Water footprint - Knowledge (XXG)

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water shortages, climate change, and environmental concerns, transitioning towards a fair impact of water use is critical. The water footprint concept offers detailed insights for adequate and equitable water resource management. It advocates for a balanced and sustainable water-use approach, aiming to tackle global challenges. This approach is essential for responsible and equitable water resource utilization globally. Thus, it gives a grasp on how economic choices and processes influence the availability of adequate water resources and other ecological realities across the globe (and vice versa).

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livestock feed and forage has been estimated to account for about 9 percent, and other withdrawn freshwater use for the livestock sector (for drinking, washdown of facilities, etc.) is estimated at about 0.7 percent. Because agriculture is a major user of withdrawn water, changes in the magnitude and efficiency of its water use are important. In the US, from 1980 (when agriculture's withdrawn water use peaked) to 2010, there was a 23 percent reduction in agriculture's use of withdrawn water, while US agricultural output increased by 49 percent over that period.

541:, is sometimes called "total actual renewable freshwater resources". Its magnitude was in 2012 estimated at 52,579 km (12,614 cu mi)/year. It represents water that can be used either in-stream or after withdrawal from surface and groundwater sources. Of this remainder, about 3,918 km (940 cu mi) were withdrawn in 2007, of which 2,722 km (653 cu mi), or 69 percent, were used by agriculture, and 734 km (176 cu mi), or 19 percent, by other industry. Most agricultural use of withdrawn water is for 1040: 1272: 970: 492:

where water-intensive products (for example agricultural goods) are concerned that need to therefore undergo a life-cycle assessment. In addition, regional assessments are equally as necessary as the impact of water use depends on its location. In short, LCA is important as it identifies the impact of water use in certain products, consumers, companies, nations, etc. which can help reduce the amount of water used.

27: 5471: 4325: 3204: 3193: 3226: 2921: 1286: 5495: 1064:, i.e. the water used or polluted in connection to all agricultural and industrial commodities) leaving and entering the country. When taking the use of domestic water resources as a starting point for calculating a nation's water footprint, one should subtract the virtual water flows that leave the country and add the virtual water flows that enter the country. 982:. The largest share (76%) of the virtual water flows between countries is related to international trade in crops and derived crop products. Trade in animal products and industrial products contributed 12% each to the global virtual water flows. The four major direct factors determining the water footprint of a country are: volume of consumption (related to the 5483: 3215: 487:(LCA) is a systematic, phased approach to assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts that are associated with a product, process or service. "Life cycle" refers to the major activities connected with the product's life-span, from its manufacture, use, and maintenance, to its final disposal, and also including the acquisition of 1153:, there is almost no mention of the potential impacts of the prescriptions arising from that analysis on farm households in industrialized or developing countries. It is essential to consider more carefully the inherent flaws in the virtual water and water footprint perspectives, particularly when seeking guidance regarding policy decisions." 1132:, where water use issues are sometimes severe because of drought, about 48 percent of "dedicated water use" in an average water year is for the environment (somewhat more than for agriculture). Such environmental water use is for keeping streams flowing, maintaining aquatic and riparian habitats, keeping wetlands wet, etc. 1221:

believe that water is the source and foundation of all life and have many spiritual associations with water and places associated with water. On a national and global scale, water sustainability requires strategic and long term planning to ensure appropriate sources of clean water are identified and

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The application and interpretation of water footprints may sometimes be used to promote industrial activities that lead to facile criticism of certain products. For example, the 140 litres required for coffee production for one cup might be of no harm to water resources if its cultivation occurs

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In south India the state Tamil Nadu is one of the main agricultural producers in India and it relies largely in groundwater for irrigation. In ten years, from 2002 to 2012, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment calculated that the groundwater reduced in 1.4 m yr−1, which "is nearly 8% more than

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The global water footprint in the period 1996–2005 was 9.087 Gm/yr (Billion Cubic Metres per year, or 9.087.000.000.000.000 liters/year), of which 74% was and green, 11% blue, 15% grey. This is an average amount per capita of 1.385 Gm/yr., or 3.800 liters per person per day. On average 92% of this is

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There are many different aspects to water footprint and therefore different definitions and measures to describe them. Blue water footprint refers to groundwater or surface water usage, green water footprint refers to rainwater, and grey water footprint refers to the amount of water needed to dilute

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water use involves the rigorous assessment of all source of clean water to establish the current and future rates of use, the impacts of that use both downstream and in the wider area where the water may be used and the impact of contaminated water streams on the environment and economic well being

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The water footprint of a nation is the amount of water used to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of that nation. Analysis of the water footprint of nations illustrates the global dimension of water consumption and pollution, by showing that several countries rely heavily on

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66.2%, manufacturing 13.6%, residential 9.0%, agriculture 4.7%, commercial and institutional 2.7%, water treatment and distribution systems 2.3%, mining 1.1%, and oil and gas extraction 0.5%. The 38 billion m of freshwater withdrawn in that year can be compared with the nation's annual freshwater

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mainly in humid areas, but could be damaging in more arid regions. Other factors such as hydrology, climate, geology, topography, population and demographics should also be taken into account. Nevertheless, high water footprint calculations do suggest that environmental concern may be appropriate.

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countries such as Greece, Italy and Spain (2300–2400 m/yr per capita). High water footprints can also be found in Malaysia and Thailand. In contrast, the Chinese people have a relatively low per capita water footprint with an average of 700 m/yr. (These numbers are also from the period 1996-2005.)

