device with a passive microphotodiode array with 3500 elements. This trial was implemented at Optobionics, Inc., in 2000. In 2002,
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Schmidt RA, Jonas A, Oleson KA, Janknegt RA, Hassouna MM, Siegel SW, van Kerrebroeck PE. Sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of refractory urinary urge incontinence. Sacral nerve study group. J Urol 1999
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Fayad JN, Otto SR, Shannon RV, Brackmann DE. 2008. Cochlear and brainstern auditory prostheses "neural interface for hearing restoration: Cochlear and brain stem implants". Proceedings of the IEEE 96:1085–95
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Berger, T. W., Ahuja, A., Courellis, S. H., Deadwyler, S. A., Erinjippurath, G., Gerhardt, G. A., et al. (2005). Restoring lost cognitive function. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 24(5),
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Researchers are currently investigating and building motor neuroprosthetics that will help restore movement and the ability to communicate with the outside world to persons with motor disabilities such as
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information that it needs. Pattern recognition in the brain is more effective than algorithmic preprocessing at identifying important features in speech. A combination of engineering, signal processing,
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implants (AMIs) are the three main categories for auditory prostheses. CI electrode arrays are implanted in the cochlea, ABI electrode arrays stimulate the cochlear nucleus complex in the lower
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R. B. North, M. E. Ewend, M. A. Lawton, and S. Piantadosi, "Spinal cord stimulation for chronic, intractable pain: Superiority of 'multi-channel' devices," Pain, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 119–30, 1991
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Bertaccini, D., & Fanelli, S. (2009). Computational and conditioning issues of a discrete model for cochlear sensorineural hypoacusia. . Applied Numerical Mathematics, 59(8), 1989–2001.
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equipment to find the best options for use. This reprogramming option compensates for postural changes, electrode migration, changes in pain location, and suboptimal electrode placement.
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system in an adult was implanted at the House Ear Clinic. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formally approved the marketing of the House-3M cochlear implant in November 1984.
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can introduce pathogens or other materials that may cause an immune response. The brain has its own immune system that acts differently from the immune system of the rest of the body.
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through the skin. The tissue surrounding the implant is usually highly sensitive to temperature rise, meaning that power consumption must be minimal in order to prevent tissue damage.
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Implantable devices must be very small to be implanted directly in the brain, roughly the size of a quarter. One of the example of microimplantable electrode array is the Utah array.
2004:
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Santucci DM, Kralik JD, Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MA (2005) "Frontal and parietal cortical ensembles predict single-trial muscle activity during reaching movements in primates."
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The design options for electrodes include their size, shape, arrangement, number, and assignment of contacts and how the electrode is implanted. The design option for the
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V. Ilberg C., Kiefer J., Tillein J., Pfennigdorff T., Hartmann R., Stürzebecher E., Klinke R. (1999). Electric-acoustic stimulation of the auditory system. ORL 61:334–40.
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Neural prostheses are a series of devices that can substitute a motor, sensory or cognitive modality that might have been damaged as a result of an injury or a disease.
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T.W. Berger, G. Chauvet, and R.J. Sclabassi, "A biologically based model of functional properties of the hippocampus," Neural Netw., vol. 7, no. 6–7, pp. 1031–64, 1994.
789:) had an operable if somewhat primitive system which allowed an individual with paralysis to spell words by modulating their brain activity. Kennedy's device used two
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and B. W. Wilson, "History of cochlear implants," in Cochlear Implants:Principles and Practices. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000, pp. 103–08
459:). This can happen as a result of accident or disease. The two most common retinal degenerative diseases that result in blindness secondary to photoreceptor loss is
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The technology behind motor neuroprostheses is still in its infancy. Investigators and study participants continue to experiment with different ways of using the
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Marmarelis, V. Z. (1993). IDENTIFICATION OF NONLINEAR BIOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS USING LAGUERRE EXPANSIONS OF KERNELS. . Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 21(6), 573–89.
