484:, was invited to testify about the potential role of thimerosal-containing vaccines in triggering Michelle's autism. He stated that "there was not a single study indicating that any form of mercury could cause serious neurological symptoms in the dosages that were used in vaccines" and criticized Aposhian's use of in vitro studies and his equating them to what happens in the actual animal, arguing that "the exposure to a cell in a petri dish was far more likely to cause damage than an equivalent dosage in a living system." With regard to specific in vitro studies, Brent argued that the Goth study was flawed because it tested thimerosal on mouse cells, not human cells; because these cells were exposed not to ethylmercury, as the human body would be after receiving a thimerosal-containing vaccine since thimerosal is quickly metabolized to ethylmercury, but to thimerosal itself, and because the cells were exposed to far higher concentrations of thimerosal than could ever occur as a result of the administration of thimerosal-containing vaccines. Brent highlighted similar problems with the Agrawal study, noting that the cells in that study, like those in the Goth study, were exposed to thimerosal, not ethylmercury, and to much higher doses than found in vaccines. He also examined the Bradstreet and Geier study and the Holmes study, noting that "much better studies from other investigators could not replicate the results of either the Holmes study or the Bradstreet/Geier study," citing two other peer-reviewed papers which had concluded that hair mercury levels were not significantly different between study participants with autism and controls, as well as a study which had concluded that children with autism had
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medical doctor. Hastings also described Dr. Brent's testimony as "persuasive." In addition, with regard to the theory that some children are genetically hypersusceptible to mercury toxicity, Hastings concluded that the "petitioners have failed to demonstrate that this theory has any validity." According to
Hastings' decision, Byers' testimony "was far outweighed by the testimony of Dr. Brent and respondent's other witnesses ..."; he also concluded that "her insistence that it was acceptable to use adult norms to measure the immune function of infants and young children was, frankly, incredible." Hastings also wrote that Kennedy made the same mistake that Byers made—namely, comparing the measurements of Michelle's immune system to the parameters for adults, and that while Kennedy testified that Cotter's results were evidence of the Unigenetics lab's testing, that "no conclusions can reasonably be drawn" regarding these results, noting that they had not yet been published. After examining Kinsbourne's testimony, Hastings concluded that it contained "... contradictions and inconsistencies ... concerning the appropriate time period between MMR vaccination and onset of autism symptoms," and also noted that Kinsbourne had not included measles virus as a cause of autism in a chart he wrote for a textbook, but had done so in the proceedings.
167:(NVICP), but in order to qualify they were required to prove that it was more likely than not that their children's autism was caused by their vaccines. The scientific community had concluded that vaccines did not cause autism years before the first cases were heard, and concern was therefore expressed that the relatively lax evidentiary standards of the NVICP could lead to compensation being awarded in spite of the compelling scientific evidence to the contrary. This, some vaccine supporters argued, might have serious adverse public health effects by discouraging vaccine manufacturers from producing more childhood vaccines. Though the NVICP had existed since 1988, it was not designed to handle the thousands of cases it received from 1999 to 2007, which led to the establishment of the Omnibus Autism Proceeding in 2002.
225:, was involved in the first of three test cases chosen by the government to represent the approximately 4,900 other vaccine-autism cases that had been brought before the court. Michelle Cedillo was born on August 30, 1994, and received thimerosal-containing vaccines during the first fifteen months of her life. On December 20, 1995, she received an MMR vaccine. Theresa and Michael Cedillo filed a vaccine injury claim on behalf of their daughter on December 9, 1998, for encephalopathy, but on January 14, 2002, changed their petition to a causation-in-fact claim, meaning they were arguing that Michelle developed autism as a result of the combined effects of thimerosal and the MMR vaccine. They did this as a result of a meeting that had taken place the previous year, between Theresa Cedillo and
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contaminating DNA, and that the assays were actually detecting this DNA rather than the RNA which makes up the measles virus. Bustin pointed out that, among other things, O'Leary's
Unigenetics lab which published this study neglected to use controls, and also did not discuss contamination. For this reason, Bustin concluded that it was a "scientific certainty" that none of the children's samples analyzed by the Unigenetics lab actually contained the measles virus. In addition, Bustin and Bertus Rima both testified that Cotter was unable to replicate the Unigenetics lab's results, in contrast to Kennedy's claim that they were able to replicate these results.
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molecular biologist Karin Hepner, who testified that "... the positive and negative controls used by the
Uhlmann authors were appropriate, that the operating procedure employed in the testing was appropriate to minimize the possibility of "contamination," and that the "assays" utilized were appropriately selected and implemented." She also contended that the two studies that had failed to replicate the Uhlmann paper's results were flawed for two reasons: because they looked at cells of children with autism rather than in their GI tract, and because they did not test children with autism with gastrointestinal dysfunction.
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498:." Brent concluded by testifying that thimerosal could not have degraded Michelle's immune system to the extent that when she was vaccinated with MMR nine months later, it caused brain damage, saying "That couldn't possibly be the case." In the second set of the proceedings, which pertained to thimerosal alone (as opposed to thimerosal working in conjunction with MMR), Brent testified, with regard to Jordan King and one other child with autism who also served as a test case in this trial, that there was "absolutely no reason to chelate them for any mercury-related reason."