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initiative can be defined as the concept where an entity, such as a company, community, or individual, goes beyond simply conserving water and actively contributes to the sustainable management and restoration of water resources. A commercial or residential development is considered water positive

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required to manufacture the product. Thus a method for assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption was developed. It specifically looks at the damage to three areas of protection: human health, ecosystem quality, and resources. The consideration of water consumption is crucial

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concept introduced in the 1990s. The water footprint is a geographically explicit indicator, not only showing volumes of water use and pollution, but also the locations. The global issue of water footprinting underscores the importance of fair and sustainable resource management. Due to increasing

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Pfister, Stephan; Boulay, Anne-Marie; Berger, Markus; Hadjikakou, Michalis; Motoshita, Masaharu; Hess, Tim; Ridoutt, Brad; Weinzettel, Jan; Scherer, Laura; Döll, Petra; Manzardo, Alessandro; Núñez, Montserrat; Verones, Francesca; Humbert, Sebastien; Buxmann, Kurt; Harding, Kevin; Benini, Lorenzo;

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The top 10 gross virtual water exporting nations, which together account for more than half of the global virtual water export, are the United States (314 Gm/year), China (143 Gm/year), India (125 Gm/year), Brazil (112 Gm/year), Argentina (98 Gm/year), Canada (91 Gm/year), Australia (89 Gm/year),

472:, to provide practical guidance to practitioners from various backgrounds, such as large companies, public authorities, non-governmental organizations, academic and research groups as well as small and medium enterprises, for carrying out a water footprint assessment. The ISO standard is based on 557:

The water footprint of a product is the total volume of freshwater used to produce the product, summed over the various steps of the production chain. The water footprint of a product refers not only to the total volume of water used; it also refers to where and when the water is used. The Water

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Italy, Germany, the UK and the Netherlands—have external water footprints that constitute 50–80% of their total water footprint. The agricultural products that on average contribute most to the external water footprints of nations are: bovine meat, soybean, wheat, cocoa, rice, cotton and maize.

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The external part of a nation's water footprint varies strongly from country to country. Some African nations, such as Sudan, Mali, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Malawi and Chad have hardly any external water footprint, simply because they have little import. Some European countries on the other hand—e.g.

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The water footprint of a business, the 'corporate water footprint', is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used directly or indirectly to run and support a business. It is the total volume of water use to be associated with the use of the business outputs. The water footprint of a

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Within the agricultural sector, withdrawn water use is for irrigation and for livestock. Whereas all irrigation in the US (including loss in conveyance of irrigation water) is estimated to account for about 38 percent of US withdrawn freshwater use, the irrigation water used for production of

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In absolute terms, India is the country with the largest water footprint in the world, a total of 987 Gm/yr. In relative terms (i.e. taking population size into account), the people of the USA have the largest water footprint, with 2480 m/yr per capita, followed by the people in south European

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In the US, irrigation water application data are collected in the quinquennial Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey, conducted as part of the Census of Agriculture. Such data indicate great differences in irrigation water use within various agricultural sectors. For example, about 14 percent of

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of a country looks at the amount of water used or polluted (locally, or in the case of imported goods, in other countries) in connection with all the goods and services that are consumed by the inhabitants of that country. The water footprint of production and that of consumption, can also be

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yield (estimated as streamflow) of 3,472 billion m. Sectoral distribution is different in many respects in the US, where agriculture accounts for about 39% of fresh water withdrawals, thermoelectric power generation 38%, industrial 4%, residential 1%, and mining (including oil and gas) 1%.

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emissions, which are globally identical, to account for the environmental harm. The difference is due to the somewhat more complex nature of water; while involved in the global hydrological cycle, it is expressed in conditions both local and regional through various forms like river basins,

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foreign water resources and that (consumption patterns in) many countries significantly and in various ways impact how, and how much, water is being consumed and polluted elsewhere on Earth. International water dependencies are substantial and are likely to increase with continued global

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The top 10 gross virtual water importing nations are the United States (234 Gm/year), Japan (127 Gm/year), Germany (125 Gm/year), China (121 Gm/year), Italy (101 Gm/year), Mexico (92 Gm/year), France (78 Gm/year), the United Kingdom (77 Gm/year), and The Netherlands (71 Gm/year).

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Several nations estimate sectoral distribution of use of water withdrawn from surface and groundwater sources. For example, in Canada, in 2005, 42 billion m of withdrawn water were used, of which about 38 billion m were freshwater. Distribution of this use among sectors was:

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The water footprint of an individual refers to the sum of their direct and indirect freshwater use. The direct water use is the water used at home, while the indirect water use relates to the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed.

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when it generates more water than it consumes. This involves implementing practices and technologies that reduce water consumption, improve water quality, and enhance water availability. The goal of being water positive is to leave a positive impact on water

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of water. That of a product is the whole footprint (sum) of processes in its complete supply chain divided by the number of product units. For consumers, businesses and geographic area, water footprint is indicated as volume of water per time, in particular:

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Zering, K. D., T. J. Centner, D. Meyer, G. L. Newton, J. M. Sweeten and S. Woodruff. 2012. Water and land issues associated with animal agriculture: a U.S. perspective. CAST Issue Paper No. 50. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. 24

864:(GSK) analysed four key categories: water availability, water quality, health impacts, and licence to operate (including reputational and regulatory risks) in order to enable GSK to quantitatively measure, and credibly reduce, its year-on-year water impact. 561:

The water footprints involved in various diets vary greatly, and much of the variation tends to be associated with levels of meat consumption. The following table gives examples of estimated global average water footprints of popular agricultural products.

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Mekonnen, M. M. and A. Y. Hoekstra. 2010. The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Volume 2. Appendices main report. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 47. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education. 1196

875:. It has now set out goals to reduce its water footprint such as treating the water it uses so it goes back into the environment in a clean state. Another goal is to find sustainable sources for the raw materials it uses in its drinks, such as 1055:

is the amount of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country. When assessing the water footprint of a nation, it is crucial to take into account the international flows of

5281: 2467: 1180:, because the water footprint concept includes sums of water quantities without necessarily evaluating related impacts. This is in contrast to the carbon footprint, where carbon emissions are not simply summarized but normalized by CO 150:

crops), or been incorporated into a product or taken from one body of water and returned to another, or returned at a different time. Irrigated agriculture, industry and domestic water use can each have a blue water footprint.