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Andersen, R. A., Burdick, J. W., Musallam, S., Pesaran, B., & Cham, J. G. (2004). Cognitive neural prosthetics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(11), 486–93.
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The seminal experimental work towards the development of visual prostheses was done by cortical stimulation using a grid of large surface electrodes. In 1968
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are designed to mimic the normal biologic signals. For the prosthetic to perform like normal tissue, it must process the input signals, a process known as
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implanted an 80 electrode device on the visual cortical surface of a 52-year-old blind woman. As a result of the stimulation the patient was able to see
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These implantable devices are also commonly used in animal experimentation as a tool to aid neuroscientists in developing a greater understanding of the
288:. A microphone on an external unit gathers the sound and processes it; the processed signal is then transferred to an implanted unit that stimulates the
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Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Andrews, B, Teddy, P and Shad, A:"The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems",
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One option that could be used to recharge implant batteries without surgery or wires is being used in powered toothbrushes. These devices make use of
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296:. Through the replacement or augmentation of damaged senses, these devices are intended to improve the quality of life for those with disabilities.
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Methods of data transmission between neural prosthetics and external systems must be robust and secure. Wireless neural implants can have the same
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G. S. Brindley and W. S. Lewin, "The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex," J. Physiol., vol. 196, p. 479, 1968
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The neuroprosthetic currently undergoing the most widespread use is the cochlear implant, with over 736,900 in use worldwide as of 2019.
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a training and mapping process the monkey is able to perform the same visual saccade task with both light and electrical stimulation.
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Brindley GS, Polkey CE, Rushton DN (1982): Sacral anterior root stimulator for bladder control in paraplegia. Paraplegia 20: 365–81.
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delivered by portable generator. In the mid-1960s, however, three things converged to ensure the future of electro stimulation.
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The SCS (Spinal Cord Stimulator) device has two main components: an electrode and a generator. The technical goal of SCS for
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Schwartz AB, Cui XT, Weber DJ, Moran DW "Brain-controlled interfaces: movement restoration with neural prosthetics." (2006)
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Velliste M, Perel S, Spalding MC, Whitford AS, Schwartz AB (2008) "Cortical control of a prosthetic arm for self-feeding."
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632:", because this overlap is necessary (but not sufficient) to achieve pain relief. Paresthesia coverage depends upon which
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547:. Cochlear implants have been very successful among these three categories. Today the Advanced Bionics Corporation, the
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CIMIT – Center For Integration Of Medicine And Innovative Technology – Advances & Research in Neuroprosthetics
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Dr. Todd Kuiken at Northwestern University and Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago has developed a method called
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North RB. 2008. Neural interface devices: Spinal cord stimulation technology. Proceedings of the IEEE 96:1108–19
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R. Bhandari; S. Negi; F. Solzbacher (2010). "Wafer Scale Fabrication of Penetrating Neural Electrode Arrays".
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P. Melzack and P. D. Wall, "Pain mechanisms: A new theory," Science, vol. 150, no. 3699, pp. 971–78, Nov. 1965
1113:"Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation"
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The related procedure of sacral nerve stimulation is for the control of incontinence in able-bodied patients.
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thus will create an image. The stimulation can also be done anywhere along the optic signal's pathway. The
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The first known cochlear implant was created in 1957. Other milestones include the first motor prosthesis for
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was necessary to produce the right balance of technology to maximize the performance of auditory prosthesis.
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Krucoff, Max O.; Rahimpour, Shervin; Slutzky, Marc W.; Edgerton, V. Reggie; Turner, Dennis A. (2016-01-01).
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to recharge batteries. Another strategy is to convert electromagnetic energy into electrical energy, as in
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Pioneering physicians became interested in stimulating the nervous system to relieve patients from pain.
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Santhanam G, Ryu SI, Yu BM, Afshar A, Shenoy KV. 2006. "A high-performance brain-computer interface".
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Anderson, R.A. et al (2004) Cognitive Neural Prosthetics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 8(11):486–93.
