92:. The primary emissions studied include hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and sulfur oxides. Starting in the 1950s and 1960s, various regulatory agencies were formed with a primary focus on studying the vehicle emissions and their effects on human health and the environment. As the worlds understanding of vehicle emissions improved, so did the devices used to mitigate their impacts. The regulatory requirements of the Clean Air Act, which was amended many times, greatly restricted acceptable vehicle emissions. With the restrictions, vehicles started being designed more efficiently by utilizing various emission control systems and devices which became more common in vehicles over time.
496:(United States) per the 1977 amendment. For example: to meet this challenge, General Motors created a new "Emissions Control Systems Project Center" (ECS) first located at the AC Spark Plug Engineering Building in Flint, Michigan. Its purpose was to "Have overall responsibility for the design and development of the carborated and fuel injected closed loop 3-way catalyst system including related electronic controls, fuel metering, spark control, idle speed control, EGR, etc. currently planned through 1981."
540:
to reduce lead levels in gasoline until 1983. Slowly, countries began banning use of lead in gasoline entirely from the years of 1986 to 2021. Japan was first to ban lead in gasoline in 1986, with North and South
America following with nearly every country in the two continents banning lead by 1998. Africa was the latest to ban lead in gasoline with most countries banning in 2004 and 2005 and the last, Algeria, which didn’t ban it until 2021.
916:
298:
36:
786:
1981 model year all passenger cars will have the system. California light and medium duty trucks may also use the c-4 system. While 1979 and 1980 systems are very similar, the 1981 system (2nd generation) will differ in that it may include additional engine control systems (i.e., electronic spark timing, idle speed control, etc.)
963:
Emission test results from individual vehicles are in many cases compiled to evaluate the emissions performance of various classes of vehicles, the efficacy of the testing program and of various other emission-related regulations (such as changes to fuel formulations) and to model the effects of auto
539:
In 1922, lead was added to gasoline as an antiknock agent. It was not until 1969, nearly five decades later, that research began to show the negative health affects related to lead as a pollutant. Despite the plethora of negative health impacts discovered, no regulatory requirements were implemented
200:
and also reduces the ability of the hemoglobin to release already-bound oxygen, on both counts rendering the red blood cells ineffective. Recovery is by the slow release of bound CO and the body's production of new hemoglobin – a healing process – so full recovery from
856:
In the United States and Canada, many engines in 1973 and newer vehicles (1972 and newer in
California) have a system that routes a metered amount of exhaust into the intake tract under particular operating conditions. Exhaust neither burns nor supports combustion, so it dilutes the air/fuel charge
398:
conducted studies into the numerous sources of air pollution. These studies ultimately attributed a significant portion of air pollution to the automobile, and concluded air pollution is not bounded by local political boundaries. At that time, such minimal emission control regulations as existed in
785:
The system implementation (was to) be phased in over three years. In the 1979 model year. California vehicles with 2.5, 2.8 and 3.5 liter engines will have a CLCC system. In 1980 model year, vehicles sold in
California and 3.8 and 4.3 liter engines sold federally will have CLCC, and finally in the
499:
In 1990, the Clean Air Act (CAA) was amended to help further regulate harmful vehicle emissions. In the amendment, vehicle fuel regulations became more stringent by limiting how much sulfur was allowed in diesel fuel. The amendments also required a procedural change for the creation of gasoline to
167:
hydrocarbons" are regulated, while in other cases, "total hydrocarbons" are regulated. Technology for one application (to meet a non-methane hydrocarbon standard) may not be suitable for use in an application that has to meet a total hydrocarbon standard. Methane is not directly toxic, but is more
926:
Evaporative emissions are the result of gasoline vapors escaping from the vehicle's fuel system. Since 1971, all U.S. vehicles have had fully sealed fuel systems that do not vent directly to the atmosphere; mandates for systems of this type appeared contemporaneously in other jurisdictions. In a
828:
One of the first-developed exhaust emission control systems is secondary air injection. Originally, this system was used to inject air into the engine's exhaust ports to provide oxygen so unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons in the exhaust would finish burning. Air injection is now used to
487:
the elimination of leaded fuels for 1975 and later model year cars. The production and distribution of unleaded fuel was a major challenge, but it was completed successfully in time for the 1975 model year cars. All modern cars are now equipped with catalytic converters to further reduce vehicle
201:
moderate to severe CO poisoning takes hours or days. Removing a person from a CO-poisoned atmosphere to fresh air stops the injury but does not yield prompt recovery, unlike the case where a person is removed from an asphyxiating atmosphere . Toxic effects delayed by days are also common.)
