488:(especially overnight or postprandial), without treatment or with wrong treatment, possibly in combination with carbohydrate malabsorption, physical over-exertion or drugs. Many other less likely illnesses, like cancer, could also be a reason. Starvation, possibly due to eating disorders, like anorexia, will also eventually lead to hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemic episodes can vary greatly between persons and from time to time, both in severity and swiftness of onset. For severe cases, prompt medical assistance is essential, as damage to brain and other tissues and even death will result from sufficiently low blood-glucose levels.
358:(bundles of endocrine tissues), of which there are four types: alpha (A) cells, beta (B) cells, Delta (D) cells and F cells. Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells, while insulin is secreted by beta cells. Together they regulate the blood-glucose levels through negative feedback, a process where the end product of one reaction stimulates the beginning of another reaction. In blood-glucose levels, insulin lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood. The lower blood-glucose level (a product of the insulin secretion) triggers glucagon to be secreted, and repeats the cycle.
480:, etc.), it is still generally more dangerous to have too little glucose – especially if levels are very low – in the blood than too much, at least temporarily, because glucose is so important for metabolism and nutrition and the proper functioning of the body's organs. This is especially the case for those organs that are metabolically active or that require a constant, regulated supply of blood sugar (the liver and brain are examples). Symptomatic hypoglycemia is most likely associated with
33:
2574:
472:(below 2.2 mmol/L or 40 mg/dL) must be quick and effective to prevent extremely serious consequences of insufficient glucose: confusion or unsteadiness and, in the extreme (below 0.8 mmol/L or 15 mg/dL) loss of consciousness and seizures. Without discounting the potentially quite serious conditions and risks due to or oftentimes accompanying hyperglycemia, especially in the long-term (diabetes or pre-diabetes, obesity or overweight,
299:), where no effects of the pursuit and capture on measured levels were evident. For beluga whales, the 25–75 percent range for serum glucose has been estimated to be 94 to 115 mg/dL. For the white rhinoceros, one study has indicated that the 95 percent range is 28 to 140 mg/dL. For harp seals, a serum glucose range of 4.9 to 12.1 mmol/L has been reported; for hooded seals, a range of 7.5 to 15.7 mmol/L has been reported.
632:
timing and wiping away the blood sample) by visual comparison against a color chart printed on the vial label. Strips of this type are still used for urine glucose readings, but for blood glucose levels they are obsolete. Their error rates were, in any case, much higher. Errors when using test strips were often caused by the age of the strip or exposure to high temperatures or humidity. More precise blood glucose measurements are performed in a
624:
properties (e.g., urea, which can be abnormally high in uremic patients), this technique can produce erroneous readings in some situations (5–15 mg/dL has been reported). The more recent technique, using enzymes specific to glucose, is less susceptible to this kind of error. The two most common employed enzymes are glucose oxidase and hexokinase. Average blood glucose concentrations can also be measured. This method measures the level of
2622:
the light sensor. Electrical techniques are less susceptible to these errors, though not to others. In home use, the most important issue is not accuracy, but trend. Thus if a meter / test strip system is consistently wrong by 10%, there will be little consequence, as long as changes (e.g., due to exercise or medication adjustments) are properly tracked. In the US, home use blood test meters must be approved by the federal
553:, particular care should be given to drawing blood samples from the arm opposite the one in which an intravenous line is inserted. Alternatively, blood can be drawn from the same arm with an IV line after the IV has been turned off for at least 5 minutes, and the arm has been elevated to drain infused fluids away from the vein. Inattention can lead to large errors, since as little as 10% contamination with a 5%
2250:
571:
293:. For serum glucose in mg/dL, reference ranges of 42 to 75 for cows, 44 to 81 for sheep, and 48 to 76 for goats, but 61 to 124 for cats; 62 to 108 for dogs, 62 to 114 for horses, 66 to 116 for pigs, 75 to 155 for rabbits, and 90 to 140 for llamas have been reported. A 90 percent reference interval for serum glucose of 26 to 181 mg/dL has been reported for captured mountain goats (
2569:{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}&\mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {ATP} {\xrightarrow{\mathrm {Hexokinase} +\mathrm {Mg} ^{2+}}}{\textrm {G-6PO}}_{4}+\mathrm {ADP} \\&{\textrm {G-6PO}}_{4}+\mathrm {NADP} {\xrightarrow{\textrm {G-6PD}}}{\textrm {6-Phosphogluconate}}+\mathrm {NADPH} +\mathrm {H} ^{+}\\\end{alignedat}}}
647:
metabolic conditions change rapidly, as a result of any of several factors, this is delayed news and gives no warning of a developing condition. Blood glucose monitoring is far preferable, both clinically and for home monitoring by patients. Healthy urine glucose levels were first standardized and published in 1965 by
366:. Glucagon responds to too low of a blood glucose level; it informs the tissue to release some glucose from the glycogen stores. Epinephrine prepares the muscles and respiratory system for activity in the case of a "fight or flight" response. Lastly, cortisol supplies the body with fuel in times of heavy stress.
