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intelligence will be able to replace a soldier on the battlefield and a pilot in an aircraft cockpit" and later noted that "the day is nearing when vehicles will get artificial intelligence." Bondarev made these remarks in close proximity to the successful test of
Nerehta, an crewless Russian ground vehicle that reportedly "outperformed existing combat vehicles." Russia plans to use Nerehta as a research and development platform for AI and may one day deploy the system in combat, intelligence gathering, or logistics roles. Russia has also reportedly built a combat module for crewless ground vehicles that is capable of autonomous target identification—and, potentially, target engagement—and plans to develop a suite of AI-enabled autonomous systems.
3723:, vol. 98, no. 3 (May/June 2019), pp. 135–44. "Today's AI technologies are powerful but unreliable. Rules-based systems cannot deal with circumstances their programmers did not anticipate. Learning systems are limited by the data on which they were trained. AI failures have already led to tragedy. Advanced autopilot features in cars, although they perform well in some circumstances, have driven cars without warning into trucks, concrete barriers, and parked cars. In the wrong situation, AI systems go from supersmart to superdumb in an instant. When an enemy is trying to manipulate and hack an AI system, the risks are even greater." (p. 140.)
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314:– believes that being at the forefront in AI technology is critical to the future of global military and economic power competition. Chinese military officials have said that their goal is to incorporate commercial AI technology to "narrow the gap between the Chinese military and global advanced powers." The close ties between Silicon Valley and China, and the open nature of the American research community, has made the West's most advanced AI technology easily available to China; in addition, Chinese industry has numerous home-grown AI accomplishments of its own, such as
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training and education program, a dedicated AI lab, and a
National Center for Artificial Intelligence, among other initiatives. In addition, Russia recently created a defense research organization, roughly equivalent to DARPA, dedicated to autonomy and robotics called the Foundation for Advanced Studies, and initiated an annual conference on "Robotization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation."
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stated that "there already exist completely autonomous AI operation systems that provide the means for UAV clusters, when they fulfill missions autonomously, sharing tasks between them, and interact", and that it is inevitable that "swarms of drones" will one day fly over combat zones. Russia has been testing several autonomous and semi-autonomous combat systems, such as
587:(CCW), diplomats could not agree even on how to define such weapons. The Indian ambassador and chair of the CCW stated that agreement on rules remained a distant prospect. As of 2019, 26 heads of state and 21 Nobel Peace Prize laureates have backed a ban on autonomous weapons. However, as of 2022, most major powers continue to oppose a ban on autonomous weapons.
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by autonomous weapons systems. On
October 31, 2019, the United States Department of Defense's Defense Innovation Board published the draft of a report recommending principles for the ethical use of artificial intelligence by the Department of Defense that would ensure a human operator would always be able to look into the 'black box' and understand the
189:. This is in part due to the perceived advantage of being the first to develop advanced AI technology. One team appearing to be on the brink of a breakthrough can encourage other teams to take shortcuts, ignore precautions and deploy a system that is less ready. Some argue that using "race" terminology at all in this context can exacerbate this effect.
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perhaps the greatest hindrance to the
European Union's ability to develop autonomous weapons. Some members such as France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden are developing lethal autonomous weapons. Some members remain undecided about the use of autonomous military weapons and Austria has even called to ban the use of such weapons.
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South Korean manufacturer states, "Our weapons don't sleep, like humans must. They can see in the dark, like humans can't. Our technology therefore plugs the gaps in human capability", and they want to "get to a place where our software can discern whether a target is friend, foe, civilian or military".
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predicts that AI has the potential to be as transformative as nuclear weapons. The report further argues that "Preventing expanded military use of AI is likely impossible" and that "the more modest goal of safe and effective technology management must be pursued", such as banning the attaching of an
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autonomous warship, which is designed to operate for extended periods at sea without a single crew member, and to even guide itself in and out of port. From 2017, a temporary US Department of
Defense directive requires a human operator to be kept in the loop when it comes to the taking of human life
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has argued an AI arms race might be somewhat mitigated through diplomacy: "We saw in the various historical arms races that collaboration and dialog can pay dividends". Over a hundred experts signed an open letter in 2017 calling on the UN to address the issue of lethal autonomous weapons; however,
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The international regulation of autonomous weapons is an emerging issue for international law. AI arms control will likely require the institutionalization of new international norms embodied in effective technical specifications combined with active monitoring and informal diplomacy by communities
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machine gun, unveiled in 2010, sees use both in South Korea and in the Middle East. It can identify, track, and destroy a moving target at a range of 4 km. While the technology can theoretically operate without human intervention, in practice safeguards are installed to require manual input. A
523:
are the Gospel and
Lavender. Lavender developed by the Unit 8200 identifies and creates a database of individuals mostly low-ranking militants of Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and has a 90% accuracy rate and a database of tens of thousands. The Gospel in comparisons recommended buildings
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stated "Artificial intelligence is the future, not only for Russia but for all humankind... Whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world". Putin also said it would be better to prevent any single actor achieving a monopoly, but that if Russia became the leader in AI,
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The
European Parliament holds the position that humans must have oversight and decision-making power over lethal autonomous weapons. However, it is up to each member state of the European Union to determine their stance on the use of autonomous weapons and the mixed stances of the member states is
