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may also make charging devices like pacemakers easier on the patient rather than having an exposed portion of the device pushing through the skin to allow corded charging. This technology would allow a completely implanted device making it safer for the patient. It is unclear if this technology will be approved for use – more research is needed on the safety of these devices. While these flexible polymers are safer than ridged sets of diodes they can be more susceptible to tearing during either placement or removal due to the fragile nature of the antenna that is printed on the plastic material. While these medical based applications seem very specific the high-speed power transfer that is achieved with these flexible antennas is being looked at for larger broader applications.
1015:(KAIST). Vehicles using the system draw power from a power source underneath the road surface, which is an array of inductive rails or coils. Commercialization efforts of the technology have not been successful because of high costs, and its main technical challenge is low efficiency. Dynamic inductive charging infrastructure was found to increase the occurrence of reflective cracks in road surfaces. As of 2021, companies and organizations such as Vedecom, Magment, Electreon, and IPT are developing dynamic inductive coil charging technologies. IPT is additionally developing a system that uses inductive rails instead of coils, as the current standards which use coils are "extremely expensive" for dynamic charging, according to the CEO of IPT.
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their public works spending packages. However this doesn't mean that cars are unable to utilize large scale wireless charging. The first commercial steps are already being taken with wireless mats that allow electric vehicles to be charged without a corded connection while parked on a charging mat. These large scale projects have come with some issues which include the production of large amounts of heat between the two charging surfaces and may cause a safety issue. Currently companies are designing new heat dispersion methods to combat this excess heat. These companies include most major electric vehicle manufacturers, such as
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173:. In 2012, the Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP) and the Power Matter Alliance (PMA) were founded. Japan established Broadband Wireless Forum (BWF) in 2009, and they established the Wireless Power Consortium for Practical Applications (WiPoT) in 2013. The Energy Harvesting Consortium (EHC) was also founded in Japan in 2010. Korea established the Korean Wireless Power Forum (KWPF) in 2011. The purpose of these organizations is to create standards for inductive charging. In 2018, the Qi Wireless Standard was adopted for use in military equipment in North Korea, Russia, and Germany.
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safety concerns has arisen. To provide a larger distance of coverage people would in return need a larger coil for the inductor. An electric car with this size conductor would need about 300 kW from a 400 V battery to emit enough charge in order to charge the vehicle. This much exposure of electromagnetic waves to the skin of a human could prove harmful if not met within the right conditions. Exposure limits can be satisfied even when the transmitter coil is very close to the body.
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application of inductive charging used in the United States was performed by J.G. Bolger, F.A. Kirsten, and S. Ng in 1978. They made an electric vehicle powered with a system at 180 Hz with 20 kW. In
California in the 1980s, a bus was produced, which was powered by inductive charging, and similar work was being done in France and Germany and Europe around this time.
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smaller footprint. These are geared for consumers who wish to have smaller chargers that would be located in common areas and blend in with the current décor of their home. Due to the adoption of the Qi standard of wireless charging, any of these chargers will work with any phone as long as it is Qi capable.
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205:, where inductive charging provides an automated and cordless alternative to plug-in charging. Power levels of these devices can range from approximately 1 kilowatt to 300 kilowatts or higher. All high-power inductive charging systems use resonated primary and secondary coils. These systems work in the
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antenna on flexible materials that could be placed under the skin of patients. This could mean that under skin devices that could monitor the patient status could have a longer-term life and provide long observation or monitoring periods that could lead to better diagnosis from doctors. These devices
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produce many models of their phones in high volume with Qi capabilities. The popularity of the Qi standard has driven other manufacturers to adopt this as their own standard. Smartphones have become the driving force of this technology entering consumers’ homes, where many household technologies have
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proposed a vehicle powered by induction using transmitters in the road and a receiver on the vehicle. In 1977, John E. Trombly was awarded a patent for an "Electromagnetically coupled battery charger." The patent describes an application to charge headlamp batteries for miners (US 4031449). The first
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Work and experimentation is currently underway in designing this technology to be applied to electric vehicles. This could be implemented by using a predefined path or conductors that would transfer power across an air gap and charge the vehicle on a predefined path such as a wireless charging lane.