430:
will be the safest, most effective, least expensive, and most comfortable route to managing the condition. Treatment will vary for the distinct forms of
Diabetes and can differ from person to person based on how they are reacting to treatment. Diet changes and exercise implementation may also be part
2609:
The fasting blood glucose level, which is measured after a fast of 8 hours, is the most commonly used indication of overall glucose homeostasis, largely because disturbing events such as food intake are avoided. Conditions affecting glucose levels are shown in the table below. Abnormalities in these
525:
in a fasting individual shows comparable levels of glucose in arterial, venous, and capillary blood. But following meals, capillary and arterial blood glucose levels can be significantly higher than venous levels. Although these differences vary widely, one study found that following the consumption
361:
In order for blood glucose to be kept stable, modifications to insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol are made. Each of these hormones has a different responsibility to keep blood glucose regulated; when blood sugar is too high, insulin tells muscles to take up excess glucose for storage in the
2149:
264:
The actual amount of glucose in the blood and body fluids is very small. In a healthy adult male of 75 kg (165 lb) with a blood volume of 5 L, a blood glucose level of 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) amounts to 5 g, equivalent to about a teaspoonful of sugar. Part of the reason
2629:
Finally, there are several influences on blood glucose level aside from food intake. Infection, for instance, tends to change blood glucose levels, as does stress either physical or psychological. Exercise, especially if prolonged or long after the most recent meal, will have an effect as well. In
2621:
Error rates for blood glucose measurements systems vary, depending on laboratories, and on the methods used. Colorimetry techniques can be biased by color changes in test strips (from airborne or finger-borne contamination, perhaps) or interference (e.g., tinting contaminants) with light source or
2613:
The metabolic response to a carbohydrate challenge is conveniently assessed by a postprandial glucose level drawn 2 hours after a meal or a glucose load. In addition, the glucose tolerance test, consisting of several timed measurements after a standardized amount of oral glucose intake, is used to
646:
for glucose has been exceeded. This is substantially above any normal glucose level, and is evidence of an existing severe hyperglycemic condition. However, as urine is stored in the bladder, any glucose in it might have been produced at any time since the last time the bladder was emptied. Since
546:(erythrocytes) have a higher concentration of protein (e.g., hemoglobin) than serum, serum has a higher water content and consequently more dissolved glucose than does whole blood. To convert from whole-blood glucose, multiplication by 1.14 has been shown to generally give the serum/plasma level.
631:
In either case, the chemical system is commonly contained on a test strip which is inserted into a meter, and then has a blood sample applied. Test-strip shapes and their exact chemical composition vary between meter systems and cannot be interchanged. Formerly, some test strips were read (after
448:
When the blood sugar level is below 70 mg/dL, this is referred to as having low blood sugar. Low blood sugar is very frequent among type 1 diabetics. There are several causes of low blood sugar, including, taking an excessive amount of insulin, not consuming enough carbohydrates, drinking
111:
individuals, blood glucose is maintained at a constant level by releasing just enough glucose from these glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle in order to maintain homeostasis. Glucose can be transported from the intestines or liver to other tissues in the body via the bloodstream.
1941:
623:
Two major methods have been used to measure glucose. The first, still in use in some places, is a chemical method exploiting the nonspecific reducing property of glucose in a reaction with an indicator substance that changes color when reduced. Since other blood compounds also have reducing
1511:
1090:
1314:
870:
252:
The global mean fasting plasma blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Blood sugar levels for those without diabetes and who are not fasting should be below 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL).
3141:
Danaei, G (2 July 2011). "National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2·7 million participants".
1702:
135:, which consumes approximately 60% of blood glucose in fasting, sedentary individuals. A persistent elevation in blood glucose leads to glucose toxicity, which contributes to cell dysfunction and the pathology grouped together as complications of
3798:
1952:
260:
load, human blood glucose levels tend to remain within the normal range. However, shortly after eating, the blood glucose level may rise, in non-diabetics, temporarily up to 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) or slightly more.
4206:
1770:
1328:
235:, the fasting blood glucose target range for diabetics, should be 3.9 - 7.2 mmol/L (70 - 130 mg/dL) and less than 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) two hours after meals (as measured by a blood glucose monitor).
886:
1116:
676:
4199:
4421:
161:
is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from a variety of causes, and it is the most prominent disease related to the failure of blood sugar regulation. There are different methods of
3806:
4192:
3687:
1558:
3448:
Felig, PHILIP; Sherwin, ROBERT S.; Soman, VIJAY; Wahren, JOHN; Hendler, ROSA; Sacca, LUIGI; Eigler, NEIL; Goldberg, DAVID; Walesky, MARY (1 January 1979), Greep, ROY O. (ed.),
434:
Some medications may cause a rise in blood sugars of diabetics, such as steroid medications, including cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, prednisone, and dexamethasone.
410:. The ADA (American Diabetes Association) recommends seeing a doctor if blood glucose reaches 13.3 mmol/L (240 mg/dL), and it is recommended to seek emergency treatment at 15
4414:
3401:"Hematology and serum chemistry of harp (Phoca groenlandica) and hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) during the breeding season, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada"
557:
solution (D5W) will elevate glucose in a sample by 500 mg/dL or more. The actual concentration of glucose in blood is very low, even in the hyperglycemic.
2176:
542:. Historically, blood glucose values were given in terms of whole blood, but most laboratories now measure and report plasma or serum glucose levels. Because
317:
mechanism keeps blood glucose levels within a narrow range. It is composed of several interacting systems, of which hormone regulation is the most important.
180:
There are two ways of measuring blood glucose levels: In the United
Kingdom and Commonwealth countries (Australia, Canada, India, etc.) and ex-USSR countries
2144:{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}O_{2}} +{\textit {O}}{\text{-dianisidine}}{\xrightarrow{\mathrm {peroxidase} }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} +\mathrm {oxidized\ chromogen} }
4407:
215:
is approximately 180 g/mol, the difference between the two units is a factor of about 18, so 1 mmol/L of glucose is equivalent to 18 mg/dL.
1936:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {O} _{2}{\xrightarrow{\mathrm {glucose\ oxidase} }}{\textrm {D-glucono-1,5-lactone}}+\mathrm {H_{2}O_{2}} }
245:, when operating normally, restores the blood sugar level to a narrow range of about 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L (79 to 110 mg/dL) (as measured by a
510:
In the past to measure blood glucose it was necessary to take a blood sample, as explained below, but since 2015 it has also been possible to use a
3107:
Standards of
Medical Care – Table 6 and Table 7, Correlation between A1C level and Mean Plasma Glucose Levels on Multiple Testing over 2–3 months
2988:
2951:
3717:
449:
alcohol, spending time at a high elevation, puberty, and menstruation. If blood sugar levels drop too low, a potentially fatal condition called
1506:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}+\mathrm {Neocuproine} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Oxidation} }}\mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}\mathrm {neocuproine\ complex} }
514:, which involves an electrode placed under the skin. Both methods, as of 2023, cost hundreds of dollars or euros per year for supplies needed.