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project involving using machine learning and engineering talent to distinguish people and objects in drone videos, apparently giving the government real-time battlefield command and control, and the ability to track, tag and spy on targets without human involvement. Initially the effort was led by
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In addition, the
Russian military plans to incorporate AI into crewless aerial, naval, and undersea vehicles and is currently developing swarming capabilities. It is also exploring innovative uses of AI for remote sensing and electronic warfare, including adaptive frequency hopping, waveforms, and
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has approved plans to derive 30 percent of Russia's combat power from remote controlled and AI-enabled robotic platforms by 2030. Reports by state-sponsored
Russian media on potential military uses of AI increased in mid-2017. In May 2017, the CEO of Russia's Kronstadt Group, a defense contractor,
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anti-radar "fire and forget" drone is designed to be launched by ground troops, and autonomously fly over an area to find and destroy radar that fits pre-determined criteria. The application of artificial intelligence is also expected to be advanced in crewless ground systems and robotic vehicles
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by accelerating the delivery and adoption of AI to achieve mission impact at scale. The goal is to use AI to solve large and complex problem sets that span multiple combat systems; then, ensure the combat
Systems and Components have real-time access to ever-improving libraries of data sets and
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passing a notable Chinese-language speech recognition capability benchmark in 2015. As of 2017, Beijing's roadmap aims to create a $ 150 billion AI industry by 2030. Before 2013, Chinese defense procurement was mainly restricted to a few conglomerates; however, as of 2017, China often sources
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Russia is establishing a number of organizations devoted to the development of military AI. In March 2018, the Russian government released a 10-point AI agenda, which calls for the establishment of an AI and Big Data consortium, a Fund for Analytical Algorithms and Programs, a state-backed AI
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Several states, including the U.S., Russia, the United Kingdom, India, and Israel, were opposed to any legally binding restrictions... China has supported a binding legal agreement at the CCW, but has also sought to define autonomous weapons so narrowly that much of the A.I.-enabled military
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The Russian military has been researching a number of AI applications, with a heavy emphasis on semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles. In an official statement on November 1, 2017, Viktor Bondarev, chairman of the Federation Council's Defense and Security Committee, stated that "artificial
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A third risk of an AI arms race is whether or not the race is actually won by one group. The concern is regarding the consolidation of power and technological advantage in the hands of one group. A US government report argued that "AI-enabled capabilities could be used to threaten critical
113:, in 2016, for the first time, China published more AI papers than the entire European Union. When restricted to number of AI papers in the top 5% of cited papers, China overtook the United States in 2016 but lagged behind the European Union. 23% of the researchers presenting at the 2017
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reported in 2018 that the United States private investment is around $ 70 billion per year. The November 2019 'Interim Report' of the United States' National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence confirmed that AI is critical to US technological military superiority.
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In 2015, the UK government opposed a ban on lethal autonomous weapons, stating that "international humanitarian law already provides sufficient regulation for this area", but that all weapons employed by UK armed forces would be "under human oversight and control".
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reported in 2018 that annual private Chinese investment in AI is under $ 7 billion per year. AI startups in China received nearly half of total global investment in AI startups in 2017; the Chinese filed for nearly five times as many AI patents as did Americans.
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to broach the issue. In 2018, Xi called for greater international cooperation in basic AI research. Chinese officials have expressed concern that AI such as drones could lead to accidental war, especially in the absence of international norms. In 2019, former
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have warned of "an emerging arms race among the hi-tech nations to develop autonomous submarines, fighter jets, battleships and tanks that can find their own targets and apply violent force without the involvement of meaningful human decisions".
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who was concerned about China's military use of the emerging technology. Reportedly, Pentagon development stops short of acting as an AI weapons system capable of firing on self-designated targets. The project was established in a memo by the
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found that "Most of the 's AI equipment suppliers are not state-owned defense enterprises, but private Chinese tech companies founded after 2010." The report estimated that Chinese military spending on AI exceeded $ 1.6 billion each year. The
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One risk concerns the AI race itself, whether or not the race is won by any one group. There are strong incentives for development teams to cut corners with regard to the safety of the system, which may result in increased
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Jack Shanahan in November 2017, a project "designed to be that pilot project, that pathfinder, that spark that kindles the flame front of artificial intelligence across the rest of the Department". Its chief,
88:". Broadly, any competition for superior AI is sometimes framed as an "arms race". Advantages in military AI overlap with advantages in other sectors, as countries pursue both economic and military advantages.
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Tech Summit in July 2017, Cukor also said that the investment in a "deliberate workflow process" was funded by the Department through its "rapid acquisition authorities" for about "the next 36 months".
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countermeasures. Russia has also made extensive use of AI technologies for domestic propaganda and surveillance, as well as for information operations directed against the United States and U.S. allies.
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and structures rather than individuals. The acceptable collateral damage and the type of weapon used to eliminate the target is decided by IDF members and could track militants even when at home.