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the environmental and economic impact of such choices are understood and accepted. The re-use and reclamation of water is also part of sustainability including downstream impacts on both surface waters and

1128:" section above), and much "green water" is used in maintaining forests and wild lands, there is also direct environmental use (e.g. of surface water) that may be allocated by governments. For example, in 859:

argue that a more robust approach is for businesses to go beyond simple volumetric measurement to assess the full range of water impact from all sites. Its work with leading global pharmaceutical company

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as its last phase. One of the developments is to employ sustainable efficiency and equity ("Sefficiency in Sequity"), which present a comprehensive approach to assessing the sustainable use of water.

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Mekonnen, M. M. and A. Y. Hoekstra. 2010. The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products. Volume 1: Main report. UNESCO-IHE., Institute for Water Education. 50 pp.

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embedded in agricultural products consumed, 4.4% in industrial products consumed, and 3.6% is domestic water use. The global water footprint related to producing goods for export is 1.762 Gm/y.

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operates over a thousand manufacturing plants in about 200 countries. Making its drink uses a lot of water. Critics say its water footprint has been large. Coca-Cola has started to look at its

451:, practical solutions and strategic insights that empower companies, governments, individuals and small-scale producers to transform the way we use and share fresh water within earth's limits. 1217:

in order to manage water demand. In some localities, water may also have spiritual relevance and the use of such water may need to take account of such interests. For example, the

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corn-for-grain land and 11 percent of soybean land in the US are irrigated, compared with 66 percent of vegetable land, 79 percent of orchard land and 97 percent of rice land.

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Footprint Network maintains a global database on the water footprint of products: WaterStat. Nearly over 70% of the water supply worldwide is used in the agricultural sector.

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US Department of Agriculture. 2009. 2007 Census of agriculture. Farm and ranch irrigation survey (2008). Volume 3. Special Studies. Part 1. AC-07-SS-1. 177 pp. + appendices.

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That of a geographically delineated area is the footprint of all processes undertaken in this area. The virtual change in water of an area is the net import of virtual water

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world, in which products are not always consumed in their country of origin. International trade of agricultural and industrial products in effect creates a global flow of

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levels, and their impacts on people and nature. The network consists of around 100 partners from all sectors – producers, investors, suppliers and regulators – as well as

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falling on land each year (about 117,000 km (28,000 cu mi)), is used by rain-fed agriculture and about half is subject to evaporation and transpiration in

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In February 2011, the Water Footprint Network, in a global collaborative effort of environmental organizations, companies, research institutions and the UN, launched the

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taken from the Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2008) Globalization of water: Sharing the planet's freshwater resources, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.

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water footprint (that nation's water footprint divided by its number of inhabitants) can be used to compare its water footprint with those of other nations.

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estimates how much water from local sources is used or polluted in order to provide the goods and services produced in that country. The water footprint of

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used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in water volume consumed (

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of water use, that could provide useful information in addition to the traditional production-sector-based indicators of water use. It is analogous to the

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to measure the amount of water consumed and polluted to produce goods and services along their full supply chain. Water footprint is one of a family of

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Traditionally, water use has been approached from the production side, by quantifying the following three columns of water use: water withdrawals in the

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USDA. 2009. 2007 Census of agriculture. United States summary and State Data. Vol. 1. Geographic Area Series. Part 51. AC-07-A-51. 639 pp. + appendices.

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to generated impacts, which is about its performance. Such a comparison between descriptive and performance factors and indicators is basically flawed.

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The average global water footprint of an individual is 1,385 m per year. Residents of some example nations have water footprints as shown in the table:

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business consists of water used for producing/manufacturing or for supporting activities and the indirect water use in the producer's supply chain.

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Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) (ed) Virtual water trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, IHE Delft, the Netherlands

5349: 5321: 4361: 2005: 1741:"Understanding the LCA and ISO water footprint: A response to Hoekstra (2016) "A critique on the water-scarcity weighted water footprint in LCA"" 1558:

Jayne M. Godfrey, Keryn Chalmers. 2012 Water Accounting: International Approaches to Policy and Decision-making. Edward Elgar Publishing. page222

887:. By making its water footprint better, the company can reduce costs, improve the environment, and benefit the communities in which it operates. 427:) which serves as a platform for sharing knowledge, tools and innovations among governments, businesses and communities concerned about growing 5326: 4642: 3296: 2671: 1906:"GPCC's new land surface precipitation climatology based on quality-controlled in-situ data and its role in quantifying the global water cycle" 5384: 5291: 1821: 1632: 987: 5374: 2266: 5526: 5331: 4895: 4483: 2151:

Vanham, D., M. M.Mekonnen and A. Y. Hoekstra. 2013. The water footprint of the EU for different diets. Ecological Indicators 32: 1-8.

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plants. Energy production annual water consumption in the EU 27 in 2011 was, in billion m: for gas 0.53, coal 1.54 and nuclear 2.44.

411:. Cooperation between global leading institutions in the field has led to the establishment of the Water Footprint Network in 2008. 5541: 5389: 4915: 4498: 4178: 2718: 2101:

Chinnasamy, Pennan; Agoramoorthy, Govindasamy (2015-05-01). "Groundwater Storage and Depletion Trends in Tamil Nadu State, India".

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Statistics Canada. 2010. Human activity and the environment. Freshwater supply and demand in Canada. Catalogue no. 16-201-X.

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Maupin, M. A. et al. 2014. Estimated use of water in the United States 2010. U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1405. 55 pp.

