2117:
2129:
1654:
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38:
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788:
2157:
1166:
771:
1638:
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2145:
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1888:, which is often the first symptom that a person with type 1 diabetes may have, can result. Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age but is most often diagnosed before age 40. For people living with type 1 diabetes, insulin injections are critical for survival. An experimental procedure to treat type 1 diabetes is
1711:
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common form of pancreatic cancer, and is cancer arising from the exocrine digestive part of the pancreas. Most occur in the head of the pancreas. Symptoms tend to arise late in the course of the cancer, when it causes abdominal pain, weight loss, or yellowing of
1791:
to facilitate the drainage of bile, and medications to help control pain. In the United States pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of deaths due to cancer. The disease occurs more often in the developed world, which had 68% of new cases in 2012. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically has
1055:
The definitive pancreas results from rotation of the ventral bud and the fusion of the two buds. During development, the duodenum rotates to the right, and the ventral bud rotates with it, moving to a position that becomes more dorsal. Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud
1914:
and impaired insulin secretion, with both genetic and environmental factors playing a role in the development of the disease. Over time, pancreatic beta cells may become "exhausted" and less functional. The management of type 2 diabetes involves a combination of lifestyle measures, medications if
795:
to show the location of different cell types in the pancreatic islet. Antibodies against glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, show their peripheral position. Antibodies against insulin, secreted by beta cells, show the more widespread and central position that these cells tend to have.
762:, between the coeliac and superior mesenteric arteries. The lymphatic vessels of the head and neck drain into intermediate lymphatic vessels around the pancreaticoduodenal, mesenteric and hepatic arteries, and from there into the lymph nodes that lie in front of the aorta.
1241:
The main factor influencing the secretion of insulin and glucagon are the levels of glucose in blood plasma. Low blood sugar stimulates glucagon release, and high blood sugar stimulates insulin release. Other factors also influence the secretion of these hormones. Some
1213:
to glucose in the liver. It also decreases the uptake of glucose in fat and muscle. Glucagon release is stimulated by low blood glucose or insulin levels, and during exercise. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating uptake by cells (particularly
1098:
system. Development of the exocrine acini progresses through three successive stages. These are the predifferentiated, protodifferentiated, and differentiated stages, which correspond to undetectable, low, and high levels of digestive enzyme activity, respectively.
2030:. In most species (including humans), these "fuse" in the adult, but there are several exceptions. Even when a single pancreas is present, two or three pancreatic ducts may persist, each draining separately into the duodenum (or equivalent part of the foregut).
1611:; when the endocrine function is affected, this may lead to diabetes. Chronic pancreatitis is investigated in a similar way to acute pancreatitis. In addition to management of pain and nausea, and management of any identified causes (which may include
1607:. Abdominal pain, characteristically relieved by sitting forward or drinking alcohol, is the most common symptom. When the digestive function of the pancreas is severely affected, this may lead to problems with fat digestion and the development of
1056:
is below the larger dorsal bud, and eventually fuses with it. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the main pancreatic duct. Usually, the duct of the dorsal bud regresses, leaving the
1444:
of the lining of the duodenum and jejunum mostly in response to long chain fatty acids, and increases the effects of secretin. At a cellular level, bicarbonate is secreted from centroacinar and ductal cells through a sodium and bicarbonate
2057:. In a few teleost species, the endocrine tissue has fused to form a distinct gland within the abdominal cavity, but otherwise it is distributed among the exocrine components. The most primitive arrangement, however, appears to be that of
1150:
and other substances within pancreatic islets that help control blood sugar levels and metabolism within the body, and an "exocrine" role, relating to the secretion of enzymes involved in digesting substances in the digestive tract.
969:, most pancreas-specific genes encode for secreted proteins. Corresponding pancreas-specific proteins are either expressed in the exocrine cellular compartment and have functions related to digestion or food uptake such as digestive
1456:
A variety of mechanisms act to ensure that the digestive action of the pancreas does not act to digest pancreatic tissue itself. These include the secretion of inactive enzymes (zymogens), the secretion of the protective enzyme
1461:, which inactivates trypsin, the changes in pH that occur with bicarbonate secretion that stimulate digestion only when the pancreas is stimulated, and the fact that the low calcium within cells causes inactivation of trypsin.
778:
when pancreatic tissue is stained and viewed under a microscope. Parts of the digestive ("exocrine") pancreas can be seen around the islet, more darkly. These contain hazy dark purple granules of inactive digestive enzymes
1071:
are precursor cells that differentiate into the functional pancreatic cells, including exocrine acinar cells, endocrine islet cells, and ductal cells. These progenitor cells are characterised by the co-expression of the
902:
are also scattered throughout the islets. Islets are composed of up to 3,000 secretory cells, and contain several small arterioles to receive blood, and venules that allow the hormones secreted by the cells to enter the
706:, the largest branch of the celiac trunk, runs along the top of the pancreas, and supplies the left part of the body and the tail of the pancreas through its pancreatic branches, the largest of which is called the
588:
The head of the pancreas sits within the curvature of the duodenum, and wraps around the superior mesenteric artery and vein. To the right sits the descending part of the duodenum, and between these travel the
2116:
1169:
The pancreas maintains constant blood glucose levels (shown as the waving line). When the blood glucose level is too high, the pancreas secretes insulin and when the level is too low, the pancreas secretes
2065:, in which pancreatic tissue is found as a number of discrete nodules within the wall of the gut itself, with the exocrine portions being little different from other glandular structures of the intestine.
1672:, remain very difficult to treat, and are mostly diagnosed only at a stage that is too late for surgery, which is the only curative treatment. Pancreatic cancer is rare in people younger than 40 and the
2009:
can be used to more easily differentiate cell types. This involves visible antibodies to the products of certain cell types, and helps identify with greater ease cell types such as alpha and beta cells.
1943:
It is possible for a person to live without a pancreas, provided that the person takes insulin for proper regulation of blood glucose concentration and pancreatic enzyme supplements to aid digestion.
1589:, and monitoring to prevent or manage shock, and management of any identified underlying causes. This may include removal of gallstones, lowering of blood triglyceride or glucose levels, the use of
1052:. Each joins with the foregut through a duct. The dorsal pancreatic bud forms the neck, body, and tail of the developed pancreas, and the ventral pancreatic bud forms the head and uncinate process.
628:
The neck of the pancreas separates the head of the pancreas, located in the curvature of the duodenum, from the body. The neck is about 2 cm (0.79 in) wide, and sits in front of where the
1440:
which form part of the lining of the duodenum in response to stimulation by gastric acid. Along with VIP, it increases the secretion of enzymes and bicarbonate. Cholecystokinin is released from
1416:
pH for the fluid, a pH in which most of the enzymes act most efficiently, and also helps to neutralise the stomach acids that enter the duodenum. Secretion is influenced by hormones including
2128:
1326:. These enzymes help to break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats). This role is called the "exocrine" role of the pancreas. The cells that do this are arranged in clusters called
1603:
refers to the development of pancreatitis over time. It shares many similar causes, with the most common being chronic alcohol use, with other causes including recurrent acute episodes and
1453:. Secretin and VIP act to increase the opening of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, which leads to more membrane depolarisation and more secretion of bicarbonate.
