549:
deployments. Going forward, utilities face a choice to replace AMR with AMI—often at great expense and time investment—or to explore an AMx strategy using modern signal collection and processing technology that allows for more frequent wireless data collection from existing AMR meters (in some cases down to every 30 seconds) while offering increased interoperability with other (potentially more advanced) meters in areas where they make offer incremental benefits. Whereas the first approach is likely to continue the gradual decline of AMR, the latter approach could lead to a resurgence of interest in next-generation AMR meters that can unlock near-real-time data at lower cost and with longer useful lives, while also virtually eliminating the need for trucks to drive by for data collection.
343:
meter. In many areas, consumers have demanded that their monthly water bill be based on an actual reading, instead of (for example) an estimated monthly usage based on just one actual meter reading made every 12 months. Early AMR systems often consisted of walk-by and drive-by AMR for residential customers, and telephone-based AMR for commercial or industrial customers. What was once a need for monthly data became a need for daily and even hourly readings of the meters. Consequently, the sales of drive-by and telephone AMR has declined in the US, while sales of fixed networks has increased. The US
420:
providers will be able to offer new innovative products in addition to customizing packages for their customers. In addition, with the meter data being readily available, more flexible billing cycles would be available to their customers instead of following the standard utility read cycles. With timely usage information available to the customer, benefits will be seen through opportunities to manage their energy consumption and change from one REP to another with actual meter data. Because of these benefits, many utilities are moving towards implementing some types of AMR solutions.
411:
role of AMI in supporting the implementation of dynamic pricing and the resulting benefits to consumers. The resolution further identified the value of AMI in achieving significant utility operational cost savings in the areas of outage management, revenue protection and asset management. The resolution also called for AMI business case analysis to identify cost-effective deployment strategies, endorsed timely cost recovery for prudently incurred AMI expenditures and made additional recommendations on rate making and tax treatment of such investments.
159:. The majority of manufacturers of electricity meters have radio frequency devices in the frequency band of 433/868 MHz for large scale deployment in European countries. The frequency band of 2.4 GHz can be now used in India for outdoor as well as indoor applications, but few manufacturers have shown products within this frequency band. Initiatives in radio frequency AMR in such countries are being taken up with regulators wherever the cost of licensing outweighs the benefits of AMR.
31:
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1837:
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147:-based meter reading usually eliminates the need for the meter reader to enter the property or home, or to locate and open an underground meter pit. The utility saves money by increased speed of reading, has less liability from entering private property, and has fewer missed readings from being unable to access the meter.
379:
alarms such as tamper, leak detection, low battery, or reverse flow. Many AMR devices can also capture interval data, and log meter events. The logged data can be used to collect or control time of use or rate of use data that can be used for water or energy usage profiling, time of use billing, demand forecasting,
548:
With the growing adoption of AMI meters and systems, AMR has been in decline in the U.S. electric utility sector. However, in the gas and water sectors, where it tends to be more expensive and complicated to replace meters, AMR remains prevalent, and some utilities continue to invest in new AMR meter
514:
AMI in
Australia has grown from both government policy which sought to rectify observed market inefficiencies, and distribution businesses who looked to gain operational efficiencies. In July 2008, there was a mandated program being planned in Victoria for the deployment of 2.6 million meters over a
334:
In 1974, Paraskevakos was awarded a U.S. patent for this technology. In 1977, he launched
Metretek, Inc., which developed and produced the first fully automated, commercially available remote meter reading and load management system. Since this system was developed pre-Internet, Metretek utilized the
176:
Mobile or "drive-by" meter reading is where a reading device is installed in a vehicle. The meter reader drives the vehicle while the reading device automatically collects the meter readings. Often, for mobile meter reading, the reading equipment includes navigational and mapping features provided by
116:
consumption over the
Internet. All data is collected in near real-time, and is stored in a database by data acquisition software. The user can view the data via a web application, and can analyze the data using various online analysis tools such as charting load profiles, analyzing tariff components,
87:
enclosed in the touchpad. When a button is pressed, the probe sends an interrogate signal to the touch module to collect the meter reading. The software in the device matches the serial number to one in the route database, and saves the meter reading for later download to a billing or data collection
198:
can be installed in the field next to existing meters. The satellite AMR devices communicate with the meter for readings, and then sends those readings over a fixed or mobile satellite network. This network requires a clear view to the sky for the satellite transmitter/receiver, but eliminates the
493:
Construction practices, weather, and the need for information drive utilities in different parts of the world towards AMR at different rates. In the US, there have been significant fixed network deployments of both RF based and PLC based technologies. Some countries have either deployed or plan to
378:
