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relevant. Further, he argues that the "'Us v.s. Them' dichotomy of citizen journalism v.s. industrial journalis" needs to be abandoned in order to produce a
Gansian multiperspectival media environment. As Herbert Gans once suggested, "the news may be too important to leave to the journalists alone (1980, p. 22) – and in social media environments where news is ambient, shared, fluid, and circulating, it no longer is".
210:. Bruns found that "Resource Centre Site produsers engage in an adaptation of both traditional journalistic gatekeeping methodologies and librarianly resource collection approaches to the Web environment: in the absence of gates to keep online, they have become 'gatewatchers', observing the publication of news and information in other sources and publicising its existence through their own sites."
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a newsworthy event, thereby publicising the event and the stories, which cover it, rather than publishing a news report. Additionally, gatewatching much like its theoretical partner, produsage, engages with user led content production collaborative engagement palimpsestic, iterative, evolutionary development and heterachichal, permeable community structures.
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Bruns argues that in the online gatewatching environment, agency has shifted from the journalistic profession to anyone interested in getting involved through citizen journalism or "random acts of journalism" on sites such as
Twitter. Gatewatching merely compiles one or a number of related reports on
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and
Gatewatching. Bruns is an expert on the impact of user-led content creation in the fields of produsers and produsage, blogging, gatewatching and citizen journalism and learning and teaching in the digital age. 'His current work focuses especially on the study of user participation in social media
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It is distinct from its predecessor in gatekeeping, where the limited channels of mass communication mediums (print and broadcast) media necessitated "filtering" of all the news of the day, by selecting only the "news that's fit to print" (as the New York Times slogan famously puts it), according to
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The development of produsage in tandem with gatewatching practices is fundamentally changing the way we view and consume news argues Bruns. He maintains that traditional media forms can no longer rely on their control of distribution mechanisms and must engage participatory media in order to remain
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Bruns defines gatewatching practice as "observing the many gates through which a steady stream of information passes from these sources, and of highlighting from this stream that information which is of most relevance to one's own personal interests or to the interests of one's wider community."
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Bruns' research into user-led content production, or produsage, investigates the "changed content production value chain model in collaborative online environments: in these environments, a strict producer/consumer dichotomy no longer applies – instead, users are almost always also able to be
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and his ideas on "multiperspectiviality". He believes that the plurality of media forms currently available may allow for the realization of a
Gansian mediasphere. "It is possible to suggest, however, that the news, and the news media, be multiperspectival, presenting and representing as many
245:, which Benkler has described as "the emergence of a new information environment, one in which individuals are free to take a more active role than was possible in the industrial information economy of the twentieth century." Bruns offers the concept of produsers as re-development on
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internal selection policies and their own idealized (and often somewhat condescending) image of what "the man on the street" was interested in. Journalists, in other words, positioned themselves as keepers of the gates which controlled a steady flow of relevant news to their audiences.
249:
ideas of the prosumer, he believes
Toffler's definition of the prosumer is "anything but the active, content-creating, self-directed individual whom we may encounter in the produsage community…they merely consume commercial products rather than actively contributing their own ideas."
201:
After a brief period studying physics in his native
Germany, Bruns' research focus changed to Media and Cultural studies. He completed a PhD at the University of Queensland in 2002 that analysed the emerging Website genre of Resource Centre Sites such as
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Bruns, Axel and
Highfield, Tim, (2012) "Blogs, Twitter, and Breaking News: The Produsage of Citizen Journalism." In Rebecca Ann Lind, ed., Produsing Theory in a Digital World: The Intersection of Audiences and Production. New York: Peter
553:
Bruns, Axel, (2008) "The Active
Audience: Transforming Journalism from Gatekeeping to Gatewatching." In Making Online News: The Ethnography of New Media Production. Eds. Chris Paterson and David Domingo. New York: Peter Lang,
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In the current "multiperspectival" online media sphere "gatekeeping as a means of ensuring broad and balanced coverage, therefore, is no longer strictly necessary; the gates have multiplied beyond all control".
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Bruns, Axel (2010) 'News
Produsage in the Pro-Am Mediasphere: Why Citizen Journalism Matters' In News Online: Transformations and Continuities, eds. Graham Meikle and Guy Redden. London: Palgrave Macmillan,
543:
Bruns, Axel (2010) 'News
Produsage in the Pro-Am Mediasphere: Why Citizen Journalism Matters' In News Online: Transformations and Continuities, eds. Graham Meikle and Guy Redden. London: Palgrave Macmillan,
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Bruns, Axel "News Produsage in a Pro-Am Mediasphere: Why Citizen Journalism Matters." In News Online: Transformations and Continuities, eds. Graham Meikle and Guy Redden. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010
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His findings in this formulative thesis have spurred much of his further research into the online media field, including two of his key concepts,
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Benkler, Yochai, (2006) The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, New Haven: Yale University Press, p.2
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Katrin Weller, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt, and Cornelius Puschmann, eds. Twitter and Society. New York: Peter Lang, 2014.
