538:
deployments. Going forward, utilities face a choice to replace AMR with AMI—often at great expense and time investment—or to explore an AMx strategy using modern signal collection and processing technology that allows for more frequent wireless data collection from existing AMR meters (in some cases down to every 30 seconds) while offering increased interoperability with other (potentially more advanced) meters in areas where they make offer incremental benefits. Whereas the first approach is likely to continue the gradual decline of AMR, the latter approach could lead to a resurgence of interest in next-generation AMR meters that can unlock near-real-time data at lower cost and with longer useful lives, while also virtually eliminating the need for trucks to drive by for data collection.
332:
meter. In many areas, consumers have demanded that their monthly water bill be based on an actual reading, instead of (for example) an estimated monthly usage based on just one actual meter reading made every 12 months. Early AMR systems often consisted of walk-by and drive-by AMR for residential customers, and telephone-based AMR for commercial or industrial customers. What was once a need for monthly data became a need for daily and even hourly readings of the meters. Consequently, the sales of drive-by and telephone AMR has declined in the US, while sales of fixed networks has increased. The US
409:
providers will be able to offer new innovative products in addition to customizing packages for their customers. In addition, with the meter data being readily available, more flexible billing cycles would be available to their customers instead of following the standard utility read cycles. With timely usage information available to the customer, benefits will be seen through opportunities to manage their energy consumption and change from one REP to another with actual meter data. Because of these benefits, many utilities are moving towards implementing some types of AMR solutions.
400:
role of AMI in supporting the implementation of dynamic pricing and the resulting benefits to consumers. The resolution further identified the value of AMI in achieving significant utility operational cost savings in the areas of outage management, revenue protection and asset management. The resolution also called for AMI business case analysis to identify cost-effective deployment strategies, endorsed timely cost recovery for prudently incurred AMI expenditures and made additional recommendations on rate making and tax treatment of such investments.
148:. The majority of manufacturers of electricity meters have radio frequency devices in the frequency band of 433/868 MHz for large scale deployment in European countries. The frequency band of 2.4 GHz can be now used in India for outdoor as well as indoor applications, but few manufacturers have shown products within this frequency band. Initiatives in radio frequency AMR in such countries are being taken up with regulators wherever the cost of licensing outweighs the benefits of AMR.
20:
1303:
1882:
550:
1117:
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136:-based meter reading usually eliminates the need for the meter reader to enter the property or home, or to locate and open an underground meter pit. The utility saves money by increased speed of reading, has less liability from entering private property, and has fewer missed readings from being unable to access the meter.
368:
alarms such as tamper, leak detection, low battery, or reverse flow. Many AMR devices can also capture interval data, and log meter events. The logged data can be used to collect or control time of use or rate of use data that can be used for water or energy usage profiling, time of use billing, demand forecasting,
537:
With the growing adoption of AMI meters and systems, AMR has been in decline in the U.S. electric utility sector. However, in the gas and water sectors, where it tends to be more expensive and complicated to replace meters, AMR remains prevalent, and some utilities continue to invest in new AMR meter
503:
AMI in
Australia has grown from both government policy which sought to rectify observed market inefficiencies, and distribution businesses who looked to gain operational efficiencies. In July 2008, there was a mandated program being planned in Victoria for the deployment of 2.6 million meters over a
323:
In 1974, Paraskevakos was awarded a U.S. patent for this technology. In 1977, he launched
Metretek, Inc., which developed and produced the first fully automated, commercially available remote meter reading and load management system. Since this system was developed pre-Internet, Metretek utilized the
165:
Mobile or "drive-by" meter reading is where a reading device is installed in a vehicle. The meter reader drives the vehicle while the reading device automatically collects the meter readings. Often, for mobile meter reading, the reading equipment includes navigational and mapping features provided by
105:
consumption over the
Internet. All data is collected in near real-time, and is stored in a database by data acquisition software. The user can view the data via a web application, and can analyze the data using various online analysis tools such as charting load profiles, analyzing tariff components,
76:
enclosed in the touchpad. When a button is pressed, the probe sends an interrogate signal to the touch module to collect the meter reading. The software in the device matches the serial number to one in the route database, and saves the meter reading for later download to a billing or data collection