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Wireless controlling devices can be mounted outside of the skull and should be smaller than a pager.
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Nicolelis MA (2003) "Brain-machine interfaces to restore motor function and probe neural circuits."
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1314:"Implantable Neural Probes for Brain-Machine Interfaces – Current Developments and Future Prospects"
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the relationship among a local population of neurons that are responsible for a specific function.
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Patil PG, Turner DA. 2008. "The development of brain-machine interface neuroprosthetic devices".
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Kral A, O'Donoghue GM. Profound Deafness in Childhood. New England J Medicine 2010: 363; 1438–50
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In June 2014, Juliano Pinto, a paraplegic athlete, performed the ceremonial first kick at the
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can be stimulated, although clinical tests have proven most successful for retinal implants.
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provide an example of such devices. These devices substitute the functions performed by the
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A visual prosthesis can create a sense of image by electrically stimulating neurons in the
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Liu WT, Humayun MS, Liker MA. 2008. "Implantable biomimetic microelectronics systems".
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for an amputee to control motorized prosthetic devices and to regain sensory feedback.
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657:
628:
is to mask the area of a patient's pain with a stimulation induced tingling, known as "
560:
479:
289:
1254:
4th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN 2007)
702:. In the somatic nervous system attempts to aid conscious control of movement include
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suggest that this may be possible through exercises designed with proper motivation.
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represents the most important speech information while also providing the brain the
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Weiland JD, Humayun MS. 2008. Visual prosthesis. Proceedings of the IEEE 96:1076–84
832:
820:
652:
424:, a multilayer neural structure about 200 ÎĽm thick that lines the back of the
254:
1886:
Harrison RR. 2008. "The design of integrated circuits to observe brain activity."
1517:
D. Fishlock, "Doctor volts ," Inst. Elect. Eng. Rev., vol. 47, pp. 23–28, May 2001
1261:
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1974:(Neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence, Prosthetics, Deep learning and Robotics)
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1661:"On prosthetic control: A regenerative agonist-antagonist myoneural interface"
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Daniel Garrison (2007). "Minimizing Thermal Effects of In Vivo Body Sensors".
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Kweku, Otchere (2017). "Wireless Mobile Charger using Inductive Coupling".
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To capture electrical signals from the brain, scientists have developed
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afferents, which produce broad paresthesia covering segments caudally.
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498:
With this new technology, several scientists, including Karen Moxon at
417:
285:
277:
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1951:
1677:"Proprioception from a neurally controlled lower-extremity prosthesis"
2190:
1055:
555:
Corporation are the major commercial providers of cochlear implants.
552:
444:
421:
395:
347:(FES) facilitated standing and walking, respectively, for a group of
281:
2537:
3210:
1971:
1893:
Abbott A. 2006. "Neuroprosthetics: In search of the sixth sense".
1632:'We Did It!' Brain-Controlled 'Iron Man' Suit Kicks Off World Cup
1955:
1363:"State-of-the-art MEMS and microsystem tools for brain research"
671:
503:
3012:
2354:
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1986:
1298:
Handa G (2006) "Neural Prosthesis – Past, Present and Future"
172:
70:
29:
1843:
The Engineer. London. Centaur Communications Ltd. 2015, May 8
27:
Discipline related to neuroscience and biomedical engineering
1795:
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology
958:
410:
which will be delivered to the nerve via micro electrodes.
1656:
1654:
965:. A neurosecurity breach can be considered a violation of
840:
of the hand and it was this movement that was perceived.
667:
technology, which had it start in 1950, became available.
428:. The processed signal is sent to the brain through the
335:
in 1977 and a peripheral nerve bridge implanted into the
284:
while simulating the frequency analysis performed in the
1977:
1300:
Indian Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
1189:"Neuroprosthetics in systems neuroscience and medicine"
402:
can be stimulated in order to create an image, or the
567:
that approximately corresponds to those frequencies.
1256:. IFMBE Proceedings. Vol. 13. pp. 284–89.