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identifying measles virus and only measles virus. ... The application of those two techniques revealed that all but nine of the samples that had initially tested positive by the PCR test using the
Uhlmann primers were, in fact, not measles virus." With regard to the 9 remaining samples, the D'Souza paper performed sequencing on 7 of those samples. This step "demonstrated that the material, which in the PCR testing had appeared to be measles virus material, was in fact not measles virus material, but human genetic material."
371:, and concluded that hair of children with autism contained less mercury than that of children without autism. Aposhian stated that "we know that the hair is an excretory organ and that the hair is reflective of the mercury or the metal in the blood, and the blood is a reflection of the mercury in the tissues, and so the fact that the children with autism had less mercury in their hair was a hint or indication that perhaps there was mercury efflux disorder." The second of these studies was conducted by
243:, the legal standard to which the cases were subjected in this trial meant that "the outcome will hinge not on scientific standards of evidence but on a legal standard of plausibility—what one lawyer for the families called '50 percent and a feather'." It was in 2002 that, given the large number of litigants seeking compensation from the NVICP, the Omnibus Autism Proceeding was established. Its aim was to resolve pending vaccine-autism claims "aggressively but fairly."
402:, who testified that his opinion in the case depended on whether measles virus had really been detected in the intestinal tissue of Michelle Cedillo and other children with autism by the Unigenetics lab, using a study conducted by him, Dr. Hepner, Steve Walker, and Jeff Segal as evidence that the Unigenetics lab's results were reliable. This study, however, was still in its preliminary stages at the time of the trial, and had only been presented as a poster at the
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meetings to decide how to deal with these claims, and that July, issued an order establishing the
Omnibus Autism Proceeding. According to the Cedillos, Michelle was developmentally normal until she received her MMR vaccine at the age of 15 months, at which point she developed a 105-degree fever, began vomiting and developed diarrhea. Michelle was diagnosed with autism 18 months after receiving her MMR vaccine. According to
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549:, which had been cited by Kinsbourne in his expert report; however, as Ward noted, Kinsbourne had neglected to mention that Ashwood's paper concluded that "the overwhelming majority of epidemiological, population studies indicate there is no established correlation between vaccinations and autism." Additionally, Ward noted that this paper made no mention of the potential link between MMR and autism.
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256:, argued that the standards for proving a vaccine had "caused" an adverse effect in the NVICP were far too low, and that the court might therefore find in favor of the Cedillos anyway. They also argued that if this happened, the vaccine manufacturers might be discouraged from manufacturing childhood vaccines, which might lead to more frequent vaccine shortages.
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good reputation." Kennedy also testified that he attended a meeting during which Dr. Cotter orally reported that his testing reached results similar to those reported by
Uhlmann. However, he also acknowledged that this lab never published sequencing data, which is in line with the fact that the Uhlmann paper does not mention the sequencing process.
433:, which allowed the measles virus to persist in her system, and that her malfunctioning immune system was in part a result of the virus itself. She also stated that this dysregulation was caused by "a combination of genetics and the measles virus vaccination and the thimerosal-containing vaccines that she had received."
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375:, and found that baby teeth of children with autism had more than twice as much mercury as those of children without autism. Aposhian cited this study as evidence that "autistic children have a greater body burden of mercury." Another study which Aposhian used to back up this statement was one conducted by
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In response to the second rulings in 2010, SafeMinds stated, "The denial of reasonable compensation to families was based on inadequate vaccine safety science and poorly designed and highly controversial epidemiology." Similarly, Rebecca Estepp of the
Coalition for Vaccine Safety said in a statement,
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With regard to the
Michelle Cedillo case in general, Hastings concluded that "The evidence was overwhelmingly contrary to the petitioners' contentions." He also said that the Cedillo family had been "misled by physicians who are guilty, in my view, of gross medical misjudgment." The Cedillos appealed
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which had concluded that more than 80% of children with autism had elevated measles antibodies. However, Ward stated in his expert report that "Unless virtually all cases of autism are caused by measles virus (a position expressly excluded by the MRC, IOM and
Cochrane reports), then Singh's work must
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On June 11, 2007, the plaintiffs presented their first argument, in which they contended that
Michelle Cedillo, as well as other children with autism, had a "mercury efflux disorder" which was described by Aposhian, their first expert witness, as "a problem with getting a metal, in this case mercury,
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After the ruling, Keelan and Wilson wrote that, in contrast to those who argued that the proceedings gave unnecessary publicity to the scientifically unsupported vaccine-autism hypothesis, "the NVICP was successful in its management of these proceedings and met the intent of the original legislation
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who has authored a number of scientific papers on the subject, as well as a book entitled A-Z of Quantitative PCR. He pointed out that this is based on results from the O'Leary lab, and concluded, based on a 2002 paper by Uhlmann that described their PCR methodology, that this lab contained a lot of
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In the Cedillo case, her family claimed that Michelle was normal until receiving her vaccines, as evidenced by a number of videos of her between the age of 6 and 8 months. They also argued that thimerosal-containing vaccines degraded her immune system, which made it possible for the measles virus to
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released a statement saying that "Hopefully, the determination by the special masters will help reassure parents that vaccines do not cause autism." Similarly, the chairman of the American Medical Association stated that the "recent rulings by the Special Masters of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims