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Gans, Herbert, (1980) Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News and Time, New York, NY:Vintage, p. 312)
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Axel Bruns. Gatewatching and news curation: Journalism, social media, and the public sphere. New York: Peter Lang, 2018.
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Bruns, Axel (2008) Blogs, Knowledge (XXG), Second Life and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. New York: Peter Lang
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Axel Bruns. Blogs, Knowledge (XXG), Second Life and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. New York: Peter Lang, 2008.
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Bruns, Axel (2002) "Resource Centre Sites: The New Gatekeepers of the Web?" Ph.D. Thesis, University of Queensland
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In 1997, Bruns was a co-founder of the premier online academic publisher M/C (Media and Culture), which publishes
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Bruns' contemporaries and influences in the fields of citizen journalism, produsage and gatewatching include:
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John Hartley, Jean Burgess, and Axel Bruns, eds. A Companion to New Media Dynamics. London: Blackwell, 2013.
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Bruns draws on the works of scholars from a number of different fields. Produsage has evolved out of
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Lasica, J.D. (2003) Blogs and Journalism Need Each Other, Nieman Reports, Fall 2003 pp. 71-74
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Bruns, Axel, (2005) Gatewatching: Collaborative Online News Production. New York: Peter Lang
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Axel Bruns. Gatewatching: Collaborative Online News Production. New York: Peter Lang, 2005.
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Queensland University of Technology, Creative Industries Faculty Staff Page, (2013)
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Queensland University of Technology, Creative Industries Faculty Staff Page (2021)
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54:. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced
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Axel Bruns and Joanne Jacobs, eds. Uses of Blogs. New York: Peter Lang, 2006.
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producers of content, and often necessarily so in the very act of using it."
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Blogs, Knowledge (XXG), Second Life and Beyond: From Production to Produsage
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He identifies four key characteristics of these online environments:
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perspectives as possible – and at the very least, more than today."
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Bruns' development of gatewatching theory comes out of the work of
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Runge, Evelyn (2020). "Axel Bruns: Are Filter Bubbles Real?".
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154:. He is a Professor of Communication and Media Studies at
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Academic staff of Queensland University of Technology
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Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
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http://www.ufrgs.br/limc/participativo/pdf/need.pdf
281:. Jack Lule, Graham Meikle amongst a host of other
177:Gatewatching: Collaborative Online News Production
311:Palimpsestic, Iterative, Evolutionary Development
314:Alternative Approaches to Intellectual Property
196:dotlit: The Online Journal of Creative Writing
317:Heterachichal, Permeable Community Structures
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194:s General Editor. In 2000, he co-founded
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
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465:Australian Academy of the Humanities
448:http://staff.qut.edu.au/staff/bruns/
413:http://staff.qut.edu.au/staff/bruns/
227:Australian Academy of the Humanities
160:Queensland University of Technology
150:(born 1970) is a German-Australian
512:Bruns, Axel (2013) Research Blog,
424:Bruns, Axel (2013) Research Blog,
225:Bruns was elected a Fellow of the
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222:in the context of acute events.'
156:QUT Digital Media Research Centre
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190:, and he continues to serve as
16:German-Australian media scholar
614:Australian mass media scholars
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624:German emigrants to Australia
461:"Fellow Profile – Axel Bruns"
243:commons based peer-production
52:secondary or tertiary sources
58:, especially if potentially
36:biography of a living person
514:http://snurb.info/(Accessed
426:http://snurb.info/(Accessed
305:User Led Content Production
56:must be removed immediately
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619:German mass media scholars
308:Collaborative Engagement
399:10.25969/mediarep/13624
169:Bruns is the author of
450:(Accessed: 01/06/2013)
415:(Accessed: 13/03/2021)
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50:Please help by adding
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39:relies too much on
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516:: 01/06/13)
470:22 November
428:: 01/06/13)
275:J.D. Lasica
271:Clay Shirky
188:M/C Reviews
184:M/C Journal
175:(2008) and
62:or harmful.
598:Categories
372:References
289:scholars.
233:Influences
143:Axel Bruns
82:newspapers
41:references
293:Produsage
283:new media
229:in 2023.
215:Produsage
204:indymedia
112:June 2013
241:work in
208:Slashdot
179:(2005).
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220:Twitter
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103:JSTOR
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