378:). This creates an excess of positive electrical charges which needs to be compensated by the same number of negative electrical charges born by anions. These anions are located in the space present in between adjacent hydroxide layers. The interlayers in LDHs are also occupied by water molecules accompanying the anions counterbalancing the excess of positive charges created by the cation isomorphic substitution in the hydroxides sheets.
328:). As the sulfate form is the dominant one in AFm phases in the hardened cement paste (HCP) in concrete, AFm is often simply referred to as Aluminate Ferrite monosulfate or calcium aluminate monosulfate. However, carbonate-AFm phases also exist (monocarbonate and hemicarbonate) and are thermodynamically more stable than the sulfate-AFm phase. During concrete carbonation by the atmospheric CO
25:
1916:
When the carbonate concentration increases in the hardened cement paste (HCP), hydroxy-AFm are progressively replaced, first by hemicarboaluminate and then by monocarboaluminate. The stability of AFm phases increases with their carbonate content as shown by
Damidot and Glasser (1995) by means of
1735:
to be compensated by 2 negative charges X. The anions X counterbalancing the positive charge imbalance born by the sheet are located in the interlayer whose spacing is much larger than in the layered structure of brucite or portlandite. This allows the AFm structure to accommodate larger anionic
1990:(2007), the impact of small amounts of carbonate on the nature and stability of the AFm phases is noteworthy. Divet (2000) also notes that micromolar amount of carbonate can inhibit the formation of AFm sulfate, favoring so the crystallisation of
2236:
Champenois, Jean-Baptiste; Mesbah, Adel; Cau Dit Coumes, Céline; Renaudin, Guillaume; Leroux, Fabrice; Mercier, Cyrille; Revel, Bertrand; Damidot, Denis (October 2012). "Crystal structures of Boro-AFm and sBoro-AFt phases".
1881:
dust. Carbonation can rapidly occur within the fresh concrete during its setting and hardening (internal carbonate sources), or slowly continue in the long-term in the hardened cement paste in
1216:
1001:
1755:) occupies the interlayer space in a privileged way with the highest selectivity coefficient and is more retained in the interlayer than other divalent or monovalent anions such as
882:
786:
1418:
1317:
1097:
694:
606:
529:. Some AFm phases are presented in the table here below as a function of the nature of the anion counterbalancing the excess of positive charges in the
1667:. So, AFm does not refer to a single pure mineralogical phase but rather to a mix of several AFm phases co-existing in hydrated cement paste (HCP).
2859:
Mesbah, Adel; Rapin, Jean-Philippe; François, Michel; Cau-dit-Coumes, Céline; Frizon, Fabien; Leroux, Fabrice; Renaudin, Guillaume (2011).
108:
1733:
cation, with a Ca:Al ratio of 2:1 (one Al substituted for every 3 cations) causes an excess of positive charge in the sheet: 2
46:
551:
cations located in a same plane, but due to the excess of positive electrical charges, the hydroxide sheets are distorted.
555:
Different AFm phases as a function of the nature of the counterbalancing anion in the LDH structure and its stoichiometry
481:. The thickness of the interlayer is sufficient to host a variety of relatively large anions often present as impurities:
1830:
The thermodynamic stability of AFm phases studied at 25 °C depends on the nature of the anion present in the interlayer:
89:
3055:
3030:
2117:
61:
3075:
1877:
to avoid cement flash setting, and "alkali sulfates" condensed onto clinker during its cooling, or from added clinker
42:
2785:
Mesbah, Adel; Cau-dit-Coumes, Céline; Frizon, Fabien; Leroux, Fabrice; Ravaux, Johann; Renaudin, Guillaume (2011).
2898:
Nedyalkova, Latina; Tits, Jan; Renaudin, Guillaume; Wieland, Erich; Mäder, Urs; Lothenbach, Barbara (2022-02-15).