878:
Once the I/O parameters are modeled mathematically,
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2020:
735:
Motor prosthetics for conscious control of movement
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1437:
1435:
640:midline electrode, close to the pial surface of
636:are stimulated. The most easily recruited by a
420:into electrical signals. They are part of the
1952:The open-source Electroencephalography project
1462:W. F. House, Cochlear implants: My perspective
1030:is used to precisely position brain implants.
930:devices Part 3: Implantable neurostimulators.
827:. The recorded signals were used to control a
3024:
2366:
1998:
781:Prior to these advancements, Philip Kennedy (
543:, and AMIs stimulate auditory neurons in the
8:
2901:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1830:
1828:
1648:(audio interview with Dr. Miguel Nicolelis)
1002:signals that are related to the sum of all
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2005:
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432:. If any part of this pathway is damaged
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416:are the specialized neurons that convert
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1641:
1639:
1076:Prosthetic neuronal memory silicon chips
925:are implanted directly in the brain, so
439:Blindness can result from damage to the
265:. They are sometimes contrasted with a
3126:Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
3084:Applications of artificial intelligence
1103:
815:, which now forms the sensor part of a
3352:Differential technological development
1627:
1625:
694:Devices which support the function of
599:The concept of combining simultaneous
339:of an adult rat in 1981. In 1988, the
463:(AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
7:
3245:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
2991:
2333:
1968:(WayBack machine snapshot from 2017)
946:characterization of neural disease.
886:, in the same way as normal tissue.
724:Where a spinal cord lesion leads to
99:adding citations to reliable sources
3441:Future-oriented technology analysis
3104:Progress in artificial intelligence
1014:Automated movable electrical probes
1591:David Brown (September 14, 2006).
1367:Microsystems & Nanoengineering
831:developed by Warwick's colleague,
819:, was implanted directly into the
188:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
2881:Development of the nervous system
1566:"Harnessing the Power of Thought"
1023:Imaged guided surgical techniques
778:, as opposed to through a cable.
704:Functional electrical stimulation
670:Melzack and Wall published their
345:functional electrical stimulation
261:concerned with developing neural
45:This article has multiple issues.
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2320:
2101:
1966:Dr. Theodore W. Berger's website
961:system, giving rise to the term
461:age related macular degeneration
198:guide to writing better articles
177:
75:
34:
18:Auditory brain stem implantation
3141:Fourth-generation optical discs
720:Sacral anterior root stimulator
708:lumbar anterior root stimulator
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1681:Science Translational Medicine
1361:Seymour, John (January 2017).
912:radio-frequency identification
535:implants (ABIs), and auditory
1:
3468:Technology in science fiction
2722:Social cognitive neuroscience
1187:Kansaku, Kenji (2021-03-08).
996:Local field potentials (LFPs)
957:vulnerabilities as any other
752:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
601:electric-acoustic stimulation
469:Second Sight Medical Products
363:to alleviate the symptoms of
354:Regarding the development of
253:) is a discipline related to
2697:Molecular cellular cognition
1646:Brain-To-Brain Communication
1262:10.1007/978-3-540-70994-7_47
341:lumbar anterior root implant
2916:Neurodevelopmental disorder
2891:Neural network (biological)
2886:Neural network (artificial)
1619:, 60(10), pp. 1369–73, 2003
700:implant for bladder control
672:gate control theory of pain
614:Prosthetics for pain relief
310:wireless power transmission
3545:
3473:Technology readiness level
3409:Technological unemployment
2443:Computational neuroscience
2155:Computational neuroscience
2058:Intelligence amplification
1213:10.1038/s41598-021-85134-4
1091:Wirehead (science fiction)
738:
717:
617:
524:auditory brainstem implant
517:
506:, and Miguel Nicolelis at
383:
333:auditory brainstem implant
3491:
3456:Technological singularity
3416:Technological convergence
2974:
2911:Neurodegenerative disease
2755:Evolutionary neuroscience
2534:
2388:
2316:
2099:
1956:Programmable chip version
1764:10.1007/s10544-010-9434-1
1379:10.1038/micronano.2016.66
1318:Experimental Neurobiology
1117:Frontiers in Neuroscience
696:autonomous nervous system
3268:Brain–computer interface
3151:Holographic data storage
2876:Brain–computer interface
2825:Neuromorphic engineering
2750:Educational neuroscience
2657:Nutritional neuroscience
2562:Clinical neurophysiology
2458:Integrative neuroscience
2014:Brain–computer interface
1962:open source EEG projects
1904:. 19;453(7198):1098–101.