Originally AMR devices just collected meter readings electronically and matched them with accounts. As technology has advanced, additional data could then be captured, stored, and transmitted to the main computer, and often the metering devices could be controlled remotely. This can include events
306:
is a method where electronic data is transmitted over power lines back to the substation, then relayed to a central computer in the utility's main office. This would be considered a type of fixed network system—the network being the distribution network which the utility has built and maintains to
419:
Advanced metering systems can provide benefits for utilities, retail providers and customers. Benefits will be recognized by the utilities with increased efficiencies, outage detection, tamper notification and reduced labor cost as a result of automating reads, connections and disconnects. Retail
410:
The
Automatic Meter Reading Association (AMRA) endorses the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) resolution to eliminate regulatory barriers to the broad implementation of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). The resolution, passed in February 2007, acknowledged the
167:
In handheld AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld computer with a built-in or attached receiver/transceiver (radio frequency or touch) to collect meter readings from an AMR capable meter. This is sometimes referred to as "walk-by" meter reading since the meter reader walks by the locations where
342:
The primary driver for the automation of meter reading is not to reduce labor costs, but to obtain data that is difficult to obtain. As an example, many water meters are installed in locations that require the utility to schedule an appointment with the homeowner in order to obtain access to the
140:
type system, the meter transmits continuously and data is sent every few seconds. This means the reading device can be a receiver only, and the meter a transmitter only. Data travels only from the meter transmitter to the reading receiver. There are also hybrid systems that combine one-way and
181:
and mapping software. With mobile meter reading, the reader does not normally have to read the meters in any particular route order, but just drives the service area until all meters are read. Components often consist of a laptop or proprietary computer, software, RF receiver/transceiver, and
61:
devices (gas, electric) and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. This technology mainly saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each physical location to read a meter. Another advantage is that billing can be based on near
168:
meters are installed as they go through their meter reading route. Handheld computers may also be used to manually enter readings without the use of AMR technology as an alternate but this will not support exhaustive data which can be accurately read using the meter reading electronically.
518:
In 2009 the
Victorian Auditor General undertook a review of the program and found that there were "significant inadequacies" in advice to Government and that project governance "has not been appropriate". The Victorian government subsequently announced a moratorium of the program
284:, which had been free until May 31, 2007, mainly to facilitate AMR after a meter reader was attacked by a dog. Today many meters are designed to transmit using Wi-Fi, even if a Wi-Fi network is not available, and they are read using a drive-by local Wi-Fi hand held receiver.
88:
computer. Since the meter reader still has to go to the site of the meter, this is sometimes referred to as "on-site" AMR. Another form of contact reader uses a standardized infrared port to transmit data. Protocols are standardized between manufacturers by such documents as
150:
The technology based on RF is not readily accepted everywhere. In several Asian countries, the technology faces a barrier of regulations in place pertaining to use of the radio frequency of any radiated power. For example, in India the radio frequency which is generally in
327:, developed a sensor monitoring system which used digital transmission for security, fire and medical alarm systems as well as meter reading capabilities for all utilities. This technology was a spin-off of the automatic telephone line identification system, now known as
62:
real-time consumption rather than on estimates based on past or predicted consumption. This timely information coupled with analysis can help both utility providers and customers better control the use and production of electric energy, gas usage, or
291:
on the 460 MHz band. This narrow-band signal has much greater range than Wi-Fi, so the number of receivers required for the project are far fewer. Special receiver stations then decode the narrow-band signals and resend the data via Wi-Fi.
82:
With touch-based AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld computer or data collection device with a wand or probe. The device automatically collects the readings from a meter by touching or placing the read probe in close proximity to a reading
128:
based AMR can take many forms. The more common ones are handheld, mobile, satellite and fixed network solutions. There are both two-way RF systems and one-way RF systems in use that use both licensed and unlicensed RF bands.
770:
403:, or AMI is the new term coined to represent the networking technology of fixed network meter systems that go beyond AMR into remote utility management. The meters in an AMI system are often referred to as
962:
781:
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4-year period. The anticipated peak installation rate of AMI meters was 5,000 per day across
Victoria. The program governance was provided by an industry steering committee.
523:
767:
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deliver electric power. Such systems are primarily used for electric meter reading. Some providers have interfaced gas and water meters to feed into a PLC type system.
295:
Most of the automated utility meters installed in the Corpus
Christi area are battery powered. Wi-Fi technology is unsuitable for long-term battery-powered operation.
69:
AMR technologies include handheld, mobile and network technologies based on telephony platforms (wired and wireless), radio frequency (RF), or powerline transmission.