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561:, the Active Defense System, that can respond to a threat with complete autonomy in less than a millisecond. Italy plans to incorporate autonomous weapons systems into its future military plans.
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China published a position paper in 2016 questioning the adequacy of existing international law to address the eventuality of fully autonomous weapons, becoming the first permanent member of the
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Col. Drew Cukor, said: "People and computers will work symbiotically to increase the ability of weapon systems to detect objects." Project Maven has been noted by allies, such as Australia's
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Shulman, C., & Armstrong, S. (2009, July). Arms control and intelligence explosions. In 7th European Conference on Computing and Philosophy (ECAP), Bellaterra, Spain, July (pp. 2-4).
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237:, commander-in-chief of the Russian air force, stated that as early as February 2017, Russia was working on AI-guided missiles that could decide to switch targets mid-flight. The
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2099:"Technology, Trade, and Military-Civil Fusion: China's Pursuit of Artificial Intelligence, New Materials, and New Energy | U.S.- CHINA | ECONOMIC and SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION"
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Many experts believe attempts to completely ban killer robots are likely to fail, in part because detecting treaty violations would be extremely difficult. A 2017 report from
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Many Western tech companies avoid being associated too closely with the U.S. military, for fear of losing access to China's market. Furthermore, some researchers, such as
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380:(DoD) increased investment in artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing from $ 5.6 billion in 2011 to $ 7.4 billion in 2016. However, the civilian
246:'s "neural net" combat module, with a machine gun, a camera, and an AI that its makers claim can make its own targeting judgements without human intervention.
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208:, a simulated AI drone killed the human character operating it. The USAF later said the official had misspoken and that it never conducted such simulations.
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376:" that rapid advances in artificial intelligence will define the next generation of warfare. According to data science and analytics firm Govini, the U.S.
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systems use artificial intelligence to identify and kill human targets without human intervention. LAWS have colloquially been called "slaughterbots" or "
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469:
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3614:
Allen, Greg, and Taniel Chan. "Artificial Intelligence and National Security." Report. Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University. Boston, MA (2017).
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Maas, Matthijs M. (2019-02-06). "How viable is international arms control for military artificial intelligence? Three lessons from nuclear weapons".
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Another potential danger of an AI arms race is the possibility of losing control of the AI systems; the risk is compounded in the case of a race to
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2067:"Examination of various dimensions of emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons systems, Russian Federation, November 2017"
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The Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC) (pronounced "jake") is an American organization on exploring the usage of AI (particularly
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1610:
3021:"'Killer robots': autonomous weapons pose moral dilemma | World| Breakings news and perspectives from around the globe | DW | 14.11.2017"
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Armstrong, Stuart; Bostrom, Nick; Shulman, Carl (2015-08-01). "Racing to the precipice: a model of artificial intelligence development".
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infrastructure, amplify disinformation campaigns, and wage war", and that "global stability and nuclear deterrence could be undermined".
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sensitive emerging technology such as drones and artificial intelligence from private start-up companies. An October 2021 report by the
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In September 2017, during a National Knowledge Day address to over a million students in 16,000 Russian schools, Russian President
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calling for the prohibition of lethal autonomous weapons systems has been signed by over 26,000 citizens, including physicist
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they would share their "technology with the rest of the world, like we are doing now with atomic and nuclear technology".
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of experts, together with a legal and political verification process. As early as 2007, scholars such as AI professor
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3219:"No Mere Deodands: Human Responsibilities in the Use of Violent Intelligent Systems Under Public International Law"
482:
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told staff that the company would not follow-up Project Maven after the current contract expired in March 2019.
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611:
558:
270:
81:
39:
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Geist, Edward Moore (2016-08-15). "It's already too late to stop the AI arms race—We must manage it instead".
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AI principles: recommendations on the ethical use of artificial intelligence by the Department of Defense
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systems (LAWS). Since the mid-2010s, many analysts have noted the emergence of such an arms race between
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of DALL-E, removed the blanket ban on military and warfare use from its usage policies in January 2024.
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Some EU member states have developed and are developing automated weapons. Germany has developed an
3136:"The Artificial Intelligence Arms Race: Trends and World Leaders in Autonomous Weapons Development"
1611:"In the same way there was a nuclear arms race, there will be a race to build A.I., says tech exec"
675:
argues that autonomous weapons will inevitably fall into the hands of terrorist groups such as the
532:
such as the Guardium MK III and later versions. These robotic vehicles are used in border defense.
243:
205:
104:, worldwide military spending on robotics was US$ 5.1 billion in 2010 and US$ 7.5 billion in 2015.
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2161:
1516:"Russia is developing autonomous "swarms of drones" it calls an inevitable part of future warfare"
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664:(2021), which portray threats of autonomous weapons and promote a ban, both of which went viral.
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2014:
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China became a top player in artificial intelligence research in the 2010s. According to the
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3147:
2738:"Report: Palantir took over Project Maven, the military AI program too unethical for Google"
1991:
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1373:"USAF Official Says He 'Misspoke' About AI Drone Killing Human Operator in Simulated Test"
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51:
2619:"For military AI to reach the battlefield, there are more than just software challenges"
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and was created in June 2018. The organization's stated objective is to "transform the
409:
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lashed out at China for selling drones capable of taking life with no human oversight.
