443:) after 60–95 days. Ongoing studies suggest that the virus is spread by the fecal-oral route but it is also possible that respiratory and vertical spread also occur. A 230-day experimental infection of cockatiels, resulted in 5 of 18 inoculated birds (3 infected iv - intravenously, and 2 infected ic - intracerebrally) showing clinical signs typical of PDD. Psittacines Iv1 and iv3 had gastrointestinal signs and birds ic1 and iv5 had neurologic signs. One cockatiel infected ic had gastrointestinal and neurologic signs. In one psittacine given ABV intracerebrally, clinical signs developed on the 33rd, 37th, and 41st dpi, with, respectively, non-specific signs, such as apathy; undigested feed (seeds) in feces; and epileptic seizures. In two psittacines infected iv, the gastrointestinal signs were apparent on day 116 or 126 post infection. In two birds given ABV iv, the neurological signs started on days 159 or 199 dpi.
455:(PDD), a disease of pet parrots. While a report of research using a 'positive' brain cell culture (confirmed to contain an avian bornavirus) from a psittacine (parrot) that died with confirmed histopathological diagnosis of PDD (mononuclear infiltrative ganglioneuritis). In this study this 'positive' inoculant was used to infect another parrot. This resulted in the inoculated bird's death and the subsequent histopathological diagnosis of PDD. This research does not fulfil the four criteria points known as
35:
460:
exceeding the documented 90-day inoculation period for PDD, yet failed to show any signs of PDD. However, the differences in responses to the experimental infections may be associated to ABV strain variation in pathogenicity, the chronic nature of the infection and the difficulty in standardizing the experimental hosts.
459:
to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease. Other research with an inoculant derived from birds with ABV-only infections (with no PDD histopathological changes) did not develop any signs of PDD. These birds were carefully monitored over extended periods, well
240:
and named this virus "avian bornavirus". Today, several distinct avian bornaviruses are distinguished. In general these viruses show only about 65% sequence identity with mammalian Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1).
439:) with a typical interval of 55–60 days between infection and death. Gancz and his colleagues showed that inoculation of parrot bornavirus 4-infected brain tissue will also induce typical disease in cockatiels (
477:
Honkavuori, K.S.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Williams, B.L.; Quan, P.-L.; Hornig, M.; Street, C.; Palacios, G.; Hutchison, S.K.; Franca, M.; Egholm, M.; Briese, T.; Lipkin, W.I. (2008).
717:
Gancz, A.Y.; Kistler, A.L.; Greninger, A.L.; Farnoushi, Y.; Mechani, S.; Perl, S.; Berkowitz, A.; Perez, N.; Clubb, S.; DeRisi, J.L.; Ganem, D.; Lublin, A. (2009).
719:"Experimental induction of proventricular dilatation disease in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) inoculated with brain homogenates containing avian bornavirus 4"
658:
Gray, P.; Hoppes, S.; Suchodolski, P.; Mirhosseini, N.; Payne, S.; Villanueva, I.; Shivaprasad, H.L; Honkavuori, K.S.; Briese, T.; Reddy, S.M.; Tizard, I. (2010).
276:
269:
262:
963:
542:"Recovery of divergent avian bornaviruses from cases of proventricular dilatation disease: Identification of a candidate etiologic agent"
416:
The overall structure of the bornaviral genome is well conserved. Thus the number and order of genes is unchanged as is the structure of
452:
193:
536:
Kistler, A.L.; Gancz, A.; Clubb, S.; Skewes-Cox, P.; Fischer, K.; Sorber, K.; Chiu, C.Y.; Lublin, A.; Mechani, S.; Farnoushi, Y.;
776:
Piepenbring, A.K.; Enderlein, D.; Herzog, S.; Kaleta, E.F.; Heffels-Redmann, U.; Ressmeyer, S.; Herden, C.; Lierz, M. (2012).
224:
approach to identify a bornavirus hybridization signature in three out of five PDD cases but not in eight control parrots.
220:
of three cases of PDD but not in four unaffected birds. At approximately the same time, Kistler and her colleagues used a
34:
420:
initiation and termination sites. Rinder and her colleagues have shown that avian bornaviruses apparently lack a 22-
968:
876:"Update on Avian Bornavirus and Proventricular Dilatation Disease: Diagnostics, Pathology, Prevalence, and Control"
209:
417:
991:
931:
537:
996:
601:"Broad Tissue and Cell Tropism of Avian Bornavirus in Parrots with Proventricular Dilatation Disease"
131:
456:
911:
836:
29:
903:
895:
856:
817:
799:
758:
740:
699:
681:
640:
622:
581:
563:
518:
500:
887:
848:
807:
789:
748:
730:
689:
671:
630:
612:
571:
553:
508:
490:
424:
fragment that serves a regulatory function for the genes coding for viral proteins X and P.
