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traits of the Bos taurus' exceptional milk production. Although higher temperature and humid climate plays a crucial role in enabling milk outcome and the AFS's resistance to it, further studies have concluded that this crossbreed was able to flourish in other climatic conditions as well. For example, the
Tabkwang Research and Breeding Centre found that milk production was unaffected in colder climates like rainy and winter season and was reported to be higher than normal. Studies by Cunningham and Syrstad 1987; Syrstad 1989; Madalena et al. 1990 support AFS as an ideal breed in comparison to pure breeds because this crossbreed has the ability to thrive in tropical conditions enabling better milk production. The Holstein-Friesian was known to be the best dairy cattle breed for temperate region and the Sahiwal was the best dairy cattle breed for tropical areas. As such, with crossbreeding and genetic mixture of both the Sahiwal and Holstein-Friesian, the AFS breed possesses qualities from both cattle to adapt to the
436:, the research farm owned by the Division of Veterinary Services in Air Hitam, Malaysia reported that over 39% of the AFS cows produced more milk and its milk yield was superior to the local breeds involved in the study. In the beginning of the developmental phase of the AFS, Queensland reported that the AFS cows had lower levels of milk production as compared to the Holstein-Friesians, but despite this difference the AFS was still considered to the most ideal breed due to its overall performance. One of the main aims of the Follicle Stimulating Hormone programme was to produce genetically superior cows that were able to meet the milking production needs and hence the embryos of the top 25% of the breed with impressive milk production was utilized further in the development of the crossbreed.
399:. Through the crossbreeding of both the Holstein-Friesian and Sahiwal cattle, it produced superior genetics that is able to adapt to temperate or tropical conditions and displayed stronger resistance to ticks and parasites. Even more so, the Sahiwal cattle is known for its qualities like optimum milk production, higher heat tolerance levels, disease resistance and resistance to parasites as well. The genetic materials of the Sahiwal and Holstein cattle were closely examined to identify which cattle had better resistance and the severity of tick infections. A study was conducted to compare the Sahiwal and Holstein cattle's resistance to ticks like Theileria annulata infection which is also known as
448:. In comparison, Veerkamp & Brotherstone's (1997) and Buckley et al.'s (2000) study deduced that cows with genetic superiority in terms of milk production have lower body condition scores during lactation and the Holstein-Friesian genetics contained lower body conditions that were ideal for optimum milk production. The genetic materials of the Holstein-Friesian was studied and the researchers concluded that with fine modifications to the genes, it displayed desirable results for milk production with improvements to its
283:, it resulted in an increased demand for the semen of the proven AFS. The freezing of embryos was another known successful programme that was underway at that point in time to ensure the suitability for exportation and maintain cost efficiency for the future. The embryo transfer programme allowed the supplying of genetic materials of purebred AFS cows to tropical countries and was a safe, cost-effective method of transportation that did not compromise the genetic materials. All the programmes listed was tested in
440:
group of
Sahiwal Friesian cows were tested to record its milk production, and, it exhibited low lactation performance and decreasing levels of milk production and continued to fail for 8 weeks straight, resulting in the milk production process to be ceased. Additionally, Peaker and Wilde (1996) found Sahiwal Friesian cattle to have short lactation periods that led to lactation failure and this was due to the unsuccessful milking process and sometimes milking was affected by factors like milk
334:
271:. The utilization of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) was another programme developed to expand the number of calves produced yearly which was said to enhance the genetic gain of the breed. Another method of breeding the AFS was through proving semen to export and extract genetic materials. The semen is utilized to further improve the genetic modification of the AFS breed and mate it with the first crossbred cattle and also to
318:" affected the milk fat percentage and resulted in poor production of milk fat. As such, this led to the development of the AFS breed to combat such environmental factors. At the beginning of the developmental stage, a 50-50 mix of Holstein-Friesian and Sahiwal genes was utilized solely to develop breeds to achieve the best outcome for milk production and tick resistance even when
452:
performance as well. Therefore this highlights the positive correlation between reproductive performance and milk production that was essential to the
Holstein-Friesian genes. Although the Holstein-Friesian cows had the highest genetic material for milk production, it however left them susceptible to
832:
Glass, Elizabeth J.; Preston, Patricia M.; Springbett, Anthea; Craigmile, Susan; Kirvar, Erol; Wilkie, Gwen; Brown, C.G Duncan (2005). "Bos taurus and Bos indicus (Sahiwal) calves respond differently to infection with
Theileria annulata and produce markedly different levels of acute phase proteins".