3046:. Converted 100 mg/dL to approximately 5.5 mmol/L using the conversion factor 18.02 g/mol, rather than the 5.6 mmol/L value stated by the WHO.
3461:
172:
causes an initial surge in blood sugar and later tends to cause levels to fall. Also, certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels.
526:
of 50 grams of glucose, "the mean capillary blood glucose concentration is higher than the mean venous blood glucose concentration by 35%."
4254:
1085:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}+\mathrm {Phosphomolybdic\ acid} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Oxidation} }}\mathrm {Phosphomolybdenum\ oxide} }
3755:"Studies of arteriovenous differences in blood sugar; effect of alimentary hyperglycemia on the rate of extrahepatic glucose assimilation"
406:
mg/dL) can cause fatal reactions. Ketones will be very high (a magnitude higher than when eating a very low carbohydrate diet) initiating
1309:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}+\mathrm {Arsenomolybdic\ acid} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Oxidation} }}\mathrm {Arsenomolybdenum\ oxide} }
4719:
865:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {Alkaline\ copper\ tartarate} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Reduction} }}\mathrm {Cuprous\ oxide} }
4279:
4090:
3265:
3236:
588:
142:
Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day, and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few
4993:
4983:
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3829:
3657:
3576:
3542:
3517:
3492:
2938:
610:
238:
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4362:
4045:
3057:
592:
426:
as treatment. From the perspective of the majority of patients, treatment with an old, well-understood diabetes drug such as
189:
642:
readings, however taken, are much less useful. In properly functioning kidneys, glucose does not appear in urine until the
4920:
4676:
4378:
4063:
2255:
232:
4178:
2824:"Acute effects on insulin sensitivity and diurnal metabolic profiles of a high-sucrose compared with a high-starch diet"
2623:
4612:
4574:
4220:
131:
In humans, properly maintained glucose levels are necessary for normal function in a number of tissues, including the
188:(millimoles per litre, or millimolar, abbreviated mM). In the United States, Germany, Japan and many other countries
4998:
4953:
4355:
511:
501:
4504:
581:
4781:
2755:
4654:
2792:
2630:
the typical person, maintenance of blood glucose at near constant levels will nevertheless be quite effective.
497:
423:
228:
Normal blood glucose level (tested while fasting) for non-diabetics should be 3.9–5.5 mmol/L (70–100 mg/dL).
4649:
4517:
4482:
3032:
1697:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {Alkaline\ ferricyanide} \longrightarrow \mathrm {Ferrocyanide} }
4915:
4769:
4607:
4569:
308:
256:
Despite widely variable intervals between meals or the occasional consumption of meals with a substantial
242:
77:
3449:
4709:
4686:
4671:
4602:
2656:
2690:
32:
2996:
2955:
628:, which is representative of the average blood glucose levels over the last, approximately, 120 days.
4978:
4907:
4764:
4752:
4729:
4584:
4452:
4249:
2721:
2702:
2681:
4745:
4740:
4637:
4477:
3281:
Rice, C. G.; Hall, B. (2007). "Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for mountain goats (
3014:
2744:
625:
295:
181:
124:. Once inside the cell, the glucose can now act as an energy source as it undergoes the process of
3628:
3362:
3119:
391:
If blood sugar levels remain too high the body suppresses appetite over the short term. Long-term
4462:
4345:
4216:
4184:
3558:
3430:
3381:
3302:
3167:
3098:
633:
550:
4324:
3924:"Tests of glycemia in diabetes mellitus. Their use in establishing a diagnosis and in treatment"
3228:
320:
There are two types of mutually antagonistic metabolic hormones affecting blood glucose levels:
3456:, Recent Progress in Hormone Research, vol. 35, Boston: Academic Press, pp. 501–532,
4988:
4826:
4494:
4489:
4285:
4228:
4160:
4117:
4086:
4057:
4027:
3978:
3951:
3943:
3904:
3853:
3825:
3779:
3735:
3538:
3513:
3488:
3457:
3422:
3343:
3261:
3232:
3159:
3090:
3072:
3051:
2934:
2912:
2848:
2217:
355:
158:
2971:
4937:
4594:
4312:
4150:
4142:
4109:
4017:
4009:
3935:
3894:
3886:
3769:
3699:
3653:
3412:
3333:
3294:
3151:
3080:
2902:
2894:
2838:
2670:
395:
causes many health problems including heart disease, cancer, eye, kidney, and nerve damage.
88:
4930:
4925:
4350:
4244:
4239:
2772:
2726:
2716:
2610:
test results are due to problems in the multiple control mechanism of glucose regulation.
643:
462:
96:
4113:
4838:
4694:
4467:
4457:
4155:
4130:
4022:
3997:
3899:
3874:
3254:
3221:
2907:
2882:
2797:
1722:
648:
543:
473:
418:
mg/dL) blood glucose if
Ketones are present. The most common cause of hyperglycemia is
336:
200:
169:
3774:
3155:
3015:"What Does 'Post-Meal (Or Post-Prandial) Blood Sugar' Mean And What Does It Tell You?"