187:
can be installed in the field next to existing meters. The satellite AMR devices communicate with the meter for readings, and then sends those readings over a fixed or mobile satellite network. This network requires a clear view to the sky for the satellite transmitter/receiver, but eliminates the
482:
Construction practices, weather, and the need for information drive utilities in different parts of the world towards AMR at different rates. In the US, there have been significant fixed network deployments of both RF based and PLC based technologies. Some countries have either deployed or plan to
367:
Originally AMR devices just collected meter readings electronically and matched them with accounts. As technology has advanced, additional data could then be captured, stored, and transmitted to the main computer, and often the metering devices could be controlled remotely. This can include events
295:
is a method where electronic data is transmitted over power lines back to the substation, then relayed to a central computer in the utility's main office. This would be considered a type of fixed network system—the network being the distribution network which the utility has built and maintains to
408:
Advanced metering systems can provide benefits for utilities, retail providers and customers. Benefits will be recognized by the utilities with increased efficiencies, outage detection, tamper notification and reduced labor cost as a result of automating reads, connections and disconnects. Retail
399:
The
Automatic Meter Reading Association (AMRA) endorses the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) resolution to eliminate regulatory barriers to the broad implementation of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). The resolution, passed in February 2007, acknowledged the
156:
In handheld AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld computer with a built-in or attached receiver/transceiver (radio frequency or touch) to collect meter readings from an AMR capable meter. This is sometimes referred to as "walk-by" meter reading since the meter reader walks by the locations where
331:
The primary driver for the automation of meter reading is not to reduce labor costs, but to obtain data that is difficult to obtain. As an example, many water meters are installed in locations that require the utility to schedule an appointment with the homeowner in order to obtain access to the
129:
type system, the meter transmits continuously and data is sent every few seconds. This means the reading device can be a receiver only, and the meter a transmitter only. Data travels only from the meter transmitter to the reading receiver. There are also hybrid systems that combine one-way and
170:
and mapping software. With mobile meter reading, the reader does not normally have to read the meters in any particular route order, but just drives the service area until all meters are read. Components often consist of a laptop or proprietary computer, software, RF receiver/transceiver, and
50:
devices (gas, electric) and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. This technology mainly saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each physical location to read a meter. Another advantage is that billing can be based on near
157:
meters are installed as they go through their meter reading route. Handheld computers may also be used to manually enter readings without the use of AMR technology as an alternate but this will not support exhaustive data which can be accurately read using the meter reading electronically.
507:
In 2009 the
Victorian Auditor General undertook a review of the program and found that there were "significant inadequacies" in advice to Government and that project governance "has not been appropriate". The Victorian government subsequently announced a moratorium of the program
273:, which had been free until May 31, 2007, mainly to facilitate AMR after a meter reader was attacked by a dog. Today many meters are designed to transmit using Wi-Fi, even if a Wi-Fi network is not available, and they are read using a drive-by local Wi-Fi hand held receiver.
77:
computer. Since the meter reader still has to go to the site of the meter, this is sometimes referred to as "on-site" AMR. Another form of contact reader uses a standardized infrared port to transmit data. Protocols are standardized between manufacturers by such documents as
139:
The technology based on RF is not readily accepted everywhere. In several Asian countries, the technology faces a barrier of regulations in place pertaining to use of the radio frequency of any radiated power. For example, in India the radio frequency which is generally in
316:, developed a sensor monitoring system which used digital transmission for security, fire and medical alarm systems as well as meter reading capabilities for all utilities. This technology was a spin-off of the automatic telephone line identification system, now known as
51:
real-time consumption rather than on estimates based on past or predicted consumption. This timely information coupled with analysis can help both utility providers and customers better control the use and production of electric energy, gas usage, or
280:
on the 460 MHz band. This narrow-band signal has much greater range than Wi-Fi, so the number of receivers required for the project are far fewer. Special receiver stations then decode the narrow-band signals and resend the data via Wi-Fi.