237:
107:
83:
660:"Use of Avian Bornavirus Isolates to Induce Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Conures"
812:
777:
753:
718:
694:
659:
635:
600:
576:
541:
513:
478:
217:
95:
985:
915:
192:
In 2008, by pyrosequencing of cDNA from the brains of several parrots suffering from
71:
599:
Rinder, M.; Ackermann, A.; Kempf, H.; Kaspers, B.; Korbel, R.; Staeheli, P. (2009).
403:
396:
390:
382:
376:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
334:
326:
320:
312:
305:
298:
292:
252:
119:
954:
891:
852:
479:"Novel Borna Virus in Psittacine Birds with Proventricular Dilatation Disease"
421:
285:
221:
197:
176:
899:
803:
744:
685:
626:
567:
504:
875:
735:
59:
907:
860:
821:
794:
762:
703:
676:
644:
585:
558:
522:
495:
232:
Using high-throughput pyrosequencing in combination with conventional PCR
948:
617:
432:
778:"Pathogenesis of Avian Bornavirus in Experimentally Infected Cockatiels"
451:
Avian bornaviruses have been reported, yet not proven, as the cause of
233:
925:
435:
Some avian bornaviruses induce typical PDD in
Patagonian conures (
213:
46:
236:
and sequencing, these investigators recovered the complete viral
929:
835:
Hoppes, Sharman M.; Tizard, Ian; Shivaprasad, H.L. (May 2013).
880:
The
Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice
540:; Wen, C.C.; Karlene, S.B.; Ganem, D.; DeRisi, J.L. (2008).
196:(PDD), Honkavuori et al. identified the presence of a novel
841:
Veterinary
Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice
837:"Avian Bornavirus and Proventricular Dilatation Disease"
938:
874:Hoppes, Sharman M.; Shivaprasad, H. L. (May 2020).
212:, the investigators confirmed the presence of this
175:
139:
28:
23:
8:
926:
248:
20:
811:
793:
752:
734:
693:
675:
634:
616:
575:
557:
512:
494:
179:included but traditionally excluded taxa
469:
327:estrildid finch bornavirus 1 (EsBV-1)
7:
447:Another point of view on ABV and PDD
404:aquatic bird bornavirus 2 (ABBV-2)
397:aquatic bird bornavirus 1 (ABBV-1)
14:
453:proventricular dilatation disease
194:proventricular dilatation disease
33:
377:Psittaciform 2 orthobornavirus
335:Psittaciform 1 orthobornavirus
163:Psittaciform 2 orthobornavirus
158:Psittaciform 1 orthobornavirus
1:
321:Passeriform 2 orthobornavirus
313:canary bornavirus 3 (CnBV-3))
293:Passeriform 1 orthobornavirus
153:Passeriform 2 orthobornavirus
148:Passeriform 1 orthobornavirus
782:Emerging Infectious Diseases
664:Emerging Infectious Diseases
483:Emerging Infectious Diseases
383:parrot bornavirus 5 (PaBV-5)
369:parrot bornavirus 7 (PaBV-7)
362:parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4)
355:parrot bornavirus 3 (PaBV-3)
348:parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2)
341:parrot bornavirus 1 (PaBV-1)
306:canary bornavirus 2 (CnBV-2)
299:canary bornavirus 1 (CnBV-1)
391:Waterbird 1 orthobornavirus
168:Waterbird 1 orthobornavirus
1013:
892:10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.006
853:10.1016/j.cvex.2013.01.004
401:
387:
373:
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353:
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339:
332:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
183:
144:
30:Scientific classification
185:Other orthobornaviruses
736:10.1186/1743-422X-6-100
795:10.3201/eid1802.111525
677:10.3201/eid1603.091257
559:10.1186/1743-422X-5-88
496:10.3201/eid1412.080984
441:Nymphicus hollandicus
437:Cyanoliseus patagonus
256:: avian bornaviruses
618:10.1128/JVI.00133-09
277:Virus (Abbreviation)
605:Journal of Virology
257:
228:Recovery and naming
24:Avian bornaviruses
249:
216:in the brains and
979:
978:
932:Taxon identifiers
611:(11): 5401–5407.
489:(12): 1883–1886.