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smartphone would be available with an optional inductive charger accessory, the "Touchstone". The charger came with a required special backplate that became standard on the subsequent Pre Plus model announced at CES 2010. This was also featured on later Pixi, Pixi Plus, and Veer 4G smartphones. Upon
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Wireless charging is making an impact in the medical sector by means of being able to charge implants and sensors long-term that is located beneath the skin. Multiple companies offer rechargeable medical implant (e.g. implantable neurostimulators) which use inductive charging. Researchers have been
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Daimler's Head of Future
Mobility, Professor Herbert Kohler, however, has expressed caution and said the inductive charging for EVs is at least 15 years away (from 2011) and the safety aspects of inductive charging for EVs have yet to be looked into in greater detail. For example, what would happen
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Electric vehicle wireless power transfer or wireless charging is generally divided into three categories: stationary charging when the vehicle is parked for an extended period of time; dynamic charging when the vehicle is driven on roads or highways; and quasi-dynamic or semi-dynamic charging, when
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Testing has been done on how organs can be affected by these fields when put under low levels of frequency from these fields. When exposed to various levels of frequencies, dizziness, light flashes, or tingling through nerves can be experienced. At higher ranges, heating or even burning of the skin
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that would benefit only a small percentage of vehicles currently on the road. Another complication is tracking how much power each vehicle was consuming/pulling from the lane. Without a commercial way to monetize this technology, many cities have already turned down plans to include these lanes in
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An increase in high-power inductive charging devices has led to researchers looking into the safety factor of the electromagnetic fields (EMF) put off by larger inductor coils. With the recent interest in the expansion of high power inductive charging with electric cars, an increase in health and
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Newer approaches reduce transfer losses through the use of ultra thin coils, higher frequencies, and optimized drive electronics. This results in more efficient and compact chargers and receivers, facilitating their integration into mobile devices or batteries with minimal changes required. These
927:(ground fault interruptors, or GFIs) can make conductive coupling nearly as safe. An inductive charging proponent from Toyota contended in 1998 that overall cost differences were minimal, while a conductive charging proponent from Ford contended that conductive charging was more cost efficient.
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tested infrastructure by
Electreon in 2023 with a bus equipped with inductive coils that receive power from a 200-meter strip of transmitters under the road surface. The receivers were able to collect 64.3% of the energy emitted from the transmitters. Installation proved complex and costly, and
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Inconvenience – When a mobile device is connected to a cable, it can be moved around (albeit in a limited range) and operated while charging. In most implementations of inductive charging, the mobile device must be left on a pad to charge, and thus can't be moved around or easily operated while
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system for electric vehicles using the principle of magnetic induction. Power is transmitted to the vehicle through resonance between the magnetic pad at the bottom of the charging space and the magnetic pad at the bottom of the vehicle. The transmitted power is stored in the battery through a
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Samsung and other companies have begun exploring the idea of "surface charging", building an inductive charging station into an entire surface such as a desk or table. Contrarily, Apple and Anker are pushing a dock-based charging platform. This includes charging pads and disks that have a much
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with a specific resonance frequency. The frequency of the alternating current is matched with the resonance frequency, and the frequency is chosen depending on the distance desired for peak efficiency. Recent improvements to this resonant system include using a movable transmission coil (i.e.,
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Standards refer to the different set operating systems with which devices are compatible. There are two main standards: Qi and PMA. The two standards operate very similarly, but they use different transmission frequencies and connection protocols. Because of this, devices compatible with one
400:(PMA) under the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Industry Connections. The alliance is formed to publish a set of standards for inductive power that are safe and energy-efficient, and have smart power management. The PMA will also focus on the creation of an inductive power ecosystem
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Vehicles that could take advantage of this type of wireless charging lane to extend the range of their onboard batteries are already on the road. Some of the issues that are currently preventing these lanes from becoming widespread is the initial cost associated with installing this
994:, The Netherlands. January 2015, eight electric buses were introduced to Milton Keynes, England, which uses inductive charging in the road with proov/ipt technology at either end of the journey to prolong overnight charges., Later bus routes in Bristol, London and Madrid followed.