40:(blue) in humans during the course of a day with three meals. One of the effects of a
4972:
4881:
4860:
4774:
4699:
4632:
4307:
4298:
2952:"Blood Glucose Monitor and Blood Glucose Meter - Blood Glucose Measurement Units FAQ"
2732:
2696:
2162:
1733:
639:
505:
485:
392:
386:
150:
4399:
3434:
3306:
3171:
3102:
4886:
4855:
4758:
4659:
4447:
4319:
3601:
2802:
2749:
535:
522:
477:
469:
458:
450:
443:
407:
257:
246:
162:
154:
92:
17:
3185:
461:; shaking, twitching, weakness in arm and leg muscles; pale complexion; sweating;
265:
why this amount is so small is that, to maintain an influx of glucose into cells,
2823:
4704:
4664:
4644:
4579:
4541:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4439:
3939:
3799:"Glucose Concentration Difference Between Arterial, Capillary, and Venous Blood"
3754:
3085:
2767:
2708:
2158:
1726:
1538:
654:
A noninvasive method of sampling to monitor glucose levels has emerged using an
570:
539:
375:
314:
286:
132:
81:
4013:
3890:
3417:
3400:
3338:
3321:
3298:
2898:
4624:
4564:
4551:
4472:
4431:
4383:
3875:"Factors affecting blood glucose monitoring: sources of errors in measurement"
2822:
Daly ME, Vale C, Walker M, Littlefield A, Alberti KG, Mathers JC (June 1998).
2739:
2675:
2191:
2183:
282:
143:
125:
3947:
3703:
3322:"Hematology and serum chemistry values in the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)"
2843:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4714:
4512:
4388:
3922:
Singer, D. E.; Coley, C. M.; Samet, J. H.; Nathan, D. M. (15 January 1989).
2187:
2154:
427:
324:
289:
mammals. However this generalization does not extend to wild ruminants or
270:
4164:
4031:
3908:
3783:
3426:
3163:
3094:
2916:
4121:
3982:
3955:
3923:
3512:(15 ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. Chapter 18.
3347:
2852:
1706:
Colorless end product; other reducing substances interfere with reaction.
4876:
4808:
4559:
3209:
USDA National
Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22 (2009)
2664:
2615:
2198:
481:
454:
419:
363:
343:
332:
328:
136:
121:
104:
3385:
2596:, which inhibits interfering substances except when sample is hemolyzed.
468:
Mechanisms that restore satisfactory blood glucose levels after extreme
95:
at all times. Glucose that is not circulating in the blood is stored in
4816:
4336:
4146:
2762:
636:, using hexokinase, glucose oxidase, or glucose dehydrogenase enzymes.
595: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
554:
347:
290:
117:
113:
108:
69:
41:
37:
4821:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
2478:
2301:
1998:
1817:
1527:
658:. However this method does need highly sensitive glucose biosensors.
266:
185:
45:
2511:
2352:
2031:
1850:
1393:
1205:
978:
788:
36:
The fluctuation of blood sugar (red) and the sugar-lowering hormone
4181:– The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
2220:
to measure the intensity of color through a lower transparent film.
193:
100:
87:
For a 70 kg (154 lb) human, approximately four grams of
73:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2972:
What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol?
2583:
1739:
This is the most specific method, but the reagent used is toxic.
422:. When diabetes is the cause, physicians typically recommend an
4403:
4188:
3736:"Low blood sugar - self-care: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
1983:
1104:
Modification of Folin–Wu method for qualitative urine glucose.
564:
3998:"Noninvasive glucose detection in exhaled breath condensate"
2887:
American
Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
3969:
Renschler HE, Weicker H, von Baeyer H (December 1965). "".
91:
glucose (also called "blood glucose") is maintained in the
4100:
Levine R (1986). "Monosaccharides in health and disease".
3450:"Hormonal Interactions in the Regulation of Blood Glucose"
3320:
Cornell LH, Duffield DS, Joseph BE, Stark B (April 1988).
2182:
Subject to less interference by increases serum levels of
3361:
Seal, U. S.; Barton, R.; Mather, L.; Gray, C. W. (1976).
27:
Concentration of glucose present in the blood (Glycaemia)
2235:
Uses a strip impregnated with a glucose oxidase reagent.
4083:
Clinical diagnosis and
Management by Laboratory Methods
3219:
Eiler H (2004). "Endocrine glands". In Reese WO (ed.).
2592:
More specific than glucose oxidase method due to G-6PO
149:
Abnormal persistently high glycemia is referred to as
3824:(6th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 950.
3454:
Proceedings of the 1978 Laurentian
Hormone Conference
2253:
1955:
1773:
1561:
1331:
1119:
889:
679:
281:
In general, ranges of blood sugar in common domestic
3718:"Steroid medications and diabetes fact sheet – NDSS"
3602:"Diabetic emergencies: Warning signs and what to do"
3537:(7th ed.). New York: W.H.Freeman. p. 930.
3363:"Baseline Laboratory Data for the White Rhinoceros (
3260:(9th ed.). Whitehouse Station: Merck & Co.
3186:"Blood sugar test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
4946:
4906:
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4593:
4550:
4503:
4438:
4371:
4335:
4296:
4227:
3658:"The Oral Diabetes Drugs: Treating Type 2 Diabetes"
2589:
NADPH (reduced product) is measured in 340 nm.
3253:
3220:
2568:
2143:
1935:
1736:and Schiff's base which is emerald green in color.
1696:
1505:
1308:
1084:
864:
112:Cellular glucose uptake is primarily regulated by
4179:Glucose (blood, serum, plasma): analyte monograph
3399:Boily F, Beaudoin S, Measures LN (January 2006).
3227:(12th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Comstock. pp.
3843:
3841:
1751:Forms hydroxymethyl furfural in hot acetic acid
4131:"Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis"
3071:American Diabetes Association (January 2006).
4415:
4200:
4052:. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012.
3577:"Diabetic ketoacidosis - Symptoms and causes"
3073:"Standards of medical care in diabetes--2006"
8:
3627:Australia, Healthdirect (28 November 2023).
