466:
were evaluated as having a high risk of bias, while for the remaining four there was insufficient information available for the risk of bias to be properly evaluated. The authors could not identify any studies for the ADOS-2; the scope of the review was limited to preschool age children (mean age under 6 years), which excluded studies of
Modules 3 and 4 from the meta-analysis. One included study examined the additive sensitivity and specificity of the ADOS used in combination with the ADI-R; that study found an 11% improvement in specificity (compared to ADOS alone) at the cost of a 14% reduction in sensitivity; however, due to overlapping confidence intervals, that result could not be considered statistically significant.
447:(and without a concurrent diagnosis of ASD) scored in the autism spectrum range on the ADOS total score. False positives have also been found in school-age subjects who have high anxiety or trauma-related disorders; in these cases, the ADOS-2 scores related to repetitive and restrictive behaviors (RRB) are usually lower than typical for ASD.
442:
rare entity with a frequency of 1 in 40000. There is evidence that adults with schizophrenia demonstrate an increased incidence of autistic features compared to the general population, resulting in higher ADOS scores, though schizophrenia patients also experience positive symptoms of psychosis (e.g.
465:
0.89 to 0.97), with sensitivity in individual studies ranging from 0.76 to 0.98. The summary specificity was 0.80 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.88), with specificity in individual studies ranging from 0.20 to 1.00. The studies were evaluated for bias using the QUADAS-2 framework; of the 12 included studies, 8
371:
Module 4 is appropriate for older adolescents and adults. While similar to module 3, module 4 relies more heavily on questions and verbal responses rather than non-verbal actions observed during play. This module consists of ten to fifteen activities. Activities marked by an asterisk are optional:
142:
The ADOS consists of a series of structured and semi-structured tasks that generally takes 30-60 minutes to administer. During this time, the examiner provides a series of opportunities for the subject to show social and communication behaviors relevant to the diagnosis of autism. Each subject is
48:
disorder. The protocol consists of a series of structured and semi-structured tasks that involve social interaction between the examiner and the person under assessment. The examiner observes and identifies aspects of the subject's behavior, assigns these to predetermined categories, and combines
116:
In 2000, Lord and her colleagues introduced the ADOS-Generic (ADOS-G) to assess a broader developmental range of individuals. The ADOS-G introduced a modular format, allowing different protocols to be used depending on developmental and language factors. It became commercially available in 2001
107:
In response to the need for diagnostic tools for autism in younger children, researchers developed the Pre-Linguistic Autism
Diagnostic Observation Schedule (PL-ADOS). The PL-ADOS adapted the content and format of the original ADOS to rely less on verbal communication. It consisted of 12 tasks,
429:
The social communication difficulties that the ADOS and ADOS-2 seek to measure are not unique to ASD; there is a heightened risk of false positives in individuals with other psychological disorders. In particular, an increased false positive rate has been observed in adults with
1038:
Greene, Rachel K.; Vasile, Iulia; Bradbury, Kathryn R.; Olsen, Aarika; Duvall, Susanne W. (July 2022). "Autism
Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) elevations in a clinical sample of children and adolescents who do not have autism: Phenotypic profiles of false positives".
56:(ADI-R), a companion instrument, is a structured interview conducted with the parents of the referred individual to cover the subject's full developmental history. The ADI-R has lower sensitivity but similar specificity to the ADOS. The ADI-R and ADOS are both considered
571:
Lord, C; Risi, S; Lambrecht, L; Cook, Jr, E H; Leventhal, B L; DiLavore, P C; Pickles, A; Rutter, M (2000). "The Autism
Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Generic: A Standard Measure of Social and Communication Deficits Associated with the Spectrum of Autism".
162:
Following task administration and observation coding, a scoring algorithm classifies the individual with autism, autism spectrum disorder, or non-spectrum. The toddler module algorithm yields a "range of concern" rather than a definite classification.
133:
diagnostic criteria. While the ADOS-G had separate sections for social and communication behaviors, the ADOS-2 combined these into a single domain to represent social affect, and added a new domain to assess restrictive and repetitive behaviors (RRB).
2304:
1735:
1176:
Gotham K, Risi S, Dawson G, Tager-Flusberg H, Joseph R, Carter A, Hepburn S, McMahon W, Rodier P, Hyman SL, Sigman M, Rogers S, Landa R, Spence MA, Osann K, Flodman P, Volkmar F, Hollander E, Buxbaum J, Pickles A, Lord C (June 2008).