71:
With touch-based AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld computer or data collection device with a wand or probe. The device automatically collects the readings from a meter by touching or placing the read probe in close proximity to a reading
117:
based AMR can take many forms. The more common ones are handheld, mobile, satellite and fixed network solutions. There are both two-way RF systems and one-way RF systems in use that use both licensed and unlicensed RF bands.
759:
392:, or AMI is the new term coined to represent the networking technology of fixed network meter systems that go beyond AMR into remote utility management. The meters in an AMI system are often referred to as
965:
770:
805:
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4-year period. The anticipated peak installation rate of AMI meters was 5,000 per day across
Victoria. The program governance was provided by an industry steering committee.
512:
756:
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deliver electric power. Such systems are primarily used for electric meter reading. Some providers have interfaced gas and water meters to feed into a PLC type system.
284:
Most of the automated utility meters installed in the Corpus
Christi area are battery powered. Wi-Fi technology is unsuitable for long-term battery-powered operation.
58:
AMR technologies include handheld, mobile and network technologies based on telephony platforms (wired and wireless), radio frequency (RF), or powerline transmission.
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to power-up and transmit its data. The meter transceiver and the reading transceiver both send and receive radio signals. In a one-way "bubble-up" or continuous
1827:
836:
742:
1032:
1072:
674:"Metretrek is your competitive edge for automatic remote data collection, electronic pressure monitoring and automated meter reading (AMR) systems"
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need to install fixed towers or send out field technicians, thereby being particularly suited for areas with low geographic meter density.
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In a two-way or "wake up" system, a radio signal is normally sent to an AMR meter's unique serial number, instructing its
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Devices such as the Smart
Thermostat permit a utility to lower a home's power consumption to help manage power demand.
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is a versatile platform which can be used by a variety of electrical home appliances in order to provide wireless
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two-way techniques, using one-way communication for reading and two-way communication for programming functions.
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1217:
1033:"It's time for a new approach to ensure utilities can get the data they need without driving up customer bills"
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1008:
647:
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The meters installed in Corpus
Christi are not directly Wi-Fi enabled, but rather transmit narrow-band burst
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Potentially reduced reliability (more complicated meters, more potential for interference by third parties)
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1318:
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and
Canadian Patent # 1,155,243 (Apparatus and Method for Remote Sensor Monitoring, Metering and Control)
1807:
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Resolution to Remove Regulatory Barriers to the Broad Implementation of Advanced Metering Infrastructure
673:
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The first commercially available remote meter reading and load management system - Metretek, Inc. (1978)
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966:"Smart Practices to Save Water: An Evaluation of AMI-enabled Proactive Leak Notification Programs"
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asks that electric utility regulators consider the support for a "...time-based rate schedule
42:) is the technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from
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There are also meters using AMR with RF technologies such as cellular phone data systems,
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52:
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enable the electric consumer to manage energy use and cost through advanced metering and
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1792:
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1202:
926:"Electric Power Annual Report: Table 10.05. Advanced Metering Count by Technology Type"
862:
613:
578:
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Risk of loss of privacy — details of use reveal information about user activities
412:
In many cases, smart metering is required by law (e.g. Pennsylvania's Act 129 (2008)).
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NARUC Committee on Energy Resources and the Environment Resolutions of 2007-02-21
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Improved procurement power though more accurate data — "de-risking" price
328:. For this approach, Paraskevakos and Metretek were awarded multiple patents.