709:- Responsible for macroeconomic planning and formulating energy-related policies in China. The National Development and Reform Commission plays a role on fuel efficiency standards, promoting alternative fuels, and implementing energy-saving measures to reduce emissions from vehicles.
813:
Advances in engine and vehicle technology continually reduce the toxicity of exhaust leaving the engine, but these alone have generally been proved insufficient to meet emissions goals. Therefore, technologies to detoxify the exhaust are an essential part of emissions control.
722:
Provincial and
Municipal Environmental Protection Bureaus - At the provincial and municipal level these Bureaus are responsible for enforcing regulations such as those related to vehicle emissions. These bureaus monitor compliance, conduct inspections, and impose penalties for
841:
does not function efficiently until it has reached its own operating temperature. The air injected upstream of the converter supports combustion in the exhaust headpipe, which speeds catalyst warmup and reduces the amount of unburned hydrocarbon emitted from the tailpipe.
627:
has control over regulation of emissions in EU member states; however, many member states have their own government bodies to enforce and implement these regulations in their respective countries. In short, the EU forms the policy (by setting limits such as the
703:– Responsible for market supervision and standardization in China. The State Administration for Market Regulation oversees the enforcement of vehicle emissions standards and ensures compliance by conducting inspections, testing, and quality control measures.
719:- While it is unclear whether this ministry has legal authority on whether they can enforce these standards, the Ministry of Transport will not issue commercial licenses to any heavy-duty vehicles that don't meet fuel consumption requirements they have set.
467:
had tightened such that the de-tuning techniques used to meet them were seriously reducing engine efficiency and thus increasing fuel usage. The new emission standards for 1975 model year, as well as the increase in fuel usage, forced the invention of the
744:) due to cost and supply issues. The General Motors "Emissions Control Systems Project Center" was "to follow the operational plans established by previous (GM) Project Centers. Items unique to the "Emissions Control Systems Project Center" (were):
552:
vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, even in the same country. For example, in the United States, overall responsibility belongs to the EPA, but due to special requirements of the State of
California, emissions in California are regulated by the
168:
difficult to break down in fuel vent lines and a charcoal canister is meant to collect and contain fuel vapors and route them either back to the fuel tank or, after the engine is started and warmed up, into the air intake to be burned in the engine.
712:
China
Automotive Technology & Research Center - An independent research institution commissioned by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, to research, develop and draft the standards for fuel consumption limits of motor
411:(EPA) was established. Both agencies, as well as other state agencies, now create and enforce emission regulations for automobiles in the United States. Similar agencies and regulations were contemporaneously developed and implemented in
789:
The
Emission Control System under development has been designated C-4.This stands for Computer Controlled Catalytic Converter. The C-4 System encompasses Closed Loop Carburetor Control (CLCC) and Throttle Body Injection (TBI) systems.""
640:
In the United
Kingdom, matters concerning environmental policy are "devolved powers" so that some of the constituent countries deal with it separately through their own government bodies set up to deal with environmental issues:
491:
Leading up to the 1981 model year in the United States, passenger vehicle manufactures were faced with the challenges in its history of meeting new emissions regulations, how to meet the much more restrictive requirements of the
438:– into the engine's intake tract so they are burned rather than released unburned from the crankcase into the atmosphere. Positive crankcase ventilation was first installed on a widespread basis by law on all new
399:
the U.S. were promulgated at the municipal or, occasionally, the state level. The ineffective local regulations were gradually supplanted by more comprehensive state and federal regulations. By 1967 the State of
889:
There are two types of catalytic converter, a two-way and a three-way converter. Two-way converters were common until the 1980s, when three-way converters replaced them on most automobile engines. See the
755:
The ("Emissions
Control Systems Project Center") (had) seven tasks to perform, such that an emission system, which passes all existing Federal Emission and Fuel Economy legislation is put into production.