49:
these categorized observations to produce quantitative scores for analysis. Research-determined cut-offs identify the potential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, allowing a standardized assessment of autistic symptoms.
1082:
Randall M, Egberts KJ, Samtani A, Scholten RJ, Hooft L, Livingstone N, Sterling-Levis K, Woolfenden S, Williams K (July 2018). Cochrane
Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group (ed.).
533:
Lord, C; Rutter, M; Goode, S; Heemsbergen, J; Jordan, H; Mawhood, L; Schopler, R (1989). "Austism diagnostic observation schedule: A standardized observation of communicative and social behavior".
673:
Lord C, DiLavore PC, Gotham K, Guthrie W Luyster RJ, Risi S, Rutter M. Autism
Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual. Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2012.
85:, Pamela C. DiLavore and Susan Risi in 1989. The protocol consisted of 8 tasks meant to assess the individual’s social and communicative behaviors. Behaviors were rated on the following scale:
682:
Lord C, Luyster R, Gotham K, Guthrie W. Autism
Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual (Part II): Toddler Module. Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2012.
1411:
989:"Parent-reported and clinician-observed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): implications for practice under DSM-5"
176:
The toddler module is appropriate for children 12–30 months who use little to no phrase speech and are able to walk independently. This module consists of eleven primary activities:
263:
Module 2 is appropriate for children six years old or younger who speak in phrases but have not yet developed fluent verbal language. This module consists of fourteen activities:
1139:, Goode S, Heemsbergen J, Jordan H, Mawhood L, Schopler E (June 1989). "Autism diagnostic observation schedule: a standardized observation of communicative and social behavior".
143:
administered activities from the module that corresponds to their developmental and language level. The ADOS should not be used for formal diagnosis with individuals who are
1275:
2959:
2461:
1868:
1536:
695:
McCrimmon, Adam; Rostad, Kristin (February 2014). "Test Review: Autism
Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual (Part II): Toddler Module".
3104:
3061:
1280:
2375:
2350:
1922:
1842:
893:
Barlati S, Deste G, Gregorelli M, Vita A (January 2019). "Autistic traits in a sample of adult patients with schizophrenia: prevalence and correlates".
2626:
1544:
2274:
1549:
444:
2708:
2441:
1996:
1725:
1375:
2299:
3071:
2644:
2636:
2370:
2238:
2128:
2014:
1863:
1222:"The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-toddler module: a new module of a standardized diagnostic measure for autism spectrum disorders"
1220:
Luyster R, Gotham K, Guthrie W, Coffing M, Petrak R, Pierce K, Bishop S, Esler A, Hus V, Oti R, Richler J, Risi S, Lord C (September 2009).
2873:
2474:
1370:
1816:
1679:
1566:
612:"The Role of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule in the Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders in School and Community Settings"
108:
retaining only the free/unstructured playtime from the original ADOS and adding new activities designed to be less dependent on speech.
53:
129:
Module (T) for assessing children aged 12 to 30 months. The scoring algorithm was also revised to align with the recent changes in the
2692:
78:
1559:
221:
Module 1 is appropriate for children 31 months and older who use little or no phrase speech. This module consists of ten activities:
2024:
1644:
1416:
2713:
1396:
1307:
523:"Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule." Western Psychological Services. Western Psychological Services. n.d. Web. 6 March 2010.
317:
Module 3 is appropriate for children or young adolescents who are verbally fluent. This module consists of fourteen activities:
2928:
2662:
2611:
2489:
2649:
2591:
1915:
1837:
2294:
2903:
2218:
2193:
1811:
1669:
1491:
738:
Esler, Amy N.; Bal, Vanessa Hus; Guthrie, Whitney; Wetherby, Amy; Weismer, Susan Ellis; Lord, Catherine (September 2015).