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1438:
1421:
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863:"SPAR - Stark's energy management helps exceed cost reduction targets - Stark"
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691:
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545:
23:
Older US residential electric meter base, retrofitted with a 1-phase digital
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1341:
1227:
1187:
1073:"Falling out of love with AMI: Why we need a new approach to smart metering"
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549:
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225:
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82:
1116:
1460:
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AMR hosting is a back-office solution which allows a user to track their
901:"MORATORIUM TO ENSURE SMOOTH SMART METER ROLL-OUT - Premier of Victoria"
1381:
1371:
1132:
446:
In cases of shortages, utility will be able to manage/allocate supply.
347:
The trend now is to consider the use of advanced meters as part of an
1376:
525:
518:
396:, since they often can use collected data based on programmed logic.
309:
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221:
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Greater potential for monitoring by other/unauthorized third parties
425:
Accurate profile classes and measurement classes, true costs applied
353:
270:
98:
18:
1331:
27:. The meter communicates to its collection point using 900 MHz
1136:
167:
677:
491:
By using a combination of AMR and energy analytics reports,
841:
PPL 1.3 million residential and commercial electric meters
473:
Increased security risks from network or remote access
428:
Improved security and tamper detection for equipment
240:, which allows use of unlicensed radio frequencies.
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1514:
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1317:
1310:
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EarthLink Dedicates Wi-Fi Network In Corpus Christi
483:deploy AMR systems throughout the entire country.
144:is not free to use even for low power radio of 10
450:The benefits of smart metering for the customer.
415:The benefits of smart metering for the utility.
495:were able to reduce energy consumption by 20%.
887:"Auditor-General slams Victorian smart meters"
513:Public Utility Commission of Texas Report 2006
1148:
431:Energy management through profile data graphs
255:communication using the 802.11 b/g protocol.
8:
236:(FCC) licensed frequencies and others under
232:and others. Some systems operate with U.S.
1314:
1155:
1141:
1133:
197:Narrow Band (single fixed radio frequency)
434:Less financial burden correcting mistakes
419:Accurate meter reading, no more estimates
640:
454:Improved billing and tracking of usage.
440:Transparency of "cost to read" metering
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1050:
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930:U.S. Energy Information Administration
835:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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747:US Congress, Energy Policy Act of 2005
741:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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265:became one of the first cities in the
16:Transmitting data from a utility meter
192:RF technologies commonly used for AMR
7:
1833:Renewable energy commercialization
521:-PECO) 2.2 million meters deployed
459:Disadvantages of advanced metering
388:enforcement, remote shutoff, etc.
306:Theodore George "Ted" Paraskevakos
14:
973:The Alliance for Water Efficiency
234:Federal Communications Commission
212:Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
1881:
1880:
1301:
1115:
852:Sweden, (Vattenfall) 850k meters
548:
390:Advanced metering infrastructure
349:advanced metering infrastructure
206:Direct-sequence spread spectrum
106:and verify their utility bill.
528:) 1.7 million meters deployed.
1:
1828:Renewable Energy Certificates
1788:Cost of electricity by source
1710:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1586:High-voltage shore connection
404:Benefits of advanced metering
1843:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1641:Transmission system operator
1601:Mains electricity by country
1178:Automatic generation control
594:Nonintrusive load monitoring
564:Encoder receiver transmitter
1917:Electric power distribution
1868:List of electricity sectors
1863:Electric energy consumption
1581:High-voltage direct current
1556:Electric power transmission
1546:Electric power distribution
1223:Energy return on investment
1943:
1783:Carbon offsets and credits
1501:Three-phase electric power
1097:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1057:: CS1 maint: url-status (
993:: CS1 maint: url-status (
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663:(Sensor Monitoring Device)
326:IBM series 1 mini-computer
185:data collection satellites
1876:
1838:Renewable Energy Payments
1327:Fossil fuel power station
1299:
1128:What is the 'Smart Grid'?