507:
Throughout the years, the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) continued to implement new regulations to reduce harmful emissions for vehicles. Some of the more important update standards are as follows.
1548:"Abgasmessungen RSD (Measuring pollutants by Remote Sensing in Zurich/Switzerland) by the Kanton's Office for Environmental Protection "awel" by means of equipment provided by Opus Inspection / etest"
986:. As of December 2020, China had the world's largest stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars with 4.5 million units, representing 42% of the world's stock of plug-in cars.
691:– Primary regulatory authority responsible for environmental protection, formulates policies, standards, and regulations which encompass vehicle emissions, and environmental impact assessments.
716:
530:
1999: Tailpipe emission standards are finalized, sulfur contents in gasoline are reduced, and various boats/other marine vehicles using diesel had reduced emission limits for NOx and PM.
611:
456:
were promulgated by the State of California for 1966 model year for cars sold in that state, followed by the United States as a whole in model year 1968. Also in 1966, the first
524:
1996: Lead in gasoline officially banned. New regulations created with intentions of innovating vehicle design to be cleaner for the environment and improving engine performance.
460:
was enacted in the State of California measuring tailpipe emissions in PPM (parts per million). The standards were progressively tightened year by year, as mandated by the EPA.
1702:
995:
239:
production is increased when an engine runs at its most efficient (i.e. hottest) operating point, so there tends to be a natural tradeoff between efficiency and control of NO
665:
1555:
833:'s oxidation reaction, and to reduce emissions when an engine is started from cold. After a cold start, an engine needs an air-fuel mixture richer than what it needs at
1601:
657:
283:, which are emitted from motor vehicles burning fuel containing sulfur. Reducing the level of fuel sulfur reduces the level of sulfur oxides emitted from the tailpipe.
694:
951:
light to detect emissions while vehicles pass by on public roads, thus eliminating the need for owners to go to a test center. Invisible light flash detection of
1670:
1275:
586:
504:), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Changes made to the CAA also required the use of oxygenated gasoline to reduce CO emissions.
408:
1078:
Jhalani, Amit; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyamlal (2021). "Feasibility assessment of a newly prepared cow-urine emulsified diesel fuel for CI engine application".
1015:
935:
within the canister, and during certain engine operational modes fresh air is drawn through the canister, pulling the vapor into the engine, where it burns.
697:– Creates and establishes goals for new energy vehicles (NEV), and commercial vehicles. Also plays a role in creating national emissions standards for cars.
706:
700:
315:
1216:
512:
1983: For areas with big pollution problems, Inspection and Maintenance programs were created, meaning vehicles would need to get tested for emissions.
1491:
57:
44:
1695:
527:
1998: Diesel engine standards further increased in efforts to reduce ozone and PM emissions for various vehicles including industrial equipment.
651:
2270:
1122:
446:
required it. By 1964, most new cars sold in the U.S. were so equipped, and PCV quickly became standard equipment on all vehicles worldwide.
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688:
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2209:
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334:
1308:
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192:) may be fatal. (Carbon monoxide persistently binds to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying chemical in red blood cells, where oxygen (O
910:
464:
341:
521:
1993: Began developing new vehicle technology to help triple the fuel economy in family sedans, thus reducing harmful emissions.
1020:
927:
typical system, vapors from the fuel tank and carburetor bowl vent (on carbureted vehicles) are ducted to canisters containing
1547:
188:(CO) – A product of incomplete combustion, inhaled carbon monoxide reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen; overexposure (
1887:
1632:
NEV sales in China totaled 1.637 million in 2020, consisting of 1.246 million passenger cars and 121,000 commercial vehicles.
1519:
574:
554:
404:
319:
348:
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493:
1768:
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330:
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The catalytic converter is a device placed in the exhaust pipe, which converts hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and NO
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89:
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49:
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174:(VOCs) – Organic compounds which typically have a boiling point less than or equal to 250 °C; for example
1430:
1010:
2090:
1355:
979:
823:
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562:
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Exhaust emissions can be reduced by making use of clean vehicle propulsion. The most popular modes include
798:
Engine efficiency has been steadily improved with improved engine design, more precise ignition timing and
1912:
2029:
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834:
732:
It was very important to system designers to meet the emission requirements using a minimum quantity of
355:
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1455:
1302:
1005:
105:
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1802:
891:
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Planning activity which will provide the official timing charts, component costs, allocations, etc.