68:
35:
3065:
2013:
382:
341:
1740:
1157:
942:
3050:
1486:
148:
75:
2860:
2786:
2960:
2675:
2143:
1944:
When carbonate displaces sulfate from AFm, the sulfate released in the concrete pore water may react with
1494:
2824:
Mesbah, Adel; Cau-dit-Coumes, Céline; Renaudin, Guillaume; Frizon, Fabien; Leroux, Fabrice (2012-08-01).
1595:
AFm phases encompass a class of calcium aluminate hydrates (C-A-H) whose structure derives from that of
2543:
Baquerizo, Luis G.; Matschei, Thomas; Scrivener, Karen L.; Saeidpour, Mahsa; Wadsö, Lars (2015-07-01).
57:
2825:
2544:
2069:
2911:
2451:
2008:
1772:
288:
1854:
anions at their concentrations typically found in hardened cement paste (HCP). Different sources of
846:
750:
1651:
anions. The different mineral phases resulting from these anionic substitutions do not easily form
1596:
2187:
1385:
1284:
279:
n represents the number of water molecules in the hydrate and may be comprised between 13 and 19.
3060:
3008:
2992:
2945:
2754:
Matschei, T.; Lothenbach, B.; Glasser, F.P. (February 2007). "The AFm phase in
Portland cement".
2732:
2652:
2413:
2207:
1514:
1069:
666:
2710:
582:
125:
is an "alumina, ferric oxide, monosubstituted" phase, or aluminate ferrite monosubstituted, or
3070:
3045:
3040:
3000:
2937:
2929:
2884:
2845:
2810:
2771:
2740:
2695:
2660:
2632:
2617:
2599:
2564:
2520:
2469:
2346:
2324:
2254:
2215:
2163:
2089:
2030:
2019:
1822:
for monovalent anions, but this order is not universal and varies with the nature of the LDH.
318:
152:
2580:"Factors influencing the stability of AFm and AFt in the Ca – Al – S – O – H System at 25 °C"
2414:"Etat des connaissances sur les causes possibles des réactions sulfatiques internes au béton"
2188:"Influence of calcium nitrate and nitrite on the constitution of AFm and AFt cement hydrates"
2984:
2919:
2876:
2837:
2802:
2763:
2722:
2687:
2644:
2607:
2591:
2556:
2512:
2459:
2316:
2246:
2199:
2155:
2081:
1532:
2275:
Baur, Isabel; Johnson, C. Annette (November 2003). "The solubility of selenate-AFt (3CaO·Al
1743:(LDH) and AFm phases also exhibit the same anion exchange properties. The carbonate anion (
1670:
Considering a monovalent anion X, the chemical formula can be rearranged and expressed as 2
3035:
307:
219:
156:
2915:
2455:
82:
2612:
2579:
1874:
1863:
1776:
1652:
2691:
2320:
2159:
3024:
3012:
2949:
2880:
2806:
2516:
215:
2841:
2767:
2560:
2250:
2085:
1490:
230:
223:
2959:
Terzis, A.; Filippakis, S.; Kuzel, Hans-Jürgen; Burzlaff, Hans (1 December 1987).
1713:
octahedral ions are located in a plane as for calcium or magnesium hydroxides in
2988:
1945:
1906:
1890:
1878:
1714:
537:
24:
2924:
2899:
2861:"Crystal structures and phase transition of cementitious bi-anionic AFm-(Cl, CO
2464:
2439:
2024:
2003:
1991:
1980:
1956:
548:
3004:
2996:
2933:
2888:
2849:
2826:"Uptake of chloride and carbonate ions by calcium monosulfoaluminate hydrate"
2814:
2775:
2744:
2736:
2699:
2664:
2656:
2603:
2568:
2524:
2473:
2328:
2258:
2219:
2211:
2167:
2093:
1859:
1855:
1656:
1536:
1506:
1498:
414:
345:
234:
2941:
2621:
2648:
2203:
332:, sulfate-AFm phase is also slowly transformed into carbonate-AFm phases.