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wireless charging pad and mis-aligning the phone produced consumption up to 25.62 Wh, or an 80% increase. The analysis noted that while this is not likely to be noticeable to individuals, it has negative implications for greater adoption of smartphone wireless charging.
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F. Chen, N. Taylor, R. Balieu, and N. Kringos, “Dynamic application of the
Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) systems in an electrified road: Dielectric power loss due to pavement materials,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 147, pp. 9–16, Aug. 2017, doi:
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to set a baseline for interoperability for chargers. In one sign of the road ahead a
General Motors executive is chairing the standards, effort group. Toyota and Ford managers said they also are interested in the technology and the standards effort.
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August 27, 2017: Wärtsilä claimed operation of a full scale pilot installation with 1,6MW and 500mm distance between landside and onboard coils for charging of an electric hybrid ferry in commercial operation, the pilot test was run for one
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In one inductive charging system, one winding is attached to the underside of the car, and the other stays on the floor of the garage. The major advantage of the inductive approach for vehicle charging is that there is no possibility of
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Universe of Energy is equipped with moving theater "pews," which take passengers/viewers through the exhibit. They are self-propelled, and inductively recharged when at rest. This exhibit with the recharging technology was in place ca.
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Induction power transfer was first used in 1894 when M. Hutin and M. Le-Blanc proposed an apparatus and method to power an electric vehicle. However, combustion engines proved more popular, and this technology was forgotten for a time.
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A. Wendt et al., "Wireless
Electric Road Systems – Technology Readiness and Recent Developments," 2024 IEEE Wireless Power Technology Conference and Expo (WPTCE), Kyoto, Japan, 2024, pp. 177-182, doi: 10.1109/WPTCE59894.2024.10557264.
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H. Feng, R. Tavakoli, O. C. Onar and Z. Pantic, "Advances in High-Power
Wireless Charging Systems: Overview and Design Considerations," in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 886-919, Sept. 2020,
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The first working prototype of an electric vehicle that charges wirelessly while driving, which is known as "dynamic wireless charging" or "dynamic wireless power transfer", is generally regarded to have been developed at the
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Inefficiency has other costs besides longer charge times. Inductive chargers produce more waste heat than wired chargers, which may negatively impact battery longevity. An amateur 2020 analysis of energy use conducted with a
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The following disadvantages have been noted for low-power (i.e., less than 100 watts) inductive charging devices, and may not apply to high-power (i.e., greater than 5 kilowatts) electric vehicle inductive charging systems.
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the vehicle moves at low speeds between stops, for example when a taxi slowly drives at a taxi rank. Inductive charging is not considered a mature dynamic charging technology as it delivers the least power of the three
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invested in
January 2019 in U.S.-based wireless charging specialist Momentum Dynamics. Volvo and Momentum Dynamics will run a three-year pilot project, starting in 2022, for wireless charging of electric taxis in taxi
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when the electronics are enclosed, away from water or oxygen in the atmosphere. Less risk of electrical faults such as short circuits due to insulation failure, especially where connections are made or broken
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Yong Zhi, Cheng; Ji, Jin; Wen Long, Li; Jun Feng, Chen; Bin, Wang; Rong Zhou, Gong (2017). "Indefinite-permeability metamaterial lens with finite size for miniaturized wireless power transfer system. AEUE".
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Lin, Chang-Yu; Tsai, Chih-Hung; Lin, Heng_Tien; Chang, Li-Chi; Yeh, Yung-Hui; Pei, Zingway; Wu, Chung-Chih (2011). "High-frequency polymer diode rectifiers for flexible wireless power-transmission sheets".
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can be experienced as well. Most people experience low EMF in everyday life. The most common place to experience these frequencies is with a wireless charger, usually on a nightstand located near the head.