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Although agriculture's water use includes provision of important terrestrial environmental values (as discussed in the "

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consumes 4,815 litres of water per day on average; 44% is used in power production primarily to cool thermal plants or

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Water footprint accounting has advanced substantially in recent years, however, water footprint analysis also needs

5221: 5146: 5051: 4587: 4328: 4212: 4156: 3248: 5206: 2650:"Integrating Water Footprint and Sefficiency: Overcoming Water Footprint Criticisms and Improving Decision Making" 5343: 5338: 4905: 4612: 4570: 4534: 4441: 3743: 3064: 1330: 1235: 196: 837: 5487: 5181: 4880: 4592: 4488: 3728: 3049: 2978: 2363:"U.K. Water Footprint: The Impact of the U.K.'s Food and Fibre Consumption on Global Water Resources, Volume 1" 203:) to such an extent that the quality of the water meets agreed water quality standards. It is calculated as: 5452: 5379: 5211: 3903: 3792: 1385: 448: 195:(industrial discharges, seepage from tailing ponds at mining operations, untreated municipal wastewater, or 39: 4950: 2232: 1982: 1513: 5475: 5447: 5226: 4436: 4347: 4306: 4149: 4021: 3160: 3102: 2534: 420: 55: 42:

by people. The water footprint of an individual, community, or business is defined as the total volume of

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the natural concentration of the pollutant in the receiving water body (both expressed in mass/volume).

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The assessment of total water use in connection to consumption can be approached from both ends of the

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Many of the criticisms, including the above ones, compare the description of the water footprint of a

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avoided the use of 387 million cubic metres (mn m) of water in 2012, avoiding a cost of €743 million.

50:) and/or polluted per unit of time. A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of 5407: 5191: 5056: 5022: 4970: 4790: 4736: 4692: 4582: 4520: 4409: 4404: 4297: 4269: 4234: 4161: 3961: 3898: 3716: 3537: 3165: 2998: 2602: 2476: 2303: 2110: 1917: 1752: 1702: 1310: 1190: 872: 376: 360: 338:

results from this as the sum of the water footprint of national area and its virtual change in water.

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estimated for any administrative unit such as a city, province, river basin or the entire world.

476:(LCA) principles and can be applied for different sorts of assessment of products and companies. 392: 168: 105: 63: 470:

ISO 14046:2014, Environmental management—Water footprint—Principles, requirements and guidelines

399:). The most elaborate publications on how to estimate water footprints are a 2004 report on the 85:

sector. While this does provide valuable data, it is a limited way of looking at water use in a

3218: 2591:"Virtual water and water footprints offer limited insight regarding important policy questions" 1141:

Insufficient consideration of consequences of proposed water saving policies to farm households

367:, and co-founder and scientific director of the Water Footprint Network, whilst working at the 5201: 5196: 5124: 5073: 4847: 4827: 4815: 4775: 4746: 4714: 4632: 4525: 4493: 4389: 4274: 3738: 3644: 3617: 3464: 3414: 3350: 3304: 3177: 2960: 2900: 2714: 2504: 2377: 2331: 2262: 2126: 1880: 1855: 1778: 1720: 1628: 1320: 1043:

Global average numbers and composition of all national water footprints, internal and external

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The absolute water footprint is the total sum of water footprints of all people. A country's

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that, after having been stored in the root zone of the soil (green water), is either lost by

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In 2002, the water footprint concept was introduced in order to have a consumption-based

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systems). Furthermore, looking at the definition of the footprint itself, and comparing

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Environmental management -- Water footprint -- Principles, requirements and guidelines"

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Regional water scarcity should be taken into account when interpreting water footprint

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That of a community or a nation is the sum for all of its members resp. inhabitants.

58:(e.g., a public organization, private enterprise, or economic sector), for a single 5442: 4870: 4719: 4709: 4687: 4617: 4510: 4424: 4048: 4006: 3782: 3733: 3669: 3525: 3429: 3196: 3076: 3042: 1223: 999: 488: 200: 172: 1764: 990:); climate (growth conditions); and agricultural practice (water use efficiency). 2614: 1447: 5437: 5134: 4832: 4741: 4704: 4144: 4088: 3910: 3888: 3883: 3750: 3627: 3593: 3581: 3469: 3392: 3137: 3107: 3032: 3022: 2988: 2950: 2905: 1459: 1205: 1104: 549:

resources. World water use has been growing rapidly in the last hundred years.

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and ensure that more water is conserved and restored than is used or depleted.

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and other natural or quasi-natural landscapes. The remainder, which goes to

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and water footprint, we realize that the three terms are indeed legitimate.

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or incorporated by plants. It is particularly relevant for agricultural,

51: 1848:"Corporations are pledging to be 'water positive'. What does that mean?" 4699: 4129: 3925: 3920: 3866: 3772: 3701: 3544: 3345: 1689:

Pfister, Stephan; Koehler, Annette; Hellweg, Stefanie (20 March 2009).

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Indonesia (72 Gm/year), France (65 Gm/year), and Germany (64 Gm/year).

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The Water Footprint Network is an international learning community (a

4994: 3978: 3943: 3767: 3723: 3571: 3369: 2261:(1st ed.). North Shore, N.Z.: Cengage Learning. pp. 56–58. 1739:

Oki, Taikan; Finkbeiner, Matthias; Henderson, Andrew (January 2017).

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That of a consumer is the sum of footprint of all consumed products.

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water requirement and water withdrawal by country. AQUASTAT, FAO.

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Scientific Applications International Corporations (SAIC) (2006).

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The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard

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The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard

25: 2840: 5088: 4339: 3956: 3812: 3807: 3787: 3661: 3612: 3456: 2294: 884: 387:. The water footprint concept is further related to the idea of 82: 4343: 3244: 2854: 1051:

is the amount of water used from domestic water resources; the

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Water Consumption and Sustainable Water Resources Management

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Hoekstra, Arjen Y.; Mekonnen, Mesfin M. (28 February 2012).

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Data obtained from the Finnish Knowledge (XXG) article page

19:"Water consumption" redirects here. Not to be confused with 5282:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

2744:

Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity

307:

That of a business is the footprint of all produced goods.