2900:"Mechanisms and thermodynamic modelling of iodide sorption on AFm phases"
2709:
Hirao, Hiroshi; Yamada, Kazuo; Takahashi, Haruka; Zibara, Hassan (2005).
1882:
526:
518:
2711:"Chloride binding of cement estimated by binding isotherms of hydrates"
2595:
2487:
Damidot, D.; Glasser, F.P. (January 1995). "Investigation of the CaO-Al
2380:
2118:"Sur un chloro-aluminate de calcium hydraté se maclant par compression"
1718:
1660:
406:
2727:
2122:
16:
Aluminate
Ferrite monosubstituted or calcium aluminate monosubstituted
1870:
349:
160:
2186:
Balonis, Magdalena; Mędala, Marta; Glasser, Fredrik P. (July 2011).
1624:
1519:
522:
360:
1910:
166:
They are crystalline hydrates with generic, simplified, formula
1721:
hexagonal sheets respectively. The replacement of one divalent
1540:
18:
2578:
Feng, Pan; Miao, Changwen; Bullard, Jeffrey W. (2016-03-01).
1858:
can contribute to the carbonation of AFm phases: Addition of
547:), the hydroxide sheets of AFm are made of hexa-coordinated
2421:
Bulletin de
Liaison des Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées
2068:
Matschei, T.; Lothenbach, B.; Glasser, F. P. (2007-02-01).
2440:"Anion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like compounds"
517:... As other LDHs, AFm can incorporate in their structure
151:(CCN). AFm phases are important hydration products in the
2674:
Glasser, F.P.; Kindness, A.; Stronach, S.A. (June 1999).
2142:
Glasser, F.P.; Kindness, A.; Stronach, S.A. (June 1999).
2977:
1706:, as presented in the table in the former section). The
2676:"Stability and solubility relationships in AFm phases"
2374:
2372:
2370:
2144:"Stability and solubility relationships in AFm phases"
1179:
947:
1655:
but behave as independent phases. The replacement of
1388:
1287:
1160:
1072:
945:
849:
753:
669:
585:
1913:
porewater (foundations and underground structures).
393:
cations, can be represented by the generic formula:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2503:O system at 25 °C by thermodynamic calculations".
1493:in the system has to respect the principle of the
1412:
1311:
1210:
1091:
995:
876:
780:
688:
600:
2631:Galan, Isabel; Glasser, Fredrik P. (2015-02-01).
413:), while the substituting trivalent cation is an
385:, the positive layer (c), consisting of divalent
2231:
2229:
356:) and its electrical charge is compensated by 2
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1739:The crystal structure of AFm phases is that of
2181:
2179:
2177:
2137:
2135:
2111:
2109:
421:). The nature of the counterbalancing anion (
8:
1885:exposed to external sources of carbonate: CO
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2270:
2268:
2923:
2726:
2611:
2463:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
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1302:
1297:
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1286:
1198:
1193:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1082:
1077:
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1071:
986:
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966:
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854:
850:
848:
768:
763:
758:
754:
752:
679:
674:
670:
668:
591:
586:
584:
374:cations are replaced by a trivalent one (
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2904:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
1983:present in the hydrated cement system.
1970:
1966:
1962:
1951:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:their thermodynamic calculations of the
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1229:
1225:
1211:{\displaystyle {\ce {1Cl- + 1/2SO4^2-}}}
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1022:
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1014:
1010:
996:{\displaystyle {\ce {1/2CO3^2- + 1OH-}}}
924:
920:
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899:
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891:
828:
824:
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803:
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652:
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348:with a double layer structure. The main
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143:
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2869:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
2795:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
2715:Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology
2584:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
2545:"Hydration states of AFm cement phases"
2043:
1869:, carbonate present as impurity in the
2340:
2338:
7:
2009:Concrete degradation#Chloride attack
1736:species along with water molecules.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2033:of rebar induced by chloride attack
1729:cation, or to a lesser extent by a
1505:) and water are transformed into 2
401:where X is the intercalating anion.
