448:. The implantation of the device does not require conjunctive immuno-suppressive therapy because the membrane prevents antibodies of the patient from entering the device and damaging the encapsulated cells. After being surgically implanted, the membrane sheet will be viable for years. The cells that the device holds can be produced from stem cells rather than human donors, and may also be replaced over time using input and output connections without surgery. Defymed is partially funded by JDRF, formerly known as the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, but is now defined as an organization for all ages and all stages of type 1 diabetes.
411:
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studies to FDA approval for phase 1 clinical trials in 2014, and presented two-year data from the trial in June 2018. They reported that their product, called PEC-Encap, has so far been safe and well tolerated in patients at a dose below therapeutic levels. The encapsulated cells were able to survive and mature after implantation, and immune system rejection was decreased due to the protective membrane. The second phase of the trial will evaluate the efficacy of the product. ViaCyte has also been receiving financial support from JDRF on this project.
452:
treat type 1 diabetes. Kadimastem's stem cell technology uses differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to obtain pancreatic endocrine cells. These include insulin-producing beta cells, as well as alpha cells, which produce glucagon. Both cells arrange in islet-like clusters, mimicking the structure of the pancreas. The aim of the partnership is to combine both technologies in a bio-artificial pancreas device, which releases insulin in response to blood glucose levels, to bring to clinical trial stages.
186:(CGMs) are wearable sensors which extrapolate an estimate of the glucose concentration in a patient's blood based on the level of glucose present in the subcutaneous interstitial fluid. A thin, biocompatible sensor wire coated with a glucose-reactive enzyme is inserted into the skin, allowing the system to read the voltage generated, and based on it, estimate blood glucose. The biggest advantage of a CGM over a traditional fingerstick
176:
24:
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the size of an iPhone, with a touchscreen interface. It contains two chambers for both insulin and glucagon, and the device is configurable for use with only one hormone, or both. A 440-patient study of type I diabetes ran in 2020 and 2021 using a device configuration that delivered only insulin in comparison to standard of care; device use led to better circulating glucose control (measured by
72:. Artificial pancreatic technology mimics the secretion of these hormones into the bloodstream in response to the body's changing blood glucose levels. Maintaining balanced blood sugar levels is crucial to the function of the brain, liver, and kidneys. Therefore, for people with diabetes, it is necessary that the levels be kept balanced when the body cannot produce insulin itself.
142:(HCL) systems further expand on the capabilities of PLGS systems by adjusting basal insulin delivery rates both up and down in response to values from a continuous glucose monitor. Through this modulation of basal insulin, the system is able to reduce the magnitude and duration both hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic events. Users still must initiate manual mealtime boluses.
399:, are planning a 6-month study that will begin in early 2019 and will involve 112 adolescents and young adults, ages 14 to 30. The main object of the study is to compare the current Medtronic 670G system to a new Medtronic-developed system. The new system has programming that aims to improve glucose control around mealtime, which is still a big challenge in the field.
253:
systems, and other diabetes management devices with the pump to create a personalized diabetes therapy system. Many users of the t:slim X2 integrate the pump with the Dexcom G6, a continuous glucose monitor approved by the FDA in 2018. It was the first CGM authorized for use in an integrated therapy system. The device does not require fingerstick calibrations.
