373:, have been identified which control cell susceptibility of the ASLV virus subgroups A, B, and C respectively. Each of these genes codes for the cellular receptors Tva, Tvb, and Tvc. Tva contains sequences related to the ligand binding region of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR). The Tvb receptor is believed to be very closely related to the receptors for both ASLV D and E, so that the ASLV D and E will bind to Tvb. Tvb is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family. The Tvc receptor is closely related to mammalian butyrophilins, which are members of the
48:
353:
residues. Viral specificity is determined by five hyper variable regions, vr1, vr2, hr1, hr2, and vr3, on the surface glycoproteins. Binding specificity is determined primarily by the hr1 and hr2 regions, with the vr3 region contributing to receptor recognition but not to binding specificity of the
345:
Viral glycoprotein-receptor interactions are required to initiate membrane fusion of the virus and cell. The surface glycoproteins contain the major domains that interact with the host cell receptor while the transmembrane (TM) glycoproteins anchor the surface glycoproteins to the virus membrane.
265:
hypothesized that RSV made a copy of its own DNA and integrated that into the host cell's chromosomal DNA. Much debate in the scientific community surrounded this issue until DNA integration was demonstrated by Temin in 1968 and reverse transcriptase was independently discovered by both Temin and
277:
Today, research is carried out on ASLV in order to better understand retroviral cell entry. Since ASLV uses distinct cellular receptors to gain entry into cells, it has proven useful for understanding the early events in retroviral infection. A detailed understanding of retroviral cell entry may
273:
Lymphoid leukosis was eradicated in primary breeders in the 1980s and 1990s which dramatically reduced the incidence of the disease in commercial laying hens. Commercial broilers are still struggling with ALV-J virus in many countries. Layers, broilers, local chicken breeds, and even mallards may
314:. Strains A through E are highly related and are believed to have evolved from the same ancestor. The subgroups evolved to utilize difference cellular receptors to gain entry into avian cells due to the host developing resistance to viral entry. Some
208:. Lymphoid leukosis is the most common form of this disease and with typical presentation of gradual onset, persistent low mortality, and neoplasia of the bursa. The disease is also characterized by an enlarged
346:
The TM glycoproteins are directly involved in the fusion of the virus and host membranes for entry. The surface glycoproteins for subgroups A-E are almost identical and include the conservation of all
342:, an enzyme that allows for the reversal of genetic transcription. As with all retroviruses, the virus is transcribed from RNA to DNA, instead of DNA to RNA as in normal cellular replication.
257:
By the 1960s, ASLV became a problem with egg-laying hens and effort was made to isolate the disease. However, the movement was unsuccessful in maintaining leukosis-free flocks. In 1961,
416:
920:
Elleder D, Plachý J, Hejnar J, Geryk J, Svoboda J (2004). "Close linkage of genes encoding receptors for subgroups A and C of avian sarcoma/leucosis virus on chicken chromosome 28".
685:"Identification of key residues in subgroup A avian leukosis virus envelope determining receptor binding affinity and infectivity of cells expressing chicken or quail Tva receptor"
734:"Two different molecular defects in the Tva receptor gene explain the resistance of two tva lines of chickens to infection by subgroup A avian sarcoma and leukosis viruses"
2478:
261:(RSV), which is closely related to ASLV, was shown to contain RNA, and oncogenic viruses, such as RSV and ASLV, were termed RNA tumor viruses. By the late 1960s,
1486:
2491:
278:
lead to the discovery of ways in which to block the viruses from entering cells. Retroviruses also have the potential to serve as gene delivery vectors in
2167:
400:. The polyproteins are then transported to the Golgi apparatus, glycosylated and cleaved to produce two glycoproteins: one surface and one transmembrane.
300:, and has a C-type morphology. Hence, it is an enveloped virus with a condensed, central core, and has barely visible envelope spikes, or proteins.