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457:
262:
113:
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1892:
1483:
1095:
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1000:
645:
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ensure there are less emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO
1897:
1837:
1788:
1595:
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1192:
1164:
1118:
549:
2189:
2146:
2105:
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2019:
1940:
1927:
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1087:
1049:
983:
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443:
261:
size range: Particulate matter causes negative health effects, including but not limited to
17:
2300:
2011:
1860:
1817:
1297:
244:
185:
1619:
1217:"Timeline of Major Accomplishments in Transportation, Air Pollution, and Climate Change"
857:
to reduce peak combustion chamber temperatures. This, in turn, reduces the formation of
215:
in the air reacts with oxygen at the high temperature and pressure inside the engine. NO
2166:
2136:
1991:
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1248:
1240:
803:
624:
480:
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1976:
1971:
1935:
1852:
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1753:
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1580:
1579:(IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2020).
1487:
1099:
882:
into less harmful gases by using a combination of platinum, palladium and rhodium as
395:
144:
109:
101:
85:
1456:"Policy norms and proposed ways to achieve goals of Indian vehicle emission program"
915:
394:
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, various federal, state and local governments in the
1955:
1950:
1917:
1822:
1812:
1748:
1732:
955:
is commonly used in metropolitan areas, and becoming more broadly known in Europe.
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system. This draws crankcase fumes heavy in unburned hydrocarbons – a precursor to
272:
250:
179:
160:
148:
1660:
1512:
1471:
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Arrange to test and validate systems, which best suits the needs of all concerned.
2333:
2217:
2034:
1986:
1945:
1902:
1832:
1513:"Infrared Remote Sensing Of On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions In Washington State"
952:
948:
920:
903:
672:
297:
120:
81:
1091:
2305:
2265:
2244:
2239:
2141:
2126:
2049:
1981:
1907:
1847:
1778:
1404:"National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) People's Republic of China"
632:) and the member states decide how to best implement it in their own country.
439:
400:
258:
136:
1680:
1675:
1479:
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2001:
1996:
1783:
1763:
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for after-treatment of the exhaust gas. This was not possible with existing
431:
420:
220:
35:
269:. Very fine particulate matter has been linked to cardiovascular disease.
2283:
2279:
2151:
1882:
1807:
1773:
944:
932:
883:
737:
733:
676:
476:
212:
479:, because the lead residue contaminated the platinum catalyst. In 1972,
2310:
2194:
565:-fueled rich burn engines (but not gasoline-fueled rich burn engines).
518:
1991: Lowed the allowable emissions of HC and NOx for vehicle tailpipes
515:
1985: Changed the allowable amount of gasoline to 0.1 grams per gallon.
164:
2121:
2100:
1877:
1827:
766:
Develop design specifications for all hardware all hardware required.
412:
280:
266:
156:
152:
140:
1650:
1618:
China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2021-01-14).
430:
The first effort at controlling pollution from automobiles was the
914:
679:
in Northern Ireland for 12 years, despite being legally required.
424:
128:
2275:
1581:"Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive?"
254:
132:
124:
1684:
155:. Regulations governing hydrocarbons vary according to type of
1722:
858:
291:
243:
emissions. It is expected to be reduced drastically by use of
205:
116:. Emissions that are principal pollutants of concern include:
29:
1607:
See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12).
1666:
748:
No Designers - all design work to be done at home divisions.
1379:
1115:
The Peterson automotive troubleshooting & repair manual
1403:
1330:
1145:. Vol. 6, no. 8. General Motors. September 1980.
781:
Keep management and divisions apprised of progress status.
27:
Study of reducing the emissions produced by motor vehicles
1431:"China: Heavy-duty: Fuel Consumption | Transport Policy"
1645:
717:
Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China
614:/ Road Transport Bureau / Environmental Policy Division
612:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
943:
Some US states are also using a technology which uses
668:(DEFRA) and they are still subject to EU regulations.