250:
85:
3562:
Antebi, Liran. "Who Will Stop the Robots?." Military and Strategic Affairs 5.2 (2013).
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2262:
1706:"Red Robots Rising: Behind the Rapid Development of Russian Unmanned Military Systems"
416:, and AI-enhanced communication, for use in actual combat. It is a subdivision of the
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832:
656:
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594:
453:
62:
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Cave, Stephen; ÓhÉigeartaigh, Seán S. (2018). "An AI Race for Strategic Advantage".
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warned that "An autonomous weapons arms race is already taking place". According to
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2872:
2198:"Harnessed Lightning: How the Chinese Military is Adopting Artificial Intelligence"
715:
703:
668:
571:
118:
1486:"Why Elon Musk is right about the threat posed by Russian artificial intelligence"
973:
952:
Roff, Heather M. (2019-04-26). "The frame problem: The AI "arms race" isn't one".
862:
816:
3376:"An Open Letter to the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons"
1402:. Washington, DC: National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence. 2019.
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equipment it is currently developing would fall outside the scope of such a ban.
3189:
2901:"Signature Management in Accelerated Warfare | Close Combat in the 21st Century"
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Israel makes extensive use of AI for military applications specially during the
494:
386:
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58:
47:
43:
2772:"Establishment of an Algorithmic Warfare Cross-Functional Team (Project Maven)"
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2996:"'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"
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489:, for the ability to identify adversaries by harvesting data from sensors on
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3135:
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Cade Metz. (15 March 2018). "Pentagon Wants Silicon Valley's Help on A.I.".
2413:"Future wars may depend as much on algorithms as on ammunition, report says"
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623:
528:
35:
17:
3437:"'Robots are not taking over,' says head of UN body on autonomous weapons"
3101:"Texts adopted - Autonomous weapon systems - Wednesday, 12 September 2018"
2035:"Russia rejects potential UN 'killer robots' ban, official statement says"
2690:
2646:"Microsoft Pitched OpenAI's DALL-E as Battlefield Tool for U.S. Military"
732:
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process. However, a major concern is how the report will be implemented.
2665:"OpenAI Quietly Deletes Ban on Using ChatGPT for "Military and Warfare""
3345:"Elon Musk leads 116 experts calling for outright ban of killer robots"
2963:"Elon Musk leads 116 experts calling for outright ban of killer robots"
2932:"Project Maven to Deploy Computer Algorithms to War Zone by Year's End"
1033:
1031:
1029:
772:
635:
101:
2804:"Google employees resign in protest against Air Force's Project Maven"
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Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society
654:. The Future of Life Institute has also released two fictional films,
3726:
The National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence. (2019).
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systems, suggesting that such an international ban could be ignored.
66:
3499:"The world just blew a 'historic opportunity' to stop killer robots"
115:
American Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
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Paul Scharre, "Killer Apps: The Real Dangers of an AI Arms Race",
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315:
300:
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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295:. According to a February 2019 report by Gregory C. Allen of the
125:, has predicted China will be the leading country in AI by 2025.
1843:"Russia is developing AI missiles to dominate the new arms race"
1813:"Russia Says It Will Field a Robot Tank that Outperforms Humans"
642:, and over 4,600 artificial intelligence researchers, including
3625:"Autonomous Weapons Open Letter: AI & Robotics Researchers"
3583:"'Slaughterbots' film shows potential horrors of killer drones"
2321:"China is worried an AI arms race could lead to accidental war"
1425:"Russia is building a missile that can makes its own decisions"
1004:"For Google, a leg up in the artificial intelligence arms race"
2225:
2223:
1962:"Weapons of the weak: Russia and AI-driven asymmetric warfare"
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695:, are ideologically opposed to contributing to military work.
490:
421:
2868:"Google Backs Off from Pentagon Project After Uproar: Report"
2196:
Fedasiuk, Ryan; Melot, Jennifer; Murphy, Ben (October 2021).
1674:"Here's How the Russian Military Is Organizing to Develop AI"
3050:
Slocombe, Geoff (2015). "Uninhabited Ground Systems (Ugs)".
2592:"Joint Artificial Intelligence Center Created Under DoD CIO"
1456:"Artificial Intelligence Is Poised to Revolutionize Warfare"
3468:"Campaign to stop 'killer robots' takes peace mascot to UN"
394:
The U.S. has many military AI combat programs, such as the
2686:"Google 'to end' Pentagon Artificial Intelligence project"
2263:"Robots with Guns: The Rise of Autonomous Weapons Systems"
1903:"Russia Tries to Get Smart about Artificial Intelligence"
57:
An AI arms race is sometimes placed in the context of an
1747:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. 2019.
269:
The Russian government has strongly rejected any ban on
2290:"Whoever Predicts the Future Will Win the AI Arms Race"
1932:"Russian AI-Enabled Combat: Coming to a City Near You?"