2746:
2606:
2581:
2152:
1270:
1136:
2974:
2248:
1801:
1581:
1446:
458:
2504:
2989:
2863:
2667:
2621:
2134:
2019:
1986:
1689:
1654:
1634:
1586:
443:
hallucinations, delusions, formal thought disorders). A 2016 study found that 21% of children with a diagnosis of
3020:
2923:
2766:
2596:
2586:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2213:
2139:
2112:
2009:
1908:
1758:
1609:
1501:
1365:
125:
The second edition, published in 2012, included updated norms, improved algorithms for
Modules 1 to 3, and a new
2888:
2146:
1832:
1659:
2809:
2514:
2380:
2118:
1778:
1763:
1750:
1715:
1614:
1576:
1526:
1423:
451:
435:
552:
DiLavore, P; Lord, C; Rutter, M (1995). "Pre-Linguistic Autism
Diagnostic Observation Schedule (PL-ADOS)".
3010:
2853:
2848:
2553:
2396:
2202:
1981:
1773:
1768:
1720:
1710:
1350:
1340:
99:
Some ratings could also be assigned a rating of 7, indicating observed behaviors not otherwise specified.
795:
Maddox BB, Brodkin ES, Calkins ME, Shea K, Mullan K, Hostager J, Mandell DS, Miller JS (September 2017).
2469:
1345:
936:
De Crescenzo F, Postorino V, Siracusano M, Riccioni A, Armando M, Curatolo P, Mazzone L (2019-02-21).
457:
included 12 studies of ADOS diagnostic accuracy in pre-school children (Modules 1 and 2). The summary
2868:
2741:
2284:
1300:
486:
57:
3051:
2969:
2228:
1740:
1335:
797:"The Accuracy of the ADOS-2 in Identifying Autism among Adults with Complex Psychiatric Conditions"
462:
3025:
2938:
2893:
2878:
2789:
2233:
1649:
1456:
1164:
918:
720:
156:
2964:
2918:
2687:
2616:
2484:
2414:
2409:
2208:
1953:
1948:
1858:
1783:
1694:
1619:
1466:
1406:
1360:
1355:
1251:
1208:
1156:
1113:
1064:
1056:
1020:
969:
938:"Autistic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
910:
875:
826:
777:
759:
712:
649:
631:
589:
506:
454:
3066:
3046:
2509:
2494:
2198:
2069:
2045:
1889:
1684:
1601:
1591:
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1486:
1461:
1451:
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1330:
1241:
1233:
1198:
1190:
1148:
1103:
1095:
1048:
1010:
1000:
959:
949:
902:
865:
857:
816:
808:
767:
751:
704:
639:
623:
581:
498:
3056:
2943:
2898:
2771:
2631:
2122:
1971:
1884:
1664:
1624:
1496:
1293:
740:"The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Toddler Module: Standardized Severity Scores"
45:
3011:
Everybody Is Different: A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism
2994:
2913:
2883:
2784:
2499:
2447:
2289:
2029:
1730:
1629:
1401:
1246:
1221:
1203:
1179:"A replication of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) revised algorithms"
1178:
1108:
1083:
1015:
988:
964:
937:
870:
846:"Use of the ADOS and ADI-R in children with psychosis: importance of clinical judgment"
845:
821:
796:
772:
739:
644:
611:
152:
82:
3098:
3030:
3015:
2984:
2736:
2601:
2082:
1976:
1674:
1639:
724:
1168:
2751:
2558:
2479:
2176:
2091:
2004:
1099:
922:
434:; while case reports indicate that such false positives may also occur in cases of
1052:
502:
1194:
2933:
2908:
2756:
2258:
2223:
2096:
2050:
1506:
1481:
1476:
1441:
2979:
2858:
1521:
1471:
1237:
1005:
906:
812:
755:
585:
487:"Rethinking "gold standards" and "best practices" in the assessment of autism"
1060:
954:
861:
763:
716:
708:
635:
510:
2761:
2279:
2172:
1516:
431:
144:
1255:
1212:
1117:
1084:"Diagnostic tests for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in preschool children"
1068:
1024:
973:
914:
879:
830:
781:
653:
593:
1160:
2253:
2243:
1571:
1511:
151:, or otherwise seriously impaired by sensory or motor disorders, such as
148:
1152:
627:
1943:
1931:
1316:
1900:
610:
Akshoomoff, Natacha; Corsello, Christina; Schmidt, Heather (2006).
1183:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
130:
61:
2874:
Freaks, Geeks, and Asperger Syndrome: A User Guide to Adolescence
60:
for autism. However, neither of these tests are required by the
2830:
2535:
2325:
2067:
1904:
1289:
605:
603:
1285:
987:
Grzadzinski R, Dick C, Lord C, Bishop S (December 2016).