2070:"The AFm phase in Portland cement"
1862:filler finely ground, atmospheric
1535:) as typically exemplified by the
340:AFm phases belong to the class of
240:X is the substituted anion in CaX:
14:
2787:"A new investigation of the Cl–CO
1811:OH > F > Cl > Br > NO
405:In AFm, the divalent cation is a
2881:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04050.x
2807:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04305.x
2590:(3). R. Riman (ed.): 1031–1041.
1771:According to Miyata (1983), the
23:
2842:10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.05.012
2768:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.010
2561:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.02.011
2345:Handbook of mineralogy (2005).
2251:10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.06.003
2086:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.010
877:{\displaystyle {\ce {1CO3^2-}}}
781:{\displaystyle {\ce {1SO4^2-}}}
34:needs additional citations for
1775:(selectivity coefficient) for
306:in CCN, reacts with dissolved
1:
2692:10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00055-1
2438:Miyata, Shigeo (1983-08-01).
2321:10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00151-0
2160:10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00055-1
1842:stabilises AFm and displaces
1479:Balonis & Glasser (2011)
1413:{\displaystyle {\ce {2NO2-}}}
1378:Balonis & Glasser (2011)
1312:{\displaystyle {\ce {2NO3-}}}
743:Hydrocalumite (HBM) (Mindat)
381:In the most studied class of
2961:"The crystal structure of Ca
2830:Cement and Concrete Research
2756:Cement and Concrete Research
2680:Cement and Concrete Research
2549:Cement and Concrete Research
2517:10.1016/0008-8846(94)00108-B
2505:Cement and Concrete Research
2309:Cement and Concrete Research
2291:O) and selenate-AFm (3CaO·Al
2239:Cement and Concrete Research
2148:Cement and Concrete Research
2074:Cement and Concrete Research
1092:{\displaystyle {\ce {2Cl-}}}
689:{\displaystyle {\ce {2OH-}}}
2989:10.1524/zkri.1987.181.14.29
2791:substitution in AFm phases"
2637:Advances in Cement Research
2192:Advances in Cement Research
601:{\displaystyle {\ce {yX-}}}
3092:
2925:10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.104
2465:10.1346/CCMN.1983.0310409
2116:Friedel, Georges (1897).
2014:Layered double hydroxides
1909:(immersed structures) or
1809:for divalent anions, and
342:layered double hydroxides
2354:handbookofmineralogy.org
1986:As stressed by Matschei
1741:layered double hydroxide
536:hydroxide sheets. As in
2444:Clays and Clay Minerals
2379:Mindat (3 April 2023).
1826:Thermodynamic stability
1627:are partly replaced by
425:) can be very diverse:
149:cement chemist notation
1725:cation by a trivalent
1495:conservation of matter
1414:
1313:
1212:
1093:
997:
878:
782:
690:
602:
233:, where X replaces an
2649:10.1680/adcr.13.00067
2204:10.1680/adcr.10.00002
1873:interground with the
1663:ions does not exceed
1415:
1314:
1213:
1094:
998:
879:
783:
691:
603:
2633:"Chloride in cement"
2412:Divet, Loïc (2000).
1779:varies in the order
1773:equilibrium constant
1543:) slaking process:
1489:in LDH formula, the
1386:
1285:
1158:
1070:
943:
847:
751:
667:
583:
336:Different AFm phases
289:tricalcium aluminate
43:improve this article
3056:Iron(III) compounds
3031:Aluminium compounds
2916:2022JCIS..608..683N
2456:1983CCM....31..305M
1513:) according to the
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1307:
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3076:Carbonate minerals
2596:10.1111/jace.13971
1515:acid-base reaction
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993:
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266:…) with y = 1, or;
242:– divalent (
2910:(Pt 1): 683–691.
2728:10.3151/jact.3.77
2315:(11): 1741–1748.
2245:(10): 1362–1370.