1330:10.5607/en.2018.27.6.453
1312:Choi, Jung-Ryul (2018).
1130:10.3389/fnins.2016.00584
1046:Brain–computer interface
741:Brain–computer interface
714:Bladder control implants
606:For producing sound see
267:brain–computer interface
3421:Technological evolution
3394:Exploratory engineering
3146:3D optical data storage
3079:Artificial intelligence
2687:Behavioral neuroscience
1888:Proceedings of the IEEE
1881:Proceedings of the IEEE
1752:Biomedical Microdevices
791:neurotrophic electrodes
192:used on Knowledge (XXG)
3431:Technology forecasting
3426:Technological paradigm
3399:Proactionary principle
3273:Electroencephalography
3240:Software-defined radio
2682:Affective neuroscience
2463:Molecular neuroscience
2418:Behavioral epigenetics
2150:Cognitive neuroscience
1041:Biomedical engineering
991:Local field potentials
870:Mathematical modelling
802:targeted reinnervation
620:Spinal Cord Stimulator
590:cognitive neuroscience
369:University of Michigan
361:deep brain stimulation
259:biomedical engineering
196:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
3357:Disruptive innovation
3040:Emerging technologies
2745:Cultural neuroscience
2740:Consumer neuroscience
2582:Neurogastroenterology
2438:Cellular neuroscience
2298:Simulation hypothesis
1617:Archives of Neurology
986:Technologies involved
852:Amputation techniques
651:In ancient times the
3404:Technological change
3347:Collingridge dilemma
3067:Ambient intelligence
2717:Sensory neuroscience
2557:Behavioral neurology
2528:Systems neuroscience
2118:Electrocorticography
2111:Scientific phenomena
2083:Sensory substitution
1028:Image-guided surgery
1000:electrophysiological
973:Correct implantation
923:Cognitive prostheses
823:fibers of scientist
809:Multielectrode array
551:Corporation and the
514:Auditory prosthetics
294:microelectrode array
95:improve this article
3529:Implants (medicine)
3461:Technology scouting
3436:Accelerating change
3089:Machine translation
2860:Social neuroscience
2760:Global neurosurgery
2637:Neurorehabilitation
2607:Neuro-ophthalmology
2592:Neurointensive care
2423:Behavioral genetics
2093:Synthetic telepathy
1972:Neuroprosthetic.org
1286:"Cochlear Implants"
1205:2021NatSR..11.5404K
1163:"Cochlear Implants"
978:Various studies in
935:blood–brain barrier
880:integrated circuits
845:2014 FIFA World Cup
581:pattern recognition
545:inferior colliculus
375:Sensory prosthetics
365:Parkinson's disease
331:in 1961, the first
3478:Technology roadmap
3114:Speech recognition
3099:Mobile translation
3072:Internet of things
2936:Neuroimmune system
2830:Neurophenomenology
2770:Neural engineering
2493:Neuroendocrinology
2473:Neural engineering
2308:Walk Again Project
2227:J. C. R. Licklider
2165:Neural engineering
1193:Scientific Reports
1066:Neural engineering
1061:Experience machine
908:inductive charging
380:Visual prosthetics
251:neural prosthetics
110:"Neuroprosthetics"
3511:
3510:
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3329:
3315:Visual prosthesis
3223:Optical computing
3006:
3005:
2855:Paleoneurobiology
2790:Neuroepistemology
2765:Neuroanthropology
2731:Interdisciplinary
2617:Neuropharmacology
2577:Neuroepidemiology
2348:
2347:
2288:Human enhancement
2217:Douglas Engelbart
2145:Cognitive science
1931:Nat Rev Neurosci.