1412:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
2859:
Aspergirls: Empowering Females with Asperger's Syndrome
2849:
The Accidental Teacher: Life Lessons from My Silent Son
2714:
Maia Chung Autism and Disabilities Foundation (Jamaica)
622:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 7–19.
3039:
3003:
2952:
2841:
2802:
2729:
2722:
2701:
2680:
2574:
2567:
2546:
2460:
2434:
2427:
2389:
2343:
2336:
2267:
2186:
2165:
2105:
2080:
2038:
1995:
1964:
1877:
1851:
1825:
1794:
1749:
1703:
1600:
1535:
1432:
1389:
1323:
26:
21:
44:) is a standardized diagnostic test for assessing
30:assess autism in children, adolescents, and adults
2960:The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
844:Reaven JA, Hepburn SL, Ross RG (January 2008).
3062:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
1916:
1301:
1226:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
1141:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
801:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
744:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
574:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
554:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
535:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
8:
2376:Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
2351:Association for Science in Autism Treatment
1088:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
690:
688:
2838:
2827:
2726:
2571:
2543:
2532:
2431:
2340:
2333:
2322:
2077:
2064:
2060:
1923:
1909:
1901:
1843:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale
1308:
1294:
1286:
1281:The ADOS test from a Parents Point of View
2627:Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee
1545:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
1245:
1202:
1107:
1014:
1004:
963:
953:
869:
820:
771:
643:
117:through Western Psychological Services.
1550:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
850:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry
2442:Center for Autism and Related Disorders
2300:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
1726:Multiple complex developmental disorder
697:Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment
669:
667:
665:
663:
474:
16:Standardized diagnostic test for autism
2709:Autistic Society (Trinidad and Tobago)
1807:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
304:Anticipation of a routine with objects
238:Anticipation of a routine with objects
193:Anticipation of a routine with objects
92:(1) infrequent or possible abnormality
38:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
22:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
18:
3105:Autism screening and assessment tools
3072:Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
2645:National Database for Autism Research
2637:National Alliance for Autism Research
2371:National Alliance for Autism Research
2239:Relationship development intervention
2129:Picture exchange communication system
7:
2475:Eden II School for Autistic Children
480:
478:
410:Friends, relationships, and marriage
355:Friends, relationships, and marriage
2810:Luke Priddis Foundation (Australia)
2668:Domus Instituto de Autismo (Mexico)
2515:Western Autistic School (Australia)
1567:Developmental coordination disorder
1271:Autism Resource - Glossary of Terms
54:Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised
2693:Autism Resource Centre (Singapore)
616:The California School Psychologist
14:
2641:National Council on Severe Autism
1817:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale
1645:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
1417:Childhood disintegrative disorder
392:Social difficulties and annoyance
349:Social difficulties and annoyance
247:Functional and symbolic imitation
205:Functional and symbolic imitation
77:The original ADOS was created by
3016:Ian's Walk: A Story about Autism
1397:Pervasive developmental disorder
244:Anticipation of a social routine
2929:Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues
2612:Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation
2490:New England Center for Children
485:Kaufman, Noah K. (2022-07-03).