1212:. With the participation of the local municipality and several businesses, field trials were begun in March 2010. The first system was sold to Google in 2011 for employee use at the Mountain View campus.
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High power inductive charging generally refers to inductive charging of batteries at power levels above 1 kilowatt. The most prominent application area for high power inductive charging is in support of
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simultaneously; the product however was never released. On
September 12, 2018, Apple removed most mentions of the AirPower from its website and on March 29, 2019, it canceled the product completely.
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Low infection risk – For embedded medical devices, the transmission of power via a magnetic field passing through the skin avoids the infection risks associated with wires penetrating the skin.
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to provide electricity to portable devices. Inductive charging is also used in vehicles, power tools, electric toothbrushes, and medical devices. The portable equipment can be placed near a
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166:. They were able to transmit a large amount of power without radiation over a few meters. This proved to be better for commercial needs, and it was a major step for inductive charging.
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launch in 2011, the ill-fated HP Touchpad tablet (after HP's acquisition of Palm Inc.) had a built in touchstone coil that doubled as an antenna for its NFC-like Touch to Share feature.
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In 1997 Conductix
Wampler started with wireless charging in Germany, In 2002 20 buses started in operation In Turin with 60 kW charging. In 2013 the IPT technology was bought by
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if someone with a pacemaker is inside the vehicle? Another downside is that the technology requires a precise alignment between the inductive pick-up and the charging facility.
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for inductive electrical power transfer. At the time of July 2017, it is the most popular standard in the world, with more than 200 million devices supporting this interface.
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A partnership between Cabonline, Jaguar, Momentum Dynamics, and Fortum Recharge is launching a wireless charging taxi fleet in Oslo, Norway. The fleet consists of 25
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Durability – Without the need to constantly plug and unplug the device, there is significantly less wear and tear on the socket of the device and the attaching cable.
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More expensive – Inductive charging also requires drive electronics and coils in both device and charger, increasing the complexity and cost of manufacturing.
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990:, the regional public transportation agency, planned to introduce similar buses in 2018. In November 2012 wireless charging was introduced with 3 buses in
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Compatible standards – Not all devices are compatible with different inductive chargers. However, some devices have started to support multiple standards.
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unveiled its inductive charging system for in-vehicle use that could charge only specially made cell phones to MP3 players with compatible receivers.
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Automated high power inductive charging of electric vehicles allows for more frequent charging events and consequently an extension of driving range.
369:, a largely obsolete inductive charging system, also known as J1773, used to charge battery electric vehicles (BEV) formerly made by General Motors.
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857:, theorized that they could extend the distance between the coils by adding resonance to the equation. The MIT inductive power project, called
1204:. In 2008 the technology was already used in the house of the future in Berlin with Mercedes A Class. Later Evatran also began development of
901:, its receivers lose 20%-25% of the supplied power when installed on trucks, and its health effects have yet to be documented, according to a
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frequencies can enhance the system's efficiency and size but would eventually transmit the signal worldwide. High powers raise the concern of
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charging. With some standards, charging can be maintained at a distance, but only with nothing present between the transmitter and receiver.
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Inductive charging systems can be operated automatically without dependence on people to plug and unplug. This results in higher reliability.
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1231:, a specialist provider and development company for electric vehicles, offers a wireless charging module named ICS with 3.7 kW power.
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MIT team experimentally demonstrates inductive power transfer, potentially useful for powering laptops, cell phones without cords.
1976:
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Treffers, Menno (2015). "History, Current Status and Future of the Wireless Power Consortium and the Qi Interface Specification".
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1903:"Global Industry Leaders Aim To Refine Power in 21st Century as Smart and Wireless with Formation of the Power Matters Alliance"
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technologies provide charging times comparable to wired approaches, and they are rapidly finding their way into mobile devices.
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reported that they had discovered an efficient way to transfer power between coils separated by a few meters. The team, led by
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Slower charging – Due to the lower efficiency, devices take 15 percent longer to charge when supplied power is the same amount.