1874:Neurotherapeutics
1593:"Washington Post"
1572:on April 14, 2006
1554:Aug;16(2):352–57.
1271:978-3-540-70993-0
1086:Simulated reality
1007:synaptic activity
941:Data transmission
901:Power consumption
690:Motor prosthetics
577:signal processing
529:Cochlear implants
502:, John Chapin at
386:Visual prosthetic
274:Cochlear implants
244:
243:
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226:
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190:encyclopedic tone
171:
170:
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145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
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3524:Neuroprosthetics
3499:
3498:
3446:Horizon scanning
3362:Ephemeralization
3295:Neuroprosthetics
3288:Neuroinformatics
3263:Artificial brain
3201:Racetrack memory
3136:Extended reality
3131:Cybermethodology
3051:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3010:
2994:
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2982:
2981:
2896:Detection theory
2780:Neurocriminology
2707:Neurolinguistics
2622:Neuroprosthetics
2540:
2503:Neuroinformatics
2453:Imaging genetics
2375:
2368:
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2247:Miguel Nicolelis
2186:Brain transplant
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2068:Neuroprosthetics
2007:
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1568:. Archived from
1564:Gary Goettling.
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980:brain plasticity
927:biocompatibility
918:Biocompatibility
838:lumbrical muscle
644:, are the large
626:neuropathic pain
608:Speech synthesis
531:(CIs), auditory
520:cochlear implant
453:crystalline lens
247:Neuroprosthetics
239:
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3322:Neurotechnology
3310:Retinal implant
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3056:Information and
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3037:
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3002:
2970:
2956:Neurotechnology
2951:Neuroplasticity
2946:Neuromodulation
2941:Neuromanagement
2864:
2835:Neurophilosophy
2732:
2726:
2712:Neuropsychology
2673:
2666:
2627:Neuropsychiatry
2587:Neuroimmunology
2572:Neurocardiology
2548:
2541:
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2523:Neurophysiology
2513:Neuromorphology
2468:Neural decoding
2409:
2402:
2384:
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2312:
2276:
2200:
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2133:
2129:Neuroplasticity
2124:Neural ensemble
2106:
2097:
2073:Neurotechnology
2028:Biomechatronics
2016:
2011:
1948:
1918:22(6): 1529–40.
1916:Eur J Neurosci.
1862:
1860:Further reading
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1169:. 24 March 2021
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683:pulse generator
634:afferent nerves
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508:Duke University
441:optical pathway
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2966:Self-awareness
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2921:Neurodiversity
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2820:Neuromarketing
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2795:Neuroesthetics
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2785:Neuroeconomics
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2612:Neuropathology
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2602:Neuro-oncology
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1288:. 2021-03-24.
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825:Kevin Warwick
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646:dorsal column
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449:aqueous humor
446:
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437:
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430:optical nerve
427:
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404:visual cortex
401:
400:optical nerve
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249:(also called
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112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3500:
3387:Robot ethics
3294:
3255:Neuroscience
3109:Semantic Web
2995:
2983:
2931:Neuroimaging
2926:Neurogenesis
2810:Neurohistory
2775:Neurobiotics
2674:neuroscience
2642:Neurosurgery
2621:
2567:Epileptology
2549:neuroscience
2518:Neurophysics
2508:Neurometrics
2483:Neurobiology
2478:Neuroanatomy
2448:Connectomics
2382:Neuroscience
2338:
2325:
2293:Neurohacking
2262:Vernor Vinge
2252:Peter Kyberd
2170:Neuroscience
2078:Optogenetics
2067:
2021:Technologies
1959:
1938:
1930:
1926:25: 4681–93.