965:
10,000 protein coding genes (~50% of all human genes) are expressed in the normal human pancreas. Less than 100 of these genes are specifically expressed in the pancreas. Similar to the
1122:, the endocrine precursor cells differentiate to form beta and delta cells. The pancreatic islets form as the endocrine cells migrate from the duct system to form small clusters around
444:πᾶν (pân, "all") & κρέας (kréas, "flesh"). The function of the pancreas in diabetes has been known since at least 1889, with its role in insulin production identified in 1921.
3988:
1450:
639:
The body is the largest part of the pancreas, and mostly lies behind the stomach, tapering along its length. The peritoneum sits on top of the body of the pancreas, and the
674:
The pancreas narrows towards the tail, which sits near to the spleen. It is usually between 1.3–3.5 cm (0.51–1.38 in) long, and sits between the layers of the
1542:, that often radiates to the back, and may be associated with nausea or vomiting. Severe pancreatitis may lead to bleeding or perforation of the pancreas resulting in
3911:
3813:
3772:
2906:. Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function. Vol. 3. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. pp. 1–64.
2810:
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run along the back and front surfaces of the head of the pancreas adjacent to the duodenum. These supply the head of the pancreas. These vessels join together (
138:
275:
633:
134:
1645:
in the head of the pancreas. Because symptoms (such as skin yellowing, pain, or itch) do not occur until later in the disease, it often presents at a later
2617:
Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. (January 2015). "Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
1819:
are the most common types. For those with neuroendocrine cancers the number alive after five years is much better at 65%, varying considerably with type.
1294:
The pancreas has a role in digestion, highlighted here. Ducts in the pancreas (green) conduct digestive enzymes into the duodenum. This image also shows a
3388:
Barrett, Kim E.; Barman, Susan M.; Brooks, Heddwen L.; Yuan, Jason X.-J.; Ganong, William F. (2019). "Hypoglycaemia & Diabetes
Mellitus in Humans".
3981:
1910:
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common form of diabetes. The causes for high blood sugar in this form of diabetes usually are a combination of
1796:
being 25% and 5% respectively. In localized disease where the cancer is small (< 2 cm) the number alive at five years is approximately 20%.
1547:
2201:
1178:). The cells that do this are located within the pancreatic islets that are present throughout the pancreas. When blood glucose levels are low,
1565:
In pancreatitis, enzymes of the exocrine pancreas damage the structure and tissue of the pancreas. Detection of some of these enzymes, such as
3868:
3849:
3789:
2921:
2833:
715:
251:
1693:
1271:
437:
or due to other reasons, and carries a very poor prognosis, as it is often only identified after it has spread to other areas of the body.
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1689:
711:
668:
594:
590:
130:
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which is then stored in granules in beta cells. Glucose is taken into the beta cells and degraded. The end effect of this is to cause
1218:), and promoting its use in the creation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Insulin is initially created as a precursor form called
525:. The longest part of the pancreas, the body, stretches across behind the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas ends adjacent to the
4111:
3928:
3887:
3830:
3748:
3397:
3232:"American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts & Figures 2010: see page 4 for incidence estimates, and page 19 for survival percentages"
2786:
2509:
1986:
discovered that removing the pancreas from a dog caused it to become diabetic. Insulin was later isolated from pancreatic islets by
939:. If the two buds themselves, each having a duct, do not fuse, a pancreas may exist with two separate ducts, a condition known as a
1347:
The cells in each acinus are filled with granules containing the digestive enzymes. These are secreted in an inactive form termed
3255:
1991:
2022:, but its precise form and arrangement varies widely. There may be up to three separate pancreases, two of which arise from the
2156:
1807:
of these cancers has been rising sharply; it is not clear to what extent this reflects increased detection, especially through
198:
3719:
1919:. With relevance to the pancreas, several medications act to enhance the secretion of insulin from beta cells, particularly
1275:
835:
ducts which they surround. In each acinus, the cells are pyramid-shaped and situated around the intercalated ducts, with the
2144:
2951:
1470:
1425:
270:
4312:
4261:
1823:
1267:
1046:
1018:
614:
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890:, each of which releases a different hormone. These cells have characteristic positions, with alpha cells (secreting
3238:
4056:
1893:
1884:
can result. In addition, if there is not enough insulin for glucose to be used within cells, the medical emergency
1800:
1720:
is blocked by the cancer. Other less common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis, diabetes or recurrent
1259:
1255:
1068:
699:
656:
622:
518:
1799:
There are several types of pancreatic cancer, involving both the endocrine and exocrine tissue. The many types of
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2298:
2135:
1697:
932:
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569:
537:
154:
20:
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1982:, although literally meaning all-flesh, presumably because of its fleshy consistency. It was only in 1889 when
1905:
1889:
1849:
1844:
1804:
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974:
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732:
618:
522:
234:
1250:, stimulate insulin and glucagon release. Somatostatin acts as an inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon. The
1005:
1355:
present in the lining of the duodenum. The proenzymes are cleaved, creating a cascade of activating enzymes.
935:
may be present if the main duct of the dorsal bud of the pancreas does not regress; this duct opens into the
4155:
4140:
4034:
1997:
The way the tissue of the pancreas has been viewed has also changed. Previously, it was viewed using simple
1931:, increasing the secretion of insulin from beta cells after meals, and are more resistant to breakdown; and
1928:
1751:. Only 10 to 15% of tumours are suitable for surgical resection. As of 2018, when chemotherapy is given the
1594:
1111:
4321:
1126:. This occurs around the third month of development, and insulin and glucagon can be detected in the human
4049:
4014:
3998:
3281:
Burns WR, Edil BH (March 2012). "Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: guidelines for management and update".
2185:
1585:, are often used to indicate that a person has pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is often managed medically with
1474:
1038:
994:
936:
367:
282:
258:
246:
1086:
The cells of the exocrine pancreas differentiate through molecules that induce differentiation including
4101:
4044:
3610:
Karamanou, M.; Protogerou, A.; Tsoucalas, G.; Androutsos, G.; Poulakou-Rebelakou, E. (10 January 2016).
2781:. Barman, Susan M.,, Brooks, Heddwen L., Yuan, Jason X.-J. (26th ed.). New York. pp. 433–437.