2465:
2162:
973:
597:
529:
1542:
1961:
1440:
1185:
179:
that infects and can lead to cancer in chickens; experimentally it can infect other species of birds and mammals. ASLV replicates in
1999:
1237:
783:"Avian sarcoma and leukosis virus-receptor interactions: from classical genetics to novel insights into virus-cell membrane fusion"
318:
can occur within subgroups, and all strains are oncogenic, but oncogenicity and the ability to replicate varies between subgroups.
2293:
2177:
1107:
1092:
549:
384:
gene, which codes for a tyrosine kinase, and does not transform the fibroblasts that it infects. Both RSV and ASLV contain the
2519:
1882:
47:
2320:
1966:
1757:
1536:
1518:
1512:
1465:
194:
1722:
1408:
1403:
1747:
1414:
1379:
189:, the cells that contribute to the formation of connective tissues. Different forms of the disease exist, including
2524:
1399:
966:
2496:
2534:
2315:
2304:
2233:
1777:
1717:
1374:
1102:
409:
250:
proved that sarcoma can be transmitted through cell free extracts of solid chicken tumors. Rous was awarded the
2430:
2079:
1752:
1530:
380:
ASLV is genetically closely related to the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), but unlike RSV, ASLV does not contain the
2370:
2365:
2074:
1038:
2529:
2392:
2036:
2029:
1727:
1712:
1033:
1049:
1992:
1938:
1627:
1475:
1460:
1420:
986:
959:
951:
397:
339:
176:
1118:
1066:
436:
204:
Avian sarcoma leukosis virus is characterized by a wide range of tumors, the most common of which are
2452:
2278:
1644:
42:
1607:
1590:
1573:
326:
Like many retroviruses, ASLV consists of a lipid envelope containing transmembrane and cell surface
2066:
1280:
315:
1910:
1839:
1822:
1211:
2258:
1788:
1653:
1616:
1354:
258:
217:
2330:
2483:
1297:
1263:
824:"The avian retrovirus env gene family: molecular analysis of host range and antigenic variants"
519:
2439:
2340:
2051:
1658:
1562:
1547:
1431:
1329:
1097:
1083:
937:
902:
853:
804:
763:
714:
662:
593:
525:
500:
392:
gene which encodes for the reverse transcriptase enzyme. ASLV and some RSVs also contain the
246:
can be transmitted between chickens by cell-free tissue filtrates, and in 1911 when (Francis)
228:
412:, in East Lansing, MI is the primary laboratory for research in ALV and other tumor viruses.
2185:
2127:
1985:
1480:
929:
892:
884:
843:
835:
794:
753:
745:
704:
696:
652:
642:
490:
480:
242:
in chickens has been studied since the early 1900s when
Ellerman and Bang demonstrated that
2325:
2238:
2220:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2089:
2024:
1524:
1451:
1390:
1340:
1024:
991:
296:
274:
still become infected, and there are currently no available vaccines to combat the virus.
267:
243:
144:
108:
96:
84:
388:
gene, which is common to most retroviruses and encodes for the capsid proteins, and the
303:
ASLV is divided into six subgroups, labelled A through E and J, each having a different
2137:
1692:
1681:
1365:
1154:
1013:
749:
657:
630:
495:
468:
374:
308:
897:
872:
848:
823:
758:
733:
709:
684:
2513:
2375:
2248:
2228:
2152:
1252:
1165:
1002:
933:
327:
231:
has a worldwide distribution, and is most commonly found in birds 16 weeks or older.
198:
557:
2195:
2147:
2097:
1856:
1738:
1470:
1143:
311:
304:
279:
262:
120:
2444:
700:
629:
Mo, Guodong; Ping, Wei; Hu, Bowen; Nie, Qinghua; Zhang, Xiquan (11 October 2022).