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1607:"How can an electric toothbrush recharge its batteries when there are no metal contacts between the toothbrush and the base?"
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standard are not necessarily compatible with the other standard. However, there are devices compatible with both standards.
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GM Pulls the Plug on Inductive Charging: Letter from General Motors Advanced Technology Vehicles (Letter dated 2002-03-15)
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compatible chargers. All phones in the Samsung Galaxy S and Note lines following the S6 have supported wireless charging.
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Wireless Charging (AWC) presented a 3.6 kW inductive charger during the 66th International Motor Show (IAA) 2015.
590:, which supports an optionally retrofittable back cover accessory, included in their separate “Wireless Charging Kit”.
189:, handheld devices, some computers, and similar devices which normally charge at power levels below 100 watts. The AC
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91:, which fluctuates in strength because the electric current's amplitude is fluctuating. This changing magnetic field
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Many manufacturers of smartphones have started adding this technology into their devices, the majority adopting the
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1546:“Wireless Power For Medical Devices.” MDDI Online, 7 Aug. 2017, www.mddionline.com/wireless-power-medical-devices.
1450:"High-Performance 13.56-MHz Large Air-Gap Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Charging"
1208:, an inductive charging system it claims is the world's first hands-free, plugless, proximity charging system for
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added an electric bus to its mass transit fleet that uses an induction plate at the end of its route to recharge.
1384:, Maurice Hutin and Maurice Leblanc, "TRANSFORMER SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS", published 1894-10-23
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is often used, or in the case of Qi-compliant devices, frequencies in the range of 87 to 205 kHz are typical.
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2297:"A non-contact energy transferring system for an electric vehicle-charging system based on recycled products"
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Greater distances between sender and receiver coils can be achieved when the inductive charging system uses
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was charged by inserting an inductive charging paddle into a receptacle on the vehicle. General Motors and
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Applications of inductive charging can be divided into two broad categories: Low power and high power:
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mounted on an elevating platform or arm) and the use of other materials for the receiver coil such as
3141:"Das Induktivladesystem ICS115 von BRUSA basiert auf einer weltweit einzigartigen FRAME®-Technologie"
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Automatic operation of inductive charging in roads theoretically allows vehicles to run indefinitely.
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July 26, 2013: Google and ASUS launched the Nexus 7 2013 Edition with integrated inductive charging.
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The primary coil in the charger induces a current in the secondary coil in the device being charged.
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1799:"Evaluation of Electromagnetic Fields in Human Body Exposed to Wireless Inductive Charging System"
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PRIMOVE presented a 3.6 kW Charger for cars, which was developed at Site in Mannheim Germany.
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German Co. Works Alongside INDOT to Create Concrete Roads that Can Charge EVs as they Drive Along
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April 28, 2009: An Energizer inductive charging station for the Wii remote was reported on IGN.
2947:"Rulemaking: 2001-06-26 Updated and Informative Digest ZEV Infrastructure and Standardization"
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2250:"Tomorrow's Wireless Charging Taxis – Mobility Moments With Sprint Power Director Ben Russell"
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Charging with induction (left image) creates more waste heat than using a cable (right image).
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The Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) was established in 2008, and in 2010 they established the
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Low power applications are generally supportive of small consumer electronic devices such as
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1885:"Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment Methodology"
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3052:"Google Is Hooking Up Their Employees With Plugless Power For Their Electric Cars (Video)"
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2096:"Apple cancels AirPower product, citing inability to meet its high standards for hardware"
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2231:"Survey of the operation and system study on wireless charging electric vehicle systems"
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standard allows inductive car charging over a pad, with power delivery up to 11 kW.
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has been developing and researching room-scale inductive charging for multiple devices.
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2653:"Inductive charging for electric vehicles while driving: a major ecological challenge"
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Wireless power transfer from inductive charging pad to Deutsche Telekom T Phone Pro 5G
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2187:"Wireless energy may power electronics: Dead cell phone inspired research innovation"
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3195:"The electric vehicle wireless charging system & automated valet parking system"
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finding suitable locations for the coils' roadside power cabinets proved difficult.