460:
that have been differentiated from embryonic stem cells. After surgical implantation in an outpatient procedure, the cells mature into endocrine cells which arrange in islet-like clusters and mimic the function of the pancreas, producing insulin and glucagon. The technology advanced from pre-clinical
252:
The Tandem
Diabetes Care t:Slim X2 was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019 and is the first insulin pump to be designated as an alternate controller enabled (ACE) insulin pump. ACE insulin pumps allow users to integrate continuous glucose monitors, automated insulin dosing (AID)
210:
The algorithm for each AID system differs. In commercial systems (see below), little is known about the details of how the control algorithm works. In open source systems, the code and algorithm are openly available. In general, all algorithms do the same basic functionality of taking in CGM data and
261:
In May 2023, the FDA approved the iLet Bionic
Pancreas system for people with Type 1 diabetes of six years and older. The device uses a closed-loop system to deliver both insulin and glucagon in response to sensed blood glucose levels. The 4th generation iLet prototype, presented in 2017, is around
451:
In
November 2018, it was announced that Defymed would partner with the Israel-based Kadimastem, a bio-pharmaceutical company developing stem-cell based regenerative therapies, to receive a two-year grant worth approximately $ 1.47 million for the development of a bio-artificial pancreas that would
341:
In
October 2020 the health insurance company Menzis and Inreda Diabetic then started a pilot with 100 patients insured by Menzis. These are all patients that face very serious trouble in regulating their blood glucose levels. They now use the Inreda AP instead of the traditional treatment. Another
243:
insulin delivery. It is made up of a continuous glucose monitor, an insulin pump, and a glucose meter for calibration. It automatically functions to modify the level of insulin delivery based on the detection of blood glucose levels by continuous monitor. It does this by sending the blood glucose
364:
Unlike the continuous sensor alone, the closed-loop system requires no user input in response to reading from the monitor; the monitor and insulin pump system automatically delivers the correct amount of hormone calculated from the readings transmitted. The system is what makes up the artificial
355:
The medical equipment approach involves combining a continuous glucose monitor and an implanted insulin pump that can function together with a computer-controlled algorithm to replace the normal function of the pancreas. The development of continuous glucose monitors has led to the progress in
190:
is that the CGM can take a new reading as often as every 60 seconds (although most only take a reading every 5 minutes), allowing for a sampling frequency that is able to provide not just a current blood sugar level, but a record of past measurements; allowing computer systems to project past
201:
An insulin pump delivers insulin subcutaneously. The insulin pump body itself can also contain the algorithm used in an AID system, or it can connect via
Bluetooth with a separate mobile device (such as a phone) to send data and receive commands to adjust insulin delivery.
244:
data through an algorithm that analyzes and makes the subsequent adjustments. The system has two modes. Manual mode lets the user choose the rate at which basal insulin is delivered. Auto mode regulates basal insulin levels from the CGM readings every five minutes.
162:
An automated insulin delivery system consists of three distinct components: a continuous glucose monitor to determine blood sugar levels, a pump to deliver insulin, and an algorithm that uses the data from the CGM and pump to determine needed insulin adjustments.
469:
In the United States in 2006, JDRF (formerly the
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) launched a multi-year initiative to help accelerate the development, regulatory approval, and acceptance of continuous glucose monitoring and artificial pancreas technology.
455:
The San Diego, California based biotech company ViaCyte has also developed a product aiming to provide a solution for type 1 diabetes which uses an encapsulation device made of a semi-permeable immune reaction-protective membrane. The device contains pancreatic
377:, and are the final part of testing the devices before applying for approval for use. Participants in the studies are able to live their lives at home while using the devices and being monitored remotely for safety, efficacy, and a number of other factors.
342:
large scale trial with the Inreda AP was set up in July 2021, and should determine whether Dutch health insurance should cover the device for all their insured. A smaller improved version of the Inreda AP is scheduled for release in 2023.
211:
based on predicted glucose level's and the user's personal settings (for basal rates, insulin sensitivity, and carbohydrate ratio, for example) then recommends insulin dosing to help bring or maintain glucose levels in target range.
131:(PLGS) systems use a mathematical model to extrapolate predicted future blood sugar levels based on recent past readings from a CGM. This allows the system to reduce or halt insulin delivery prior to a predicted hypoglycemic event.
166:
In the United States, the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) allows each component to be approved independently, allowing for more rapid approvals and incremental innovation. Each component is discussed in greater detail below.
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started in May 2017 and has enrolled an estimated 150 participants of ages 6 to 18 years. The artificial pancreas system being studied uses a smartphone and has a low glucose feature to improve glucose level control.