794:Privacy on the Smart Grid
342:communications technology
334:Energy Policy Act of 2005
1621:Single-wire earth return
1561:Electrical busbar system
1218:Energy demand management
609:Power line communication
437:Less accrued expenditure
288:Power line communication
1752:Residual-current device
1742:Power system protection
1732:Generator interlock kit
1122:Automatic meter reading
110:Radio frequency network
36:Automatic meter reading
1536:Distributed generation
1208:Electric power quality
1009:"Meter Update Project"
569:Distributed generation
359:
269:to implement citywide
32:
1808:Fossil fuel phase-out
1576:Electricity retailing
1571:Electrical substation
1551:Electric power system
698:U.S. patent 4,455,453
692:U.S. patent 4,241,237
660:U.S. patent 3,842,208
357:
308:, while working with
22:
1164:Electricity delivery
1124:at Wikimedia Commons
604:Open metering system
363:Advanced AMR and AMI
1773:Availability factor
1725:Sulfur hexafluoride
1606:Overhead power line
1506:Virtual power plant
1481:Induction generator
1434:Sustainable biofuel
1243:Home energy storage
1233:Grid energy storage
1198:Droop speed control
1079:. February 13, 2023
624:Utility submetering
478:Notable deployments
386:energy conservation
380:, flow monitoring,
314:Huntsville, Alabama
1647:Transmission tower
1258:Nameplate capacity
932:. October 19, 2023
773:2009-02-14 at the
762:2011-07-26 at the
360:
33:
1894:
1893:
1798:Environmental tax
1678:Cascading failure
1447:
1446:
1283:Utility frequency
1120:Media related to
1013:www.nwnatural.com
574:Electricity meter
533:The future of AMR
183:Transmitters for
171:external vehicle
53:water consumption
1934:
1907:Water technology
1884:
1883:
1793:Energy subsidies
1747:Protective relay
1688:Rolling blackout
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1305:
1273:Power-flow study
1213:Electrical fault
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1039:. August 5, 2024
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903:. Archived from
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422:Improved billing
67:Touch technology
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1715:Circuit breaker
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1566:Electrical grid
1531:Demand response
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1491:Microgeneration
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806:"Archived copy"
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775:Wayback Machine
764:Wayback Machine
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370:demand response
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201:Spread spectrum
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115:Radio frequency
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48:energy metering
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1394:
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1334:
1323:
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1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:Load-following
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:Electric power
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1152:
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1131:
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1125:
1111:
1110:External links
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1064:
1024:
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957:
917:
892:
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854:
843:
797:
779:
749:
703:
683:
680:on 2001-02-23.
665:
651:
639:
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636:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
614:Public utility
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
579:Feed-in tariff
576:
571:
566:
560:
559:
543:
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531:
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448:
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438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
405:
402:
378:leak detection
364:
361:
301:
298:
289:
286:
263:Corpus Christi
245:
242:
218:
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209:
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1823:Pigouvian tax
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1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Earth-leakage
1718:
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1661:Failure modes
1659:
1653:
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1634:
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1611:Power station
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1513:
1507:
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1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Rankine cycle
1494:
1492:
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1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Cooling tower