2424:
2350:
2283:
2273:
2263:
1893:
1768:
1200:
1176:
888:
839:
799:
782:
617:
251:
247:
190:
186:
647:
587:
583:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2288:
2190:
2102:
1951:
1873:
1703:
1497:
1318:
358:
350:
132:
17:
2415:
330:. Enclosed within the envelope is a capsid surrounding single stranded RNA,
2360:
2210:
2205:
2132:
1805:
1228:
331:
72:
941:
808:
767:
718:
666:
504:
485:
906:
857:
2409:
2310:
2268:
2253:
2200:
2157:
2142:
2046:
415:
The
American Association of Avian Pathologists maintains a fact sheet on
347:
335:
213:
205:
2470:
2298:
2112:
2056:
2016:
2008:
270:
in 1970. Temin and
Baltimore won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1975.
239:
180:
1946:
732:
Elleder D, Melder DC, Trejbalova K, Svoboda J, Federspiel MJ (2004).
183:
2386:
2041:
982:
556:. University of California – Cooperative Extension. Archived from
396:
gene, which encodes a precursor polyprotein that assembles in the
209:
59:
1956:
2457:
2390:
1981:
955:
873:"Molecular basis of host range variation in avian retroviruses"
1506:
631:"Advances on genetic and genomic studies of ALV resistance"
1977:
586:. In Coffin, J.M.; Hughes, S.H.; Varmus, H.E. (eds.).
216:
cells. In addition, other abdominal organs and the
2399:
2219:
2176:
2088:
2065:
2015:
1937:
1908:
1891:
1871:
1854:
1837:
1820:
1803:
1786:
1766:
1736:
1701:
1690:
1679:
1642:
1625:
1605:
1588:
1571:
1560:
1495:
1449:
1429:
1388:
1363:
1338:
1327:
1316:
1295:
1278:
1261:
1250:
1226:
1209:
1198:
1174:
1163:
1152:
1141:
1116:
1081:
1064:
1047:
1022:
1011:
1000:
550:"The current problem with Avian Leukosis J Virus"
1487:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
577:
575:
1993:
967:
8:
683:Holmen SL, Melder DC, Federspiel MJ (2001).
2168:European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC
635:Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
518:Swayne, David E.; Glisson, John R. (2013).
2387:
2000:
1986:
1978:
1698:
1687:
1568:
1335:
1324:
1258:
1206:
1171:
1160:
1149:
1019:
1008:
974:
960:
952:
469:"The discovery of endogenous retroviruses"
354:viral glycoprotein and cellular receptor.
31:
896:
847:
798:
757:
708:
656:
646:
494:
484:
781:Barnard RJ, Elleder D, Young JA (2006).
678:
676:
410:Avian Diagnostic and Oncology Laboratory
871:Dorner AJ, Stoye JP, Coffin JM (1985).
822:Bova CA, Olsen JC, Swanstrom R (1988).
613:
611:
609:
592:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
462:
460:
458:
428:
290:ASLV is a Group VI virus of the family
524:(13th ed.). Wiley. p. 1523.
543:
541:
7:
1543:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
584:"A Brief Chronicle of Retrovirology"
1962:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus
1441:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
2234:Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
1186:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus
750:10.1128/JVI.78.24.13489-13500.2004
25:
2249:Histomoniasis (blackhead disease)
1238:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus
212:due to infiltration of cancerous
2294:Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome
1509:(human immunodeficiency viruses)
934:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01118.x
46:
2163:Abnormal behaviour in captivity
1513:Simian immunodeficiency viruses
1108:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus
1093:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus
322:Viral structure and composition
1883:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus
1531:Equine infectious anemia virus
1:
1967:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W
1758:Strawberry vein banding virus
1537:Bovine immunodeficiency virus
1519:Feline immunodeficiency virus
1466:Abelson murine leukemia virus
701:10.1128/JVI.75.2.726-737.2001
548:Riddell, C. (May–June 1999).
2244:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
1723:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus
1350:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
169:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
1748:Carnation etched ring virus
1415:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus
1380:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
889:10.1128/JVI.53.1.32-39.1985
840:10.1128/JVI.62.1.75-83.1988
800:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.021
441:The Merck Veterinary Manual
254:for his discovery in 1966.
2551:
1400:Human T-lymphotropic virus
648:10.1186/s40104-022-00769-1
641:(1). BioMed Central: 123.