248:{\displaystyle {\frac {L}{c_{\text{max}}-c_{\text{nat}}}}} 2439:"Angela Morelli - The Global Water Footprint of Humanity" 891:

Water footprint of individual consumers (domestic sector)

545:, which uses about 5.1 percent of total actual renewable 191:

refers to the volume of water that is required to dilute

134:

refers to the volume of water that has been sourced from

2850: 16:

Extent of water use in relation to consumption by people

2672:"Policies and measure to promote sustainable water use" 1414:"Waterfootprint.org: Water footprint and virtual water" 1185:

watersheds, on down to groundwater (as part of larger

1176:

can also confuse people familiar with the notion of a

212: 2595:

International Journal of Water Resources Development

2280: 2278: 1209:

of the area. It also involves the implementation of

5400: 5359: 5246: 5235: 5172: 5097: 5013: 4941: 4846: 4651: 4377: 4260: 4118: 3999: 3859: 3850: 3660: 3455: 3368: 3338: 3287: 3278: 3153: 3085: 3012: 2971: 2931: 2888: 1605:, A.Y. Hoekstra and A.K. Chapagain, Blackwell, 2008 1408: 1406: 973:

Global view of national per capita water footprints

2797:"USDA ERS - Agricultural Productivity in the U.S." 2695:"Tangaroa – the sea - Water as the source of life" 2006:"Looming water crisis simply a management problem" 521:Total renewable water resources per capita in 2020 247: 2218:, 26 November 2014. Retrieved on 20 January 2015. 2181:"How much water does it take to grow an avocado?" 553:Water footprint of products (agricultural sector) 391:trade introduced in the early 1990s by Professor 292:The water footprint of a process is expressed as 2674:. Europeanm Environment Agency. 18 February 2008 2403:JournalistsResource.org, retrieved 20 March 2012 1655:. International Organization for Standardization 1613: 1611: 848:Water footprint of companies (industrial sector) 317:, defined as the difference of the gross import 30:Infographic of water footprints around the world 2693:e Ahukaramū Charles Royal (22 September 2012). 2648:Haie, N.; Freitas, M.R.; Pereira, J.C. (2018). 146:) and has either evaporated (for example while 1964: 1962: 1676:Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice 1538:"Water Footprint Network - Aims & history" 835:Product Gallery of the Water Footprint Network 466:International Organization for Standardization 331:. The water footprint of national consumption 4355: 3256: 2866: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2560:"California State Water Project-Water Supply" 2096: 2094: 1242:Sectoral distributions of withdrawn water use 986:); consumption pattern (e.g. high versus low 38:shows the extent of water use in relation to 8: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2535:"Saving water with wind energy Summary EWEA" 833:(For more product water footprints: see the 2456: 2454: 2452: 1798:"What Does it Mean to Be 'Water Positive'?" 5317:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5243: 4362: 4348: 4340: 4122: 3856: 3284: 3263: 3249: 3241: 2873: 2859: 2851: 2252: 2250: 2229:"2013 Water Report: The Coca-Cola Company" 564: 5277:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 5267:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2498: 2488: 2325: 2315: 1983:"Water withdrawal by sector, around 2007" 1929: 1772: 1714: 1512:. Water Footprint Network. Archived from 1384:. Water Footprint Network. Archived from 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 236: 223: 213: 211: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1147:International Water Management Institute 1038: 968: 901: 277:the maximum allowable concentration and 5322:Health departments in the United States 2231:. The Coca-Cola Company. Archived from 1510:"The Water Footprint Assessment Manual" 1357: 443:. It describes its mission as follows: 324:of virtual water from its gross export 142:resources (lakes, rivers, wetlands and 5327:Council on Education for Public Health 2210:"Water, water everywhere... or is it?" 1532: 1530: 1448:"16030, 1841-01-13, PERROT (fabrique)" 5385:Professional degrees of public health 5292:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 571:Global average water footprint, L/kg 7: 5482: 5375:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 3214: 1145:According to Dennis Wichelns of the 371:Institute for Water Education, as a 163:refers to the amount of water from 5494: 4643:Workers' right to access the toilet 4484:Human right to water and sanitation 2846:Personal Water Footprint Calculator 1968:Frenken, K. and V. Gillet. 2012. 1910:Theoretical and Applied Climatology 1904:Schneider, U.; et al. (2014). 21:Daily consumption of drinking water 480:Life-cycle assessment of water use 62:(such as growing rice) or for any 14: 4916:Commercial determinants of health 2463:"The water footprint of humanity" 2399:"The Water Footprint of Humanity" 2287:"The Water Footprint of Humanity" 288:Calculation for different factors 5493: 5481: 5470: 5469: 4499:National public health institute 4324: 4323: 3224: 3213: 3203: 3202: 3191: 1284: 1270: 379:indicators, which also includes 4896:Open-source healthcare software 4638:Sociology of health and illness 2713:. OECD Library. 25 March 1998. 2697:. Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. 1249:thermoelectric power generation 462:Global Water Footprint Standard 403:from UNESCO-IHE, the 2008 book 199:such as agricultural runoff or 5257:Caribbean Public Health Agency 5069:Sexually transmitted infection 4966:Statistical hypothesis testing 4727:Occupational safety and health 4628:Sexual and reproductive health 4541:Occupational safety and health 2376:Chapagain, A.K. & Orr, S. 2361:Chapagain, A.K. & Orr, S. 1879:Pandey, Rajdeep (2018-10-23). 1846:Schupak, Amanda (2021-10-14). 437:non-governmental organisations 397:Stockholm Water Prize Laureate 1: 4911:Social determinants of health 3093:Extraterrestrial liquid water 2522:Saving water with wind energy 1765:10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2016.07.051 1580:"Water footprints of nations" 1487:. The Water Footprint Network 1416:. The Water Footprint Network 525:Globally, about 4 percent of 415:Water Footprint Network (WFN) 4971:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 4732:Human factors and ergonomics 3289:Pollution / quality 2615:10.1080/07900627.2010.519494 1796:Loher, Nicole (2023-03-15). 1485:"What is a water footprint?" 