1885:
1737:
1535:
1478:
899:
844:
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is formed. The neck lies mostly behind the pylorus of the stomach, and is covered with peritoneum. The
2045:), there is no discrete pancreas at all, with pancreatic tissue being distributed diffusely across the
1551:
947:
may exist, where part or all of the duodenum is encircled by the pancreas. This may be associated with
2209:
4061:
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2673:
2006:
1970:, another Greek anatomist, gave the pancreas its name. Etymologically, the term "pancreas", a modern
1916:
1877:
1873:
1600:
1266:
secreted from sympathetic nerves stimulates secretion of insulin and glucagon, whereas activation of
1073:
1057:
1026:
916:
904:
792:
675:
533:
434:
2324:"The pancreas as a single organ: the influence of the endocrine upon the exocrine part of the gland"
1118:, the endocrine precursor cells differentiate to form alpha and gamma cells. Under the direction of
4172:
1881:
1559:
1543:
1139:
860:
755:
565:
190:
3966:
2660:
Danielsson A, Pontén F, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Schwenk JM, Uhlén M, et al. (2014-12-29).
4167:
4024:
3905:
3807:
3766:
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2642:
1911:
1853:
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or chronic alcohol use, with other common causes including traumatic damage, damage following an
1502:
1333:
598:
194:
1146:) that help digestion. These are divided into an "endocrine" role, relating to the secretion of
811:
The majority of pancreatic tissue has a digestive role. The cells with this role form clusters (
37:
3103:
Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH (September 2013).
4342:
4292:
4287:
4205:
4162:
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3715:
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3587:
3581:
3535:
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3483:
3403:
3393:
3357:
3298:
3211:
3183:
3134:
3059:
3019:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2917:
2829:
2792:
2782:
2735:
2701:
2634:
2575:
2505:
2361:
2343:
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2236:
1987:
1721:
1685:
1665:
1632:
1612:
1458:
1390:
1382:
1160:
1127:
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bud. As it develops, the ventral bud rotates to the other side and the two buds fuse together.
978:
943:. This condition has no physiologic consequence. If the ventral bud does not fully rotate, an
871:
840:
549:
430:
426:
348:
332:
170:
3529:
3326:"Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: a single institution experience of 14 cases"
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4200:
4195:
4150:
4145:
4083:
4071:
3633:
3623:
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3347:
3337:
3290:
3173:
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3124:
3116:
3051:
3011:
2907:
2691:
2681:
2626:
2565:
2557:
2526:
2351:
2335:
1967:
1932:
1869:
1555:
1386:
1371:
1311:
1295:
1143:
1102:
Pancreatic progenitor cells differentiate into endocrine islet cells under the influence of
970:
948:
944:
940:
775:
751:
640:
610:
602:
557:
545:
541:
452:
425:. Because of its role in the regulation of blood sugar, the pancreas is also a key organ in
395:
375:
320:
312:
158:
118:
58:
686:, which also passes behind the body of the pancreas, pass behind the tail of the pancreas.
4272:
2082:
1983:
1808:
1725:
1701:
1604:
1574:
1421:
1394:
1337:
1319:
1215:
1206:
1014:
875:
660:
652:
577:
561:
383:
344:
304:
643:
in front of the peritoneum. Behind the pancreas are several blood vessels, including the
3961:
2677:
808:
role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope.
720:
4326:
4215:
4066:
4039:
3638:
3611:
3478:
3461:
3352:
3325:
3178:
3153:
3129:
3104:
2696:
2661:
2570:
2545:
2356:
2323:
2023:
1975:
1748:
1740:
may be used if a tumour is being considered for surgical removal, and biopsy guided by
1669:
1646:
1642:
1590:
1235:
1210:
1095:
1049:
966:
960:
928:
924:
920:
824:
820:
812:
787:
703:
695:
694:
The pancreas has a rich blood supply, with vessels originating as branches of both the
679:
441:
418:
371:
174:
142:
102:
3956:
3743:. Barman, Susan M.,, Brooks, Heddwen L., Yuan, Jason X.-J. (26th ed.). New York.
2998:
Wang, Y; Miller, FH; Chen, ZE; Merrick, L; Mortele, KJ; Hoff, FL; et al. (2011).
2912:
2593:
1792:
poor outcomes with the average percentage alive for at least one and five years after
1165:
1142:
and metabolism within the body, and also in the secretion of substances (collectively
894:) tending to be situated around the periphery of the islet, and beta cells (secreting
486:
4336:
4123:
4088:
4029:
2662:"The human pancreas proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling"
2098:
1920:
1865:
1857:
1620:
1446:
1429:
1263:
1219:
399:
222:
3556:
1860:
attacks the insulin-secreting beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin is needed to keep
1298:, part of the endocrine pancreas, which contains cells responsible for secretion of
770:
4106:
4078:
4019:
3310:
1779:, focus on the management of symptoms that develop. This may include management of
1756:
1608:
1519:
1513:
1375:
1352:
1199:
990:
836:
728:
683:
671:
which falls between these two. In front of the pancreas sits the transverse colon.
648:
514:
414:
363:
109:
3782:
The pancreas : an integrated textbook of basic science, medicine, and surgery
2646:
2002:
3665:
3502:
2686:
2561:
1747:
Because of the late development of symptoms, most cancer presents at an advanced
1351:
or proenzymes. When released into the duodenum, they are activated by the enzyme
239:
4190:
4182:
1861:
1772:
1764:
1637:
1490:
1433:
1409:
1363:
1290:
1279:
1175:
1103:
1087:
863:. There is more than one layer of cells as the diameter of the ducts increases.
736:
629:
387:
178:
2525:
Kanth, Rajan; Roy, Praveen K; Al Samman, Mounzer; Patti, Marco G (2019-11-21).
4096:
3799:
3758:
3407:
3342:
3324:
Patil TB, Shrikhande SV, Kanhere HA, Saoji RR, Ramadwar MR, Shukla PJ (2006).
3294:
3169:
2901:
2796:
2262:
2102:
2019:
1979:
1952:
1816:
1812:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1729:
1578:
1243:
1223:
1195:
1179:
887:
879:
731:, which sits behind the pancreas. The head drains into, and wraps around, the
606:
540:
run through the body of the pancreas. The main pancreatic duct joins with the
316:
97:
3897:
2939:
2931:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2347:
2240:
1314:. It does this by secreting a fluid that contains digestive enzymes into the
263:
4132:
3042:
Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N (September 2014). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma".