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In 2001, many other families also filed suit in the NVICP, also because they believed their children's autism had been caused by vaccines and they were therefore entitled to compensation. The following year, the Office of Special Masters of the United States Court of Federal Claims held a series of
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Hastings, in his decision, noted that "all of the petitioners' causation theories depend upon the validity of certain testing that purported to find evidence of persisting measles virus in the biological materials of Michelle and a number of other children with autism." However, Hastings concluded
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On February 12, 2009, the three special masters each ruled against the petitioners' causation claims. In his decision, George Hastings noted that, unlike Aposhian, Jeffrey Brent, who testified that there was no evidence that children with autism were uniquely susceptible to mercury exposure, was a
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Byers' testimony was countered by that of Christine McCusker, who testified that "Dr. Byers had compared the results from several of the tests on Michelle to a set of "normal" values for such tests. The normal values utilized by Dr. Byers, however, were for adults, not children" and that "when she
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A bar graph of Michelle's T cell enumerations, left, the lower limits of the normal range of those parameters, center, and the upper limit, right. While Byers had argued that Michelle's immune system was dysregulated, Christine McCusker demonstrated that when compared to values determined by other
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testified that Michelle Cedillo had a "selective immune dysfunction". He also, like Dr. Hepner, testified that the Unigenetics lab was reliable and followed appropriate measures to prevent contamination, stating "that the laboratory of Dr. John O'Leary, Dr. Orla Sheils, and their colleagues has a
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ruled that the Cedillos were not entitled to compensation as they had failed to demonstrate that thimerosal-containing vaccines in combination with the MMR vaccine could cause autism. The special masters concluded, among other things, that the government's experts were considerably more qualified
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Kinsbourne's testimony was countered by that of Ward, who noted that if Kinsbourne were correct and persisting measles virus were causing autism, then it ought to be detectable in the blood, since Kinsbourne himself had stated that MV would travel throughout the body via the bloodstream; he also
536:. With regard to this study, Ward said that "the cerebrospinal antibody data from the three ASD children included in this manuscript actually argue powerfully AGAINST a persistent measles infection in the brains of these children." Ward also noted that Krigsman had cited research conducted by
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Prior to the Cedillo case beginning, the scientific community had conducted considerable research into the hypothesized link between either the MMR vaccine and autism or thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism. This research had consistently come to the conclusion that no such link existed.
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On the trial's third day, the plaintiffs presented their next argument, which was that the Uhlmann paper, which had reported the presence of vaccine-strain measles virus in the GI tract of children with autism, used reliable PCR techniques to detect said virus. Their witness for that day was
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from children with autism, which resulted in a large proportion of apparently positive results. However, "the D'Souza group ... subjected those apparently positive samples to additional testing techniques in order to determine whether the PCR testing using the Uhlmann primers was truly
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said that "the proven benefits of vaccinating a child to protect them against serious diseases far outweigh the hypothesized risk that vaccinations might cause autism. Thus, we strongly encourage parents to vaccinate their children to protect them from serious childhood diseases." The
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One of the key lines of evidence presented by the Cedillo family was that Michelle was developmentally normal before she received the MMR vaccine. This, they claimed, was evident from videos taken of her when she was 6 to 8 months old. However, Eric Fombonne testified that Michelle
459:, and that "since Michelle has experienced both chronic gastrointestinal problems and the chronic neurologic disorder known as autism, the most reasonable conclusion is that a single causative agent—i.e., the vaccine-strain measles virus—is the cause of both chronic conditions."
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infect her and cause autism and the other health problems she has, which include inflammatory bowel disease, glaucoma and epilepsy. The evidence presented for this consisted primarily of the detection of measles virus in Michelle Cedillo's GI tract. According to the testimony of
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Thimerosal, a preservative formerly used in vaccines. The plaintiffs claimed that vaccines containing this preservative could cause immune system dysregulation based on a number of in vitro studies, an argument which was refuted by some of the government's
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in the MMR vaccine to cause a persistent infection leading to autism. In support of this hypothesis, the Cedillos' witnesses relied on the reported detection of measles virus in Michelle's gastrointestinal tract by John O'Leary's Unigenetics laboratory in
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Many of the plaintiff's experts also relied on the reported detection of measles virus RNA in Michelle's intestinal tissue. This claim was based on results from O'Leary's Unigenetics lab, and was examined by Stephen Bustin, a world-renowned expert on
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be in error or there must be an alternate explanation for this finding. We have recently tested anti-measles antibodies in children with ASD and found no differences with control children." Another point of contention was a paper by
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316:, Stephen Hanauer, a gastroenterologist, Christine McCusker, a pediatric immunologist, Brian Ward, a virologist who, along with Fombonne, published some research which failed to replicate the Unigenetics lab's results, and
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Soden, S. E.; Lowry, J. A.; Garrison, C. B.; Wasserman, G. S. (2007). "24-Hour Provoked Urine Excretion Test for Heavy Metals in Children with Autism and Typically Developing Controls, a Pilot Study*".
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herself instead compared Michelle's results to an age-adjusted set of normal values, Michelle's results fell within the normal ranges," with McCusker noting in her expert report that the only marker of
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than those testifying on behalf of the families, with special master George Hastings stating that "the Cedillos have been misled by physicians who are guilty, in my view, of gross medical misjudgment."