5152:Good manufacturing practice 4956:Randomized controlled trial 1460:10.1163/2210-7886_asc-16030 1452:Art Sales Catalogues Online 1126:Water footprint of products 1116:the annual recharge rate." 1091:Category:Droughts in Europe 5568: 5527:Water resources management 5222:Theory of planned behavior 5147:Good agricultural practice 5052:Public health surveillance 4944:epidemiological statistics 4588:Public health intervention 2414:"National water footprint" 2103:Water Resources Management 1088: 965:Water footprint of nations 401:Water footprint of nations 18: 5537:Environmental terminology 5532:Water and the environment 5465: 5344:World Toilet Organization 5339:World Health Organization 4906:Public health informatics 4613:Right to rest and leisure 4442:Globalization and disease 4319: 4125: 3860:Types / location 3186: 2917: 2589:Wichelns, Dennis (2010). 2445:. TEDxOslo. 21 June 2011. 2123:10.1007/s11269-015-0932-z 2012:28 Aug., 2008, pp. 28-32. 1931:10.1007/s00704-013-0860-x 1540:. Water Footprint Network 1331:Water resource management 1236:sustainability assessment 1230:Sustainability assessment 1002:. The water footprint of 994:Production or consumption 197:nonpoint source pollution 5542:Macroeconomic indicators 5390:Schools of public health 5182:Diffusion of innovations 4881:Health impact assessment 4593:Public health laboratory 4489:Management of depression 1828:(in Spanish). 2022-05-10 1618:Hoekstra, Arjen (2011). 1053:external water footprint 1049:internal water footprint 97:(akin to the concept of 5453:Social hygiene movement 5380:Doctor of Public Health 5212:Social cognitive theory 5014:Infectious and epidemic 4796:Fecal–oral transmission 2841:Water Footprint Network 2490:10.1073/pnas.1109936109 2317:10.1073/pnas.1109936109 2008:by Jonathan Chenoweth, 1881:"Water Positive Campus" 1120:Environmental water use 1080:Water use in continents 908:annual water footprint 351:was coined in 2002, by 117:Definition and measures 5547:Economic globalization 5448:Germ theory of disease 5227:Transtheoretical model 3103:Planetary oceanography 2925: 2257:Naumann, Ruth (2011). 2187:. 2019. Archived from 2031:"Water Use and Stress" 1603:Globalization of Water 1044: 1015:Absolute or per capita 974: 522: 456:International standard 453: 407:, and the 2011 manual 405:Globalization of Water 249: 31: 5552:Environmental indices 5332:Public Health Service 5217:Social norms approach 5207:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 4653:Preventive healthcare 4546:Pharmaceutical policy 4395:Chief Medical Officer 2923: 2285:Hoekstra, AY (2012). 1826:Hidrología Sostenible 1745:Ecological Indicators 1695:Environmental Science 1627:. London: Earthscan. 1201:Sustainable water use 1042: 984:gross national income 972: 520: 485:Life-cycle assessment 474:life-cycle assessment 445: 421:non-profit foundation 250: 161:green water footprint 155:Green water footprint 29: 5408:Sara Josephine Baker 5307:Public Health Agency 5192:Health communication 5057:Disease surveillance 5023:Asymptomatic carrier 5005:Statistical software 4693:Preventive nutrition 4521:Medical anthropology 4410:Environmental health 4235:remnant natural area 3872:storage and recovery 3538:habitat conservation 3356:Deforestation (REDD) 3166:Ocean stratification 2999:Doubly labeled water 1311:Ecological footprint 1191:ecological footprint 1172:The use of the term 1035:Internal or external 980:trade liberalisation 873:water sustainability 464:. In July 2014, the 377:ecological footprint 361:University of Twente 294:volumetric flow rate 210: 189:grey water footprint 183:Grey water footprint 132:blue water footprint 126:Blue water footprint 110:ecological footprint 5418:Carl Rogers Darnall 5413:Samuel Jay Crumbine 5187:Health belief model 5040:Notifiable diseases 4976:Regression analysis 4811:Waterborne diseases 4400:Cultural competence 4189:Earth Overshoot Day 3763:Marine conservation 3744:non-timber products 3171:Lake stratification 3154:Physical parameters 2741:Haie, Naim (2020). 2607:2010IJWRD..26..639W 2481:2012PNAS..109.3232H 2308:2012PNAS..109.3232H 2115:2015WatRM..29.2139C 1922:2014ThApC.115...15S 1802:Meta Sustainability 1757:2017EcInd..72..352P 1707:2009EnST...43.4098P 1678:. Reston, VA: SAIC. 5016:disease prevention 4951:Case–control study 4623:Security of person 4472:Health care reform 4174:Ecosystem services 3297:Ambient standards 3118:List of Candidates 2979:Deuterium-depleted 2926: 2654:Water Alternatives 2418:waterfootprint.org 1306:Deficit irrigation 1278:Environment portal 1045: 975: 840:2020-07-30 at the 696:groundnuts, shell 537:replenishment and 523: 513:Water availability 245: 169:evapotranspiration 32: 5509: 5508: 5461: 5460: 5371:Higher education 5202:Positive deviance 5197:Health psychology 5173:Health behavioral 5100:safety management 5074:Social distancing 4848:Population health 4828:Smoking cessation 4776:Pharmacovigilance 4747:Injury prevention 4715:Infection control 4633:Social psychology 4583:Prisoners' rights 4526:Medical sociology 4494:Public health law 4390:Biological hazard 4337: 4336: 4315: 4314: 4114: 4113: 3793:genetic resources 3729:genetic resources 3364: 3363: 3272:Natural resources 3238: 3237: 3178:Ocean temperature 2191:on 7 October 2019 2035:Our World in Data 1716:10.1021/es802423e 1634:978-1-84971-279-8 1321:Social metabolism 962: 961: 869:Coca-Cola Company 831: 830: 704:leather (bovine) 347:The concept of a 243: 239: 226: 5559: 5497: 5496: 5485: 5484: 5473: 5472: 5367:Health education 5244: 5098:Food hygiene and 5079:Tropical disease 4891:Infant mortality 4866:Community health 4742:Controlled Drugs 4678:Health promotion 4608:Right to housing 4452:Health economics 4364: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4327: 4326: 4278: 4225:Natural heritage 4184:overexploitation 4123: 3857: 3803:herbal medicines 3783:FAO Plant Treaty 3323: 3300: 3285: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3242: 3228: 3217: 3216: 3206: 3205: 3195: 3098:Asteroidal water 3086:Extraterrestrial 2875: 2868: 2861: 2852: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2800:www.ERS.USDA.gov 2793: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2645: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2566:. Archived from 2564:www.Water.ca.gov 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2531: 2525: 2524:, EWEA June 2014 2519: 2513: 2512: 2502: 2492: 2475:(9): 3232–3237. 2458: 2447: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2373: 2367: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2329: 2319: 2302:(9): 3232–3237. 2291: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2268:978-017021-034-8 2254: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2235:on 19 April 2014 2225: 2219: 2215:The Carbon Trust 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2177: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2109:(7): 2139–2152. 