2630:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2046:
1959:
1924:
1793:
1784:
1677:
1586:
1523:
1486:
1227:
1187:
1123:
923:. The pancreas develops from these buds on either side of the duodenum. The
883:
867:
848:
801:
422:
336:
308:
114:
3647:
3487:
3361:
3302:
3187:
3138:
3063:
3023:
3000:"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of solid and cystic lesions of the pancreas"
2999:
2947:
2705:
2638:
2579:
2224:
1186:, which increases blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are high
3945:
3055:
2365:
2248:
1827:
878:) that are distributed throughout the pancreas. Pancreatic islets contain
827:
walls. The cells of each acinus secrete inactive digestive enzymes called
3015:
2339:
2062:
2027:
1998:
1868:. As an untreated chronic condition, complications including accelerated
1713:
1705:
1658:
1441:
1417:
1413:
1359:
1341:
1315:
1303:
1183:
1115:
1042:
1030:
986:
891:
805:
573:
553:
510:
461:
379:
359:
340:
3628:
2546:"Laparoscopic treatment of annular pancreas in adults: report of a case"
1370:. The free trypsin then cleaves the rest of the trypsinogen, as well as
548:(hepatopancreatic ampulla). This ampulla is surrounded by a muscle, the
3612:"Milestones in the history of diabetes mellitus: The main contributors"
3120:
2058:
2038:
1963:
1733:
1681:
1582:
1566:
1539:
1482:
1401:
1367:
1348:
1344:. About 1.5 - 3 liters of fluid are secreted in this manner every day.
1323:
1299:
1247:
1231:
1191:
1147:
1034:
1010:
982:
895:
828:
780:
664:
477:
473:
457:
403:
355:
352:
324:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
1680:
is 71. Risk factors include chronic pancreatitis, older age, smoking,
2981:
2777:
Barrett, Kim E. (2019). "Regulation of
Insulin Secretion; Glucagon".
2054:
2042:
1956:
1673:
1570:
1437:
1080:
747:
746:
The pancreas drains into lymphatic vessels that travel alongside its
526:
481:
465:
407:
343:
function. 99% of the pancreas is exocrine and 1% is endocrine. As an
125:
3821:
Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2015).
3443:
3441:
3392:(26th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 440–441.
3154:"Analysis of mortality rates for pancreatic cancer across the world"
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
1538:. Acute pancreatitis is likely to cause intense pain in the central
2753:
2751:
484:. In adults, it is about 12–15 centimetres (4.7–5.9 in) long,
4006:
3670:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 357–59.
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2050:
1971:
1636:
1531:
1328:
1289:
1238:
of the cell membrane which stimulates the release of the insulin.
1164:
1119:
786:
769:
644:
451:
328:
288:
210:
185:
165:
2504:(14th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 244–245.
2424:
2422:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
1803:
are all uncommon or rare, and have varied outlooks. However the
1174:
Cells within the pancreas help to maintain blood glucose levels (
16:
Organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates
3256:"Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Health Professional Version"
2322:
Henderson, J. R.; Daniel, P. M.; Fraser, P. A. (February 1981).
2094:
2090:
2074:
2031:
1788:
1780:
1741:
1717:
1527:
1107:
1076:
391:
149:
3970:
3880:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
3861:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
1400:
Enzymes that break down starch and other carbohydrates include
1045:
origin. Pancreatic development begins with the formation of a
3919:
Young, Barbara; O'Dowd, Geraldine; Woodford, Phillip (2013).
3859:
Standring, Susan; Borley, Neil R.; et al., eds. (2008).
1744:
or ultrasound can be used to confirm an uncertain diagnosis.
3840:
Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MW, Hobson RP, eds. (2018).
919:
exist, relating to the embryological development of the two
2828:(13th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 990–994.
1449:
that acts because of membrane depolarisation caused by the
1381:
Enzymes secreted involved in the digestion of fats include
870:
role within the pancreas exist as clusters of cells called
82:
79:
70:
2594:"The human proteome in pancreas – The Human Protein Atlas"
2225:"[Interaction of the endo- and exocrine pancreas]"
1641:
Pancreatic cancer, shown here, most commonly occurs as an
1205:
Glucagon acts to increase glucose levels by promoting the
1332:. Secretions into the middle of the acinus accumulate in
977:, or are expressed in the various cells of the endocrine
509:. The pancreas stretches from the inner curvature of the
67:
981:
and have functions related to secreted hormones such as
576:
with separate openings located above the opening of the
370:. As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an
3921:
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas
2474:
2457:
2299:"Endocrine Pancreas - an overview ScienceDirect Topics"
1864:
levels within optimal ranges, and its lack can lead to
1522:. Pancreatitis is most often associated with recurrent
915:
The size of the pancreas varies considerably. Several
847:, and a number of zymogen granules visible within the
4310:
3962:
Pancreatic
Diseases – English – The Gastro Specialist
3507:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 24.
2223:
Gyr, K.; Beglinger, C.; Stalder, G. A. (1985-09-21).
1771:
has been shown to extend survival beyond traditional
1700:
among others. About 25% of cases are attributable to
1558:. These severe complications are often managed in an
1202:
which decreases the release of insulin and glucagon.
663:, specifically the last part of the duodenum and the
552:. This ampulla opens into the descending part of the
85:
73:
3504:
History of the
Pancreas: Mysteries of a Hidden Organ
3078:"Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Patient Version"
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
472:
The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the
76:
64:
4230:
4181:
4131:
4122:
4005:
2550:
Korean
Journal of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Surgery
1826:is a low-grade malignant tumour of the pancreas of
1451:
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
269:
257:
245:
233:
221:
209:
204:
184:
164:
148:
124:
108:
96:
61:
52:
47:
30:
3462:"The management of acute and chronic pancreatitis"
1830:architecture that typically afflicts young women.
1615:), because of the digestive role of the pancreas,
1573:in the blood, along with symptoms and findings on
659:. Below the body of the pancreas sits some of the
456:The pancreas (shown here in pink) sits behind the
3460:Banks PA, Conwell DL, Toskes PP (February 2010).
2049:and even within other nearby organs, such as the
1282:to stimulate release of insulin from beta cells.
961:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
727:The body and neck of the pancreas drain into the
617:emerges from below the head, situated behind the
3863:(40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone.
3605:
3603:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
2034:, for example, typically have three such ducts.
1896:to supply a person with functioning beta cells.
1811:, of tumors that would be very slow to develop.
1688:, and certain rare genetic conditions including
1668:, particularly the most common type, pancreatic
1597:, and the cessation of any medication triggers.
931:, eventually fusing. In about 10% of adults, an
898:) more numerous and found throughout the islet.
859:ducts. The ducts are lined by a single layer of
410:in food entering the duodenum from the stomach.
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2150:Pancreas of a human embryo at end of sixth week
1037:, an embryonic tube that is a precursor to the
676:ligament between the spleen and the left kidney
3842:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
3447:
3432:
3420:
2985:
2875:
2863:
2826:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
2757:
1408:These enzymes are secreted in a fluid rich in
636:travels in front of the neck of the pancreas.
3982:
1130:by the fourth or fifth month of development.
493:Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into a
139:posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
8:
2544:Noh, TH; Lee, SE; Park, JM (February 2012).
1724:. Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed by
1661:, with pancreatic cancers in red/pink color.
634:anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
394:entering the duodenum from the stomach; and
135:anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
2887:
2285:
2162:The pancreas and its surrounding structures
1927:which replicate the action of the hormones
851:. The intercalated ducts drain into larger
823:, and are arranged in lobes that have thin
4128:
3989:
3975:
3967:
3910:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3823:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3812:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3771:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3201:
3199:
3197:
2809:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2732:Human Embryology and Developmental Biology
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2428:
2413:
1775:regimens. For the most part, treatment is
1657:Relative incidences of various pancreatic
1246:, that are byproducts of the digestion of
760:lymph nodes that lie in front of the aorta
460:, with the body near the curvature of the
36:
3825:(19 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
3637:
3627:
3586:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 176.
3477:
3351:
3341:
3177:
3128:
3037:
3035:
2911:
2695:
2685:
2569:
2355:
2229:Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift
1935:, which slow the breakdown of incretins.
1518:Inflammation of the pancreas is known as
413:Inflammation of the pancreas is known as
3923:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
3152:Hariharan D, Saied A, Kocher HM (2008).
2734:. St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 318–57.
2138:when it is partly obscured by bowel gas.
1652:
1004:
4317:
3714:(1 ed.). Bloomsbury. p. 451.
2192:
2174:Duodenum and pancreas. Deep dissection.
2112:
2041:fish, and a few other species (such as
1716:). Jaundice occurs when the outflow of
1548:systemic inflammatory response syndrome
1530:, some medications, infections such as
1310:The pancreas plays a vital role in the
750:, and has a rich lymphatic supply. The
464:, and the tail stretching to touch the
417:, with common causes including chronic
3903:
3805:
3764:
3105:"Recent progress in pancreatic cancer"
2802:
544:forming a small ballooning called the
286:
27:
3741:Ganong's review of medical physiology
3659:
3657:
3390:Ganong's review of medical physiology
3283:Current Treatment Options in Oncology
2779:Ganong's review of medical physiology
2527:"Pancreatic Divisum: Pathophysiology"
1951:The pancreas was first identified by
1704:, while 5–10% of cases are linked to
1481:of the pancreas secrete the hormones
855:ducts within the lobule, and finally
800:The pancreas contains tissue with an
716:inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
667:to which it connects, as well as the
595:inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
490:, and salmon-coloured in appearance.
7:
3583:The Greek and Latin Roots of English
2018:Pancreatic tissue is present in all
1923:, which act directly on beta cells;
1694:hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
3957:Pancreas at the Human Protein Atlas
3210:. World Health Organization. 2014.
3109:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
3044:The New England Journal of Medicine
2263:"Pancreas Gland - Endocrine System"
1690:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
1536:very high blood triglyceride levels
669:suspensory ligament of the duodenum
480:to the left upper abdomen near the
131:Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
3710:Spaull S, Bruce-Gardyne L (2003).
2954:from the original on Nov 18, 2022.
1649:and has limited treatment options.
1029:from two buds that arise from the
1013:, a precursor tube to part of the
655:, as well as the beginning of the
347:, it functions mostly to regulate
319:. In humans, it is located in the
14:
4112:Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
3534:. Rupa Publications. p. 86.
3466:Gastroenterology & Hepatology
3029:Diagram by Mikael Häggström, M.D.
2913:10.4199/C00026ED1V01Y201102ISP014
1340:, which drains directly into the
1278:act when stimulated by the right
1254:also plays a role. Activation of
1009:The pancreas originates from the
440:The word pancreas comes from the
4320:
3999:liver, pancreas and biliary tree
3944:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2127:
2122:A normal pancreas on ultrasound.
2115:
1787:or the insertion of stents with
1436:. Secretin is released from the
1412:. Bicarbonate helps maintain an
1360:Enzymes that break down proteins
754:of the body and tail drain into
57:
3882:(41st ed.). Philadelphia.
3784:(third ed.). Hoboken, NJ.
513:, where the head surrounds two
199:superior mesenteric lymph nodes
3878:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016).
2206:Essentials of Human Physiology
1894:transplantation of islet cells
1736:with contrast enhancement. An
1556:region around the belly button
1276:parasympathetic nervous system
1194:to decrease glucose in blood.
973:enzymes and pancreatic lipase
1:
3664:Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977).
2097:, are used as food under the
1978:πάγκρεας, , originally means
1966:. A few hundred years later,
1471:vasoactive intestinal peptide
1110:, but only in the absence of
791:A pancreatic islet that uses
476:, stretching from behind the
331:. The pancreas is a mixed or
42:Anatomy of the human pancreas
2687:10.1371/journal.pone.0115421
2562:10.14701/kjhbps.2012.16.1.43
2502:Langman's medical embryology
1824:solid pseudopapillary tumour
1322:that receives food from the
1138:The pancreas is involved in
3844:(23rd ed.). Elsevier.
3561:Online Etymology Dictionary
1801:pancreatic endocrine tumors
1469:The pancreas also secretes
1114:. Under the direction of a
1069:Pancreatic progenitor cells
955:Gene and protein expression
927:rotates to lie next to the
4359:
4057:Fibrous capsule of Glisson
3501:Howard JM, Hess W (2012).
2183:
2089:), and, less commonly, of
1903:
1842:
1630:
1511:
1500:
1336:, which drain to the main
1260:sympathetic nervous system
1198:in the islet also secrete
1158:
1025:The pancreas forms during
958:
700:superior mesenteric artery
657:superior mesenteric artery
519:superior mesenteric artery
18:
3698:Oxford English Dictionary
3616:World Journal of Diabetes
3343:10.1080/13651820510035721
3295:10.1007/s11864-011-0172-2
3170:10.1080/13651820701883148
3082:National Cancer Institute
2202:"Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30"
2136:abdominal ultrasonography
1915:required and potentially
1698:dysplastic nevus syndrome
1619:may be needed to prevent
1362:begin with activation of
1092:fibroblast growth factors
933:accessory pancreatic duct
741:pancreaticoduodenal veins
708:greater pancreatic artery
570:accessory pancreatic duct
538:accessory pancreatic duct
281:
155:Pancreaticoduodenal veins
35:
21:Pancreas (disambiguation)
3739:Barrett, Kim E. (2019).
3692:Oxford Companion to Food
3531:A2Z Book of word Origins
3208:World Cancer Report 2014
2900:Pandol, Stephen (2011).
2475:Wheater's Histology 2013
2458:Wheater's Histology 2013
2134:Identifying pancreas on
1906:Diabetes mellitus type 2
1890:pancreas transplantation
1850:Diabetes mellitus type 1
1845:Diabetes mellitus type 1
1318:, the first part of the
1252:autonomic nervous system
1155:Blood glucose regulation
1112:notch receptor signaling
1094:, and activation of the
619:superior mesenteric vein
4141:Intrahepatic bile ducts
3712:Leiths Techniques Bible
2631:10.1126/science.1260419
1929:glucagon-like peptide 1
1595:autoimmune pancreatitis
1222:. This is converted to
874:(also called islets of
335:, i.e., it has both an
3780:Beger HG, ed. (2018).