196:) would temporarily bind. The bonding of CO excludes O
1655:
1646:
Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association (MECA)
1656:
Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst (AECC)
139:. Prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons contributes to
2293:
2253:
2208:
2165:
2114:
2081:
2063:
2010:
1964:
1926:
1846:
1731:
996:
AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
442:cars first sold in California. The following year,
322:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1298:"MOT diesel test not performed in NI for 12 years"
902:"EVAP" redirects here. The term may also refer to
666:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
664:However, many UK-wide policies are handled by the
1268:"Overview of MLIT's Vehicle Environmental Policy"
778:Follow progress of divisional certification work.
964:emissions on public health and the environment.
595:– Texas, United States (LPG-fueled engines only)
1620:"Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2020"
1454:Lathia, Rutvik; Dadhaniya, Sujal (2019-01-20).
695:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
548:The agencies charged with implementing exhaust
1667:National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
1191:. Kindle Direct Publishing. pp. 111–127.
1696:
1671:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1276:International Council on Clean Transportation
1249:"How the world eliminated lead from gasoline"
759:These are to work with the car divisions to:
561:is responsible for regulating emissions from
409:United States Environmental Protection Agency
123:(HC) – A class of burned or partially burned
8:
1600:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1163:. Kindle Direct Publishing. pp. 29–30.
1703:
1689:
1681:
707:National Development and Reform Commission
701:State Administration for Market Regulation
577:– California, United States (most sources)
131:. Hydrocarbons are a major contributor to
1136:
1134:
382:Learn how and when to remove this message
1769:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
763:Define hardware and system requirements.
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1356:"Stricter emission standard to kick in"
1182:
1180:
1041:
769:Review alternative designs and systems.
1593:
1311:from the original on 25 September 2018
1154:
1152:
675:cars have not been carried out during
652:Scottish Environment Protection Agency
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1425:
1423:
1016:Portable Emissions Measurement System
775:Monitor component design and release.
257:or smoke made up of particles in the
7:
1210:
1208:
432:PCV (positive crankcase ventilation)
320:adding citations to reliable sources
689:Ministry of Ecology and Environment
1266:Hiroshi Morimoto (November 2019).
919:Fuel vapor storage canister for a
135:, which can be a major problem in
25:
1031:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
279:) – A general term for oxides of
911:Onboard refueling vapor recovery
465:United States emission standards
296:
34:
1871:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1558:from the original on 2016-03-04
1525:from the original on 2010-12-31
1494:from the original on 2021-10-06
1060:from the original on 2015-09-30
1021:Roadway air dispersion modeling
939:Remote sensing emission testing
587:Environmental Protection Agency
307:needs additional citations for
48:may be too short to adequately
1113:Rosen (Ed.), Erwin M. (1975).
808:computerized engine management
728:Emission control system design
589:– United States (most sources)
575:California Air Resources Board
405:California Air Resources Board
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
1676:Vehicle emissions and testing
1472:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.202
1460:Journal of Cleaner Production
1117:. Grosset & Dunlap, Inc.
898:Evaporative emissions control
894:article for further details.
658:Department of the Environment
80:is the study of reducing the
485:American Petroleum Institute
463:By the 1974 model year, the
18:Automobile emissions control
1577:International Energy Agency
1187:Cox, Ronald W. (Dec 2020).
601:– Canada (trains and ships)
535:History of lead in gasoline
407:, and in 1970, the federal
331:"Vehicle emissions control"
219:is a precursor to smog and
106:variety of negative effects
90:internal combustion engines
2376:
1712:Internal combustion engine
1215:US EPA, OAR (2016-06-27).
1092:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119713
1006:On-board diagnostics#OBD-I
971:
908:
901:
871:
849:
821:
804:more precise fuel metering
630:European emission standard
172:Volatile organic compounds
2329:
2180:Diesel particulate filter
2132:Idle air control actuator
2073:Engine control unit (ECU)
1718:
968:Alternative fuel vehicles
959:Use of emission test data
852:Exhaust gas recirculation
846:Exhaust gas recirculation
593:Texas Railroad Commission
559:Texas Railroad Commission
235:is extremely reactive. NO
190:carbon monoxide poisoning
78:Vehicle emissions control
2245:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2157:Throttle position sensor
1866:Overhead camshaft layout
1661:Emission Control Systems
974:Alternative fuel vehicle
104:have been shown to have
1784:Core plug (freeze plug)
1435:www.transportpolicy.net
1159:Cox, Ronald W. (2018).