549:To prevent contamination of the sample with
4129:Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W (March 2016).
3852:. New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 248–49.
2232:Home monitoring blood glucose assay method.
2153:Inhibited by reducing substances like BUA,
4903:
4843:
4422:
4408:
4400:
4207:
4193:
4185:
3996:Tankasala, D; Linnes, JC (November 2019).
3879:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
2929:Walker, Rosemary and Rodgers, Jill (2006)
2831:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
4372:Other pancreatic disorders and conditions
4154:
4085:(20th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
4021:
3898:
3773:
3416:
3337:
3084:
2967:
2965:
2931:Type 2 Diabetes – Your Questions Answered
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1961:
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1954:
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1911:
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899:
891:
888:
821:
789:
783:
706:
680:
678:
611:Learn how and when to remove this message
3848:Cox MM, Lehninger AL, Nelson DL (2017).
2987:Davidson NK, Moreland P (26 July 2011).
2632:
660:
241:may vary slightly between laboratories.
31:
3487:. New York: W.H. Freedom. p. 934.
2814:
2803:Saccharide recognition by boronic acids
875:
4055:
3654:Consumer Reports Health Best Buy Drugs
3049:
4135:Experimental & Molecular Medicine
3533:Lehninger A, Nelson D, Cox M (2017).
3485:Lehininger Principles of Biochemistry
3483:Lehninger A, Nelson D, Cox M (2017).
3223:Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals
3033:"Indicator Metadata Registry Details"
192:is measured in mg/dl (milligrams per
7:
3850:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
3822:Lehninger principles of biochemistry
3535:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
3079:. 29 Suppl 1 (Supplement 1): S4–42.
3008:
3006:
2982:
2980:
593:adding citations to reliable sources
534:Glucose is measured in whole blood,
4720:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
4114:10.1146/annurev.nu.06.070186.001235
3971:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
3762:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3686:Fowler, Michael J. (22 June 2007).
3629:"Hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar)"
3285:): effects of capture conditions".
1548:2. Alkaline Ferricyanide reduction
3374:The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine
2552:
2543:
2540:
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2534:
2531:
2505:
2502:
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2393:
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2134:
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2128:
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2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1968:
1958:
1923:
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1784:
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1778:
1775:
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1687:
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1598:
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1592:
1589:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1431:
1428:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
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1381:
1378:
1375:
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1369:
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1360:
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1354:
1337:
1334:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
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1269:
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1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1125:
1122:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
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969:
966:
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960:
954:
951:
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945:
942:
939:
936:
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930:
927:
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921:
918:
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912:
895:
892:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
431:of a treatment plan for diabetes.
165:and measuring blood sugar levels.
25:
3510:Principles Anatomy and Physiology
2635:Causes of abnormal glucose levels
354:These hormones are secreted from
350:), which decreases blood glucose.
2179:oxidatively coupled with phenol.
1530:reaction with cuprous byproduct.
1516:Yellow-orange color neocuproine
669:A. Oxidation-reduction reaction
569:
153:; low levels are referred to as
3559:"Excess sugar linked to cancer"
3120:"Screening for Type 2 Diabetes"
2779:Hereditary fructose intolerance
2701:Adrenal cortical insufficiency
2689:Adrenal cortical hyperactivity
580:needs additional citations for
457:, impaired mental functioning;
453:develops. Symptoms may include
339:) which increase blood glucose;
1653:
78:regulates blood glucose levels
1:
4677:Comprehensive metabolic panel
4379:Pancreatic beta cell function
3775:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)57386-5
3156:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60679-X
3013:Schuster D (14 August 2008).
2954:. 6 July 2011. Archived from
2881:Wasserman DH (January 2009).
876:1. Alkaline copper reduction
398:Blood sugar levels above 16.7
233:American Diabetes Association
3405:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
3326:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2624:Food and Drug Administration
4613:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
4575:Total iron-binding capacity
3940:10.7326/0003-4819-110-2-125
3928:Annals of Internal Medicine
3508:Tortora G (December 2016).
3086:10.2337/diacare.29.s1.06.s4
2989:"Living with diabetes blog"
5015:
4954:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
4363:Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome
4356:Congenital hyperinsulinism
4102:Annual Review of Nutrition
4014:10.1016/j.trsl.2019.05.006
3891:10.1177/193229680900300438
3820:Cox DL, Nelson MM (2013).
3418:10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.115
3339:10.7589/0090-3558-24.2.220
3299:10.3955/0029-344X-81.3.206
3056:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2899:10.1152/ajpendo.90563.2008
2711:, antituberculosis agents
1947:Saifer–Gerstenfeld method
1746:Anthrone (phenols) method
1521:Shaeffer–Hartmann–Somogyi
512:continuous glucose monitor
502:Continuous glucose monitor
495:
441:
384:
373:
306:
247:fasting blood glucose test
48:-rich meal is highlighted.
4062:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3873:Ginsberg BH (July 2009).
3365:Ceratotherium simum simum
2756:glycogen storage diseases
2659:(FBG): 70–110 mg/dL
2654:
2641:Persistent hyperglycemia
2626:before they can be sold.
2580:
2246:
2241:
2229:
2210:
2172:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1718:
1710:
1547:
1101:
673:
668:
663:
656:exhaled breath condensate
269:modify glucose by adding
58:blood sugar concentration
4994:Diagnostic endocrinology
4984:Concentration indicators
3704:10.2337/diaclin.25.3.105
3606:www.medicalnewstoday.com
2793:Blood glucose monitoring
2647:Persistent hypoglycemia
2644:Transient hyperglycemia
2614:aid in the diagnosis of
498:Blood glucose monitoring
424:anti-diabetic medication
4483:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
3633:www.healthdirect.gov.au
3256:Merck Veterinary Manual
2883:"Four grams of glucose"
2775:production from tumors
2650:Transient hypoglycemia
2213:A dry chemistry method.