1109:
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to power-up and transmit its data. The meter transceiver and the reading transceiver both send and receive radio signals. In a one-way "bubble-up" or continuous
1782:
847:
753:
1015:
1041:
685:"Metretrek is your competitive edge for automatic remote data collection, electronic pressure monitoring and automated meter reading (AMR) systems"
778:
1871:
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need to install fixed towers or send out field technicians, thereby being particularly suited for areas with low geographic meter density.
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In a two-way or "wake up" system, a radio signal is normally sent to an AMR meter's unique serial number, instructing its
897:
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Devices such as the Smart
Thermostat permit a utility to lower a home's power consumption to help manage power demand.
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is a versatile platform which can be used by a variety of electrical home appliances in order to provide wireless
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two-way techniques, using one-way communication for reading and two-way communication for programming functions.
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1016:"It's time for a new approach to ensure utilities can get the data they need without driving up customer bills"
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658:
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The meters installed in Corpus
Christi are not directly Wi-Fi enabled, but rather transmit narrow-band burst
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Potentially reduced reliability (more complicated meters, more potential for interference by third parties)
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and
Canadian Patent # 1,155,243 (Apparatus and Method for Remote Sensor Monitoring, Metering and Control)
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768:
Resolution to Remove Regulatory Barriers to the Broad Implementation of Advanced Metering Infrastructure
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The first commercially available remote meter reading and load management system - Metretek, Inc. (1978)
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963:"Smart Practices to Save Water: An Evaluation of AMI-enabled Proactive Leak Notification Programs"
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asks that electric utility regulators consider the support for a "...time-based rate schedule
53:) is the technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from
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There are also meters using AMR with RF technologies such as cellular phone data systems,
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enable the electric consumer to manage energy use and cost through advanced metering and
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1157:
937:"Electric Power Annual Report: Table 10.05. Advanced Metering Count by Technology Type"
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Risk of loss of privacy — details of use reveal information about user activities
423:
In many cases, smart metering is required by law (e.g. Pennsylvania's Act 129 (2008)).
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779:
NARUC Committee on Energy Resources and the Environment Resolutions of 2007-02-21
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Improved procurement power though more accurate data — "de-risking" price
339:. For this approach, Paraskevakos and Metretek were awarded multiple patents.
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874:"SPAR - Stark's energy management helps exceed cost reduction targets - Stark"
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556:
34:
Older US residential electric meter base, retrofitted with a 1-phase digital
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1042:"Falling out of love with AMI: Why we need a new approach to smart metering"
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AMR hosting is a back-office solution which allows a user to track their
912:"MORATORIUM TO ENSURE SMOOTH SMART METER ROLL-OUT - Premier of Victoria"
1336:
1326:
1087:
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In cases of shortages, utility will be able to manage/allocate supply.
358:
The trend now is to consider the use of advanced meters as part of an
1331:
536:
529:
407:, since they often can use collected data based on programmed logic.
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232:
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Greater potential for monitoring by other/unauthorized third parties
436:
Accurate profile classes and measurement classes, true costs applied
364:
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109:
29:
1286:
38:. The meter communicates to its collection point using 900 MHz
1091:
178:
688:
502:
By using a combination of AMR and energy analytics reports,
852:
PPL 1.3 million residential and commercial electric meters
484:
Increased security risks from network or remote access
439:
Improved security and tamper detection for equipment
251:, which allows use of unlicensed radio frequencies.
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659:
EarthLink Dedicates Wi-Fi Network In Corpus Christi
494:deploy AMR systems throughout the entire country.
155:is not free to use even for low power radio of 10
461:The benefits of smart metering for the customer.
426:The benefits of smart metering for the utility.
506:were able to reduce energy consumption by 20%.
898:"Auditor-General slams Victorian smart meters"
524:Public Utility Commission of Texas Report 2006
1103:
442:Energy management through profile data graphs
266:communication using the 802.11 b/g protocol.
8:
247:(FCC) licensed frequencies and others under
243:and others. Some systems operate with U.S.
1269:
1110:
1096:
1088:
208:Narrow Band (single fixed radio frequency)
445:Less financial burden correcting mistakes
430:Accurate meter reading, no more estimates
651:
465:Improved billing and tracking of usage.
451:Transparency of "cost to read" metering
941:U.S. Energy Information Administration
846:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
839:
800:
798:
796:
794:
758:US Congress, Energy Policy Act of 2005
752:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
745:
276:became one of the first cities in the
27:Transmitting data from a utility meter
203:RF technologies commonly used for AMR
7:
1788:Renewable energy commercialization
532:-PECO) 2.2 million meters deployed
470:Disadvantages of advanced metering
399:enforcement, remote shutoff, etc.