2316:Infectious bursal disease
2305:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3
1778:Cassava vein mosaic virus
1718:Cacao swollen shoot virus
1375:Mouse mammary tumor virus
1103:Woodchuck hepatitis virus
554:California Poultry Letter
41:
34:
2080:List of poultry feathers
1753:Cauliflower mosaic virus
437:"Leukosis/Sarcoma Group"
361:, three autosomal loci,
2371:Tibial dyschondroplasia
2366:Squamous cell carcinoma
2075:List of chicken colours
1039:Heron hepatitis B virus
1728:Rubus yellow net virus
1713:Banana streak MY virus
1034:Duck hepatitis B virus
486:10.1186/1742-4690-3-67
294:. It is of the genus
2520:Animal viral diseases
1476:Feline leukemia virus
1461:Murine leukemia virus
1421:Bovine leukemia virus
398:endoplasmic reticulum
340:reverse transcriptase
177:endogenous retrovirus
2431:Avian leukosis virus
2401:Avian leukosis virus
2279:Dermanyssus gallinae
987:Reverse transcribing
417:viral tumor diseases
307:due to variances in
220:are often infected.
159:Avian leukosis virus
43:Virus classification
36:Avian leukosis virus
1050:Herpetohepadnavirus
618:All Nobel Laureates
582:Vogt, P.K. (1997).
521:Diseases of Poultry
316:antigenic variation
2259:Campylobacteriosis
1654:Simian foamy virus
1628:Prosimiispumavirus
1617:Feline foamy virus
1355:Rous sarcoma virus
259:Rous sarcoma virus
218:bursa of Fabricius
2525:Alpharetroviruses
2507:
2506:
2393:Taxon identifiers
2384:
2383:
2341:Newcastle disease
2321:Infectious coryza
1975:
1974:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1659:Human foamy virus
1563:Spumaretrovirinae
1556:
1555:
1548:Visna-maedi virus
1432:Epsilonretrovirus
1330:Orthoretrovirinae
1312:
1311:
1246:
1245:
1194:
1193:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1098:Hepatitis B virus
1084:Orthohepadnavirus
744:(24): 13489–500.
599:978-0-87969-571-2
531:978-1-118-71973-2
467:Weiss RA (2006).
229:Lymphoid leukosis
166:
165:
16:(Redirected from
2542:
2535:Poultry diseases
2500:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2388:
2128:Broiler industry
2002:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1699:
1688:
1682:dsDNA-RT viruses
1569:
1481:Koala retrovirus
1336:
1325:
1259:
1207:
1172:
1161:
1155:ssRNA-RT viruses
1150:
1119:Parahepadnavirus
1067:Metahepadnavirus
1020:
1009:
976:
969:
962:
953:
946:
945:
917:
911:
910:
900:
868:
862:
861:
851:
819:
813:
812:
802:
778:
772:
771:
761:
729:
723:
722:
712:
680:
671:
670:
660:
650:
626:
620:
615:
604:
603:
579:
570:
569:
567:
565:
545:
536:
535:
515:
509:
508:
498:
488:
464:
453:
452:
450:
448:
433:
51:
50:
32:
27:Species of virus
21:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2395:
2385:
2380:
2331:Marek's disease
2239:Avian influenza
2215:
2172:
2123:Poultry farming
2118:Chicken tractor
2108:Furnished cages
2084:
2061:
2011:
2006:
1976:
1971:
1921:
1904:
1887:
1867:
1850:
1833:
1816:
1799:
1782:
1762:
1732:
1663:
1645:Simiispumavirus
1638:
1621:
1601:
1584:
1552:
1525:Puma lentivirus
1491:
1452:Gammaretrovirus
1445:
1425:
1391:Deltaretrovirus
1384:
1359:
1341:Alpharetrovirus
1308:
1291:
1274:
1242:
1222:
1190:
1129:
1112:
1077:
1060:
1043:
1025:Avihepadnavirus
996:
992:Revtraviricetes
980:
950:
949:
919:
918:
914:
870:
869:
865:
821:
820:
816:
780:
779:
775:
731:
730:
726:
682:
681:
674:
628:
627:
623:
616:
607:
600:
581:
580:
573:
563:
561:
560:on 24 July 2011
547:
546:
539:
532:
517:
516:
512:
466:
465:
456:
446:
444:
435:
434:
430:
425:
406:
324:
297:Alpharetrovirus
288:
268:David Baltimore
244:erythroleukemia
237:
226:
162:
146:Alpharetrovirus
110:Revtraviricetes
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2488:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2421:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:Forced molting