409:
408:
190:
189:
1004:
972:
971:
959:
958:
957:
940:Avian Bornavirus
927:
920:
919:
871:
865:
864:
832:
826:
825:
815:
797:
773:
767:
766:
756:
738:
723:Virology Journal
714:
708:
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679:
655:
649:
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638:
620:
596:
590:
589:
579:
561:
546:Virology Journal
533:
527:
526:
516:
498:
474:
457:Koch's postulate
428:Further research
258:
208:Using real time
140:Groups included
38:
37:
21:
16:Species of virus
1012:
1011:
1007:
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1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
982:
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975:
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962:
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934:
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923:
873:
872:
868:
834:
833:
829:
775:
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711:
657:
656:
652:
598:
597:
593:
535:
534:
530:
476:
475:
471:
466:
449:
430:
414:
286:Orthobornavirus
247:
238:genome sequence
230:
206:
133:Orthobornavirus
109:Mononegavirales
85:Negarnaviricota
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
994:
984:
983:
977:
976:
974:
973:
960:
944:
942:
936:
935:
930:
922:
921:
886:(2): 337–351.
866:
847:(2): 339–355.
827:
788:(2): 234–241.
768:
709:
670:(3): 473–479.
650:
591:
528:
468:
467:
465:
462:
448:
445:
429:
426:
413:
410:
407:
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400:
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309:
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246:
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218:proventriculus
205:
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188:
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173:
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165:
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155:
150:
142:
141:
137:
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129:
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
97:Monjiviricetes
93:
89:
88:
81:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
57:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1009:
998:
995:
993:
992:Bird diseases
990:
989:
987:
970:
965:
961:
956:
950:
946:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
928:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
828:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
769:
764:
760:
755:
750:
746:
742:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
710:
705:
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696:
691:
687:
683:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
654:
651:
646:
642:
637:
632:
628:
624:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
592:
587:
583:
578:
573:
569:
565:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:Greninger, A.
532:
529:
524:
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510:
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427:
425:
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418:transcription
411:
405:
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384:
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370:
363:
356:
349:
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337:
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328:
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255:
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244:
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235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
203:
201:
199:
195:
186:
182:
178:
177:Cladistically
174:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
138:
135:
134:
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118:
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103:
102:
99:
98:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
82:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:Orthornavirae
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
997:Bornaviruses
939:
883:
879:
869:
844:
840:
830:
785:
781:
771:
726:
722:
712:
667:
663:
653:
608:
604:
594:
549:
545:
531:
486:
482:
472:
450:
440:
436:
431:
415:
389:
375:
333:
319:
291:
284:
275:
268:
261:
253:Bornaviridae
251:
231:
207:
191:
184:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
132:
121:Bornaviridae
120:
108:
96:
84:
72:
60:
53:
43:(unranked):
18:
986:Categories
729:(1): 100.
464:References
422:nucleotide
222:microarray
198:bornavirus
916:216111326
900:1558-4232
804:1080-6040
745:1743-422X
686:1080-6040
627:0022-538X
568:1743-422X
552:(1): 88.
505:1080-6040
412:Structure
204:Discovery
68:Kingdom:
61:Riboviria
955:Q4828540
949:Wikidata
908:32327040
861:23642866
822:22304809
763:19589169
704:20202423
645:19297496
586:18671869
523:19046511
433:Cultured
245:Taxonomy
116:Family:
80:Phylum:
813:3310475
754:2717941
695:3322028
636:2681939
577:2546392
514:2634650
270:Species
250:Family
234:cloning
128:Genus:
104:Order:
92:Class:
969:675389
914:
906:
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820:
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743:
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584:
574:
566:
521:
511:
503:
912:S2CID
263:Genus
214:virus
54:Realm
47:Virus
964:NCBI
904:PMID
896:ISSN
857:PMID
818:PMID
800:ISSN
759:PMID
741:ISSN
700:PMID
682:ISSN
641:PMID
623:ISSN
582:PMID
564:ISSN
519:PMID
501:ISSN
888:doi
849:doi
808:PMC
790:doi
749:PMC
731:doi
690:PMC
672:doi
631:PMC
613:doi
572:PMC
554:doi
509:PMC
491:doi
210:PCR
988::
966::
951::
910:.
902:.
894:.
884:23
882:.
878:.
855:.
845:16
843:.
839:.
816:.
806:.
798:.
786:18
784:.
780:.
757:.
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56::
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851::
824:.
792::
765:.
733::
727:6
706:.
674::
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615::
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556::
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525:.
493::
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