800:
1212:
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227:
Commercial availability varies by country. Approved systems in various countries, described further below, include MiniMed 670G or 780G, Tandem's
Control-IQ, Omnipod 5, CamAPS FX, and Diabeloop DBLG1.
564:
Joubert, Michael; Briant, Anaïs R.; Kessler, Laurence; Fall-Mostaine, Fatéma; Dubois, Severine; Guerci, Bruno; Schoumacker-Ley, Laurène; Reznik, Yves; Parienti, Jean-Jacques (September 2022).
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license, a first requirement to produce its artificial pancreas. The product itself is called Inreda AP, and soon made some highly successful trials. After clinical trials, it received the
154:
Fully or full closed loop (FCL) systems adjust insulin delivery in response to changes in glucose levels without requiring input by users for mealtime insulin or announcements of meals.
2555:
49:. Other systems currently in development aim to improve on current systems by adding one or more additional hormones that can be delivered as needed, providing something closer to the
1189:
853:
1439:
566:"Sensor-Augmented Insulin Pump with Predictive Low-Glucose Suspend (PLGS): Determining Optimal Settings of Pump and Sensor in a Multicenter Cohort of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes"
214:
Depending on the system, users may have the ability to adjust the target for the system, and may have different settings to ask the system to give more or less insulin in general.
307:
have joined together to create the world's first automated insulin delivery system for those that want to continue to use insulin pens. The team is calling it
Episodic AID.
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Grassroots efforts to create and commercialize a fully automated artificial pancreas system have also arisen directly from patient advocates and the diabetes community.
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systems can modulate delivery both up and down, although users still initiate insulin doses (boluses) for meals and typically "announce" or enter meal information.
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The biotechnical company
Defymed, based in France, is developing an implantable bio-artificial device called MailPan which features a bio-compatible membrane with
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1148:
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Four studies on different artificial pancreas systems are being conducted starting in 2017 and going into the near future. The projects are funded by the
384:, is testing a closed-loop system called inControl, which has a smartphone user interface. 240 people of ages 14 and up are participating for 6 months.
104:
Currently available AID systems fall into three broad classes based on their capabilities. The first systems released can only halt insulin delivery
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2018:
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17:
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The current 6-month study led by the Bionic Pancreas team started in mid-2018 and enrolled 312 participants of ages 18 and above.
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854:"FDA authorizes first fully interoperable continuous glucose monitoring system, streamlines review pathway for similar devices"
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announced it would, over the next five years, offer use of a Hybrid Closed Loop system to Type 1 diabetes patients in England.
624:
Leelarathna, Lalantha; Choudhary, Pratik; Wilmot, Emma G.; Lumb, Alistair; Street, Tim; Kar, Partha; Ng, Sze M. (March 2021).
410:
1947:
2234:
1935:
263:
236:
1027:"Do-It-Yourself Artificial Pancreas Systems: A Review of the Emerging Evidence and Insights for Healthcare Professionals"
330:, started to develop the device in 2004 and ran the first tests on himself. In October 2016 Inreda Diabetic B.V. got the
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2201:
2186:
2111:
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28:
1254:"The challenges of achieving postprandial glucose control using closed-loop systems in patients with type 1 diabetes"
79:, but the term has no precise, universally accepted definition. For uses other than automated insulin delivery, see
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2418:
2247:
2054:
1401:
183:
1658:"Innovative Medical Devices for the Treatment of Diabetes, Defymed Strengthens Its Position as a Worldwide Leader"
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2321:
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1523:
1301:
Uduku C, Oliver N (October 2017). "Pharmacological aspects of closed loop insulin delivery for type 1 diabetes".
1348:"Moving Toward a Unified Platform for Insulin Delivery and Sensing of Inputs Relevant to an Artificial Pancreas"
45:. Currently available systems (as of October 2020) can only deliver (and regulate delivery of) a single hormone—
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1981:
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381:
1440:"Artificial Pancreas Device System - What is the pancreas? What is an artificial pancreas device system?"