2098: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2076:. Archived from 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2051:. Archived from 2045: 2039: 2038: 2019: 2013: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1979: 1973: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1776: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1718: 1701:(11): 4008–104. 1686: 1680: 1679: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1626: 1615: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1576: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1534: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1506: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1481: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1410: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1391:on 17 April 2018 1390: 1383: 1375: 1316:Runoff footprint 1301:Carbon footprint 1294: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1195:carbon footprint 1178:carbon footprint 988:meat consumption 902: 857:The Carbon Trust 768:peach/nectarine 576:almonds, shelled 565: 381:carbon footprint 357:water management 254: 252: 251: 246: 244: 242: 241: 240: 237: 228: 227: 224: 214: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5457: 5428:Margaret Sanger 5396: 5355: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5174: 5168: 5140:Safety scandals 5099: 5093: 5015: 5009: 4943: 4937: 4933:Social medicine 4926:Race and health 4861:Child mortality 4842: 4801:Open defecation 4683:Human nutrition 4673:Family planning 4661:Behavior change 4647: 4603:Right to health 4516:Maternal health 4506:Health politics 4457:Health literacy 4373: 4368: 4338: 4333: 4311: 4276: 4256: 4242:Systems ecology 4208:Natural capital 4110: 3995: 3984:reclaimed water 3846: 3808:UPOV Convention 3656: 3451: 3360: 3334: 3330:Ozone depletion 3321: 3298: 3274: 3269: 3239: 3234: 3182: 3149: 3081: 3008: 2967: 2927: 2915: 2884: 2879: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2647: 2646: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2570:on 7 April 2017 2558: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2460: 2459: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2380: 2375: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2269: 2256: 2255: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2208: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2083: 2081: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2023:Ritchie, Hannah 2021: 2020: 2016: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1960: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1624: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1519: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1336:Water resources 1290: 1285: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1266: 1244: 1232: 1211:social policies 1203: 1183: 1159: 1143: 1138: 1122: 1113: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1037: 1017: 996: 967: 893: 862:GlaxoSmithKline 850: 842:Wayback Machine 816:tomatoes, dried 808:tomatoes, fresh 555: 515: 498: 482: 458: 433:water pollution 431:and increasing 417: 355:, Professor in 349:water footprint 345: 336: 329: 322: 315: 290: 283: 276: 232: 219: 218: 208: 207: 185: 157: 128: 119: 99:embodied energy 36:water footprint 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5565: 5563: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5514: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5241: 5236:Organizations, 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5103: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4992: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4942:Biological and 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4908: 4903: 4901:Multimorbidity 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4838:Vector control 4835: 4830: 4825: 4823:School hygiene 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4806:Sanitary sewer 4803: 4798: 4793: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4764:Patient safety 4761: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 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4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3863: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3707:climate change 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3675:Bioprospecting 3672: 3666: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3557: 3552: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3461: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3320:Clean Air Act 3312: 3307: 3302: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3221: 3210: 3199: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3161:Stratification 3157: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3030: 3025: 3019: 3017: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2835:External links 2833: 2831: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2788: 2778: 2762: 2753: 2733: 2719: 2700: 2685: 2663: 2635: 2601:(4): 639–651. 2581: 2551: 2526: 2514: 2448: 2430: 2405: 2390: 2353: 2350:Vesijalanjälki 2341: 2274: 2267: 2259:Sustainability 2246: 2220: 2202: 2172: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2090: 2065: 2049:"WFN Glossary" 2040: 2029:(2017-11-20). 2014: 1998: 1974: 1958: 1937: 1916:(1–2): 15–40. 1896: 1871: 1838: 1813: 1788: 1730: 1681: 1666: 1651:ISO 14046:2014 1640: 1633: 1607: 1595: 1571: 1560: 1551: 1526: 1498: 1471: 1439: 1427: 1402: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1346:Water positive 1343: 1341:Water scarcity 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292:Ecology portal 1281: 1265: 1262: 1243: 1240: 1231: 1228: 1202: 1199: 1181: 1158: 1155: 1151:water security 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1062:embodied water 1036: 1033: 1016: 1013: 995: 992: 966: 963: 960: 959: 956: 950: 949: 946: 944:United Kingdom 940: 939: 936: 930: 929: 926: 920: 919: 916: 910: 909: 906: 892: 889: 849: 846: 829: 828: 825: 821: 820: 817: 813: 812: 809: 805: 804: 801: 797: 796: 793: 789: 788: 785: 781: 780: 777: 773: 772: 769: 765: 764: 761: 757: 756: 753: 749: 748: 745: 741: 740: 737: 733: 732: 729: 725: 724: 721: 717: 716: 713: 709: 708: 705: 701: 700: 697: 693: 692: 689: 685: 684: 681: 677: 676: 673: 669: 668: 665: 661: 660: 657: 653: 652: 649: 645: 644: 641: 637: 636: 633: 629: 628: 625: 621: 620: 617: 613: 612: 609: 605: 604: 601: 597: 596: 593: 589: 588: 585: 581: 580: 577: 573: 572: 569: 554: 551: 539:surface runoff 514: 511: 502:Water Positive 497: 496:Water positive 494: 481: 478: 457: 454: 429:water scarcity 416: 413: 