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chelatable heavy-metal body burden whatsoever. Brent also pointed out that, like another of Bradstreet's studies, the Bradstreet-Geier study had been published in a non-indexed journal, the
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387:, a chelating agent, to children and concluded that children with autism excreted much more mercury thereafter than children without autism. Aposhian also cited a number of
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d'Souza, Y.; Fombonne, E.; Ward, B. J. (2006). "No Evidence of Persisting Measles Virus in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder".
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580:"The deck is stacked against families in vaccine court. Government attorneys defend a government program, using government-funded science, before government judges," and
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Agrawal, A.; Kaushal, P.; Agrawal, S.; Gollapudi, S.; Gupta, S. (2007). "Thimerosal induces TH2 responses via influencing cytokine secretion by human dendritic cells".
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level, was entirely normal. Additionally, Ward's expert report stated that Byers' expert report contained "many statements that appear to be entirely unsubstantiated."
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On the other hand, vaccine scientists praised the ruling, with Paul Offit stating "the autism theory had 'already had its day in science court and failed to hold up.
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213:, and is funded by a 75-cent tax on each vaccine dose. The program's aims were to maintain a steady supply of vaccines while, at the same time, allowing victims of
156:, where petitioners were required to present three test cases for each proposed mechanism by which vaccines had, according to them, caused their children's autism;
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the year before, and Walker himself warned that "We haven't done anything to demonstrate that the measles virus is causing autism or even causing bowel disease."
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The Cedillos' six expert witnesses argued that thimerosal-containing vaccines degraded Michelle's immune system, which in turn made it possible for the weakened
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Adams, J. B.; Romdalvik, J.; Ramanujam, V. M. S.; Legator, M. S. (2007). "Mercury, Lead, and Zinc in Baby Teeth of Children with Autism Versus Controls".
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Uhlmann, V; Martin, C M; Sheils, O; Pilkington, L; Silva, I; Killalea, A; Murch, SB; Walker-Smith, J; Thomson, M; Wakefield, AJ; O'Leary, JJ (2002).
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2310:"Balancing Vaccine Science and National Policy Objectives: Lessons From the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Omnibus Autism Proceedings"
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to protect the integrity of the vaccine supply, maintain public confidence in immunization, and provide those injured with a fair hearing."
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417:, shown, had been detected in Michelle Cedillo's gastrointestinal tract. This argument was refuted by many of the government's witnesses.
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principle. The family of Michelle Cedillo sought compensation from this program. Cedillo, a then 12-year-old female wheelchair user from
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Ip, P.; Wong, V.; Ho, M.; Lee, J.; Wong, W. (2004). "Mercury exposure in children with autistic spectrum disorder: Case-control study".
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Moreland R (2008). "National vaccine injury compensation program: the potential impact of Cedillo for vaccine-related autism cases".
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1335:"Uncoupling of ATP-Mediated Calcium Signaling and Dysregulated Interleukin-6 Secretion in Dendritic Cells by Nanomolar Thimerosal"
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1952:"Detection of Measles Virus Genomic RNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Three Children with Regressive Autism: a Report of Three Cases"
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455:, and that the fever and rash she experienced shortly thereafter was caused by this vaccine. He also testified that Michelle had
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Holmes, A. S.; Blaxill, M. F.; Haley, B. E. (2003). "Reduced levels of mercury in first baby haircuts of autistic children".
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that this testing was "not reliable." In his decision, he noted that the authors of the D'Souza paper first performed PCR on
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494:, which he described as "very much of a fringe journal with lots of alternative agendas, and it's not even indexed by the
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provide even more overwhelming evidence that there is no association between vaccines and autism or related disorders."
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criticized Kinsbourne's expert report for citing Bradstreet et al.'s case series which had been published in the
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Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2008
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Kern, J. K.; Grannemann, B. D.; Trivedi, M. H.; Adams, J. B. (2007). "Sulfhydryl-Reactive Metals in Autism".
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367:. Aposhian based this claim, in part, on three peer-reviewed papers. The first such study was co-authored by
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testified that Michelle was developing normally until December 20, 1995, when she was vaccinated with the
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Singh, V. K.; Jensen, R. L. (2003). "Elevated levels of measles antibodies in children with autism".
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1454:"Wake Forest Researcher Warns Against Making Connection Between Presence of Measles Virus and Autism"
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Large scientific studies have found no association between autism and vaccines containing thimerosal.
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to be compensated more efficiently than was previously possible. The program operates according to a
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out of a cell." As evidence that such disorders have been documented before, he pointed to
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308:. Other experts who testified on behalf of the state included Edwin Cook, a psychiatrist,
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researchers for children of Michelle's age, her parameters were within the normal ranges.
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1194:"A Case-Control Study of Mercury Burden in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders"
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this case in March 2009, but the court upheld its dismissal thereof in August 2010.
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The following day, the plaintiffs presented their second argument, namely that the
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and other brain cells, which in turn provokes high levels of the neurotransmitter
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1485:"Potential viral pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel disease"
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Goth, S. R.; Chu, R. A.; Gregg, J. P.; Cherednichenko, G.; Pessah, I. N. (2006).
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3831:
3806:
3774:
3700:
3562:
3453:
3445:
2995:
2950:
2409:
2128:
630:
452:
1692:
4392:
4367:
4057:
4007:
3305:
2990:
2980:
2945:
2774:
2116:
1736:
1649:
1254:
972:
830:
636:
612:
426:
380:
368:
344:
253:
2325:
890:"Immunizing Against Bad Science: The Vaccine Court and the Autism Test Cases"
391:
studies as evidence that thimerosal could cause immune system dysregulation.