2031:Pitting corrosion
1889:from the air, or
1552:O + O ⇌ OH + OH
1483:
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1081:
1005:AFm-hemicarbonate
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886:AFm-monocarbonate
858:
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521:elements such as
319:calcium carbonate
229:CaX represents a
168:3CaO·(Al,Fe)
161:hydraulic cements
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93:
3083:
3066:Sulfate minerals
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2927:
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2836:(8): 1157–1165.
2818:
2801:(6): 1901–1910.
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1680:]·X·nH
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355:
344:(LDH). LDHs are
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213:
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185:
157:Portland cements
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51:
27:
19:
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2536:Further reading
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2416:
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2387:
2381:"Hydrocalumite"
2378:
2377:
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2358:
2356:
2349:
2347:"Hydrocalumite"
2344:
2343:
2336:
2306:
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2274:
2273:
2266:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2185:
2184:
2175:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2067:
2066:
2045:
2040:
2000:
1994:(AFt sulfate).
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1867:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:·X·nH
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1653:solid solutions
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1485:To convert the
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1283:
1282:
1277:Glasser (1999)
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1150:Friedel (1897)
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
982:
941:
940:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
845:
844:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:AFm-monosulfate
749:
748:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:AFm-monohydrate
675:
665:
664:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
587:
581:
580:
545:
541:
534:
530:
512:
509:
508:
506:
500:
497:
496:
494:
488:
485:
484:
482:
476:
473:
472:
470:
464:
461:
460:
458:
452:
449:
448:
446:
440:
437:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
390:
386:
375:
371:
368:
364:
357:
353:
338:
331:
326:
322:
315:
311:
308:calcium sulfate
303:
299:
295:
291:
273:
269:
267:
261:
258:
257:
255:
249:
246:
245:
243:
241:
226:, respectively;
220:aluminium oxide
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Iron compounds
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3017:
2983:(1–4): 29–34.
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2954:
2894:
2893:
2875:(1): 261–268.
2862:
2855:
2854:
2820:
2819:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2762:(2): 118–130.
2750:
2749:
2705:
2704:
2686:(6): 861–866.
2670:
2669:
2627:
2626:
2574:
2573:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2450:(4): 305–311.
2430:
2397:
2366:
2334:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2264:
2225:
2198:(3): 129–143.
2173:
2154:(6): 861–866.
2131:
2105:
2080:(2): 118–130.
2042:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2020:Friedel's salt
2017:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1974:
1886:
1865:
1827:
1824:
1777:anion exchange
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1555:
1487:oxide notation
1481:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1448:
1443:
1423:
1420:
1406:
1401:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1347:
1342:
1322:
1319:
1305:
1300:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1246:
1241:
1221:
1218:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1164:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1123:
1118:
1102:
1101:Friedel's salt
1099:
1085:
1076:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1031:
1026:
1006:
1003:
989:
980:
977:
972:
969:
964:
954:
951:
937:
936:
933:
928:
908:
903:
887:
884:
870:
867:
862:
853:
841:
840:
837:
832:
812:
807:
791:
788:
774:
771:
766:
757:
745:
744:
741:
736:
720:
715:
699:
696:
682:
673:
661:
660:
657:
632:
611:
608:
594:
577:
576:
573:
570:
569:Oxide notation
567:
564:
403:
402:
398:
397:
389:and trivalent
337:
334:
329:
281:
280:
277:
276:…) with y = 2.