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short-term trends into the future, showing patients where their blood sugar levels are likely headed.
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In September 2016, the FDA approved the Medtronic MiniMed 670G, which was the first approved hybrid
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1820:"Concise Review: Manufacturing of Pancreatic Endoderm Cells for Clinical Trials in Type 1 Diabetes"
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1608:"Israeli and French Biotech Companies Partner to Fight Diabetes With Bio-Artificial Pancreas"
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are automated (or semi-automated) systems designed to assist people with insulin-requiring
2453:
2123:
2024:
2011:
1548:
for "International Diabetes Closed Loop (iDCL) Trial: Research Site Training Protocol" at
1397:"[From insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring to the artificial pancreas]"
741:"Closed-loop insulin delivery: update on the state of the field and emerging technologies"
490:
Blauw, H.; et al. (2020), "Clinical validation of a bihormonal artificial pancreas",
457:
625:
498:, Mary Ann Liebert, INC 140 Huguenot Street, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA: A36-A37
274:
events was more than 1.5 times higher among device users versus standard care patients.
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Graf A, McAuley SA, Sims C, Ulloa J, Jenkins AJ, Voskanyan G, O'Neal DN (March 2017).
700:
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270:(versus no change for the standard of care group). However, the incidence of severe
187:
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1001:
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The International Diabetes Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in collaboration with
283:
271:
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23:
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756:
1633:"MailPan ® BioArtificial Pancreas | Defymed, advanced therapies inspired for you"
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2206:
2044:
1937:
WIRED Magazine, Diabetes Patients Are Hacking Their Way Toward a Bionic Pancreas
327:
1314:
1252:
Gingras V, Taleb N, Roy-Fleming A, Legault L, Rabasa-Lhoret R (February 2018).
1110:
581:
2138:
1912:"Insurers can profit while improving the lives of people with type 1 diabetes"
335:
75:
Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems are often referred to using the term
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326:
has developed a closed loop system with insulin and glucagon. The initiator,
2181:
1868:"Two-year Data from ViaCyte's STEP ONE Clinical Trial Presented at ADA 2018"
1481:
922:
830:"MiniMed 670G Insulin Pump System | World's First Hybrid Closed Loop System"
544:"The Pancreas and Its Functions | Columbia University Department of Surgery"
445:
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331:
50:
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1213:"Nieuw onderzoek naar de kunstalvleesklier mogelijk dankzij grote subsidie"
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607:
1948:"NHS England » NHS rolls out artificial pancreas in world first move"
380:
The International Diabetes Closed-Loop trial, led by researchers from the
2211:
1997:
1190:"Kunstmatige alvleesklier: meer vrijheid voor mensen met diabetes type 1"
429:
69:
54:
38:
1566:
for "Day and Night Closed-loop in Young People With Type 1 Diabetes" at
907:"Bionic Pancreas Outperforms Standard Care for Type 1 Diabetes in Trial"
96:
The first automated insulin delivery system was known as the Biostator.
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119:
require no manual insulin delivery actions or announcement for meals.
65:
46:
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338:, noting that it complies with European regulation, in February 2020.
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375:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
323:
1970:
1465:"Closed-loop insulin delivery for treatment of type 1 diabetes"
962:"How to Create Your Own Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Pump System"
1706:
684:"Fully closed-loop insulin delivery—are we nearly there yet?"
356:
artificial pancreas technology using this integrated system.
303:
Former founders of Timesulin, Welldoc, Companion Medical and
135:
Hybrid Closed Loop (HCL) / Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop (AHCL)
41:, by automatically adjusting insulin delivery in response to
1966:
60:
The endocrine functionality of the pancreas is provided by
444:
to encapsulate different cell types, including pancreatic
16:"Artificial pancreas" redirects here. For other uses, see
1082:
1794:
801:"Recently-Approved Devices - The 670G System - P160017"
108:) in response to already low or predicted low glucose.