824:Secondary air injection
583:– Canada (most sources)
1651:Diesel Information Hub
923:
163:; in some cases, "non-
1360:www.chinadaily.com.cn
1307:. 26 September 2018.
1011:Ontario's Drive Clean
918:
835:operating temperature
449:The first legislated
2025:Compression ignition
1303:BBC Northern Ireland
1161:Wheels Within Wheels
316:improve this article
2175:Catalytic converter
892:catalytic converter
874:Catalytic converter
868:Catalytic converter
839:catalytic converter
831:catalytic converter
800:electronic ignition
671:Emissions tests on
648:– England and Wales
555:Air Resources Board
544:Regulatory agencies
470:catalytic converter
458:emission test cycle
263:respiratory disease
211:) – Generated when
176:chlorofluorocarbons
127:, hydrocarbons are
114:natural environment
2360:Emission standards
2301:Knocking / pinging
1893:Combustion chamber
1583:. IEA Publications
1026:Vehicle inspection
1001:Low carbon economy
924:
660:– Northern Ireland
646:Environment Agency
581:Environment Canada
550:emission standards
454:emission standards
451:exhaust (tailpipe)
436:photochemical smog
251:Particulate matter
227:includes NO and NO
100:Emissions of many
96:Types of emissions
2347:
2346:
2316:Stratified charge
2083:Electrical system
2065:Engine management
1898:Compression ratio
1838:Starter ring gear
1737:rotating assembly
1253:Our World in Data
1189:Delco Electronics
1124:978-0-448-11946-5
984:electric vehicles
931:. The vapors are
794:Emissions control
654:(SEPA) – Scotland
392:
391:
384:
366:
204:Nitrogen oxides (
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
2367:
2190:Exhaust manifold
2055:Spark plug wires
1941:Boost controller
1928:Forced induction
1705:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1663:on FamilyCar.com
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929:activated carbon
599:Transport Canada
557:. In Texas, the
483:proposed to the
387:
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367:
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324:
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1050:"EPA note on NO
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2210:Cooling system
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1640:External links
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1552:www.awel.zh.ch
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1408:en.ndrc.gov.cn
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1346:
1335:www.mee.gov.cn
1331:"中华人民共和国生态环境部"
1322:
1289:
1258:
1247:(2024-03-01).
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1170:978-1987537116
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1141:"(untitled)".
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417:Western Europe
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102:air pollutants
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86:motor vehicles
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52:the key points
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333: –
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327:Find sources:
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305:This article
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145:liver disease
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110:public health
107:
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88:, especially
87:
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69:
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53:
51:
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41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2230:Electric fan
2030:Coil-on-plug
1956:Turbocharger
1951:Supercharger
1823:Main bearing
1813:Firing order
1803:Displacement
1749:Block heater
1733:Engine block
1721:Part of the
1720:
1631:
1624:. Retrieved
1613:
1606:
1585:. Retrieved
1571:
1560:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1527:. Retrieved
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1463:
1459:
1449:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
1380:"国家市场监督管理总局"
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:
1349:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1315:26 September
1313:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1274:
1261:
1252:
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1188:
1160:
1142:
1114:
1108:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1062:. Retrieved
1044:
977:
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888:
877:
855:
829:support the
827:
812:
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731:
670:
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538:
506:
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448:
429:
403:created the
393:
378:
369:
359:
352:
345:
338:
326:
314:Please help
309:verification
306:
273:Sulfur oxide
180:formaldehyde
161:jurisdiction
149:lung disease
121:Hydrocarbons
99:
84:produced by
77:
76:
63:
47:
45:lead section
2254:Lubrication
2218:Air cooling
2035:Distributor
1987:Fuel filter
1965:Fuel system
1946:Intercooler
1913:Timing belt
1903:Head gasket
1833:Piston ring
1221:www.epa.gov
1054:and health"
949:ultraviolet
921:Peugeot 205
904:Evaporation
488:emissions.