2531:emedicine.medscape.com
2186:anatomical terminology
1662:
1650:
1552:bruising of the flanks
1479:Enterochromaffin cells
1475:pancreatic polypeptide
1307:
1171:
1039:gastrointestinal tract
1022:
995:pancreatic polypeptide
937:minor duodenal papilla
900:Enterochromaffin cells
816:
797:
793:fluorescent antibodies
784:
758:, and eventually into
719:
485:
469:
386:. This juice contains
368:pancreatic polypeptide
283:Anatomical terminology
4102:Hepatic stellate cell
3056:10.1056/NEJMra1404198
2903:The Exocrine Pancreas
2866:, pp. 2086–2102.
2824:Hall, John E (2016).
2431:, pp. 1183–1190.
2416:, pp. 1179–1189.
2303:www.sciencedirect.com
1886:diabetic ketoacidosis
1815:(largely benign) and
1785:choledochojejunostomy
1738:endoscopic ultrasound
1656:
1640:
1497:Clinical significance
1432:stimulation from the
1293:
1211:breakdown of glycogen
1168:
1074:transcription factors
1008:
959:Further information:
917:anatomical variations
845:endoplasmic reticulum
790:
773:
556:. The opening of the
455:
4062:Perisinusoidal space
3953:at Wikimedia Commons
3016:10.1148/rg.313105174
2598:www.proteinatlas.org
2340:10.1136/gut.22.2.158
2007:immunohistochemistry
1874:diabetic retinopathy
1601:Chronic pancreatitis
1465:Additional functions
1395:cholesterol esterase
1270:inhibits secretion.
1064:Cellular development
1058:main pancreatic duct
905:systemic circulation
866:The tissues with an
605:. In front sits the
578:main pancreatic duct
562:main pancreatic duct
534:main pancreatic duct
435:chronic pancreatitis
433:can arise following
390:, which neutralizes
19:For other uses, see
4173:Common hepatic duct
3667:The Vertebrate Body
3629:10.4239/wjd.v7.i1.1
3472:(2 Suppl 3): 1–16.
2730:Carlson BM (2019).
2678:2014PLoSO...9k5421D
2500:Sadley, TW (2019).
2477:, pp. 287–291.
2460:, pp. 332–333.
1755:regimen containing
1560:intensive care unit
1374:to its active form
1207:creation of glucose
1140:blood sugar control
861:column-shaped cells
774:This image shows a
756:splenic lymph nodes
733:superior mesenteric
607:peritoneal membrane
597:. Behind rests the
566:sphincter of Boyden
398:, which break down
327:and functions as a
228:πάγκρεας (pánkreas)
191:Splenic lymph nodes
4168:Right hepatic duct
4025:Ligamentum venosum
3528:O'Brien T (2015).
3450:, p. 745-751.
3435:, p. 730-732.
3121:10.3322/caac.21190
2988:, p. 837-844.
2890:, pp. 16, 57.
2760:, pp. 2853–4.
2184:This article uses
1912:insulin resistance
1854:autoimmune disease
1728:in the form of an
1666:Pancreatic cancers
1663:
1651:
1617:enzyme replacement
1503:Pancreatic disease
1334:intralobular ducts
1308:
1172:
1047:dorsal and ventral
1023:
1019:dorsal and ventral
798:
785:
599:inferior vena cava
470:
349:blood sugar levels
195:celiac lymph nodes
4308:
4307:
4293:Centroacinar cell
4288:Pancreatic islets
4226:
4225:
4206:Sphincter of Oddi
4163:Left hepatic duct
3949:Media related to
3870:978-0-8089-2371-8
3851:978-0-7020-7028-0
3791:978-1-119-18841-4
3580:Green TM (2008).
3555:Harper, Douglas.
2923:978-1-61504-138-1
2835:978-1-4557-7016-8
2625:(6220): 1260419.
2235:(38): 1299–1306.
2200:Nosek, Thomas M.
2109:Additional images
1988:Frederick Banting
1834:Diabetes mellitus
1722:venous thrombosis
1633:Pancreatic cancer
1613:alcohol cessation
1459:trypsin inhibitor
1391:lysophospholipase
1268:Alpha-1 receptors
1161:Pancreatic islets
1128:fetal circulation
979:pancreatic islets
872:pancreatic islets
841:basement membrane
752:lymphatic vessels
724:) in the middle.
564:is controlled by
550:sphincter of Oddi
431:Pancreatic cancer
427:diabetes mellitus
396:digestive enzymes
333:heterocrine gland
297:
296:
292:
171:Pancreatic plexus
4350:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4262:Uncinate process
4201:Ampulla of Vater
4196:Common bile duct
4151:Canals of Hering
4146:Bile canaliculus
4129:
4084:Lobules of liver
4072:Periportal space
3991:
3984:
3977:
3968:
3948:
3934:
3915:
3909:
3901:
3874:
3855:
3836:
3817:
3811:
3803:
3776:
3770:
3762:
3726:
3725:
3707:
3701:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3631:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3385:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3345:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3237:. Archived from
3236:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3039:
3030:
3027:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2956:
2955:
2915:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2878:, pp. 2090.
2873:
2867:
2861:
2840:
2839:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2774:
2761:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2727:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2497:
2478:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2411:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2208:. Archived from
2197:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2131:
2119:
2073:The pancreas of
2026:, and the other
2001:methods such as
1968:Rufus of Ephesus
1955:(335–280 BC), a
1933:DPP-4 inhibitors
1870:vascular disease
1866:high blood sugar
1387:phospholipase A2
1372:chymotrypsinogen
1312:digestive system
1296:pancreatic islet
1256:Beta-2 receptors
1144:pancreatic juice
971:chymotrypsinogen
949:duodenal atresia
945:annular pancreas
941:pancreas divisum
776:pancreatic islet
641:transverse colon
615:uncinate process
611:transverse colon
603:common bile duct
558:common bile duct
546:ampulla of Vater
542:common bile duct
376:pancreatic juice
351:, secreting the
339:and a digestive
313:endocrine system
309:digestive system
289:edit on Wikidata
159:pancreatic veins
119:endocrine system
115:Digestive system
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
40:
28:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4319:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4222:
4177:
4118:
4001:
3997:Anatomy of the
3995:
3941:
3931:
3918:
3902:
3890:
3877:
3871:
3858:
3852:
3839:
3833:
3820:
3804:
3792:
3779:
3763:
3751:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3448:Davidson's 2018
3446:
3439:
3433:Davidson's 2018
3431:
3427:
3421:Davidson's 2018
3419:
3415:
3400:
3387:
3386:
3369:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3206:"Chapter 5.7".
3205:
3204:
3195:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3050:(11): 1039–49.
3041:
3040:
3033:
3028:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2986:Davidson's 2018
2984:
2959:
2924:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2876:Harrison's 2015
2874:
2870:
2864:Harrison's 2015
2862:
2843:
2836:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2801:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2764:
2758:Harrison's 2015
2756:
2749:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2713:
2672:(12): e115421.