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that supports Qi wireless charging with either a wireless charging back or receiver.
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in the 1980s and 1990s. The first commercialized dynamic wireless charging system,
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923:, as there are no exposed conductors, although interlocks, special connectors and
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2126:"Nokia launches smartphones with Qi Wireless charging and Pillow 'charging dock'"
2018:
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Alleven, M (2017). "Apple buoys wireless charging industry with WPC membership".
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821:, the first BlackBerry phone to support wireless inductive charging through both
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would feature wireless Qi standard charging. 2020 models branded this capability
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SUVs equipped with inductive charging pads rated at 50-75 kW. The pads use
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3220:"Exclusive: Genesis GV60 will be first EV to include wireless battery charging"
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has introduced inductive charging in a trial for double-decker buses in London.
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2989:"ARB Amends ZEV Rule: Standardizes Chargers & Addresses Automaker Mergers"
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2018 IEEE 19th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL)
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Regensburger, Brandan; Kumar, Ashish; Sreyam, Sinhar; Khurram, Afridi (2018),
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was an interface standard developed by the Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP).
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began selling the Plugless L2 Wireless charging system to the public in 2014.
299:), while a wireless charging stand used 19.8 Wh, an increase of 39%. Using a
1776:"Non-contact Charging System Simultaneously Charges Multiple Mobile Devices"
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operating at 85 Hz to improve wireless charging efficiency and range.
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has a series of wireless charging furniture that supports the Qi standard.
3083:"Evatran to begin shipping its Plugless electric vehicle charging system"
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2413:. Source London, Transport for London. November 10, 2011. Archived from
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in October 2012 which supports inductive charging using the Qi standard.
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in the portable device's induction coil, which in turn passes through a
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signaled interest in wireless charging as another piece of the digital
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and S7 Edge which use an interface that is almost the same as Qi. The
2436:"First Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Trial Announced for London"
1921:"Former wireless charging rivals join forces as new AirFuel Alliance"
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625:(released on April 24, 2015), which uses wireless inductive charging.
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Electric Bus Rapidly Recharges Using Wireless Charge Plates at Stops
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converter in the vehicle system. It was applied on a trial basis at
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charging interface for electric vehicles in California in June 2001.
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announced a trial of 13 wireless charging points and 50 EVs in the
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found that a wired charge from 0 to 100 percent consumed 14.26 Wh (
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Inductive charging is named so because it transfers energy through
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30:"Wireless charging" redirects here. For other power transfer, see
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Matsuda, Y; Sakamoto, H; Shibuya, H; Murata, S (April 18, 2006),
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Wireless charging pad used to charge devices with the Qi standard
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wireless charging mat. It was meant to be capable of charging an
611:, which supports inductive charging with an accessory back cover.
3105:"Volvo Group Invests In Momentum Dynamics For Wireless Charging"
2411:"London charges ahead with wireless electric vehicle technology"
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Car Companies' Head-on Competition In Electric Vehicle Charging
1797:
Bernard, Laurent; Pichon, Lionel; Razek, Adel (February 2014).
2490:"UTA Announces Plans to Add First All-Electric Buses to Fleet"
1518:(3). The Journal of Slovak University of Technology: 235–244.
1048:
1038:
868:
opened featuring inductive charging on its model car exhibits.
752:
released in 2017 also feature Qi wireless charging technology.
705:
462:
1011:(OLEV), was developed as early as 2009 by researchers at the
2612:
Research & Innovation Platform for Electric Road Systems
68:
or inductive pad without needing to be precisely aligned or
2458:"University of Utah electric bus runs on a wireless charge"
1504:
Madzharov, Nikolay D.; Nemkov, Valentin S. (January 2017).
974:, due to be rolled out in early 2012. In October 2014, the
680:
673:) on 5 September 2012, which feature Qi inductive charging.
427:
foldable smartphones have "Wireless PowerShare" technology.