2487:
2444:
2320:
2225:
2137:
2004:
1025:Jennings, Peter; Hussain, Sufyan (September 2020).
626:"Hybrid closed‐loop therapy: Where are we in 2021?"
282:There are several non-commercial, non-FDA approved
1587:for "Fuzzy Logic Automated Insulin Regulation" at
27:Display demonstrating an 'artificial pancreas' at
2197:Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)
1463:Elleri D, Dunger DB, Hovorka R (November 2011).
879:"Bionic Pancreas Passes Critical Science Hurdle"
2556:Diabetes-related supplies and medical equipment
239:. The device automatically adjusts a patient's
127:A step forward from threshold suspend systems,
387:A full-year trial led by researchers from the
248:Tandem Diabetes Care t:Slim X2 with Control IQ
1982:
1438:Health, Center for Devices and Radiological.
960:Doskicz, RN, BA, Jewels (December 23, 2021).
799:Health, Center for Devices and Radiological.
397:Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel
8:
985:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1237:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
286:options, using open source code, including
1989:
1975:
1967:
1352:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
1031:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
739:Ware, Julia; Hovorka, Roman (2022-11-02).
1843:
1707:"Kadimastem - Stem Cell to Cure Diseases"
1490:
1480:
1414:
1395:Apablaza P, Soto N, Codner E (May 2017).
1371:
1322:
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1058:
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699:
597:
1893:"Artificial Pancreas and FDA–The Latest"
417:: this diagram shows a cross section of
22:
1524:"The Miracle of an Artificial Pancreas"
508:
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978:
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492:Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
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1575:
1518:
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1176:
905:Larkin, Howard D. (8 November 2022).
682:Boughton, Charlotte K. (2021-11-01).
677:
675:
123:Predictive Low Glucose Suspend (PLGS)
7:
2239:Metabolic assessment and monitoring
794:
792:
619:
617:
538:
536:
179:Artificial pancreas feedback system
81:Artificial pancreas (disambiguation)
18:Artificial pancreas (disambiguation)
2515:Notable people with type 1 diabetes
2027:(SIDD, SIRD, MOD and MARD clusters)
1258:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
310:The working product name is Luna.
146:systems have advanced algorithms.
35:Automated insulin delivery systems
14:
2469:International Diabetes Federation
1824:Stem Cells Translational Medicine
2345:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
745:Expert Review of Medical Devices
630:Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
521:collections.thackraymuseum.co.uk
517:"2024.0042 | Collections Online"
171:Continuous glucose monitor (CGM)
1934:Hurley, Dan (24 December 2014)
1416:10.4067/S0034-98872017000500011
1303:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
1215:. diabetestype1. Archived from
106:(predictive low glucose suspend
1211:diabetestype1 (13 July 2021).
1149:"CE certification is halfway!"
129:predictive low glucose suspend
1:
2404:Diabetes-related skin disease
757:10.1080/17434440.2022.2142556
701:10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00218-1
2202:Homeostatic model assessment
1910:KMorandi says (2017-08-10).
1612:CTECH - www.calcalistech.com
465:Initiatives around the globe
2187:Noninvasive glucose monitor
1678:"What Does JDRF Stand For?"
415:The Bio-artificial pancreas
290:, Loop, and/or AndroidAPS.
218:Currently available systems
184:Continuous glucose monitors
144:Advanced hybrid closed loop
64:which produce the hormones
29:Thackray Museum of Medicine
2582:
2419:Diabetic cheiroarthropathy
2248:Ambulatory glucose profile
2055:Impaired glucose tolerance
1315:10.1016/j.coph.2017.07.006
1002:"The Guide to DIY Looping"
582:10.1007/s13300-022-01302-3
318:In collaboration with the
15:
2167:Postprandial glucose test
1818:Schulz TC (August 2015).