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1696:
1693:Caulimoviridae
1685:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1608:Felispumavirus
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:Equispumavirus
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:Bovispumavirus
1566:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1366:Betaretrovirus
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1333:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1169:
1158:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1014:Hepadnaviridae
1006:
998:
997:
981:
979:
978:
971:
964:
956:
948:
947:
912:
863:
814:
773:
724:
672:
621:
605:
598:
571:
537:
530:
510:
454:
427:
426:
424:
421:
405:
402:
375:immunoglobulin
323:
320:
309:viral envelope
287:
286:Classification
284:
236:
233:
225:
222:
195:erythroblastic
164:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
98:Artverviricota
94:
90:
89:
82:
78:
77:
70:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
39:
38:
26:
24:
18:Avian leukosis
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2547:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Bird diseases
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2377:
2376:Toxoplasmosis
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Aspergillosis
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Chick culling
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Beak trimming
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1253:Pseudoviridae
1249:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1166:Belpaoviridae
1162:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1003:Blubervirales
999:
994:
993:
988:
984:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
958:
957:
954:
943:
939:
935:
931:
928:(3): 176–81.
927:
923:
916:
913:
908:
904:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
864:
859:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
815:
810:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
774:
769:
765:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
725:
720:
716:
711:
706:
702:
698:
695:(2): 726–37.
694:
690:
686:
679:
677:
673:
668:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
625:
622:
619:
614:
612:
610:
606:
601:
595:
591:
590:
585:
578:
576:
572:
559:
555:
551:
544:
542:
538:
533:
527:
523:
522:
514:
511:
506:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
478:
474:
473:Retrovirology
470:
463:
461:
459:
455:
442:
438:
432:
429:
422:
420:
418:
413:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
377:superfamily.
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
352:
349:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:glycoproteins
321:
319:
317:
313:
312:glycoproteins
310:
306:
301:
299:
298:
293:
285:
283:
281:
275:
271:
269:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
234:
232:
230:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
199:osteopetrotic
196:
192:
191:lymphoblastic
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
161:
160:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:
49:
44:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2400:
2303:
2243:
2211:Rooster Flag
2196:Cockfighting
2148:Chick sexing
2098:Battery cage
1911:Vaccinivirus
1909:
1892:
1872:
1857:Solendovirus
1855:
1840:Ruflodivirus
1838:
1823:Rosadnavirus
1821:
1804:
1787:
1767:
1739:Caulimovirus
1737:
1702:
1691:
1643:
1626:
1606:
1589:
1572:
1561:
1496:
1471:Friend virus
1450:
1430:
1389:
1364:
1349:
1339:
1328:
1319:Retroviridae
1317:
1296:
1279:
1262:
1251:
1227:
1212:Errantivirus
1210:
1199:
1175:
1164:
1144:Ortervirales
1142:
1117:
1082:
1065:
1048:
1023:
1012:
1001:
990:
925:
921:
915:
880:
876:
866:
834:(1): 75–83.