4441:
4012:
3880:
3449:
2863:
2839:
2647:
2286:
1966:
398:
had caused intestinal damage. Their witness that day was gastroenterologist
273:
269:
2343:
2099:
2050:
2042:
2012:
1878:
1744:
1700:
1657:
1518:
1368:
1308:
1262:
1170:
1162:
838:
409:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4241:
3997:
3933:
3928:
1096:
947:
521:
388:
2090:
2073:
1300:
4002:
3759:
3441:
1533:"Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services Day Three Testimony"
1500:
730:
1550:"Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services Day Four Testimony"
413:
The plaintiffs also relied on lab testing which had reported that the
4305:
4290:
3576:
2846:
1796:"Risky alternative therapies for autism have little basis in science"
1350:
1117:"Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services Day One Testimony"
180:
141:
2074:"The immune response in autism: A new frontier for autism research"
209:
was established in 1988 in the United States by the passing of the
4300:
4185:
3786:
3720:
509:
470:
408:
2364:
3595:
2749:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
563:
3406:
2500:
2368:
160:
was the first such case for the MMR-and-thimerosal hypothesis.
2253:"'Vaccines court' rejects mercury-autism link in 3 test cases"
2123:
Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All
918:
703:
4558:
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit cases
524:
activity that was assessed in Michelle's case, namely serum
123:
Michelle Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
264:, a pediatric neurologist and professor of psychology at
27:
Legal case in US Court of Federal Claims, decided in 2009
1630:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A
1235:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A
93:
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
699:"Vaccine-autism question divides parents, scientists"
323:
Those who testified on behalf of the plaintiffs were
4472:
4411:
4343:
4234:
4206:
4173:
3842:
3673:
3666:
3585:
3513:
3465:
3324:
3282:
3055:
3009:
2938:
2885:
2856:
2798:
2762:
2704:
2596:
2565:
2534:
2448:
2400:
2308:Keelan, Jennifer; Wilson, Kumanan (November 2011).
726:"Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services"
111:
106:
98:
88:
83:
73:
58:
48:
34:
2729:Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP)
2360:Immunizing Against Bad Science by Lauren Haertlein
2234:"Court: Thimerosal in vaccine didn't cause autism"
2120:
1853:"The end of the road for the campaign against MMR"
4458:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
3387:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
2713:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
2198:"Autism-vaccine appeal ruling disappoints family"
2158:"Omnibus Court Rules against Autism-Vaccine Link"
2072:Ashwood, P.; Wills, S.; Van De Water, J. (2006).
35:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
3099:Association of American Physicians and Surgeons
2903:Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation
1062:Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Reference Handbook
337:Johnson Center for Child Health and Development
2893:National Immunization Technical Advisory Group
1894:"Top Irish pathologist criticised in US court"
674:"National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program"
3418:
2512:
2380:
298:University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
8:
3109:Children's Medical Safety Research Institute
3079:Children's Medical Safety Research Institute
2898:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
2724:National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
2282:"Court Says Vaccine Not the Cause of Autism"
2179:"Court Says Vaccine Not to Blame for Autism"
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
789:Health Resources and Services Administration
684:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
679:Health Resources and Services Administration
207:National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
165:National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
132:, was a court case involving the family of
3119:New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice
3084:New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice
1959:Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1201:Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons
1059:Bernier, Raphael; Gerdts, Jennifer (2010).
862:"Fight over Vaccine-Autism Link Hits Court"
534:Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons
491:Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons
3670:
3425:
3411:
3403:
3270:Warnings About Vaccination Expectations NZ
3245:
3236:National League for Liberty in Vaccination
3221:
3187:
3148:
3059:
2677:
2519:
2505:
2497:
2486:
2452:
2387:
2373:
2365:
1566:Novella, Steven (November–December 2007).
1282:
1280:
1092:"In Autism-Vaccine Case, RNA and a Prayer"
812:
810:
252:However, some vaccine supporters, such as
140:government because they believed that her
136:, an autistic girl whose parents sued the
40:
31:
4568:Vaccination case law in the United States
2333:
2089:
2024:
2022:
1868:
1508:
1358:
1152:
1033:"The Powerful Case Against MMR in Autism"
480:Jeffrey Brent, the past president of the
404:International Meeting for Autism Research
339:, Karin Hepner, a molecular biologist at
2227:
2225:
2223:
2173:
2171:
2111:
2109:
1599:
1597:
1595:
943:"Vaccine-Autism Link Case Goes To Court"
163:The family sought compensation from the
2666:Measles resurgence in the United States
2467:1990–1991 Philadelphia measles outbreak
1857:The British Journal of General Practice
1328:
1326:
1111:
1109:
1107:
665:
598:Department of Health and Human Services
482:American Academy of Clinical Toxicology
3296:Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
2930:Northern Rivers Vaccination Supporters
1823:Bustin, Stephen A. (8 December 2008).
429:testified that Michelle Cedillo had a
170:The trial opened on June 11, 2007, in
144:was caused by her receipt of both the
2744:National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1825:"Fading claims of MMR link to autism"
1794:Tsouderos, Trine (22 November 2009).
1431:United States Court of Federal Claims
1421:Hastings, George (12 February 2009).