317:Theodore George "Ted" Paraskevakos
25:
970:The Alliance for Water Efficiency
245:Federal Communications Commission
223:Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
1836:
1835:
1256:
1070:
863:Sweden, (Vattenfall) 850k meters
559:
401:Advanced metering infrastructure
360:advanced metering infrastructure
217:Direct-sequence spread spectrum
117:and verify their utility bill.
539:) 1.7 million meters deployed.
1:
1783:Renewable Energy Certificates
1743:Cost of electricity by source
1665:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1541:High-voltage shore connection
415:Benefits of advanced metering
1798:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1596:Transmission system operator
1556:Mains electricity by country
1133:Automatic generation control
605:Nonintrusive load monitoring
575:Encoder receiver transmitter
1872:Electric power distribution
1823:List of electricity sectors
1818:Electric energy consumption
1536:High-voltage direct current
1511:Electric power transmission
1501:Electric power distribution
1178:Energy return on investment
1898:
1738:Carbon offsets and credits
1456:Three-phase electric power
674:(Sensor Monitoring Device)
337:IBM series 1 mini-computer
196:data collection satellites
1831:
1793:Renewable Energy Payments
1282:Fossil fuel power station
1254:
1083:What is the 'Smart Grid'?
805:Privacy on the Smart Grid
353:communications technology
345:Energy Policy Act of 2005
1576:Single-wire earth return
1516:Electrical busbar system
1173:Energy demand management
620:Power line communication
448:Less accrued expenditure
299:Power line communication
1707:Residual-current device
1697:Power system protection
1687:Generator interlock kit
1077:Automatic meter reading
121:Radio frequency network
47:Automatic meter reading
1491:Distributed generation
1163:Electric power quality
992:"Meter Update Project"
580:Distributed generation
370:
280:to implement citywide
43:
1763:Fossil fuel phase-out
1531:Electricity retailing
1526:Electrical substation
1506:Electric power system
709:U.S. patent 4,455,453
703:U.S. patent 4,241,237
671:U.S. patent 3,842,208
368:
319:, while working with
33:
1119:Electricity delivery
1079:at Wikimedia Commons
615:Open metering system
374:Advanced AMR and AMI
1728:Availability factor
1680:Sulfur hexafluoride
1561:Overhead power line
1461:Virtual power plant
1436:Induction generator
1389:Sustainable biofuel
1198:Home energy storage
1188:Grid energy storage
1153:Droop speed control
1048:. February 13, 2023
635:Utility submetering
489:Notable deployments
397:energy conservation
391:, flow monitoring,
325:Huntsville, Alabama
1602:Transmission tower
1213:Nameplate capacity
943:. October 19, 2023
784:2009-02-14 at the
773:2011-07-26 at the
371:
44:
18:Automated metering
1849:
1848:
1753:Environmental tax
1633:Cascading failure
1402:
1401:
1238:Utility frequency
1075:Media related to
996:www.nwnatural.com
585:Electricity meter
544:The future of AMR
194:Transmitters for
182:external vehicle
64:water consumption
16:(Redirected from
1889:
1862:Water technology
1839:
1838:
1748:Energy subsidies
1702:Protective relay
1643:Rolling blackout
1270:
1260:
1228:Power-flow study
1168:Electrical fault
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1022:. August 5, 2024
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433:Improved billing
78:Touch technology
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1670:Circuit breaker
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1551:Load management
1521:Electrical grid
1486:Demand response
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1446:Microgeneration
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1248:Vehicle-to-grid
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817:"Archived copy"
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775:Wayback Machine
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212:Spread spectrum
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126:Radio frequency
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59:energy metering
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1263:
1262:
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1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:Load-following
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:Electric power
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
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1107:
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1092:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1066:
1065:External links
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1033:
1007:
983:
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928:
903:
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865:
854:
808:
790:
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694:
691:on 2001-02-23.