178:(CFCs) and
137:urban areas
66:August 2023
2306:Power band
2266:Oil filter
2240:Thermostat
2185:EGT sensor
2147:MAF sensor
2142:MAP sensor
2127:Air filter
2091:Alternator
2050:Spark plug
1982:Carburetor
1908:Rocker arm
1848:Valvetrain
1779:Crankshaft
1723:Automobile
1626:2021-02-08
1587:2021-01-10
1562:2016-02-23
1529:2009-03-23
1498:2020-05-06
1440:2023-06-02
1413:2023-06-02
1389:2023-06-02
1365:2023-06-02
1340:2023-06-02
1282:4 December
1245:Roser, Max
1226:2024-05-10
1086:: 119713.
1064:2015-09-21
1037:References
909:See also:
837:, and the
736:material (
440:1961-model
401:California
342:newspapers
259:micrometre
2040:Glow plug
2002:Fuel tank
1997:Fuel pump
1764:Crankcase
1488:158500168
1480:0959-6526
1100:229400709
884:catalysts
742:palladium
713:vehicles.
421:Australia
221:acid rain
82:emissions
50:summarize
2354:Category
2339:Category
2284:Dry sump
2280:Wet sump
2271:Oil pump
2235:Radiator
2152:Throttle
2012:Ignition
1883:Camshaft
1808:Flywheel
1789:Cylinder
1774:Crankpin
1596:cite web
1556:Archived
1520:Archived
1492:Archived
1309:Archived
1143:GM Today
1058:Archived
990:See also
945:infrared
933:adsorbed
738:platinum
734:catalyst
477:gasoline
444:New York
213:nitrogen
112:and the
2311:Redline
2195:Muffler
2096:Battery
2020:Magneto
1669:of the
740:and/or
356:scholar
288:History
165:methane
2334:Portal
2122:Airbox
2101:Dynamo
1828:Piston
1818:Stroke
1797:layout
1725:series
1622:. CAAM
1534:
1486:
1478:
1195:
1167:
1121:
1098:
980:hybrid
806:, and
673:diesel
619:Europe
474:leaded
423:, and
413:Canada
358:
351:
344:
337:
329:
281:sulfur
267:cancer
157:engine
153:cancer
151:, and
141:asthma
129:toxins
2294:Other
1918:Valve
1888:Chest
1523:(PDF)
1516:(PDF)
1484:S2CID
1354:严茂强.
1271:(PDF)
1096:S2CID
683:China
606:Japan
425:Japan
363:JSTOR
349:books
2276:Sump
1793:bank
1754:Bore
1602:link
1476:ISSN
1317:2018
1305:News
1284:2021
1193:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1119:ISBN
1080:Fuel
982:and
947:and
677:MOTs
623:The
335:news
265:and
255:Soot
231:. NO
223:. NO
159:and
133:smog
125:fuel
2261:Oil
1850:and
1735:and
1468:doi
1464:208
1088:doi
1084:288
563:LPG
318:by
275:(SO
108:on
2356::
2282:,
1795:,
1598:}}
1594:{{
1554:.
1550:.
1518:.
1490:.
1482:.
1474:.
1462:.
1458:.
1433:.
1422:^
1406:.
1382:.
1358:.
1333:.
1300:.
1273:.
1251:.
1243:;
1219:.
1207:^
1179:^
1151:^
1133:^
1094:.
1082:.
1056:.
886:.
864:.
859:NO
810:.
802:,
427:.
419:,
415:,
253:–
206:NO
147:,
143:,
2286:)
2278:(
1799:)
1791:(
1704:e
1697:t
1690:v
1629:.
1604:)
1590:.
1565:.
1532:.
1501:.
1470::
1443:.
1416:.
1392:.
1368:.
1343:.
1319:.
1286:.
1255:.
1229:.
1201:.
1173:.
1127:.
1102:.
1090::
1067:.
1052:2
906:.
880:x
861:x
502:X
385:)
379:(
374:)
370:(
360:·
353:·
346:·
339:·
312:.
277:x
247:.
241:x
237:x
233:2
229:2
225:x
217:x
208:x
198:2
194:2
182:.
68:)
64:(
54:.
20:)
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