268:– monovalent (
238:
227:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3088:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1958:
1947:
1942:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:) present in
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1857:
1825:
1823:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1742:
1737:
1720:
1716:
1668:
1665:50 mol %
1662:
1658:
1654:
1626:
1598:
1597:hydrocalumite
1591:AFm structure
1590:
1579:
1576:
1556:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1449:
1424:
1421:
1404:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1348:
1323:
1320:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1247:
1222:
1220:Kuzel's salts
1219:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1124:
1103:
1100:
1083:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1062:Divet (2000)
1061:
1032:
1021:·½Ca(OH)
1007:
1004:
987:
978:
975:
970:
967:
962:
952:
949:
939:
938:
935:Divet (2000)
934:
909:
888:
885:
868:
865:
860:
851:
843:
842:
839:Divet (2000)
838:
813:
792:
789:
772:
769:
764:
755:
747:
746:
742:
721:
700:
697:
680:
671:
663:
662:
658:
651:·(n− 6)H
633:
612:
609:
592:
579:
578:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
558:
552:
550:
539:
528:
524:
520:
416:
408:
400:
399:
396:
395:
394:
384:
379:
362:
352:is divalent (
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
320:
309:
290:
286:
278:
239:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
216:calcium oxide
191:
190:
189:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
124:
113:
110:
102:
99:February 2022
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2980:
2976:
2907:
2903:
2872:
2868:
2865:) compounds"
2833:
2829:
2798:
2794:
2759:
2755:
2721:(1): 77–84.
2718:
2714:
2683:
2679:
2643:(2): 63–97.
2640:
2636:
2587:
2583:
2552:
2548:
2511:(1): 22–28.
2508:
2504:
2482:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2357:. Retrieved
2353:
2312:
2308:
2242:
2238:
2195:
2191:
2151:
2147:
2125:
2121:
2097:. Retrieved
2077:
2073:
1987:
1985:
1979:), the main
1961:3CaO·Al
1943:
1915:
1829:
1770:
1738:
1669:
1594:
1491:mass balance
1484:
1426:3CaO·Al
1325:3CaO·Al
1224:3CaO·Al
1105:3CaO·Al
1009:3CaO·Al
890:3CaO·Al
794:3CaO·Al
710:·Ca(OH)
702:3CaO·Al
614:3CaO·Al
560:
404:
380:
339:
292:3CaO·Al
284:
282:
231:calcium salt
224:ferric oxide
165:
122:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:"AFm phases"
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2555:: 143–157.
1969:·3CaSO
1946:portlandite
1907:groundwater
1891:bicarbonate
1715:portlandite
1676:(Al,Fe)(OH)
1620:, in which
1434:·Ca(NO
1422:AFm-nitrite
1333:·Ca(NO
1321:AFm-nitrate
1236:·½CaCl
1232:·½CaSO
1025:·11.5H
1017:·½CaCO
610:AFm-generic
572:LDH formula
538:portlandite
3025:Categories
2385:mindat.org
2128:: 122–136.
2099:2022-02-10
2038:References
2025:Ettringite
2004:AFt phases
1992:ettringite
1957:ettringite
1955:) to form
1937:system at
1585:O ⇌ 2 OH
1577:or simply,
1531:(a strong
1499:Oxide ions
1113:·CaCl
1054:·5.5H
898:·CaCO
802:·CaSO
575:Reference
549:octahedral
346:hydroxides
285:inter alia
214:represent
69:newspapers
3061:Silicates
3013:102051376
3005:2194-4946
2997:2196-7105
2950:238637368
2934:0021-9797
2889:1551-2916
2850:0008-8846
2815:1551-2916
2776:0008-8846
2745:1346-8014
2737:1347-3913
2700:0008-8846
2665:0951-7197
2657:1751-7605
2604:1551-2916
2569:0008-8846
2525:0008-8846
2474:1552-8367
2329:0008-8846
2259:0008-8846
2220:0951-7197
2212:1751-7605
2168:0008-8846
2094:0008-8846
1981:AFt phase
1973:·32H
1860:limestone
1856:carbonate
1844:OH and SO
1657:hydroxide
1537:quicklime
1507:hydroxide
1442:·10H
1405:−
1341:·10H
1304:−
1240:·11H
1203:−
1172:−
1117:·10H
1084:−
988:−
971:−
902:·11H
869:−
806:·12H
773:−
714:·10H
681:−
622:·CaX
593:−
415:aluminium
283:AFm form
235:oxide ion
176:·CaX
153:hydration
147:mono, in
123:AFm phase
3071:Sulfates
3046:Hydrates
3041:Concrete
2942:34634544
2622:27335503
2427:: 71–84.