2659:
2658:
2654:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2481:
2473:
2464:
2456:
2435:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2373:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2288:, pp. 124.
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2163:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2120:
2111:
2071:
2016:
1984:Oskar Minkowski
1949:
1941:
1908:
1902:
1900:Type 2 diabetes
1847:
1841:
1839:Type 1 diabetes
1836:
1809:medical imaging
1726:medical imaging
1706:inherited genes
1702:tobacco smoking
1635:
1629:
1605:cystic fibrosis
1591:corticosteroids
1575:medical imaging
1516:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1467:
1422:cholecystokinin
1338:pancreatic duct
1320:small intestine
1288:
1226:and cleaved by
1216:skeletal muscle
1163:
1157:
1136:
1066:
1015:digestive tract
1003:
967:salivary glands
963:
957:
921:pancreatic buds
913:
839:resting on the
831:into the small
819:) around small
768:
692:
661:small intestine
653:left renal vein
586:
532:Two ducts, the
450:
384:pancreatic duct
345:endocrine gland
293:
103:Pancreatic buds
60:
56:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4356:
4354:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4216:Cholecystocyte
4210:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4067:Liver sinusoid
4064:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4040:Lobes of liver
4037:
4035:Round ligament
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3940:
3939:External links
3937:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3916:
3888:
3875:
3869:
3856:
3850:
3837:
3831:
3818:
3790:
3777:
3749:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3702:
3683:
3677:978-0039102845
3676:
3653:
3599:
3593:978-0742547803
3592:
3572:
3547:
3541:978-8129118097
3540:
3520:
3514:978-1461505556
3513:
3493:
3452:
3437:
3425:
3423:, p. 735.
3413:
3398:
3367:
3316:
3273:
3247:
3244:on 2015-01-14.
3223:
3217:978-9283204299
3216:
3193:
3144:
3095:
3069:
3031:
2990:
2957:
2922:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2841:
2834:
2816:
2787:
2762:
2747:
2741:978-0323523752
2740:
2711:
2652:
2609:
2585:
2536:
2517:
2510:
2479:
2462:
2433:
2418:
2371:
2334:(2): 158–167.
2314:
2290:
2278:
2254:
2215:
2212:on 2016-03-24.
2191:
2190:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2070:
2067:
2024:pancreatic bud
2015:
2012:
2003:H&E stains
1974:adaptation of
1948:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1921:sulphonylureas
1904:Main article:
1901:
1898:
1878:kidney disease
1843:Main article:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1670:adenocarcinoma
1643:adenocarcinoma
1631:Main article:
1628:
1625:
1512:Main article:
1509:
1506:
1501:Main article:
1498:
1495:
1466:
1463:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1379:
1287:
1284:
1264:catecholamines
1236:depolarisation
1156:
1153:
1135:
1132:
1096:Notch receptor
1065:
1062:
1050:pancreatic bud
1002:
999:
956:
953:
912:
909:
767:
764:
704:splenic artery
696:coeliac artery
691:
688:
680:splenic artery
621:and sometimes
585:
582:
536:and a smaller
449:
446:
372:exocrine gland
295:
294:
285:
279:
278:
273:
267:
266:
261:
255:
254:
249:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
202:
201:
188:
182:
181:
175:celiac ganglia
168:
162:
161:
152:
146:
145:
143:splenic artery
128:
122:
121:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4355:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4299:
4298:Stellate cell
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:Microanatomy
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Biliary tract
4121:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:Microanatomy
4092:
4090:
4089:Liver segment
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Porta hepatis
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3930:9780702047473
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3889:9780702052309
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3832:9780071802154
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3750:9781260122404
3746:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3573:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3399:9781260122404
3395:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3336:(2): 148–50.
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:(5): 318–48.
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:(3): E47-64.
3009:
3005:
3004:Radiographics
3001:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2788:9781260122404
2784:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2511:9781496383907
2507:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2179:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:culinary name
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:Other animals
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:immune system
1856:in which the
1855:
1852:is a chronic
1851:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1621:malabsorption
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:cotransporter
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:acetylcholine
1428:, as well as
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:preproinsulin
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
962:
954:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
910:
908:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
794:
789:
782:
777:
772:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:blood vessels
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
488:
483:
479:
475:
467:
463:
459:
454:
447:
445:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
400:carbohydrates
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
290:
284:
280:
277:
274:
272:
268:
265:
262:
260:
256:
253:
250:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:
232:
229:
226:
224:
220:
217:
214:
212:
208:
203:
200:
196:
192:
189:
187:
183:
180:
176:
172:
169:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
90:
55:
53:Pronunciation
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4231:
4156:Interlobular
4107:Kupffer cell
4079:Portal triad
4020:Cantlie line
3920:
3879:
3860:
3841:
3822:
3781:
3740:
3733:Bibliography
3711:
3705:
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3564:. Retrieved
3560:
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3289:(1): 24–34.
3286:
3282:
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3262:. 2014-02-21
3259:
3250:
3239:the original
3226:
3207:
3164:(1): 58–62.
3161:
3157:
3147:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3084:. 2014-04-17
3081:
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3043:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2902:
2895:
2888:Beger's 2018
2883:
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2731:
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2612:
2601:. Retrieved
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2520:
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2317:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:
2293:
2286:Beger's 2018
2281:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2210:the original
2205:
2195:
2087:ris d'agneau
2086:
2078:
2072:
2036:
2017:
1996:
1992:Charles Best
1950:
1942:
1909:
1892:or isolated
1848:
1821:
1798:
1757:fluorouracil
1746:
1710:
1664:
1609:steatorrhoea
1599:
1564:
1520:pancreatitis
1517:
1514:Pancreatitis
1508:Inflammation
1468:
1455:
1407:
1376:chymotrypsin
1353:enterokinase
1346:
1327:
1309:
1272:M3 receptors
1240:
1204:
1200:somatostatin
1173:
1137:
1104:neurogenin-3
1101:
1085:
1067:
1054:
1033:part of the
1024:
991:somatostatin
964:
914:
865:
857:interlobular
856:
853:intralobular
852:
833:intercalated
832:
810:
799:
766:Microanatomy
745:
737:portal veins
729:splenic vein
726:
693:
690:Blood supply
673:
649:splenic vein
638:
627:
587:
531:
506:
502:
498:
494:
492:
471:
439:
415:pancreatitis
412:
382:through the
364:somatostatin
300:
298:
252:A05.9.01.001
227:
215:
25:
4191:Cystic duct
4183:Gallbladder
2556:(1): 43–5.
2533:. Medscape.