2650:The Autism Community in Action
2592:Autistic Self Advocacy Network
1838:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test
1100:10.1002/14651858.CD009044.pub2
1041:The Clinical Neuropsychologist
491:Applied Neuropsychology: Child
202:Anticipation of social routine
58:gold standard diagnostic tests
1:
2505:Sunfield Children's Home (UK)
2410:Conditions and research areas
2219:Gluten-free, casein-free diet
2194:Auditory integration training
1812:Childhood Autism Rating Scale
1670:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
1560:obsessive–compulsive disorder
1492:Pathological demand avoidance
1376:Societal and cultural aspects
1053:10.1080/13854046.2021.1942220
503:10.1080/21622965.2020.1809414
436:childhood-onset schizophrenia
2747:Autism Awareness Campaign UK
2582:Autism Network International
2495:Pathlight School (Singapore)
2305:Structured teaching (TEACCH)
2153:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1195:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816bffb7
2397:Autism Research Centre (UK)
2249:Sensory integration therapy
1802:Autism Diagnostic Interview
1582:Sensory processing disorder
1447:Autism and LGBTQ identities
380:Telling a story from a book
337:Telling a story from a book
292:Telling a story from a book
283:Response to joint attention
232:Response to joint attention
196:Response to joint attention
3121:
2663:Centro Ann Sullivan (Peru)
2622:Interactive Autism Network
2135:Pivotal response treatment
1987:World Autism Awareness Day
1690:Tuberous sclerosis complex
1680:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
1655:MECP2 duplication syndrome
1635:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
1587:Global developmental delay
386:Conversation and reporting
343:Conversation and reporting
3021:Marcelo in the Real World
2837:
2826:
2780:
2767:National Autistic Society
2688:Action for Autism (India)
2658:
2607:Centro Ponceño de Autismo
2597:Autism Society of America
2587:Autism Science Foundation
2542:
2531:
2405:
2366:Kennedy Krieger Institute
2361:Autism Science Foundation
2356:Autism Research Institute
2332:
2321:
2229:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
2214:Facilitated communication
2140:Positive behavior support
2113:Applied behavior analysis
2081:Psychotropic medication (
2076:
2063:
2059:
2010:Autism in popular culture
1939:
1759:Facilitated communication
1610:22q11.2 deletion syndrome
1238:10.1007/s10803-009-0746-z
1006:10.1186/s13229-016-0072-1
907:10.1017/S0033291718000600
813:10.1007/s10803-017-3188-z
756:10.1007/s10803-015-2432-7
64:for an autism diagnosis.
2889:Like Colour to the Blind
2785:Specialisterne (Denmark)
2147:Early Start Denver Model
1833:Autism-spectrum quotient
1660:Neurofibromatosis type I
955:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00078
862:10.1177/1359104507086343
709:10.1177/0734282913490916
334:Description of a picture
289:Description of a picture
95:(2) definite abnormality
89:(0) within normal limits
2864:Autism's False Prophets
2485:Exceptional Minds (USA)
2381:Yale Child Study Center
2119:Discrete trial training
1764:Lancet MMR autism fraud
1716:Critical autism studies
1615:22q13 deletion syndrome
1577:Intellectual disability
1527:Emotional dysregulation
1424:High-functioning autism
942:Frontiers in Psychiatry
586:10.1023/A:1005592401947
389:Current work or school*
383:Description of picture*
241:Responsive social smile
199:Responsive social smile
68:Development and History
2854:Animals in Translation
2554:Autism rights movement
2203:Judge Rotenberg Center
2158:Social skills training
1982:Communication Shutdown
1774:Rapid prompting method
1721:Double empathy problem
1711:Autism rights movement
895:Psychological Medicine
328:Joint interactive play
277:Joint interactive play
2510:TreeHouse School (UK)
2470:Alpine Learning Group
1859:Autism-related topics
1433:Associated conditions
2869:Extreme Love: Autism
2742:The Autism Directory
2285:Occupational therapy
2209:Chelation of mercury
2015:Fictional characters
1864:Fictional characters
1602:Associated syndromes
3052:Autism in Adulthood
1741:Violence and autism
1537:Comorbid conditions
425:Diagnostic accuracy
3026:Rage: A Love Story
3004:For younger people
2990:The Winter Journey
2924:Somebody Somewhere
2894:Look Me in the Eye
2879:In a Different Key
2790:Aspies For Freedom
2020:Films about autism
1650:Fragile X syndrome
1457:Autistic catatonia
1153:10.1007/BF02211841
628:10.1007/bf03341111
398:Demonstration task
377:Construction task*
331:Demonstration task
286:Demonstration task
157:muscular dystrophy
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
2919:The Reason I Jump
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2798:
2797:
2676:
2675:
2617:Generation Rescue
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2480:ESPA College (UK)
2456:
2455:
2423:
2422:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2025:Circle of Friends
1898:
1897:
1795:Diagnostic scales
1695:Williams syndrome
1620:Angelman syndrome
1502:Special interests
1467:Autistic meltdown
1407:Asperger syndrome
455:systematic review
325:Make-believe play
322:Construction task
274:Make-believe play
268:Construction task
184:Blocking toy play
34:
33:
3112:
3067:Molecular Autism
2904:My Autobiography
2839:
2828:
2727:
2572:
2544:
2533:
2432:
2341:
2334:
2323:
2199:Aversion therapy
2078:
2065:
2061:
2046:Sensory friendly
1925:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1890:Sensory friendly
1826:Screening scales
1685:Timothy syndrome
1592:Verbal Dyspraxia
1555:Anxiety disorder
1487:Nonverbal autism
1462:Autistic masking
1452:Autistic burnout
1310:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1276:FAQs on the ADOS
1259:
1249:
1216:
1206:
1172:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1008:
993:Molecular Autism
984:
978:
977:
967:
957:
933:
927:
926:
890:
884:
883:
873:
841:
835:
834:
824:
807:(9): 2703–2709.