1923:
1915:
1908:
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1697:
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1596:. Retrieved
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1559:
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1182:
1171:. Retrieved
1166:
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842:
833:Peter Kyberd
821:median nerve
806:
799:
795:
787:Georgia Tech
780:
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756:
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730:
723:
698:include the
693:
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653:electrogenic
650:
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250:
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138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3451:Moore's law
3382:Neuroethics
3377:Cyberethics
3121:Atomtronics
2800:Neuroethics
2647:Neurotology
2179:Speculative
2138:Disciplines
1960:Sourceforge
1941:16: 361–65.
1924:J Neurosci.
1801:(1): 84–99.
1199:(1): 5404.
1081:Prosthetics
748:tetraplegia
642:spinal cord
630:paresthesia
473:photo diode
436:can occur.
349:paraplegics
337:spinal cord
206:August 2011
3518:Categories
3342:Automation
2961:Neurotoxin
2662:Psychiatry
2257:Steve Mann
2237:Matt Nagle
1933:4: 417–22.
1897:442:125–27
1890:96:1203–16
1883:96:1073–74
1869:442:195–98
1173:2022-06-27
1098:References
813:electrodes
807:In 2002 a
776:wirelessly
772:prostheses
726:paraplegia
586:biophysics
541:brain stem
533:brain stem
484:phosphenes
356:electrodes
329:hemiplegia
292:through a
263:prostheses
151:April 2016
121:newspapers
50:improve it
3372:Bioethics
3305:Exocortex
3181:Millipede
2906:Neurochip
2672:Cognitive
2597:Neurology
2222:Hugh Herr
2088:Stentrode
2053:Exocortex
2048:Cyberware
2043:Brainport
2038:BrainGate
1576:April 22,
1373:: 16066.
1221:2045-2322
1004:dendritic
865:Obstacles
829:robot arm
817:Braingate
665:Pacemaker
434:blindness
325:foot drop
56:talk page
3216:UltraRAM
2985:Category
2869:Concepts
2815:Neurolaw
2547:Clinical
2327:Category
1876:5:137–46
1780:25288723
1772:20480240
1397:31057845
1348:30636899
1239:33686138
1149:28082858
1034:See also
764:neuronal
706:and the
549:Cochlear
537:midbrain
457:vitreous
3162:Memory
2997:Commons
2410:science
2398:History
2393:Outline
2339:Commons
1822:330–38.
1388:6445015
1339:6318554
1230:7970876
1201:Bibcode
1140:5186786
1123:: 584.
811:of 100
565:cochlea
418:photons
319:History
286:cochlea
278:eardrum
135:scholar
3367:Ethics
3335:Topics
3047:Fields
2733:fields
2205:People
2191:Cyborg
2120:(ECoG)
1939:Nature
1909:Neuron
1902:Nature
1895:Nature
1867:Nature
1778:
1770:
1740:30–44.
1730:68–75.
1711:91–97.
1395:
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1237:
1227:
1219:
1147:
1137:
1056:Cyborg
914:tags.
638:dorsal
588:, and
553:Med-El
500:Drexel
455:, and
445:cornea
422:retina
396:retina
282:stapes
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
3211:SONOS
3171:ECRAM
3166:CBRAM
3158:GPGPU
2408:Basic
2281:Other
1812:2010.
1776:S2CID
1420:2007.
1302:17(1)
1167:NIDCD
783:Emory
301:brain
142:JSTOR
128:books
3502:List
3228:RFID
3206:RRAM
3196:PRAM
3191:NRAM
3186:MRAM
3176:FRAM
2160:NBIC
1954:and
1768:PMID
1600:2006
1578:2006
1410:2004
1393:PMID
1344:PMID
1266:ISBN
1235:PMID
1217:ISSN
1145:PMID
998:are
890:Size
785:and
522:and
504:SUNY
343:and
280:and
257:and
114:news
1760:doi
1383:PMC
1375:doi
1334:PMC
1326:doi
1258:doi
1225:PMC
1209:doi
1135:PMC
1125:doi
750:or
426:eye
327:in
97:by
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1958:,
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