831:
827:
817:
790:
786:
776:
741:
737:
727:
692:
688:
638:
634:
624:
589:Retroviruses
588:
562:. Retrieved
558:the original
553:
520:
513:
476:
472:
445:. Retrieved
440:
431:
414:
407:
393:
389:
385:
381:
379:
370:
366:
362:
356:
344:
325:
305:antigenicity
302:
295:
292:Retroviridae
291:
289:
280:gene therapy
276:
272:
263:Howard Temin
256:
238:
227:
203:
172:
168:
167:
158:
157:
145:
134:Retroviridae
133:
122:Ortervirales
121:
109:
97:
86:Pararnavirae
85:
73:
66:
56:(unranked):
35:
29:
2425:Wikispecies
2351:Psittacosis
2336:Mycoplasmas
2284:Egg binding
2269:Coccidiosis
2264:Candidiasis
2067:Terminology
1894:Tungrovirus
1789:Dioscovirus
1769:Cavemovirus
1417:(types 1-4)
1281:Pseudovirus
1201:Metaviridae
1177:Semotivirus
922:Anim. Genet
883:(1): 32–9.
793:(1): 25–9.
359:chromosomes
357:In chicken
252:Nobel Prize
248:Peyton Rous
187:fibroblasts
2514:Categories
2346:Omphalitis
2289:Erysipelas
2191:Cockatrice
2103:Free range
2017:As poultry
1939:Endogenous
1874:Soymovirus
1704:Badnavirus
1498:Lentivirus
423:References
351:amino acid
224:Occurrence
2361:Scaly leg
2206:Sarimanok
2090:Husbandry
1806:Petuvirus
1298:Sirevirus
1264:Hemivirus
1229:Metavirus
989:viruses (
404:Resources
332:integrase
206:lymphomas
153:Species:
81:Kingdom:
74:Riboviria
2484:11459142
2471:10404336
2410:Wikidata
2356:Pullorum
2311:Gapeworm
2254:Botulism
2221:Diseases
2201:Kapparos
2158:Candling
2143:Hatchery
2047:Poularde
942:15147387
877:J. Virol
828:J. Virol
809:16364732
787:Virology
768:15564460
738:J. Virol
719:11134286
689:J. Virol
667:36217167
505:17018135
348:cysteine
336:protease
214:lymphoid
175:) is an
129:Family:
93:Phylum:
2416:Q145931
2326:Malaria
2299:Fowlpox
2186:As pets
2178:Culture
2113:Yarding
2057:Broiler
2052:Poussin
2025:As food
2009:Chicken
1411:, 3, 4)
907:2981357
858:2824857
658:9550310
496:1617120
447:23 June
240:Sarcoma
235:History
181:chicken
141:Genus:
117:Order:
105:Class:
2458:540054
2037:Breeds
2030:Dishes
1952:ERVWE1
1947:ERV-Fc
1533:(EIAV)
1483:(KoRV)
1409:HTLV-2
1404:HTLV-1
940:
905:
898:254974
895:
856:
849:250503
846:
807:
766:
759:533904
756:
717:
710:113969
707:
665:
655:
596:
564:12 May
528:
503:
493:
479:: 67.
443:. 2006
369:, and
338:, and
197:, and
184:embryo
2497:11864
2479:IRMNG
2274:Colds
2042:Capon
1539:(BIV)
1527:(PLV)
1521:(FIV)
1515:(SIV)
983:Virus
210:liver
67:Realm
60:Virus
2492:NCBI
2466:GBIF
2445:K33W
1957:HCP5
938:PMID
903:PMID
854:PMID
805:PMID
764:PMID
715:PMID
663:PMID
594:ISBN
566:2008
526:ISBN
501:PMID
449:2007
408:The
371:t-vc
367:t-vb
363:t-va
173:ASLV
2453:EoL
2440:CoL
1507:HIV
930:doi
893:PMC
885:doi
844:PMC
836:doi
795:doi
791:344
754:PMC
746:doi
705:PMC
697:doi
653:PMC
643:doi
491:PMC
481:doi
394:env
390:pol
386:gag
382:src
2516::
2494::
2481::
2468::
2455::
2442::
2427::
2412::
985::
936:.
926:35
924:.
901:.
891:.
881:53
879:.
875:.
852:.
842:.
832:62
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803:.
789:.
785:.
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713:.
703:.
693:75
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687:.
675:^
661:.
651:.
639:13
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748::
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568:.
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171:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