792:
786:
785:
775:
750:(9): 2704–2720.
735:
729:
728:
692:
683:
680:
674:
671:
658:
657:
647:
607:
598:
597:
568:
562:
561:
549:
543:
542:
530:
524:
521:
515:
514:
482:
419:Creating a story
361:Creating a story
271:Response to name
229:Response to name
187:Response to name
19:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3076:
3057:Autism Research
3035:
2999:
2948:
2944:Unstrange Minds
2899:Mother Warriors
2833:
2814:
2794:
2776:
2718:
2697:
2672:
2654:
2632:LENA Foundation
2563:
2538:
2519:
2452:
2419:
2401:
2385:
2328:
2309:
2275:ADHD medication
2263:
2234:Holding therapy
2182:
2161:
2101:
2072:
2055:
2034:
1991:
1972:Autism-friendly
1960:
1935:
1929:
1899:
1894:
1885:Autism-friendly
1873:
1847:
1821:
1790:
1745:
1699:
1665:Noonan syndrome
1625:CHARGE syndrome
1596:
1531:
1497:Savant syndrome
1434:
1428:
1385:
1366:Pathophysiology
1319:
1314:
1267:
1262:
1219:
1175:
1134:
1130:
1128:Further reading
1125:
1094:(7): CD009044.
1081:
1080:
1076:
1037:
1036:
1032:
986:
985:
981:
935:
934:
930:
892:
891:
887:
843:
842:
838:
794:
793:
789:
737:
736:
732:
694:
693:
686:
681:
677:
672:
661:
609:
608:
601:
570:
569:
565:
551:
550:
546:
532:
531:
527:
522:
518:
484:
483:
476:
472:
427:
422:
416:Plans and hopes
369:
364:
315:
310:
261:
256:
219:
214:
174:
169:
140:
123:
114:
105:
75:
70:
46:autism spectrum
17:
12:
11:
5:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2995:With the Light
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Nobody Nowhere
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Life, Animated
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:Rebecca School
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2448:MIND Institute
2445:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2390:United Kingdom
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:Speech therapy
2292:
2290:Social Stories
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2083:antipsychotics
2074:
2073:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2039:Accommodations
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2030:Neurodiversity
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1878:Accommodations
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1736:TEACCH program
1733:
1731:Neurodiversity
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1704:Related issues
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1630:Cohen syndrome
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1402:Classic autism
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Sex and gender
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1265:External links
1263:
1261:
1260:
1232:(9): 1305–20.
1217:
1173:
1147:(2): 185–212.
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1074:
1047:(5): 943–959.
1030:
979:
928:
901:(1): 140–148.
885:
836:
787:
730:
684:
675:
659:
599:
580:(3): 205–223.
563:
544:
525:
516:
497:(3): 529–540.
473:
471:
468:
461:was 0.94 (95%
438:, which is an
426:
423:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
374:
368:
365:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
319:
314:
311:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:Birthday party
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
265:
260:
257:
255:
254:
251:
250:Birthday party
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
223:
218:
215:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
178:
173:
172:Toddler module
170:
168:
165:
153:cerebral palsy
139:
136:
122:
119:
113:
110:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
90:
83:Michael Rutter
79:Catherine Lord
74:
71:
69:
66:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3117:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Speed of Dark
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2825:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Autism Anglia
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Autism Speaks
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:United States
2573:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:International
2545:
2541:
2537:Organizations
2534:
2530:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:United States
2433:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:United States
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:Controversial
2185:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:Developmental
2164:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Autism Sunday
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1751:Controversies
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Rett syndrome
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Down syndrome
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:and phenomena
1431:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:(6): 642–51.
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
980:
975:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
886:
881:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
788:
783:
779:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
689:
685:
679:
676:
670:
668:
666:
664:
660:
655:
651:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
604:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
567:
564:
560:(4): 355–379.
559:
555:
548:
545:
541:(2): 185–212.