785:"About the Omnibus Autism Proceeding"
211:National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
53:United States Court of Federal Claims
7:
3202:Australian Vaccination-risks Network
2280:Gardner, Amanda (12 February 2009).
1916:
1914:
148:(also known as the MMR vaccine) and
3377:Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic
3114:National Vaccine Information Center
3094:Anti-Vaccination Society of America
2920:Strategic Advisory Group of Experts
2692:Mumps outbreaks in the 21st century
2156:Barrett, Stephen (6 October 2010).
1141:International Journal of Toxicology
359:, a retired pediatric neurologist.
4485:Eradication of infectious diseases
4242:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
2425:Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis
2415:Blood-injection-injury type phobia
2251:Maugh, Thomas H. (13 March 2010).
2196:Martin, David (1 September 2010).
1458:Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
860:Vedantam, Shankar (10 June 2007).
25:
4075:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
2314:American Journal of Public Health
1950:Bradstreet, JJ; Dahr, JE (2004).
1339:Environmental Health Perspectives
146:measles-mumps-and-rubella vaccine
4578:Vaccination in the United States
4464:Alternative vaccination schedule
3434:Artificial induction of immunity
3372:Alternative vaccination schedule
3163:National Anti-Vaccination League
2542:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2477:2018 Madagascar measles outbreak
1892:Houston, Muiris (23 July 2007).
1192:Bradstreet, Jeff (Summer 2003).
914:"Does the MMR Jab Cause Autism?"
791:. 19 August 2010. Archived from
629:
615:
296:, a medical toxicologist at the
3357:2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference
3089:Informed Consent Action Network
2566:1,000 to 10,000 confirmed cases
1568:"The Anti-Vaccination Movement"
697:Martin, David S. (March 2008).
306:Queen Mary University of London
4563:2010 in United States case law
4296:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
3352:Vaccine-induced seropositivity
3212:Informed Medical Options Party
3129:The Autism Community in Action
1766:Allen, Arthur (26 June 2007).
1090:Allen, Arthur (18 June 2007).
1031:Allen, Arthur (21 June 2007).
1003:Ross, Gilbert (14 June 2007).
447:Retired pediatric neurologist
335:, a gastroenterologist at the
150:thimerosal-containing vaccines
1:
3827:Group B streptococcal disease
3646:Vaccines for Children Program
2790:Vaccine Information Statement
2472:2013 Swansea measles epidemic
2005:10.1016/S0887-8994(02)00627-6
941:Alfano, Sean (11 June 2007).
895:Law and Contemporary Problems
888:Haertlein, Lauren L. (2012).
152:. The case was a part of the
2232:Szabo, Liz (12 March 2010).
2078:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
1289:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
1005:"Science is not a democracy"
496:National Library of Medicine
3178:Pioneer Club (women's club)
3139:World Chiropractic Alliance
2910:Patient safety organization
2828:Melanie's Marvelous Measles
2528:2019–2020 measles outbreaks
320:, a pediatric neurologist.
62:February 12, 2009
4594:
3367:Vaccine-associated sarcoma
3301:Number needed to vaccinate
3260:Stop Mandatory Vaccination
3207:Church of Conscious Living
2535:>10,000 confirmed cases
1965:(2): 38–45. Archived from
1768:"Epidemiology On The Dock"
1693:10.1177/088307380401900606
1681:Journal of Child Neurology
1207:(3): 76–79. Archived from
1067:Greenwood Publishing Group
977:"Inoculated Against Facts"
431:dysregulated immune system
351:, a virus immunologist at
347:, a retired immunologist,
198:
186:On February 12, 2009, the
4503:
3255:
3248:
3231:
3224:
3197:
3190:
3158:
3151:
3134:Texans for Vaccine Choice
3104:Children's Health Defense
3069:
3062:
3056:Anti-vaxxer organizations
3010:Anti-vaxxer personalities
2763:Vaccine safety procedures
2687:
2680:
2662:
2597:<1,000 confirmed cases
2496:
2489:
2462:
2455:
1737:10.1080/15563650701338195
1650:10.1080/15287390601188060
1255:10.1080/15287390601172080
831:10.1080/01947640802297611
504:polymerase chain reaction
154:Omnibus Autism Proceeding
39:
3822:Clostridioides difficile
3342:Vaccination and religion
3064:United States of America
2326:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300198
1851:Fitzpatrick, M. (2007).
327:, a toxicologist at the
314:Johns Hopkins University
4553:Thiomersal and vaccines
4085:Tick-borne encephalitis
3124:Palmetto Family Council
2785:Vaccine Safety Datalink
2430:Thiomersal and vaccines
1939:Respondent's Exhibit BB
650:Thiomersal and vaccines
385:dimercaptosuccinic acid
4573:MMR vaccine and autism
4495:List of vaccine topics
3490:Mathematical modelling
2915:Brighton Collaboration
2734:Vaccine Damage Payment
2420:MMR vaccine and autism
2043:10.1542/peds.2006-1262
1921:Respondent's Exhibit Z
1460:. 2006. Archived from
1163:10.1080/10915810305120
753:Mnookin, Seth (2012).