1202:"China is rapidly closing the US's lead in AI research"
27:
Arms race for the most advanced AI-related technologies
3249:"Ban on killer robots urgently needed, say scientists"
229:
Putin (seated, center) at National Knowledge Day, 2017
3534:"Sorry, Banning 'Killer Robots' Just Isn't Practical"
3178:
Mapping the development of autonomy in weapon systems
2130:
Markoff, John; Rosenberg, Matthew (3 February 2017).
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Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
3184:. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
1873:"Kalashnikov Will Make an A.I.-Powered Killer Robot"
1580:"Artificial Intelligence Fuels New Global Arms Race"
2835:"Project Maven brings AI to the fight against ISIS"
1784:"Should the U.S. Army Fear Russia's Killer Robots?"
2533:"DOD Unveils Its Artificial Intelligence Strategy"
2443:"US general warns of out-of-control killer robots"
2382:"US risks losing AI arms race to China and Russia"
1306:"Killer Apps: The Real Dangers of an AI Arms Race"
1160:
1158:
1156:
1550:"Is 'killer robot' warfare closer than we think?"
1340:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. p. 2.
38:between two or more states to develop and deploy
2994:McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024).
2162:"China enlists start-ups in high-tech arms race"
1990:Polyakova, Chris Meserole, Alina (25 May 2018).
1642:"Who Vladimir Putin thinks will rule the world"
790:
788:
216:Stances toward military artificial intelligence
3686:"Pentagon Wants Silicon Valley's Help on A.I."
3175:Boulanin, Vincent; Verbruggen, Maaike (2017).
3071:"Killer robots: The soldiers that never sleep"
2351:"Is China exporting killer robots to Mideast?"
844:
842:
698:For example, in June 2018, company sources at
3314:"AI Could Revolutionize War as Much as Nukes"
1741:Artificial Intelligence and National Security
1166:"China seeks dominance of global AI industry"
52:increasing geopolitical and military tensions
8:
2019:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1371:Xiang, Chloe; Gault, Matthew (1 June 2023).
3655:"Terrorists 'certain' to get killer robots"
2231:"The artificial intelligence race heats up"
2202:Center for Security and Emerging Technology
2132:"China's Intelligent Weaponry Gets Smarter"
321:Center for Security and Emerging Technology
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2123:
1071:"Fearing Bombs That Can Pick Whom to Kill"
728:Artificial intelligence detection software
585:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
3610:
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2472:United States. Defense Innovation Board.
2040:Institution of Engineering and Technology
1609:Clifford, Catherine (29 September 2017).
1345:
1101:"Getting to grips with military robotics"
474:Algorithmic Warfare Cross Functional Team
428:In 2023 Microsoft pitched the DoD to use
283:Artificial intelligence industry in China
3307:
3305:
2411:Davenport, Christian (3 December 2017).
287:China is pursuing a strategic policy of
239:Military-Industrial Commission of Russia
127:
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784:
384:budget for AI saw no increase in 2017.
204:official reportedly said that during a
3665:from the original on 15 September 2021
3593:from the original on 15 September 2021
3134:Haner, Justin; Garcia, Denise (2019).
3129:
3127:
3125:
2833:Allen, Gregory C. (21 December 2017).
2565:"Joint Artificial Intelligence Center"
2453:from the original on 15 September 2021
2392:from the original on 15 September 2021
2012:
1543:
1541:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1178:from the original on 19 September 2019
1014:from the original on 15 September 2021
565:Proposals for international regulation
476:, it is, according to Lt. Gen. of the
3509:from the original on 31 December 2021
3355:from the original on 30 December 2019
3324:from the original on 25 November 2021
3259:from the original on 24 December 2017
2975:from the original on 30 December 2019
2497:Defense Primer: Emerging Technologies
2191:
2189:
2174:from the original on 14 February 2018
1734:
1732:
1730:
1700:
1698:
1560:from the original on 24 December 2019
1435:from the original on 30 December 2019
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1195:
1193:
1081:from the original on 27 November 2021
606:Other reactions to autonomous weapons
583:at a November 2017 session of the UN
368:In 2014, former Secretary of Defense
7:
3581:McFarland, Matt (14 November 2017).
3478:from the original on 18 January 2022
3447:from the original on 5 December 2021
3386:from the original on 6 December 2017
2934:. DoD News, Defense Media Activity.
2748:from the original on 24 January 2020
2598:from the original on 10 October 2021
2047:from the original on 4 November 2019
1654:from the original on 10 January 2022
1590:from the original on 24 October 2019
1212:from the original on 6 February 2018
1111:from the original on 7 February 2018
472:on 26 April 2017. Also known as the
3653:Wheeler, Brian (30 November 2017).
3466:McDonald, Henry (21 October 2019).
3290:from the original on 6 January 2018
2936:United States Department of Defense
2423:from the original on 15 August 2019
2243:from the original on 3 January 2020
2208:from the original on April 21, 2022
2142:from the original on 2 January 2020
2079:from the original on 19 August 2019
1621:from the original on 15 August 2019
1466:from the original on 7 October 2021
1040:"Understanding China's AI Strategy"
892:Champion, Marc (12 December 2019).