540:
536:
529:
526:
520:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
479:
475:
469:
467:
464:
460:
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440:exceptionally
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407:Daily living*
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2752:Autism Cymru
2559:Wrong Planet
2177:PLAY Project
2092:Aripiprazole
2005:Autistic art
1806:
1351:Heritability
1341:Epidemiology
1229:
1225:
1186:
1182:
1144:
1140:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1044:
1040:
1033:
996:
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982:
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856:(1): 81–94.
853:
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839:
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790:
747:
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733:
703:(1): 88–92.
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280:Conversation
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220:
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98:
76:
51:
41:
37:
35:
2975:Mockingbird
2970:House Rules
2939:Switched On
2934:Strange Son
2909:NeuroTribes
2842:Non-fiction
2757:Autism Plus
2415:Researchers
2259:Vitamin B12
2224:Hug machine
2097:Risperidone
2051:KultureCity
1769:MMR vaccine
1507:Infodumping
1482:Monotropism
1477:Late talker
1442:Alexithymia
1346:Epigenetics
459:sensitivity
307:Bubble play
235:Bubble play
190:Bubble play
2980:Saving Max
2832:Literature
2106:Behavioral
1779:Thiomersal
1522:Echopraxia
1472:Hyperlexia
470:References
413:Loneliness
358:Loneliness
2965:Dear John
2762:Autistica
2702:Caribbean
2280:Melatonin
2173:Floortime
2070:Therapies
1965:Awareness
1934:resources
1784:Chelation
1517:Echolalia
1390:Diagnoses
1381:Therapies
1336:Diagnosis
1061:1744-4144
764:0162-3257
725:145257612
717:0734-2829
636:1087-3414
511:2162-2965
432:psychosis
401:Cartoons*
295:Free play
226:Free play
208:Bath time
181:Free play
3099:Category
3040:Journals
2568:Americas
2337:Research
2254:Son-Rise
2244:Secretin
1572:Epilepsy
1512:Stimming
1256:19415479
1213:18434924
1169:35621472
1137:Rutter M
1135:Lord C,
1118:30075057
1069:34294006
1025:26788284
999:(1): 7.
974:30846948
915:29554995
880:18411867
831:28589494
782:25832801
654:17502922
594:11055457
452:Cochrane
395:Emotions
367:Module 4
346:Emotions
340:Cartoons
313:Module 3
259:Module 2
217:Module 1
2953:Fiction
2803:Oceania
2462:Schools
2428:Therapy
2327:Centers
2268:Related
1997:Culture
1954:history
1949:outline
1869:Schools
1356:History
1247:2893552
1204:3057666
1161:2745388
1109:6513463
1016:4717584
965:6393379
923:4020382
871:4426195
822:5813679
773:4898775
645:1868476
450:A 2018
167:Modules
127:Toddler
103:PL-ADOS
27:Purpose
3047:Autism
2723:Europe
2444:(CARD)
2149:(ESDM)
2131:(PECS)
2123:Lovaas
2115:(ABA)
1944:Autism
1932:Autism
1361:Memory
1331:Causes
1317:Autism
1254:
1244:
1211:
1201:
1167:
1159:
1116:
1106:
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1023:
1013:
972:
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762:
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652:
642:
634:
592:
509:
138:Method
121:ADOS-2
112:ADOS-G
3031:Rules
2772:Sacar
2155:(CBT)
1852:Lists
1165:S2CID
919:S2CID
721:S2CID
404:Break
352:Break
301:Snack
253:Snack
211:Snack
145:blind
131:DSM-5
62:DSM-5
2681:Asia
1324:Main
1252:PMID
1209:PMID
1157:PMID
1114:PMID
1092:2018
1065:PMID
1057:ISSN
1021:PMID
970:PMID
911:PMID
876:PMID
827:PMID
778:PMID
760:ISSN
713:ISSN
650:PMID
632:ISSN
590:PMID
507:ISSN
445:ADHD
149:deaf
73:ADOS
52:The
42:ADOS
36:The
1242:PMC
1234:doi
1199:PMC
1191:doi
1149:doi
1104:PMC
1096:doi
1049:doi
1011:PMC
1001:doi
960:PMC
950:doi
903:doi
866:PMC
858:doi
817:PMC
809:doi
768:PMC
752:doi
705:doi
640:PMC
624:doi
582:doi
499:doi
155:or
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2730:UK
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