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
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1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1319:Non-renewable
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
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1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:Grid strength
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Demand factor
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
996:
990:
974:
967:
961:
958:
953:
947:
931:
927:
921:
918:
907:on 2010-08-10
906:
902:
896:
893:
888:
882:
879:
868:
864:
858:
855:
851:
847:
844:
838:
832:
818:on 2011-07-15
814:
807:
801:
798:
795:
790:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
761:
758:
753:
750:
744:
738:
724:on 2011-03-03
720:
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590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
556:Energy portal
551:
546:
541:
539:
532:
527:
523:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
505:
498:
496:
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484:
477:
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463:
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458:
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451:
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401:
397:
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387:
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379:
375:
371:
362:
356:
352:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
329:
327:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
300:Brief history
299:
297:
294:
287:
285:
282:
279:
274:
272:
268:
267:United States
264:
259:
256:
254:
250:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
196:
195:
191:
189:
186:
178:
176:
174:
169:
160:
158:
151:
149:
147:
143:
137:
135:
131:
128:
124:
119:
116:
109:
107:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
75:
66:
61:
59:
56:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
1818:Net metering
1765:and policies
1683:Power outage
1652:Utility pole
1616:Pumped hydro
1522:distribution
1517:Transmission
1466:Cogeneration
1268:Power factor
1083:September 9,
1081:. Retrieved
1077:Utility Dive
1076:
1067:
1043:September 9,
1041:. Retrieved
1037:Utility Dive
1036:
1027:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
979:September 9,
977:. Retrieved
975:. March 2023
972:
960:
936:September 9,
934:. Retrieved
929:
920:
909:. Retrieved
905:the original
895:
881:
870:. Retrieved
866:
857:
846:
820:. Retrieved
813:the original
800:
752:
726:. Retrieved
719:the original
706:
686:
678:the original
668:
654:
643:
589:Net metering
536:
506:
502:
490:
481:
449:
414:
411:
407:
398:
394:smart meters
374:rate of flow
366:
346:
341:
337:
330:
322:
303:
291:
283:
275:
261:The city of
260:
257:
247:
219:
182:
164:
155:
138:
132:
120:
113:
92:
70:
62:Technologies
57:
39:
35:
34:
29:mesh network
1912:Flow meters
1813:Load factor
1668:Black start
1636:Transformer
1337:Natural gas
1288:Variability
1263:Peak demand
1253:Merit order
1183:Backfeeding
629:Water meter
619:Smart meter
524:Missouri, (
376:recording,
238:FCC Part 15
123:transceiver
95:electricity
89:AMR hosting
79:ANSI C12.18
44:water meter
25:smart meter
1927:Automation
1901:Categories
1855:production
1700:Protective
1631:Super grid
1626:Smart grid
1453:Generation
1387:Geothermal
1278:Repowering
1018:2024-09-09
911:2010-03-26
872:2018-04-30
822:2007-09-24
728:2014-07-02
635:References
1763:Economics
1486:Micro CHP
1364:Renewable
1347:Petroleum
1342:Oil shale
1228:Grid code
1188:Base load
599:Meter-Bus
584:Gas meter
499:Australia
318:caller ID
304:In 1972,
278:telemetry
226:Bluetooth
179:Satellite
127:broadcast
83:IEC 61107
31:topology.
1886:Category
1673:Brownout
1461:AC power
1171:Concepts
1093:cite web
1053:cite web
989:cite web
946:cite web
831:cite web
771:Archived
760:Archived
737:cite web
542:See also
173:antennas
152:Handheld
142:ISM band
1702:devices
1412:Thermal
1407:Osmotic
1402:Current
1382:Biomass
1372:Biofuel
1354:Nuclear
1311:Sources
249:WiSmart
230:Wavenis
1397:Marine
1377:Biogas
766:(from
526:Ameren
519:Exelon
310:Boeing
253:TCP/IP
222:Zigbee
214:(FHSS)
208:(DSSS)
161:Mobile
1754:(GFI)
1643:(TSO)
1429:Solar
1417:Tidal
1392:Hydro
969:(PDF)
867:Stark
816:(PDF)
809:(PDF)
722:(PDF)
715:(PDF)
382:water
271:Wi-Fi
244:Wi-Fi
101:, or
99:water
1520:and
1439:Wind
1422:Wave
1332:Coal
1099:link
1085:2024
1059:link
1045:2024
995:link
981:2024
952:link
938:2024
837:link
743:link
695:and
493:SPAR
487:SPAR
384:and
338:(to)
74:coil
344:."
312:in
293:PLC
168:GPS
103:gas
81:or
46:or
40:AMR
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146:mW
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954:)
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839:)
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351:.
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