258:
only 10% of the cows produced desirable levels of milk and, using these cows, the
Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET) programme was established to create a superior herd of cows. This programme aimed to significantly increase the development and production of the AFS breed through heifers,
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Although numerous studies have concluded that the AFS has optimum milk production levels, there are also studies that suggest otherwise. For example, Edwards (1985) identified that the
Sahiwal Friesian cows have displayed lactation failure in the beginning of its lactation period. In this study, a
257:
To ensure the continuation of the development of AFS, various programmes were developed. However, only a handful of programmes that were examined had proven to successfully develop the AFS crossbreed without compromising its genetic materials. For example, during the development of the AFS breeds,
341:
Alexander et al. found that the AFS produced desirable milk outcomes under tropical climatic conditions. This reiterates the purpose of developing the AFS cows by the QDPI to thrive in tropical conditions, retaining the tropical acclimatization characteristics of the Bos
Indicus together with the
301:
One of the few factors that resulted in the AFS breed being considered genetically ideal was its ability to thrive in tropical conditions, which was necessary for countries with varying climatic conditions. This is because the living conditions of the AFS were paramount as the level of humidity
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period and highest service per conception performance", which was deemed ideal for the country to meet their livestock needs and grow in its climatic conditions. In India, research by
Gurnani et al. 1986 & Kumar et al. (2018) concluded that the Sahiwal cattle was effective for developing
227:
heifers that have failed to let down milk under machine milking conditions when the calf is not present and with the development of the AFS, this problem has been controlled. Furthermore, a study conducted in
Bangladesh comparing the various genotypes found that "AFS had the shortest
350:, highlighted the importance of varying climatic conditions and how it affects an animal's ability to acclimatize to changing conditions, especially in tropical countries. Hence, it is important that animals have optimum levels of heat tolerance, which is the ability to regulate its
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tropical
Theileriosis and the study found that the Sahiwal calves had higher levels of resistance and were able to survive as compared to the Holstein calves which were severely infected. The Sahiwal cattle had higher resistance to the Theileria annulate due to its
667:
Vineeth, M.R.; Surya, T.; Sivalingam, Jayakumar; Kumar, Anshuman; Niranjan, S.K.; Dixit, S.P.; Singh, Karanveer; Tantia, M.S.; Gupta, I.D. (2019). "Genome-wide discovery of SNPs in candidate genes related to production and fertility traits in Sahiwal cattle".
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and began crossbreeding the AFS, which consists of 50% Holstein-Friesian and 50% Sahiwal. There were various studies conducted on the different genotypes and the AFS breed was reported to be the most suitable genotype in terms of its milk production,
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was utilized to determine the milk yield of the various genotypes and the AFS crossbreed mixes were the superior genotype that accurately worked in all of the models. Alexander and Tierney's (1990) study established the AFS's
27:
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for exportation purposes to tropical countries due to the AFS's genetic excellency. The MOET programme was successful in developing superior heifers and cattle to be utilized for the programme and identify sires for future
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as it was able to support the logistics requirements needed. Through the programmes, the AFS crossbreed was successfully produced and possessed the genetic qualities of both the Sahiwal and Holstein-Friesian cattle.
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rate in harsh conditions and high environmental temperatures. In this research, the Holstein-Friesian cows were identified to exhibit a positive bodily reaction in terms of its ability to adjust to changing
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on the AFS cows reported that the cows remain unaffected despite humidity levels and produced desirable levels of milk under Thailand's tropical climatic conditions. However, in the summer when the
160:
concluded that the AFS were a superior breed in terms of its milk production that was necessary for various tropical countries and was soon exported to countries whose economies depended on its
718:
Umpaphol, H; Chakriyarat, S; Intharachote, P; Srikhao, A; Tudsri, S; Vajrabukka, C (2001). "Effect of Seasonal Variations on Production of Australian Friesian Sahiwal (AFS3) Cows in Thailand".
114:) breeds, designed for the tropical regions of Australia. Cows produce approximately 3,000 litres of milk per lactation under tropical pasture conditions with a high resistance to heat,
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and yields. The Australasian-Friesian-Sahiwal and Pabna and Holstein and Pabna genotypes were identified to be the best in terms of its lactation yields and extended lactation length. The
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As tropical conditions affect milk production, it is worth noting the correlation of milk production of the AFS and environmental conditions from various research. A study conducted in
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origins, where this form of ticks were common and therefore had become accustomed to various parasites, resulting in higher resistant levels as compared to the Holstein cattle.
737:
Anaman, K. A; McMeniman, S. L (1990). "Economic evaluation of the performance of purebred and crossbred dairy cattle under on-farm conditions in tropical northern Australia".