645:MMR vaccine and autism
516:
477:
418:
341:Wake Forest University
4490:Vaccinate Your Family
3941:Japanese encephalitis
3362:Vaccine adverse event
3316:Immunization registry
3265:Vaccine Choice Canada
3027:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
2925:Immunization Alliance
2869:Dengvaxia controversy
2204:. CNN. Archived from
1605:"Day 10 of testimony"
542:Utah State University
513:
474:
412:
353:Texas Tech University
329:University of Arizona
4373:John Franklin Enders
2770:Vaccine vial monitor
2754:Operation Warp Speed
1580:on 24 September 2013
1010:The Washington Times
761:Simon & Schuster
623:United States portal
288:, a psychiatrist at
279:
18:Autism omnibus trial
3554:Virus-like particle
3478:Vaccine ingredients
3173:Humanitarian League
2435:Vaccines and autism
2185:. 13 February 2009.
2091:10.1189/jlb.1205707
1993:Pediatric Neurology
1725:Clinical Toxicology
1642:2007JTEHA..70..715K
1489:Molecular Pathology
1301:10.1189/jlb.0706467
1247:2007JTEHA..70.1046A
867:The Washington Post
240:The Washington Post
4530:Never to phase III
4329:Hexavalent vaccine
4143:Epstein–Barr virus
4038:Oxford–AstraZeneca
3726:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
3311:Yellow Card Scheme
3047:Ethan Lindenberger
3017:Taylor Winterstein
3001:Michael Pichichero
2986:H. Vasken Aposhian
2739:Vaccination policy
2449:Disease resurgence
2183:The New York Times
1972:on 20 October 2013
1573:Skeptical Inquirer
1501:10.1136/mp.55.2.84
982:The New York Times
795:on 9 February 2014
517:
478:
463:Opposing arguments
419:
325:H. Vasken Aposhian
312:, a virologist at
231:Defeat Autism Now!
4540:
4539:
4452:Vaccines and SIDS
4339:
4338:
4113:Hepatitis A and B
4089:Varicella zoster
3546:Subunit/component
3400:
3399:
3278:
3277:
3244:
3243:
3220:
3219:
3186:
3185:
3147:
3146:
2799:Anti-vaxxer media
2700:
2699:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2624:Pacific Northwest
2485:
2484:
2440:Vaccines and SIDS
2402:Vaccine hesitancy
2320:(11): 2016–2021.
2258:Los Angeles Times
2142:978-0-465-02149-9
1241:(12): 1046–1051.
1214:on 16 August 2015
1076:978-1-59884-334-7
975:(31 March 2008).
770:978-1-4391-5865-4
582:Generation Rescue
538:Vijendra K. Singh
457:regressive autism
449:Marcel Kinsbourne
441:Ronald C. Kennedy
357:Marcel Kinsbourne
349:Ronald C. Kennedy
290:McGill University
262:Marcel Kinsbourne
119:
118:
99:Subsequent action
16:(Redirected from
4585:
4431:MMR autism fraud
4378:Maurice Hilleman
4363:Hilary Koprowski
3671:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3404:
3337:Vaccine shedding
3332:Vaccine efficacy
3246:
3222:
3188:
3168:Homeopathy Plus!
3149:
3060:
3037:Andrew Wakefield
2877:MMR autism fraud
2821:Hear the Silence
2814:The Greater Good
2678:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2487:
2453:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2208:on 11 March 2014
2193:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2126:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2037:(4): 1664–1675.
2026:
2017:
2016:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1923:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1576:. Archived from
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1427:
1418:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1351:10.1289/ehp.8881
1345:(7): 1083–1091.
1330:
1321:
1320:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
969:
963:
962:
957:
955:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
910:
904:
903:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
857:
851:
850:
814:
805:
804:
802:
800:
781:
775:
774:
750:
744:
743:
741:
739:
734:. 27 August 2010
722:
716:
715:
713:
711:
694:
688:
687:
670:
639:
634:
633:
625:
620:
619:
618:
591:" Additionally,
590:
526:Immunoglobulin E
365:Wilson's disease
280:Plaintiff's case
227:Andrew Wakefield
172:Washington, D.C.
134:Michelle Cedillo
126:, also known as
107:Court membership
102:Upheld at Appeal
69:
67:
44:
32:
21:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4520:Clinical trials
4499:
4468:
4407:
4383:Stanley Plotkin
4345:
4335:
4247:Cancer vaccines
4230:
4224:Schistosomiasis
4202:
4196:Trypanosomiasis
4169:
4133:Cytomegalovirus
4043:Pfizer–BioNTech
3838:
3662:
3611:Vaccine wastage
3581:
3509:
3461:
3431:
3401:
3396:
3320:
3274:
3251:
3240:
3227:
3216:
3193:
3182:
3154:
3143:
3065:
3051:
3022:Jeanette Wilson
3005:
2961:Frank DeStefano
2934:
2881:
2852:
2807:Deadly Immunity
2794:
2758:
2696:
2683:
2668:
2658:
2642:(113 suspected)
2592:
2561:
2548:, 7,018 deaths)
2530:
2525:
2492:
2481:
2458:
2444:
2396:
2393:
2356:
2351:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2261:. 13 March 2010
2250:
2249:
2245:
2231:
2230:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2028:
2027:
2020:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1898:The Irish Times
1891:
1890:
1886:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1801:Chicago Tribune
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1773:Huffington Post
1765:
1764:
1760:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1555:. 14 June 2007.
1552:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1538:. 13 June 2007.
1535:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1464:on 18 June 2018
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1376:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1154:10.1.1.326.9500
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:. 11 June 2007.