3695:from the original on 19 March 2018
3081:from the original on 4 August 2019
2784:from the original on 21 April 2018
2625:from the original on June 26, 2020
2617:Barnett, Jackson (June 19, 2020).
2571:from the original on June 25, 2020
2513:from the original on July 10, 2021
2319:Vincent, James (6 February 2019).
1640:Radina Gigova (2 September 2017).
1496:from the original on 25 April 2019
1454:Walters, Greg (7 September 2017).
1312:from the original on 12 March 2020
1304:Scharre, Paul (18 February 2020).
1242:from the original on 18 March 2018
1232:"The battle for digital supremacy"
1069:Markoff, John (11 November 2014).
1050:from the original on 17 March 2019
1044:Center for a New American Security
341:United States Secretary of Defense
297:Center for a New American Security
25:
3544:from the original on 23 July 2021
3031:from the original on 11 July 2019
2911:from the original on 15 July 2023
2880:from the original on 14 July 2018
2840:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2814:from the original on 15 July 2018
2495:Kelley M. Sayler (June 8, 2021).
2331:from the original on 16 July 2019
2300:from the original on 16 July 2019
1131:"Autonomous Systems: Infographic"
954:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
797:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
738:Ethics of artificial intelligence
32:artificial intelligence arms race
3532:Simonite, Tom (22 August 2017).
3343:Gibbs, Samuel (20 August 2017).
3278:Sharkey, Noel (17 August 2007).
3247:Sample, Ian (13 November 2017).
2961:Gibbs, Samuel (20 August 2017).
2942:from the original on 4 June 2018
2930:Cheryl Pellerin (21 July 2017).
2899:Skinner, Dan (29 January 2020).
2698:from the original on 2 June 2018
1763:
1526:from the original on 3 June 2019
904:from the original on 9 July 2021
662:Slaughterbots - if human: kill()
470:U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense
364:, an autonomous US warship, 2016
117:(AAAI) conference were Chinese.
3635:from the original on 2022-05-25
3408:Boyd, Alan (24 November 2017).
3374:Conn, Ariel (August 20, 2017).
3312:Simonite, Tom (July 19, 2017).
3229:from the original on 2020-03-23
3199:from the original on 2021-01-17
3111:from the original on 2021-01-26
2663:Biddle, Sam (12 January 2024).
2543:from the original on 2021-09-02
2363:from the original on 2019-12-21
2109:from the original on 2020-04-11
2002:from the original on 2020-03-08
1972:from the original on 2019-04-06
1960:Polyakova, Alina (2018-11-15).
1942:from the original on 2020-06-06
1913:from the original on 2020-07-25
1883:from the original on 2020-08-02
1853:from the original on 2020-09-21
1823:from the original on 2020-08-29
1794:from the original on 2020-11-09
1754:from the original on 2020-05-08
1716:from the original on 2020-08-12
1684:from the original on 2020-06-26
1406:from the original on 2021-09-10
934:from the original on 2022-02-17
519:. The main AI systems used for
194:artificial general intelligence
3223:Harvard Scholarship Depository
3069:Parkin, Simon (16 July 2015).
2590:McLeary, Paul (29 June 2018).
2504:Congressional Research Service
1841:Greene, Tristan (2017-07-27).
1782:Bendett, Samuel (2017-11-08).
1548:Smith, Mark (25 August 2017).
768:Unmanned combat aerial vehicle
1:
3410:"Rise of the killer machines"
3052:Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter
2644:Biddle, Sam (10 April 2024).
1901:Dougherty, Jill; Jay, Molly.
1871:Mizokami, Kyle (2017-07-19).
974:10.1080/00963402.2019.1604836
863:10.1080/13523260.2019.1576464
817:10.1080/00963402.2016.1216672
493:and satellite. At the second
434:battlefield management system
3684:Metz, Cade (15 March 2018).
851:Contemporary Security Policy
3190:10.13140/rg.2.2.22719.41127
2866:Ethan Baron (3 June 2018).
3802:
3781:Computational neuroscience
3766:2010s in the United States
3280:"Robot wars are a reality"
2537:U.S. Department of Defense
610:A 2015 open letter by the
451:
418:United States Armed Forces
280:
3756:2010s in military history
3732:. Washington, DC: Author.
2567:. Department of Defense.
1275:10.1007/s00146-015-0590-y
928:Lethal Autonomous Weapons
166:
155:
144:
139:
136:
133:
121:, the former chairman of
82:Lethal autonomous weapons
40:lethal autonomous weapons
3629:Future of Life Institute
3380:Future of Life Institute
2288:Pecotic, Adrian (2019).
702:said that top executive
612:Future of Life Institute
559:active protection system
422:US Department of Defense
271:lethal autonomous weapon
3771:Artificial intelligence
3153:10.1111/1758-5899.12713
2727:Retrieved 8 March 2022.
1347:10.1145/3278721.3278780
673:University of Sheffield
478:United States Air Force
293:technological supremacy
202:United States Air Force
196:, which may present an
96:In 2014, AI specialist
3105:www.europarl.europa.eu
602:to a nuclear arsenal.
578:Miles Brundage of the
365:
336:U. N. Security Council
230:
3497:Khan, Jeremy (2021).