1716:Ortho-toluidine method
285:are lower than in many
273:or other groups to it.
80:as a part of metabolic
4916:Elevated transaminases
4608:Thyroid function tests
4570:Transferrin saturation
4430:Clinical biochemistry
4002:Translational Research
3753:Somogyi M (May 1948).
2933:. Dorling Kindersley.
2844:10.1093/ajcn/67.6.1186
2570:
2518:
2407:
2145:
2065:
1937:
1899:
1758:II. Enzymatic methods
1698:
1537:is then titrated with
1526:Uses the principle of
1507:
1310:
1111:Nelson–Somogyi method
1086:
866:
561:Measurement techniques
309:Blood sugar regulation
49:
4710:Lactate dehydrogenase
4672:Basic metabolic panel
4603:ACTH stimulation test
3252:Kahn CM, ed. (2005).
3019:Ohio State University
2722:Acute stress reaction
2657:fasting blood glucose
2571:
2474:
2297:
2146:
1994:
1938:
1904:D-glucono-1,5-lactone
1813:
1699:
1508:
1311:
1087:
867:
496:Further information:
463:loss of consciousness
103:cells in the form of
35:
4730:Liver function tests
4585:Transferrin receptor
2682:alcohol intoxication
2605:Clinical correlation
2251:
1953:
1771:
1559:
1329:
1117:
887:
677:
664:I. Chemical methods
589:improve this article
72:concentrated in the
4746:Serum total protein
4741:Human serum albumin
3809:on 4 December 2014.
3724:. 12 February 2019.
3688:"Diet and exercise"
3283:Oreamnos americanus
2637:
2517:
2510:
2406:
2351:
2064:
2030:
1898:
1849:
1763:A. Glucose oxidase
1423:
1323:Neocuproine method
1235:
1008:
818:
626:glycated hemoglobin
492:Glucose measurement
296:Oreamnos americanus
243:Glucose homeostasis
239:Normal value ranges
182:molar concentration
76:. The body tightly
62:blood glucose level
18:Blood glucose level
4518:Arterial blood gas
4346:Insulin resistance
4221:glucose metabolism
4147:10.1038/emm.2016.6
4141:(3, March): e219.
4046:"Neocuproine MSDS"
2691:Cushing's syndrome
2633:
2566:
2564:
2523:6-Phosphogluconate
2141:
1933:
1694:
1503:
1318:Blue end-product.
1306:
1099:Benedict's method
1082:
862:
634:medical laboratory
551:intravenous fluids
327:hormones (such as
219:Normal value range
190:mass concentration
68:is the measure of
50:
4999:Human homeostasis
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4895:
4894:
4848:Blood sugar level
4827:Pancreatic lipase
4665:Total cholesterol
4495:Serum osmolal gap
4490:Plasma osmolality
4397:
4396:
4286:Template:Diabetes
4081:Henry JB (2001).
3692:Clinical Diabetes
3463:978-0-12-571135-7
3287:Northwest Science
3124:Clinical Diabetes
2784:
2783:
2703:Addison's disease
2655:Reference range,
2602:
2601:
2524:
2515:
2447:
2414:
2218:spectrophotometry
2112:
1991:
1985:
1905:
1875:
1615:
1480:
1424:
1289:
1236:
1186:
1094:Blue end-product
1065:
1009:
959:
845:
819:
754:
733:
621:
620:
613:
356:pancreatic islets
231:According to the
159:Diabetes mellitus
54:blood sugar level
16:(Redirected from
5006:
4938:Hyperproteinemia
4904:
4844:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4401:
4313:Oxyhyperglycemia
4209:
4202:
4195:
4186:
4168:
4158:
4125:
4096:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4053:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4025:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3805:. Archived from
3794:
3788:
3787:
3777:
3759:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3662:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3420:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3371:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3226:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3088:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2995:. Archived from
2984:
2975:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2878:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2828:
2819:
2671:Pheochromocytoma
2638:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2546:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2472:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2384:
2350:
2349:
2295:
2281:
2257:
2177:4-aminophenazone
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2110:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2063:
2029:
2028:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1873:
1848:
1847:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1796:
1711:B. Condensation
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1652:
1613:
1584:
1553:Hagedorn–Jensen
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1478:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1389:
1387:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1287:
1237:
1234:
1201:
1199:
1184:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1063:
1010:
1007:
974:
972:
957:
907:
906:
898:
881:Folin-Wu method
871:
869:
868:
863:
861:
843:
820:
817:
784:
782:
752:
731:
702:
661:
616:
609:
605:
602:
596:
573:
565:
417:
413:
405:
401:
381:High blood sugar
120:produced in the
21:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4958:
4942:
4931:Hypoalbuminemia
4926:Hypoproteinemia
4891:
4865:
4839:Small molecules
4833:
4803:
4724:
4681:
4619:
4589:
4546:
4536:
4499:
4434:
4428:
4398:
4393:
4367:
4351:Hyperinsulinism
4331:
4325:Whipple's triad
4292:
4223:
4215:Disease of the
4213:
4175:
4128:
4099:
4093:
4080:
4077:
4075:Further reading
4072:
4071:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4039:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3977:(53): 2349–53.
3968:
3967:
3963:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3740:medlineplus.gov
3734:
3733:
3729:
3722:www.ndss.com.au
3716:
3715:
3711:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3608:. 28 March 2019
3600:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3190:medlineplus.gov
3184:
3183:
3179:
3150:(9785): 31–40.
3140:
3139:
3135:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2999:on 14 May 2013.
2986:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2963:
2958:on 6 July 2011.