2390:19 April
2359:19 April
1998:See also
1883:concrete
1790:> HPO
1659:ions by
1517:between
1509:anions (
1471:·4H
1370:·4H
1269:·5H
1142:·4H
927:·5H
831:·6H
735:·4H
626:·nH
566:AFm name
527:selenium
180:·nH
2969:Cl · 2H
2912:Bibcode
2613:4911640
2452:Bibcode
2283:·3CaSeO
1893:anion (
1875:clinker
1799:> SO
1719:brucite
1692:(Al,Fe)
1672:[Ca
1661:sulfate
1602:4CaO·Al
407:calcium
370:. Some
188:where:
83:scholar
3036:Cement
3011:
3003:
2995:
2965:Al(OH)
2948:
2940:
2932:
2887:
2848:
2813:
2774:
2743:
2735:
2698:
2663:
2655:
2620:
2610:
2602:
2567:
2523:
2472:
2327:
2299:·CaSeO
2287:·37.5H
2257:
2218:
2210:
2166:
2092:
1988:et al.
1950:Ca(OH)
1919:CaO-Al
1871:gypsum
1820:> I
1708:Me(OH)
1625:anions
1611:·13–19
1265:Cl(OH)
542:Ca(OH)
531:Ca(OH)
361:anions
350:cation
317:), or
300:, or C
222:, and
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3009:S2CID
2993:eISSN
2946:S2CID
2733:eISSN
2653:eISSN
2417:(PDF)
2350:(PDF)
2307:O)".
2208:eISSN
2027:(AFt)
2016:(LDH)
1939:25 °C
1766:or OH
1581:O + H
923:)(OH)
827:)(OH)
563:Anion
523:boron
519:toxic
483:B(OH)
417:ion (
409:ion (
365:M(OH)
287:when
192:CaO,
90:JSTOR
76:books
3001:ISSN
2938:PMID
2930:ISSN
2885:ISSN
2846:ISSN
2811:ISSN
2772:ISSN
2741:ISSN
2696:ISSN
2661:ISSN
2618:PMID
2600:ISSN
2565:ISSN
2521:ISSN
2495:-SiO
2470:ISSN
2392:2023
2361:2023
2325:ISSN
2255:ISSN
2216:ISSN
2164:ISSN
2090:ISSN
1927:-SiO
1911:clay
1879:kiln
1696:(OH)
1686:(or
1566:⇌ B
1533:base
1527:and
1467:(OH)
1366:(OH)
1138:(OH)
1050:(OH)
731:(OH)
647:(OH)
525:and
383:LDHs
323:CaCO
312:CaSO
159:and
62:news
2985:doi
2981:181
2920:doi
2908:608
2877:doi
2838:doi
2803:doi
2764:doi
2723:doi
2688:doi
2645:doi
2608:PMC
2592:doi
2557:doi
2513:doi
2460:doi
2425:227
2317:doi
2303:·xH
2247:doi
2200:doi
2156:doi
2082:doi
1941:.
1895:HCO
1717:or
1639:or
1570:+ A
1562:+ B
1541:CaO
1459:(NO
1358:(NO
1257:(SO
1042:(CO
919:(CO
823:(SO
507:SeO
495:SeO
155:of
121:An
45:by
3027::
3007:.
2999:.
2991:.
2979:.
2975:.
2973:O"
2944:.
2936:.
2928:.
2918:.
2906:.
2902:.
2883:.
2873:94
2871:.
2867:.
2844:.
2834:42
2832:.
2828:.
2809:.
2799:94
2797:.
2793:.
2770:.
2760:37
2758:.
2739:.
2731:.
2717:.
2713:.
2694:.
2684:29
2682:.
2678:.
2659:.
2651:.
2641:27
2639:.
2635:.
2616:.
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