385:land footprint 353:Arjen Hoekstra 344: 341: 340: 339: 334: 327: 320: 313: 308: 305: 302: 289: 286: 281: 274: 264:pollutant load 256: 255: 235: 231: 222: 217: 184: 181: 156: 153: 127: 124: 118: 115: 95:embodied water 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5564: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5502: 5501: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5423:Joseph Lister 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5302:Health Canada 5300: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247:Organizations 5245: 5242: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5171: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5084:Vaccine trial 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4961:Relative risk 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921:Health equity 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886:Health system 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4876:Global health 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4856:Biostatistics 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4598:Right to food 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4531:Mental health 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479:Housing First 4477: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4467:Health system 4465: 4464: 4463: 4462:Health policy 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371:Public health 4365: 4360: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4330: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4308: 4307:Non-renewable 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4247:Urban ecology 4245: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4079:Privatization 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3974:Surface water 3972: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3475:peak farmland 3473: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3113:Hycean planet 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2924:Water droplet 2922: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2734: 2722: 2720:9789264162648 2716: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2582: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2374:and volume 2 2371: 2364: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2203: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2080:on 2015-04-01 2079: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2055:on 2015-04-01 2054: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010:New Scientist 2007: 2002: 1999: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1897: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1839: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1667: 1654: 1652: 1644: 1641: 1636: 1630: 1623: 1622: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1516:on 2015-02-10 1515: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1415: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1387: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1326:Virtual water 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1224:ground waters 1220: 1216: 1215:water pricing 1212: 1207: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1119: 1117: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1101:nuclear power 1098: 1092: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1060:(also called 1059: 1058:virtual water 1054: 1050: 1041: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1001: 993: 991: 989: 985: 981: 971: 964: 957: 955: 954:United States 952: 951: 947: 945: 942: 941: 937: 935: 932: 931: 927: 925: 922: 921: 917: 915: 912: 911: 907: 904: 903: 900: 897: 890: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 858: 854: 847: 845: 843: 839: 836: 826: 824:vanilla beans 823: 822: 818: 815: 814: 810: 807: 806: 802: 799: 798: 794: 791: 790: 786: 783: 782: 778: 775: 774: 770: 767: 766: 762: 759: 758: 754: 751: 750: 746: 743: 742: 738: 735: 734: 730: 727: 726: 722: 719: 718: 714: 711: 710: 706: 703: 702: 698: 695: 694: 690: 687: 686: 682: 679: 678: 674: 671: 670: 666: 663: 662: 658: 655: 654: 650: 647: 646: 642: 639: 638: 634: 631: 630: 626: 623: 622: 618: 616:bread, wheat 615: 614: 610: 607: 606: 602: 599: 598: 594: 591: 590: 586: 583: 582: 578: 575: 574: 570: 567: 566: 563: 559: 552: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527:precipitation 519: 512: 510: 508: 503: 495: 493: 490: 486: 479: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 455: 452: 450: 449:science-based 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 414: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:virtual water 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 342: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 306: 303: 300: 299: 298: 295: 287: 285: 280: 273: 269: 265: 261: 233: 229: 220: 215: 206: 205: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 182: 180: 178: 174: 173:horticultural 170: 166: 165:precipitation 162: 154: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 125: 123: 116: 114: 111: 107: 102: 100: 96: 92: 91:virtual water 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 28: 22: 5498: 5486: 5474: 5443:Radium Girls 5438:Typhoid Mary 5125:Microbiology 4995: 4987: 4871:Epidemiology 4769:Organization 4720:Oral hygiene 4710:Hand washing 4688:Healthy diet 4618:Right to sit 4511:Labor rights 4305: / 4179:Exploitation 4064:Conservation 4007:Desalination 3942: 3835:conservation 3670:Biodiversity 3618:conservation 3465:Agricultural 3393:Fossil fuels 3043:Hydrobiology 3028:Distribution 2824: 2815: 2803:. 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Retrieved 1451: 1442: 1430: 1418:. Retrieved 1393:. Retrieved 1386:the original 1258: 1254: 1245: 1233: 1204: 1173: 1171: 1167:water system 1164: 1160: 1144: 1123: 1114: 1094: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1029: 1025: 1018: 1007: 1003: 1000:supply chain 997: 976: 898: 894: 866: 855: 851: 832: 760:pasta (dry) 728:mango/guava 560: 556: 524: 499: 489:raw material 483: 469: 461: 459: 446: 418: 408: 404: 400: 348: 346: 332: 325: 318: 311: 291: 278: 271: 259: 257: 201:urban runoff 188: 186: 160: 158: 131: 129: 122:pollutants. 120: 103: 94: 75:agricultural 72: 35: 33: 5500:WikiProject 5240:and history 5120:Engineering 4833:Vaccination 4705:Food safety 4298:Nationalism 4270:Common-pool 3911:Hydrosphere 3904:remediation 3889:Groundwater 3484:Degradation 3108:Ocean world 3033:Hydrosphere 2961:superheated 2750:. Springer. 2443:youtube.com 2185:Danwatch.dk 2074:"WaterStat" 1988:. 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