834:www.medtronicdiabetes.com
688:The Lancet Digital Health
2505:Epidemiology of diabetes
2243:Blood glucose monitoring
2119:Type 3c (pancreatogenic)
2050:Impaired fasting glucose
1364:10.1177/1932296816682762
1192:. Menzis. 6 October 2020
1043:10.1177/1932296819894296
2362:Neuropathic arthropathy
1731:"Diabetes - Kadimastem"
1482:10.1186/1741-7015-9-120
1402:Revista Médica de Chile
923:10.1001/jama.2022.18449
909:. Biotech Innovations.
389:University of Cambridge
320:Academic Medical Center
150:Fully Closed Loop (FCL)
2546:Biological engineering
2541:Biomedical engineering
2310:Gastric bypass surgery
2192:Insulin tolerance test
2162:Glucose tolerance test
2067:Ketosis-prone diabetes
2038:Diabetes and pregnancy
1836:10.5966/sctm.2015-0058
1581:Clinical trial number
1560:Clinical trial number
1542:Clinical trial number
805:wayback.archive-it.org
442:selective permeability
437:
382:University of Virginia
294:Systems in development
180:
100:Classes of AID systems
31:
1758:"PEC‐Encap™ (VC-01™)"
546:. columbiasurgery.org
419:bio-engineered tissue
413:
266:) and a reduction in
264:continuous monitoring
178:
53:functionality of the
26:
2500:Glossary of diabetes
2459:Open Insulin Project
2295:Embryonic stem cells
2032:Gestational diabetes
1219:on 25 September 2021
1129:www.lunadiabetes.com
324:Inreda Diabetic B.V.
257:iLet Bionic Pancreas
43:blood glucose levels
2551:Implants (medicine)
2510:History of diabetes
2495:Outline of diabetes
2424:Diabetic foot ulcer
2409:Diabetic dermopathy
2368:Organs in diabetes
2300:Artificial pancreas
2260:Diabetes medication
2157:Glycated hemoglobin
1899:. February 9, 2011.
1113:. February 2, 2023.
1099:. February 2, 2023.
1085:. February 4, 2015.
476:In April 2024, the
360:Closed-loop systems
268:glycated hemoglobin
188:blood glucose meter
158:Required components
77:artificial pancreas
2474:World Diabetes Day
2062:Insulin resistance
1952:www.england.nhs.uk
1872:www.prnewswire.com
1735:www.kadimastem.com
1711:www.kadimastem.com
1589:ClinicalTrials.gov
1568:ClinicalTrials.gov
1550:ClinicalTrials.gov
438:
421:with encapsulated
305:Bigfoot Biomedical
237:closed loop system
181:
140:Hybrid closed loop
117:Fully Closed Loops
32:
2566:Artificial organs
2523:
2522:
2217:Disposition index
2147:Blood sugar level
2017:Type 1 diabetes (
1270:10.1111/dom.13052
1000:Boise, Michelle.
917:(18): 1798–1799.
694:(11): e689–e690.
642:10.1111/dom.14273
365:pancreas device.
351:Medical equipment
2573:
2536:Insulin delivery
2255:Diet in diabetes
1991:
1984:
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1815:
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1793:. Archived from
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1773:
1764:. Archived from
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1741:
1727:
1721:
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1717:
1703:
1697:
1696:
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1684:. Archived from
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1494:
1484:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1155:. Archived from
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
997:
991:
990:
984:
976:
974:
972:
957:
951:
950:
902:
893:
892:
890:
889:
875:
869:
868:
866:
865:
860:. March 27, 2018
850:
844:
843:
841:
840:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
807:. Archived from
796:
787:
786:
776:
736:
730:
729:
703:
679:
670:
669:
621:
612:
611:
601:
576:(9): 1645–1657.