3217:Bento, Lucas (2017).
1992:"Disinformation Wars"
1788:The National Interest
521:target identification
378:Department of Defense
374:Third Offset Strategy
357:
289:military-civil fusion
281:Further information:
228:
3443:. 17 November 2017.
3027:. 14 November 2017.
2744:. 11 December 2020.
2388:. 29 November 2017.
1712:. 12 December 2017.
1492:. 6 September 2017.
580:University of Oxford
432:models to train its
3776:Technological races
3746:2010s introductions
2043:. 1 December 2017.
1819:. 8 November 2017.
1710:The Strategy Bridge
1174:. 15 October 2017.
1107:. 25 January 2018.
966:2019BuAtS..75c..95R
809:2016BuAtS..72e.318G
458:Project Maven is a
414:Network of Networks
130:
3689:The New York Times
2723:2022-04-08 at the
2136:The New York Times
1200:Kopf, Dan (2018).
1141:on 7 February 2018
1075:The New York Times
894:"Digital Cold War"
366:
231:
128:
2770:(26 April 2017).
1877:Popular Mechanics
1357:978-1-4503-6012-8
753:Post–Cold War era
748:Nuclear arms race
600:dead man's switch
540:The South Korean
483:U.S. Marine Corps
291:on AI for global
177:
176:
16:(Redirected from
3793:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3600:
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3554:
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3427:
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3422:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3393:
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3340:
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3333:
3331:
3329:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3275:
3269:
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3266:
3264:
3244:
3238:
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3214:
3208:
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3198:
3183:
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2918:
2916:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2843:. Archived from
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2734:
2728:
2718:NY Times website
2714:
2708:
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2682:
2673:
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2654:
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2641:
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2608:
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2605:
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2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
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2561:
2552:
2551:
2549:
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2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2449:. 18 July 2017.
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2239:. 1 March 2018.
2227:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1936:War on the Rocks
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1907:Wilson Quarterly
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1736:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1680:. 20 July 2018.
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1606:
1600:
1599:
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1576:
1570:
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1565:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1431:. 20 July 2017.
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1263:AI & Society
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1137:. Archived from
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1038:Allen, Gregory.
1035:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1000:
994:
993:
949:
943:
942:
940:
939:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
889:
883:
882:
846:
837:
836:
792:
517:Israel-Hamas war
309:paramount leader
233:Russian General
198:existential risk
187:algorithmic bias
131:
129:AAAI presenters
21:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3761:2010s in Russia
3736:
3735:
3720:Foreign Affairs
3714:
3712:Further reading
3709:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3683:
3682:
3678:
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3652:
3651:
3647:
3638:
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3557:
3547:
3545:
3531:
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3526:
3512:
3510:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3230:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3133:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3112:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2876:. Mercury.com.
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2810:. 14 May 2018.
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2725:Wayback Machine
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2694:. 2 June 2018.
2684:
2683:
2676:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2611:
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2599:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2417:Washington Post
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2269:. 21 April 2017
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2236:The Japan Times
2229:
2228:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2170:. 9 July 2017.
2167:Financial Times
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1522:. 15 May 2017.
1514:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1490:The Independent
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1171:Financial Times
1164:
1163:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1135:www.siemens.com
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1002:
1001:
997:
951:
950:
946:
937:
935:
922:
921:
917:
907:
905:
891:
890:
886:
848:
847:
840:
794:
793:
786:
781:
758:Second Cold War
712:
685:
652:Francesca Rossi
616:Stephen Hawking
608:
567:
551:
538:
513:
504:
456:
450:
352:
285:
279:
235:Viktor Bondarev
223:
218:
182:
167:United Kingdom
110:Financial Times
98:Steve Omohundro
94:
79:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3799:
3797:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:2010s in China
3748:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3729:Interim Report
3724:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3676:
3645:
3631:. 2016-02-09.
3616:
3604:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3524:
3489:
3458:
3428:
3397:
3366:
3335:
3301:
3270:
3239:
3209:
3167:
3146:(3): 331–337.
3121:
3092:
3061:
3042:
3012:
2986:
2953:
2922:
2891:
2858:
2847:on 4 June 2018
2825:
2795:
2768:Robert O. Work
2759:
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2359:. 2019-11-28.
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1269:(2): 201–206.
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542:Super aEgis II
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502:United Kingdom
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465:Robert O. Work
452:Main article:
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3472:The Guardian
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3000:The Guardian
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2873:Military.com
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2742:The Next Web
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2621:. FedScoop.
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927:
918:
906:. Retrieved
897:
887:
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850:
800:
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720:
716:AI alignment
704:Diane Greene
697:
686:
669:Noel Sharkey
666:
661:
655:
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589:
577:
572:Noel Sharkey
568:
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487:Ian Langford
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119:Eric Schmidt
108:
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61:between the
56:
50:, driven by
31:
29:
18:AI arms race
3786:Cybernetics
3669:24 December
3513:31 December
3421:24 December
3328:24 December
3263:24 December
3058:(7): 28–29.