2429:Gray's 2008
2414:Gray's 2016
2079:ris de veau
2020:vertebrates
1862:blood sugar
1817:gastrinomas
1813:Insulinomas
1773:gemcitabine
1765:oxaliplatin
1587:pain relief
1491:substance P
1434:vagus nerve
1410:bicarbonate
1364:trypsinogen
1280:vagus nerve
1244:amino acids
1196:Delta cells
1180:alpha cells
1176:homeostasis
1124:capillaries
1088:follistatin
1041:. It is of
1027:development
1001:Development
925:ventral bud
888:delta cells
880:alpha cells
630:portal vein
572:opens into
388:bicarbonate
323:behind the
317:vertebrates
205:Identifiers
179:vagus nerve
4133:Bile ducts
4097:Hepatocyte
3800:1065547789
3759:1076268769
3721:0747560463
3622:(1): 1–7.
3566:2007-04-04
3557:"Pancreas"
3408:1076268769
2797:1076268769
2603:2017-09-25
2308:2021-06-12
2272:2021-06-12
2180:References
2103:sweetbread
1980:sweetbread
1953:Herophilus
1882:neuropathy
1777:palliative
1769:leucovorin
1761:irinotecan
1753:FOLFIRINOX
1730:ultrasound
1712:the skin (
1579:ultrasound
1524:gallstones
1224:proinsulin
1188:beta cells
1159:See also:
1043:endodermal
929:dorsal bud
884:beta cells
876:Langerhans
843:, a large
739:, via the
721:anastamose
651:, and the
613:. A small
601:, and the
423:gallstones
374:secreting
4278:accessory
4015:Bare area
3906:cite book
3898:920806541
3808:cite book
3767:cite book
2940:708084265
2932:2154-560X
2805:cite book
2348:0017-5749
2267:Innerbody
2241:0036-7672
2047:mesentery
1994:in 1921.
1960:anatomist
1925:incretins
1828:papillary
1805:incidence
1794:diagnosis
1678:diagnosis
1659:neoplasms
1487:serotonin
1442:Ito cells
1286:Digestion
1228:C-peptide
1170:glucagon.
911:Variation
868:endocrine
849:cytoplasm
802:endocrine
487:lobulated
448:Structure
378:into the
337:endocrine
98:Precursor
4343:Pancreas
4337:Category
4232:Pancreas
4050:Quadrate
3951:Pancreas
3648:26788261
3488:20567557
3362:18333264
3303:22198808
3188:18695761
3139:23856911
3064:25207767
3024:21721197
2952:Archived
2948:21634067
2706:25546435
2666:PLOS ONE
2639:25613900
2580:26388905
2063:lungfish
2059:lampreys
2028:dorsally
1999:staining
1714:jaundice
1686:diabetes
1577:such as
1418:secretin
1414:alkaline
1349:zymogens
1342:duodenum
1316:duodenum
1304:glucagon
1209:and the
1190:secrete
1184:glucagon
1182:secrete
1134:Function
1116:Pax gene
1031:duodenal
987:glucagon
892:glucagon
829:zymogens
806:exocrine
781:zymogens
748:arteries
712:superior
609:and the
591:superior
574:duodenum
554:duodenum
511:duodenum
462:duodenum
421:use and
404:proteins
380:duodenum
360:glucagon
353:hormones
341:exocrine
301:pancreas
216:pancreas
31:Pancreas
4327:Anatomy
4045:Caudate
3639:4707300
3479:2886461
3353:2131425
3311:7329783
3179:2504856
3130:3769458
2697:4278897
2674:Bibcode
2619:Science
2571:4575014
2366:6111521
2357:1419227
2249:2865807
2069:Cuisine
2043:rabbits
2039:teleost
2005:. Now,
1964:surgeon
1947:History
1939:Removal
1917:insulin
1734:CT scan
1682:obesity
1676:age of
1583:CT scan
1567:amylase
1554:or the
1540:abdomen
1483:motilin
1438:S cells
1402:amylase
1368:trypsin
1324:stomach
1300:insulin
1274:of the
1258:of the
1248:protein
1232:insulin
1192:insulin
1148:insulin
1035:foregut
1017:, as a
1011:foregut
983:insulin
896:insulin
825:fibrous
665:jejunum
478:stomach
474:abdomen
458:stomach
419:alcohol
356:insulin
325:stomach
321:abdomen
307:of the
240:D010179
48:Details
4313:Portal
4269:Ducts
4239:Gross
4212:Cells
3927:
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3829:
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1674:median
1627:Cancer
1571:lipase
1489:, and
1424:, and
1393:, and
1383:lipase
1081:NKX6-1
886:, and
837:nuclei
710:. The
702:. The
678:. The
647:, the
623:artery
568:. The
527:spleen
517:: the
505:, and
482:spleen
466:spleen
303:is an
126:Artery
110:System
4007:Liver
3307:S2CID
3242:(PDF)
3235:(PDF)
2643:S2CID
2081:) or
2051:liver
2032:Birds
1976:Greek
1972:Latin
1957:Greek
1749:stage
1647:stage
1581:or a
1546:or a
1544:shock
1532:mumps
1329:acini
1120:Pax-6
975:PNLIP
821:ducts
817:acini
813:Latin
645:aorta
584:Parts
560:into
442:Greek
329:gland
305:organ
287:[
223:Greek
211:Latin
186:Lymph
166:Nerve
4273:main
4258:Head
4253:Neck
4248:Body
4243:Tail
3925:ISBN
3912:link
3894:OCLC
3884:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3846:ISBN
3827:ISBN
3814:link
3796:OCLC
3786:ISBN
3773:link
3755:OCLC
3745:ISBN
3716:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3644:PMID
3588:ISBN
3536:ISBN
3509:ISBN
3484:PMID
3404:OCLC
3394:ISBN
3358:PMID
3299:PMID
3268:2014
3212:ISBN
3184:PMID
3135:PMID
3090:2014
3060:PMID
3020:PMID
2944:PMID
2936:OCLC
2928:ISSN
2918:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2811:link
2793:OCLC
2783:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2702:PMID
2635:PMID
2576:PMID
2506:ISBN
2362:PMID
2344:ISSN
2245:PMID
2237:ISSN
2095:pork
2091:beef
2083:lamb
2075:calf
2061:and
1990:and
1962:and
1880:and
1789:ERCP
1783:, a
1781:itch
1767:and
1742:ERCP
1718:bile
1696:and
1593:for
1569:and
1534:and
1528:ERCP
1473:and
1302:and
1108:ISL1
1106:and
1079:and
1077:PDX1
993:and
804:and
735:and
714:and
698:and
684:vein
682:and
593:and
523:vein
521:and
507:tail
503:body
499:neck
495:head
408:fats
406:and
392:acid
366:and
311:and
299:The
276:7198
264:3114
247:TA98
235:MeSH
197:and
150:Vein
117:and
3634:PMC
3624:doi
3474:PMC
3348:PMC
3338:doi
3330:HPB
3291:doi
3260:NCI
3174:PMC
3166:doi
3158:HPB
3125:PMC
3117:doi
3052:doi
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3012:doi
2908:doi
2692:PMC
2682:doi
2627:doi
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