570:Diabetes Therapy
561:
555:
554:
552:
551:
540:
531:
530:
528:
527:
513:
499:
458:progenitor cells
87:General overview
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2483:
2454:T1International
2446:
2445:Advocacy &
2440:
2316:
2265:Insulin therapy
2221:
2133:
2000:
1995:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1874:(Press release)
1866:
1865:
1861:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1580:
1573:
1559:
1555:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1508:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1153:inreda diabetic
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1125:"Luna Diabetes"
1123:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1008:
999:
998:
994:
977:
970:
968:
959:
958:
954:
904:
903:
896:
887:
885:
877:
876:
872:
863:
861:
852:
851:
847:
838:
836:
828:
827:
823:
814:
812:
798:
797:
790:
751:(11): 859–875.
738:
737:
733:
681:
680:
673:
623:
622:
615:
563:
562:
558:
549:
547:
542:
541:
534:
525:
523:
515:
514:
510:
506:
489:
486:
467:
432:in response to
408:
371:
369:Current studies
362:
353:
348:
316:
301:
296:
280:
259:
250:
233:
225:
220:
199:
173:
160:
137:
125:
102:
94:
89:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Diabetic bulla
2411:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2330:Diabetic comas
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2287:Diabetic shoes
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2022:
2015:
2014:(SAID cluster)
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1939:
1927:
1902:
1884:
1859:
1807:
1778:
1746:
1722:
1698:
1669:
1649:
1624:
1592:
1571:
1553:
1535:
1506:
1455:
1430:
1409:(5): 630–640.
1387:
1358:(2): 308–314.
1338:
1293:
1264:(2): 245–256.
1244:
1203:
1181:
1169:
1140:
1116:
1102:
1088:
1074:
1037:(5): 868–877.
1017:
992:
952:
894:
870:
845:
821:
788:
731:
671:
636:(3): 655–660.
613:
556:
532:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
485:
482:
466:
463:
425:which deliver
407:
404:
370:
367:
361:
358:
352:
349:
347:
344:
322:in Amsterdam,
315:
312:
300:
297:
295:
292:
279:
278:Non-Commercial
276:
258:
255:
249:
246:
232:
229:
224:
221:
219:
216:
198:
193:
172:
169:
159:
156:
136:
133:
124:
121:
101:
98:
93:
90:
88:
85:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2578:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:Organizations
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Hyperglycemia
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Blood vessels
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:Diabetic foot
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2322:Complications
2319:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:(8): 927–31.
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1797:on 2018-12-18
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1768:on 2019-01-19
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1688:on 2019-03-01
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1324:10044/1/60321
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1159:on 2021-09-26
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1007:
1006:Beyond Type 1
1003:
996:
993:
988:
982:
967:
966:GoodRx Health
963:
956:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
899:
895:
884:
880:
874:
871:
859:
855:
849:
846:
835:
831:
825:
822:
811:on 2017-01-11
810:
806:
802:
795:
793:
789:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
618:
614:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
557:
545:
539:
537:
533:
522:
518:
512:
509:
503:
497:
493:
488:
487:
483:
481:
479:
474:
471:
464:
462:
459:
453:
449:
447:
443:
435:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:Physiological
405:
403:
400:
398:
393:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
368:
366:
359:
357:
350:
345:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
313:
311:
308:
306:
299:Luna Diabetes
298:
293:
291:
289:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
256:
254:
247:
245:
242:
238:
230:
228:
222:
217:
215:
212:
208:
207:
203:
197:
194:
192:
189:
185:
177:
170:
168:
164:
157:
155:
152:
151:
147:
145:
141:
134:
132:
130:
122:
120:
118:
114:
111:
110:Hybrid Closed
107:
99:
97:
91:
86:
84:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
2436:Hypoglycemia
2340:Ketoacidosis
2335:Hypoglycemia
2275:conventional
2177:Glucose test
2172:Fructosamine
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1827:
1823:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1791:Viacyte, Inc
1790:
1781:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:the original
1762:Viacyte, Inc
1761:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:
1725:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:the original
1681:
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1652:
1641:. Retrieved
1636:
1627:
1616:. Retrieved
1614:. 2018-11-12
1611:
1582:
1561:
1556:
1543:
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1472:
1469:BMC Medicine
1468:
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:
1433:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1223:25 September
1221:. Retrieved
1217:the original
1206:
1196:25 September
1194:. Retrieved
1184:
1172:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
1152:
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1111:"AndroidAPS"
1105:
1091:
1077:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
995:
969:. Retrieved
965:
955:
914:
910:
886:. Retrieved
882:
873:
862:. Retrieved
857:
848:
837:. Retrieved
833:
824:
813:. Retrieved
809:the original
804:
748:
744:
734:
691:
687:
633:
629:
573:
569:
559:
548:. Retrieved
524:. Retrieved
520:
511:
495:
491:
475:
472:
468:
454:
450:
439:
414:
401:
394:
386:
379:
372:
363:
354:
340:
317:
309:
302:
281:
272:hypoglycemic
260:
251:
234:
231:MiniMed 670G
226:
213:
209:
205:
204:
200:
196:Insulin pump
182:
165:
161:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
128:
126:
116:
112:
109:
105:
103:
95:
76:
74:
59:
34:
33:
2561:Prosthetics
2479:Diabetes UK
2207:SPINA-GBeta
2139:Blood tests
2045:Prediabetes
1682:JDRF Canada
1639:(in French)
1584:NCT03040414
1563:NCT02925299
1545:NCT02844517
1444:www.fda.gov
423:islet cells
328:Robin Koops
62:islet cells
2530:Categories
2235:Prevention
2227:Management
2152:Biomarkers
1957:2024-04-11
1921:2017-08-10
1878:2018-11-29
1801:2018-11-29
1772:2018-11-29
1740:2018-11-28
1716:2018-11-28
1692:2018-11-28
1663:2018-11-28
1643:2018-11-28
1618:2018-11-28
1529:2018-11-28
1475:(1): 120.
1449:2018-11-27
1177:Blauw 2020
1163:2021-09-26
1134:2022-11-07
1011:2022-07-10
888:2018-11-07
864:2021-03-04
839:2018-11-07
815:2018-11-07
550:2018-11-07
526:2024-08-08
484:References
446:beta cells
346:Approaches
336:CE marking
223:Commercial
2280:pulsatile
2270:intensive
2182:C-peptide
2112:Permanent
2107:Transient
2072:Type 3a (
1309:: 29–33.
1083:"OpenAPS"
1051:1932-2968
947:253396046
931:0098-7484
765:1743-4440
726:238203958
710:2589-7500
666:227261202
650:1462-8902
590:1869-6953
427:endocrine
332:ISO 13485
314:Inreda AP
206:Algorithm
51:endocrine
2212:SPINA-GR
2102:Neonatal
2030:Type 4 (
2021:cluster)
1998:Diabetes
1854:26062982
1501:22071283
1425:28898340
1382:28264192
1333:28802779
1288:28675686
1233:cite web
1069:31847570
981:cite web
971:July 10,
939:36346424
883:BU Today
783:36331211
718:34580054
658:33269551
608:35913656
430:hormones
70:glucagon
55:pancreas
39:diabetes
1845:4511151
1637:Defymed
1492:3229449
1373:5478040
1279:5810921
1060:7753866
774:9780196
599:9399327
434:glucose
288:OpenAPS
92:History
66:insulin
47:insulin
2392:Retina
2387:Nerves
2382:Kidney
2377:Muscle
2306:Other
2124:Type 3
2080:Type 1
2025:Type 2
2012:Type 1
1852:
1842:
1787:"Home"
1499:
1489:
1423:
1380:
1370:
1331:
1286:
1276:
1097:"Loop"
1067:
1057:
1049:
945:
937:
929:
781:
771:
763:
724:
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