2950:
2949:
2945:
2928:
2924:
2880:
2879:
2860:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2789:
2773:Ectopic hormone
2727:Hypopituitarism
2717:Hyperthyroidism
2607:
2595:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2409:
2388:
2249:
2248:
2208:Kodak Ektachem
2170:Trinder method
2068:
1967:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1922:
1912:
1800:
1769:
1768:
1723:aromatic amines
1557:
1556:
1536:
1426:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1120:
1115:
1114:
890:
885:
884:
675:
674:
644:renal threshold
617:
606:
600:
597:
586:
574:
563:
544:red blood cells
532:
523:Glucose testing
520:
508:
494:
446:
440:
438:Low blood sugar
415:
411:
403:
399:
389:
383:
378:
372:
311:
305:
279:
226:
221:
214:
210:
206:
178:
97:skeletal muscle
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5012:
5010:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:Cardiac marker
4691:
4689:
4687:Cardiovascular
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4638:Hemoglobin A1c
4629:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4468:Renal function
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4233:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4173:External links
4171:
4170:
4169:
4126:
4097:
4092:978-0721688640
4091:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4037:
3988:
3961:
3934:(2): 125–137.
3914:
3865:
3858:
3837:
3830:
3812:
3789:
3768:(1): 189–200.
3745:
3727:
3709:
3698:(3): 105–110.
3678:
3665:Best Buy Drugs
3645:
3619:
3593:
3568:
3550:
3543:
3525:
3518:
3500:
3493:
3475:
3462:
3440:
3391:
3353:
3312:
3273:
3267:978-0911910506
3266:
3244:
3238:978-0801442384
3237:
3211:
3202:
3177:
3133:
3111:
3063:
3024:
3002:
2976:
2961:
2943:
2922:
2858:
2837:(6): 1186–96.
2813:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:Glycemic index
2795:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2244:
2243:
2242:B. Hexokinase
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2151:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1730:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
977:
971:
968:
965:
962:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
910:
905:
902:
897:
894:
882:
878:
877:
873:
872:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
787:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
705:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
671:
670:
666:
665:
649:Hans Renschler
619:
618:
577:
575:
568:
562:
559:
531:
528:
519:
516:
493:
490:
474:hyperlipidemia
442:Main article:
439:
436:
385:Main article:
382:
379:
371:
368:
352:
351:
340:
337:catecholamines
307:Main article:
304:
301:
278:
275:
225:
222:
220:
217:
212:
208:
204:
201:molecular mass
184:, measured in
177:
174:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5011:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:Hyperuricemia
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4861:Hyperglycemia
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4775:AST/ALT ratio
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:transaminases
4756:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:Troponin test
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Triglycerides
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4633:Blood glucose
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:Hyperglycemia
4306:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:blood glucose
4295:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:Complications
4278:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4065:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:(4): 903–13.
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3859:9781319117689
3855:
3851:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3831:9781429234146
3827:
3823:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3803:Best Thinking
3800:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3666:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3563:Science Daily
3560:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3544:9781319117689
3540:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3519:9781119343738
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3494:9781319117689
3490:
3486:
3479:
3476:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3411:(1): 115–32.
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3077:Diabetes Care
3074:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:Advameg, Inc.
2973:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:1-74033-550-3
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:(1): E11–21.
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:liver disease
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2697:liver disease
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2684:or ingestion
2683:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2557:
2547:
2527:
2475:
2456:
2451:
2423:
2418:
2401:
2398:
2385:
2298:
2282:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2197:Inhibited by
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:ascorbic acid
2160:
2156:
2152:
2082:
2073:
1995:
1978:
1972:
1962:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1927:
1917:
1908:
1814:
1807:
1797:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1734:glycosylamine
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1585:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1439:
1436:
1390:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1202:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
975:
908:
903:
900:
883:
880:
879:
874:
785:
703:
672:
667:
662:
659:
657:
652:
650:
645:
641:
640:Urine glucose
637:
635:
629:
627:
615:
612:
604:
601:December 2016
594:
590:
584:
583:
578:This section
576:
572:
567:
566:
560:
558:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
529:
527:
524:
518:Sample source
517:
515:
513:
507:
506:Glucose meter
503:
499:
491:
489:
487:
486:liver disease
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
445:
437:
435:
432:
429:
425:
421:
409:
396:
394:
393:hyperglycemia
388:
387:Hyperglycemia
380:
377:
370:Abnormalities
369:
367:
365:
359:
357:
349:
345:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
310:
302:
300:
298:
297:
292:
288:
284:
277:Other animals
276:
274:
272:
268:
262:
259:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
229:
223:
218:
216:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
175:
173:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:hyperglycemia
147:
145:
140:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4921:Elevated ALP
4887:Hypouricemia
4856:Hypoglycemia
4847:
4792:Unconjugated
4757:
4440:Electrolytes
4320:Hypoglycemia
4138:
4134:
4105:
4101:
4082:
4049:
4040:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3849:
3821:
3815:
3807:the original
3802:
3792:
3765:
3761:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3671:18 September
3669:. Retrieved
3664:
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3632:
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3605:
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3534:
3528:
3509:
3503:
3484:
3478:
3467:, retrieved
3453:
3443:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3380:(1): 11–17.
3377:
3373:
3364:
3356:
3332:(2): 220–4.
3329:
3325:
3315:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3255:
3247:
3222:
3214:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:
3180:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3106:
3076:
3066:
3040:. Retrieved
3036:
3027:
3018:
2997:the original
2992:
2956:the original
2946:
2930:
2925:
2890:
2886:
2834:
2830:
2817:
2750:Galactosemia
2634:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2586:as cofactor.