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Besides its ability to thrive in varying climatic conditions, the AFS was deemed as a suitable breed for tropical countries as a result of its resistant levels against
144:
as a suitable breed that will be able to thrive in tropical climates. To achieve this successful crossbreeding, multiple programmes were established in which various
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as well. For example, the findings from a study by Ilatsia et al. 2012 & Khan and Mirza 2014 highlighted that the AFS crossbreeds was not only known for its
519:
596:
Khan, M. K. I; Blair, H. T; Lopez-Villalobos, N (2012). "Lactation curves of different cattle breeds under cooperative dairying conditions in Bangladesh".
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Pangestu, M.; Subagyo, Y.; Yuwono1, P.; Rustomo, B. (2000). "Heat Tolerance and Productivity of Local and Imported Holstein-Friesian Cows in Indonesia".
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breed was a success in mitigating the various problems other cattle suffered in varying environments. With the success of this crossbreeding, a study in
900:
Murugaiyah, M.; Ramakrishnan, P.; Omar, A.R. Sheikh; Knight, C.H.; Wilde, C.J. (2001). "Lactation failure in crossbred Sahiwal Friesian cattle".
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like Bangladesh. Hence, due to its ability to produce desirable milk outcome and heat and tick resistance, the AFS was a successful crossbreed.
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and tolerating heat levels. In 1981, Trail, J.C.M, Greogory, K.E. discovered that the Sahiwal cattle were often used in countries like
868:
Sivarajasingam, S; Kumar, A. R (1993). "Comparative performance of Malaysian, Australian and New Zealand F1 Friesian crossbreds*".
205:(CSIRO) and Queensland Department of Primary Industries (QDPI) began the development of tick-resistant and heat-tolerant
1010:
763:"Genetic Studies and Development of Prediction Equations in JerseyĂ—Sahiwal and Holstein-FriesianĂ—Sahiwal Half Breds"
950:"Relationships Among Milk Yield, Body Condition, Cow Weight, and Reproduction in Spring-Calved Holstein-Friesians"
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149:
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40:
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188:". For many decades, Girolanda has been widely used in Brazil, as a source of milk, with success.
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whose development commenced in the 1960s by the Queensland Government. It is a combination of the
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Holstein-Friesians. Due to the success of bull proving and MOET programme in modifying the AFS's
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to be superior as it was able to overcome problems experienced by different cattle mainly by
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to varying tropical conditions but for also having higher resistance against tropical
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and is utilized to develop synthetic strains of breeds, the AFS being one of them.
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and ultimately affecting milk production. Maust et al. deduced that "humidity,
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due to its ability to thrive and adapt to non-optimal nutritional and climatic
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The AFS breed has now been successfully exported to many tropical countries of
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Buckley, F.; O’Sullivan†, K.; Mee, J. F.; Evans, R. D.; Dillon, P. (2003).
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fails. However further studies later concluded that the combination of the
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the cattle to tropical conditions through the progeny process of
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A study by Alexander et al. highlighted that in the 1960s the
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Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production
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and crossbred cattle were involved. Ultimately, this
761:Singh, P.K.; Kumar, Dhirendra; Varma, S.K. (2005).
648:"The AFS - A Tropical Dairy Cattle Export Resource"
428:decreased. In a comparative study of AFS cows from
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570:"Continuing Development Of A Tropical Dairy Breed"
203:Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
136:The Australian Friesian Sahiwal (AFS) cows are
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31:Australian Friesian Sahiwal cow
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118:, ticks and other parasites.
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870:Livestock Production Science
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90:, is an Australian breed of
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192:Genotypes and Crossbreeding
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88:Australian Friesian Sahiwal
20:Australian Friesian Sahiwal
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682:10.1007/s11250-019-02180-x
422:Temperature-Humidity Index
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902:Journal of Dairy Research
796:Journal of Animal Science
80:Black/White/Red&Black
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954:Journal of Dairy Science
471:Australian Milking Zebu
646:Tierney, M.L. (n.d.).
545:Retrieved on 2009-6-17
455:foot and mouth disease
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337:Holstein-Friesian cows
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168:Similar type in Brazil
780:10.5713/ajas.2005.179
495:June 6, 2007, at the
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41:Queensland, Australia
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131:Indian sub-continent
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292:Tropical Conditions
98:, a dairy breed of
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150:Holstein-Friesian
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138:crossbreeds
101:Bos indicus
1000:Categories
977:11019/2683
802:: 505–508.
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477:References
401:tick-borne
393:adaptation
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316:day length
253:Programmes
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182:Gir cattle
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146:genotypes
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690:31867700
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493:Archived
465:See also
459:foot rot
430:Malaysia
418:Thailand
397:diseases
281:genetics
277:purebred
178:Holstein
129:and the
116:humidity
106:Holstein
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225:culling
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651:(PDF)
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389:ticks
264:semen
221:genes
77:Color
65:Dairy
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