676:
662:
650:
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647:
644:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
625:Public utility
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
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592:
590:Feed-in tariff
587:
582:
577:
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570:
554:
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459:
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431:
416:
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389:leak detection
375:
372:
312:
309:
300:
297:
274:Corpus Christi
256:
253:
229:
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1778:Pigouvian tax
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1675:Earth-leakage
1673:
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1616:Failure modes
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1579:
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1566:Power station
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1451:Rankine cycle
1449:
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1434:
1432:
1431:Cooling tower
1429:
1427:
1424:
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1290:
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1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1274:Non-renewable
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
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1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Grid strength
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:Demand factor
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1047:
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1037:
1034:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
997:
993:
987:
984:
971:
964:
958:
955:
942:
938:
932:
929:
918:on 2010-08-10
917:
913:
907:
904:
899:
893:
890:
879:
875:
869:
866:
862:
858:
855:
849:
843:
829:on 2011-07-15
825:
818:
812:
809:
806:
801:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
776:
772:
769:
764:
761:
755:
749:
735:on 2011-03-03
731:
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686:
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677:
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621:
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601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
567:Energy portal
562:
557:
552:
550:
543:
538:
534:
531:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
516:
509:
507:
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497:
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488:
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477:
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373:
367:
363:
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354:
350:
346:
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338:
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330:
326:
322:
318:
311:Brief history
310:
308:
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298:
296:
293:
290:
285:
283:
279:
278:United States
275:
270:
267:
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261:
254:
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246:
242:
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234:
224:
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207:
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200:
197:
189:
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180:
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154:
148:
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142:
139:
135:
130:
127:
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118:
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107:
99:
97:
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91:
86:
77:
72:
70:
67:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1773:Net metering
1720:and policies
1638:Power outage
1607:Utility pole
1571:Pumped hydro
1477:distribution
1472:Transmission
1421:Cogeneration
1223:Power factor
1052:September 9,
1050:. Retrieved
1046:Utility Dive
1045:
1036:
1026:September 9,
1024:. Retrieved
1020:Utility Dive
1019:
1010:
999:. Retrieved
995:
986:
976:September 9,
974:. Retrieved
972:. March 2023
969:
957:
947:September 9,
945:. Retrieved
940:
931:
920:. Retrieved
916:the original
906:
892:
881:. Retrieved
877:
868:
857:
831:. Retrieved
824:the original
811:
763:
737:. Retrieved
730:the original
717:
697:
689:the original
679:
665:
654:
600:Net metering
547:
517:
513:
501:
492:
460:
425:
422:
418:
409:
405:smart meters
385:rate of flow
377:
357:
352:
348:
341:
333:
314:
302:
294:
286:
272:The city of
271:
268:
258:
230:
193:
175:
166:
149:
143:
131:
124:
103:
81:
73:Technologies
68:
50:
46:
45:
40:mesh network
1867:Flow meters
1768:Load factor
1623:Black start
1591:Transformer
1292:Natural gas
1243:Variability
1218:Peak demand
1208:Merit order
1138:Backfeeding
640:Water meter
630:Smart meter
535:Missouri, (
387:recording,
249:FCC Part 15
134:transceiver
106:electricity
100:AMR hosting
90:ANSI C12.18
55:water meter
36:smart meter
1882:Automation
1856:Categories
1810:production
1655:Protective
1586:Super grid
1581:Smart grid
1408:Generation
1342:Geothermal
1233:Repowering
1001:2024-09-09
922:2010-03-26
883:2018-04-30
833:2007-09-24
739:2014-07-02
646:References
1718:Economics
1441:Micro CHP
1319:Renewable
1302:Petroleum
1297:Oil shale
1183:Grid code
1143:Base load
610:Meter-Bus
595:Gas meter
510:Australia
329:caller ID
315:In 1972,
289:telemetry
237:Bluetooth
190:Satellite
138:broadcast
94:IEC 61107
42:topology.
1841:Category
1628:Brownout
1416:AC power
1126:Concepts
842:cite web
782:Archived
771:Archived
748:cite web
553:See also
184:antennas
163:Handheld
153:ISM band
1657:devices
1367:Thermal
1362:Osmotic
1357:Current
1337:Biomass
1327:Biofuel
1309:Nuclear
1266:Sources
260:WiSmart
241:Wavenis
1352:Marine
1332:Biogas
777:(from
537:Ameren
530:Exelon
321:Boeing
264:TCP/IP
233:Zigbee
225:(FHSS)
219:(DSSS)
172:Mobile
1709:(GFI)
1598:(TSO)
1384:Solar
1372:Tidal
1347:Hydro
966:(PDF)
878:Stark
827:(PDF)
820:(PDF)
733:(PDF)
726:(PDF)
393:water
282:Wi-Fi
255:Wi-Fi
112:, or
110:water
1475:and
1394:Wind
1377:Wave
1287:Coal
1054:2024
1028:2024
978:2024
949:2024
848:link
754:link
706:and
504:SPAR
498:SPAR
395:and
349:(to)
85:coil
355:."
323:in
304:PLC
179:GPS
114:gas
92:or
57:or
51:AMR
1858::
1044:.
1018:.
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840:{{
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900:.
886:.
850:)
836:.
788:)
756:)
742:.
362:.
49:(
20:)
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