2247:
1990:-dianisidine
655:
653:
638:
630:
622:
607:
598:
587:Please help
582:verification
579:
548:
533:
521:
509:
478:hypertension
470:hypoglycemia
467:
459:irritability
451:hypoglycemia
447:
444:Hypoglycemia
433:
408:ketoacidosis
397:
390:
360:
353:
319:
312:
294:
280:
263:
258:carbohydrate
255:
251:
237:
230:
227:
203:of glucose C
198:
179:
167:
155:hypoglycemia
148:
141:
130:
93:blood plasma
86:
65:
61:
57:
53:
51:
29:
4979:Blood tests
4870:Nitrogenous
4705:CPK-MB test
4645:Lipid panel
4580:Transferrin
4528:Bicarbonate
4523:Base excess
4432:blood tests
4250:gestational
3581:Mayo Clinic
3037:www.who.int
2993:Mayo Clinic
2768:Convulsions
2709:salicylates
2227:Glucometer
2159:glutathione
1727:acetic acid
1539:thiosulfate
530:Sample type
414:mmol/L (270
402:mmol/L (300
376:Dysglycemia
315:homeostatic
313:The body's
287:monogastric
146:per litre.
133:human brain
82:homeostasis
44:-rich vs a
4973:Categories
4797:Conjugated
4625:Metabolism
4565:Serum iron
4552:Iron tests
4473:Creatinine
4384:Insulinoma
4108:: 211–24.
4050:hazard.com
3638:23 January
3612:23 January
3586:30 January
3293:(3): 206.
3144:The Lancet
3130:(2). 2000.
2809:References
2740:Acromegaly
2676:Insulinoma
2192:hemoglobin
2184:creatinine
374:See also:
303:Regulation
199:Since the
144:millimoles
126:glycolysis
4787:Bilirubin
4737:Proteins
4715:Myoglobin
4513:Anion gap
4505:Acid-base
4453:Potassium
4389:Insulitis
4339:disorders
4297:Abnormal
3948:0003-4819
2667:mellitus
2188:uric acid
2155:bilirubin
1654:⟶
428:metformin
346:hormone (
325:catabolic
283:ruminants
271:phosphate
194:decilitre
168:Drinking
89:dissolved
4989:Diabetes
4900:Proteins
4877:Azotemia
4809:Pancreas
4595:Hormones
4560:Ferritin
4458:Chloride
4229:Diabetes
4217:pancreas
4165:26964835
4058:cite web
4032:31194942
4008:: 1–22.
3909:20144340
3784:18914074
3435:21875860
3427:16699154
3386:20094341
3307:56564674
3195:15 March
3172:13951614
3164:21705069
3103:29740430
3095:16373931
3052:cite web
3042:15 March
2917:18840763
2787:See also
2754:Several
2665:Diabetes
2616:diabetes
2476:→
2299:→
2199:catalase
1996:→
1815:→
1725:and hot
1533:Excess I
1391:→
1203:→
976:→
786:→
482:diabetes
455:lethargy
420:diabetes
364:glycogen
362:form of
344:anabolic
342:and one
333:cortisol
329:glucagon
291:camelids
137:diabetes
122:pancreas
105:glycogen
66:glycemia
4817:Amylase
4542:Lactate
4537:content
4463:Calcium
4337:Insulin
4156:4892884
4122:3524617
4023:6783357
3983:5851934
3956:2642375
3900:2769960
3797:Roe J.
3469:9 April
3348:3373628
2908:2636990
2853:9625092
2763:Obesity
2731:Severe
2707:Drugs:
2695:Severe
555:glucose
348:insulin
267:enzymes
170:alcohol
163:testing
118:hormone
114:insulin
109:fasting
70:glucose
38:insulin
4822:Lipase
4448:Sodium
4301:levels
4245:type 2
4240:type 1
4236:Types
4163:
4153:
4120:
4089:
4030:
4020:
3981:
3954:
3946:
3907:
3897:
3856:
3828:
3782:
3541:
3516:
3491:
3460:
3433:
3425:
3384:
3346:
3305:
3264:
3235:
3170:
3162:
3101:
3093:
2937:
2915:
2905:
2851:
2680:Acute
2111:
1874:
1732:Forms
1614:
1528:iodine
1479:
1288:
1185:
1064:
958:
844:
753:
732:
536:plasma
504:, and
416:
412:
404:
400:
224:Humans
186:mmol/L
46:starch
4947:Other
3758:(PDF)
3661:(PDF)
3431:S2CID
3382:JSTOR
3370:(PDF)
3303:S2CID
3231:–69.
3168:S2CID
3099:S2CID
2827:(PDF)
2745:Shock
2514:G-6PD
2446:G-6PO
2413:G-6PO
2216:Uses
2175:Uses
1721:Uses
540:serum
176:Units
107:; in
101:liver
74:blood
64:, or
42:sugar
4478:Urea
4284:See
4255:MODY
4219:and
4161:PMID
4118:PMID
4087:ISBN
4064:link
4028:PMID
3979:PMID
3952:PMID
3944:ISSN
3905:PMID
3854:ISBN
3826:ISBN
3780:PMID
3673:2012
3640:2024
3614:2024
3588:2018
3539:ISBN
3514:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3471:2023
3458:ISBN
3423:PMID
3344:PMID
3262:ISBN
3233:ISBN
3197:2024
3160:PMID
3091:PMID
3058:link
3044:2024
2935:ISBN
2913:PMID
2849:PMID
2584:NADP
484:and
335:and
116:, a
99:and
52:The
4908:LFT
4782:GGT
4770:AST
4765:ALT
4753:ALP
4655:HDL
4650:LDL
4151:PMC
4143:doi
4110:doi
4018:PMC
4010:doi
4006:213
3936:doi
3932:110
3895:PMC
3887:doi
3770:doi
3766:174
3700:doi
3667:: 2
3413:doi
3334:doi
3295:doi
3229:621
3152:doi
3148:378
3081:doi
2903:PMC
2895:doi
2891:296
2839:doi
2190:or
591:by
538:or
249:).
196:).
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1969:O
1963:2
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