1119:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1069:. p. 215.
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1038:Huffington Post
1030:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1002:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
971:
970:
966:
953:
951:
940:
939:
935:
925:
923:
912:
911:
907:
902:(211): 211–232.
887:
886:
882:
872:
870:
859:
858:
854:
816:
815:
808:
798:
796:
783:
782:
778:
771:
763:. p. 291.
756:The Panic Virus
752:
751:
747:
737:
735:
724:
723:
719:
709:
707:
696:
695:
691:
672:
671:
667:
663:
635:
628:
621:
616:
614:
611:
588:
577:
555:
465:
400:Arthur Krigsman
396:measles vaccine
377:Jeff Bradstreet
333:Arthur Krigsman
282:
249:
203:
197:
188:special masters
115:George Hastings
65:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4591:
4589:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4534:
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4528:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4398:Katalin KarikĂł
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4337:
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4334:
4333:
4332:
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4326:
4321:
4316:
4308:
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4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4264:
4259:
4254:
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4232:
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4212:
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4189:
4188:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4153:Herpes simplex
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Sinopharm BIBP
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4003:Bharat Biotech
4000:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
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3936:
3931:
3921:
3916:
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3809:
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3663:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3626:Vaccine injury
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3586:Administration
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3560:
3543:
3542:
3541:
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3528:
3523:
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3407:
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3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:Marker vaccine
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3276:
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3267:
3262:
3256:
3253:
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3249:
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3229:
3228:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3215:
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3209:
3204:
3198:
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3191:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
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3153:United Kingdom
3152:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Learn The Risk
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3042:Jenny McCarthy
3039:
3034:
3032:Joseph Mercola
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
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2684:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2644:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2483:
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2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:Vaccine safety
2394:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2354:External links
2352:
2350:
2349:
2300:
2272:
2243:
2219:
2188:
2167:
2148:
2141:
2105:
2064:
2018:
1999:(4): 292–294.
1983:
1942:
1924:
1910:
1884:
1843:
1815:
1786:
1758:
1731:(5): 476–481.
1714:
1687:(6): 431–434.
1671:
1636:(8): 715–721.
1620:
1591:
1558:
1541:
1524:
1475:
1445:
1374:
1322:
1295:(2): 474–482.
1276:
1225:
1184:
1147:(4): 277–285.
1131:
1103:
1082:
1075:
1051:
1023:
995:
964:
933:
905:
880:
852:
806:
776:
769:
745:
717:
689:
686:. 11 May 2017.
664:
662:
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657:
652:
647:
641:
640:
626:
610:
607:
576:
573:
554:
551:
464:
461:
373:James B. Adams
302:Stephen Bustin
281:
278:
266:the New School
248:
245:
215:vaccine injury
199:Main article:
196:
193:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
81:
80:
78:Available here
75:
71:
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60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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4507:
4506:
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4435:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4403:Drew Weissman
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:H. Fred Clark
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Louis Pasteur
4356:
4354:
4353:Edward Jenner
4351:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:DTwP-HepB-Hib
4322:
4320:
4319:DTaP-IPV-HepB
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:combination:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4208:Helminthiasis
4205:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:combination:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
3805:
3804:
3803:combination:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:Meningococcus
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:Leptospirosis
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Vaccine court
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:GAVI Alliance
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:CEASE therapy
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3247:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
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3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
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3166:
3164:
3161:
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3157:
3150:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
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3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
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3033:
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3028:
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3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
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3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Jeffrey Brent
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Riko Muranaka
2954:
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2888:
2886:Organizations
2884:
2878:
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2870:
2867:
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2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:Controversies
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2783:
2781:
2780:Vaccine trial
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2767:
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2755:
2752:
2750:
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2710:
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2707:
2703:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2679:
2667:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2640:, 15 deaths)
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:, 415 deaths)
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2515:
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2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2289:
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2283:
2276:
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2260:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:. Quackwatch.
2163:
2159:
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2149:
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2118:
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2110:
2106:
2101:
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2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1940:
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1911:
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3832:Shigellosis
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3526:Inactivated
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3454:Inoculation
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2951:Neal Halsey
2589:, 2 deaths)
2583:New Zealand
2552:Philippines
2457:Before 2019
2410:Chemophobia
2129:Basic Books
2117:Offit, Paul
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973:Offit, Paul
453:MMR vaccine
89:Appealed to
4547:Categories
4447:Thiomersal
4393:Paul Offit
4368:Jonas Salk
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4192:research:
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4058:Skycovione
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3993:SARS-CoV-2
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3865:rVSV-ZEBOV
3850:Adenovirus
3818:research:
3696:Diphtheria
3534:Attenuated
3306:STEP Study
2991:Boyd Haley
2981:Mark Geier
2946:Paul Offit
2939:Scientists
2775:Cold chain
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2031:Pediatrics
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1808:14 October
1613:13 October
1468:14 October
1423:"Decision"
661:References
637:Law portal
476:witnesses.
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381:Mark Geier
369:Boyd Haley
345:Vera Byers
270:astrocytes
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4442:Pox party
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3881:Pandemrix
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2864:Pandemrix
2840:Plandemic
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2238:USA Today
2202:The Chart
1976:26 August
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1779:6 October
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553:Decision
522:Th2 cell
389:in vitro
247:Overview
219:no-fault
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