2979:24 December
2457:24 December
2427:24 December
2396:24 December
2273:24 December
2178:24 December
2146:24 December
1817:Defense One
1678:Defense One
1625:24 December
1594:24 December
1564:24 December
1530:24 December
1500:24 December
1439:24 December
1182:24 December
722:A.I. Rising
660:(2017) and
648:Bart Selman
640:Jack Dorsey
638:co-founder
536:South Korea
495:Defense One
387:Japan Times
370:Chuck Hagel
327:Japan Times
244:Kalashnikov
77:Terminology
59:AI Cold War
48:military AI
46:for better
44:superpowers
30:A military
3740:Categories
3639:2022-02-17
3597:14 January
3548:14 January
3482:27 January
3451:14 January
3415:Asia Times
3390:14 January
3359:11 January
3294:11 January
3233:2019-09-14
3203:2021-01-30
3115:2021-01-30
3085:13 January
3035:12 January
2752:17 January
2602:10 October
2547:2021-10-10
2502:(Report).
2482:1126650738
2367:2019-12-21
2356:Asia Times
2267:Snopes.com
2113:2020-04-04
2083:12 January
2051:12 January
2006:2020-05-01
1976:2020-05-01
1946:2020-05-01
1917:2020-05-01
1887:2020-05-01
1857:2020-05-01
1827:2020-05-01
1798:2020-05-01
1758:2020-05-01
1720:2020-05-01
1688:2020-05-01
1410:2020-04-04
1216:7 February
1145:7 February
1115:7 February
1085:11 January
938:2022-02-17
924:"Homepage"
779:References
763:Space Race
667:Professor
403:kill-chain
397:Sea Hunter
361:Sea Hunter
344:Mark Esper
312:Xi Jinping
305:leadership
3162:1758-5899
2325:The Verge
2212:April 22,
1966:Brookings
1283:0951-5666
990:150835614
982:0096-3402
898:Bloomberg
879:159310223
871:1352-3260
833:151967826
825:0096-3402
624:Elon Musk
592:Harvard's
527:Israel's
442:developer
36:arms race
3699:19 March
3693:Archived
3663:Archived
3659:BBC News
3633:Archived
3591:Archived
3587:CNNMoney
3542:Archived
3507:Archived
3476:Archived
3445:Archived
3384:Archived
3353:Archived
3322:Archived
3288:Archived
3257:Archived
3227:Archived
3194:Archived
3109:Archived
3079:Archived
3029:Archived
2973:Archived
2940:Archived
2909:Archived
2905:The Cove
2878:Archived
2812:Archived
2808:Fedscoop
2779:Archived
2746:Archived
2721:Archived
2696:Archived
2691:BBC News
2629:June 26,
2623:Archived
2596:Archived
2575:June 26,
2569:Archived
2541:Archived
2517:July 22,
2508:Archived
2451:Archived
2421:Archived
2390:Archived
2361:Archived
2329:Archived
2298:Archived
2241:Archived
2206:Archived
2172:Archived
2140:Archived
2107:Archived
2074:Archived
2045:Archived
2015:cite web
2000:Archived
1970:Archived
1940:Archived
1911:Archived
1881:Archived
1851:Archived
1821:Archived
1792:Archived
1749:Archived
1714:Archived
1682:Archived
1658:22 March
1652:Archived
1619:Archived
1588:Archived
1558:Archived
1554:BBC News
1524:Archived
1520:Newsweek
1494:Archived
1464:Archived
1433:Archived
1429:Newsweek
1404:Archived
1316:15 March
1310:Archived
1291:16199902
1246:19 March
1240:Archived
1238:. 2018.
1210:Archived
1176:Archived
1109:Archived
1079:Archived
1054:15 March
1048:Archived
1018:11 April
1012:Archived
1010:. 2014.
932:Archived
902:Archived
733:Cold War
710:See also
689:DeepMind
622:magnate
460:Pentagon
425:tools."
134:Country
123:Alphabet
3503:Fortune
2915:15 July
2335:16 July
2304:16 July
2247:5 March
1008:Fortune
962:Bibcode
805:Bibcode
773:Weak AI
671:of the
636:Twitter
102:Siemens
92:History
3160:
3025:DW.COM
3005:19 May
2946:3 June
2884:3 June
2851:3 June
2818:3 June
2788:3 June
2702:3 June
2480:
1460:Seeker
1354:
1289:
1281:
1206:Quartz
988:
980:
908:3 July
877:
869:
831:
823:
700:Google
511:Israel
440:, the
438:OpenAI
430:DALL-E
221:Russia
156:China
69:, and
67:Russia
34:is an
3538:Wired
3318:Wired
3197:(PDF)
3182:(PDF)
2782:(PDF)
2775:(PDF)
2511:(PDF)
2500:(PDF)
2077:(PDF)
2070:(PDF)
1752:(PDF)
1745:(PDF)
1584:WIRED
1470:8 May
1287:S2CID
986:S2CID
875:S2CID
829:S2CID
628:Apple
620:Tesla
529:Harpy
316:Baidu
301:China
277:China
180:Risks
140:2017
137:2012
71:China
3701:2018
3671:2017
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