87:
in the charging station or pad. The moving electric charge
3012:
system used by Ford, Honda and several other manufacturers
1661:
1659:
1657:
2520:"Wirelessly charged electric buses set for Milton Keynes"
3174:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
2587:"ICT minister nominee accused of wasting research money"
2001:"Visteon to unveil wireless charger for your car at CES"
2748:
International Journal of Electronics and Communications
2397:
Electric & Hybrid, Vehicle Technology International
1744:"Another Pre Innovation: The Touchstone Charging Stand"
1499:
1497:
1495:
1425:. Wireless Power Consortium. p. 11. Archived from
1201:
1077:
491:
409:
A4WP and PMA merged into the AirFuel Alliance in 2015.
209:
range with frequencies up to 130 kHz. The use of
2781:"EPCOT's Universe of Energy Companion Site: Pavilion"
1734:
1732:
1667:"Wireless charging technology: what you need to know"
1143:
agreed on this interface and it was also used in the
740:
February 22, 2016 Samsung announced its new flagship
2889:"New hybrid bus charging technology trial announced"
1583:"Wireless Charging Is Here. So What Is It Good For?"
1177:
inductive charging was employed by several types of
1709:"Wireless Charging Is a Disaster Waiting to Happen"
553:
have used inductive charging since the early 1990s.
3249:How Electric Toothbrushes Recharge Using Inductors
3008:the ARB approved the staff proposal to select the
2687:E-Mobility Engineering staff (September 6, 2021),
1686:"Review: the joys of smartphone wireless chargers"
1013:Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
794:March 3, 2015: Samsung announced its new flagship
2374:"Car makers signal interest in wireless charging"
2351:, The Auto Channel (website), November 24, 1998,
1651: "Series resonant inductive charging circuit"
903:French government working group on electric roads
2832:"Experts convinced by PRIMOVE solution for cars"
1506:"Technological inductive power transfer systems"
354:Detail of the wireless inductive charging device
3123:"Volvos nya projekt – ladda elbilar utan sladd"
3170:"Wireless Charging Tech to Keep EVs on the Go"
2767:Power Sources and Supplies World Class Designs
2676:, International Society for Concrete Pavements
802:with wireless inductive charging through both
118:is added to each induction coil to create two
2395:Davis, Matt (July 2011). "Mission Critical".
2038:"Palm Pre's wireless charger, the Touchstone"
2019:"Energizer Induction Charger for Wii Preview"
1558:"Do you really need wireless charging roads?"
8:
2200:(9). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1362:. Vol. 15, no. 2. pp. 28–31.
1181:around 1998, but was discontinued after the
737:which support charging with the Qi standard.
719:, which supports inductive charging with Qi.
715:October 31, 2013 Google and LG launched the
245:Increased convenience and aesthetic quality.
2604:
2602:
2224:
2222:
1905:. IEEE newsroom. 2012-01-09. Archived from
1258:EV charging station located in South Korea.
861:, uses a curved coil and capacitive plates.
444:been developed to utilize this technology.
2806:"Fast charging and Audi wireless charging"
2438:. Qualcomm Incorporated. November 10, 2011
2268:"Sur les routes de la mobilité électrique"
2185:Castelvecchi, Davide (November 15, 2006).
1402:"Wireless charging: The state of disunion"
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
938:. A group was launched in May 2010 by the
701:, both optionally support the Qi standard.
3290:, DiodeGoneWild on YouTube 16 August 2017
2609:Martin G. H. Gustavsson (March 5, 2021),
1923:. airfuel.org. 2015-11-03. Archived from
1531:
729:November 20, 2015 Microsoft launched the
382:, an interface standard developed by the
2954:title 13, California Code of Regulations
1332:Wireless charging: The state of disunion
1080:by adding descriptive text and removing
888:A wirelessly powered model lorry at the
632:September 12, 2017: Apple announced the
494:by adding descriptive text and removing
103:. Finally, the direct current charges a
2124:O'Brien, Terrence (September 5, 2012).
1321:
846:and other surgically implanted devices.
93:creates an alternating electric current
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2470:from the original on December 20, 2016
2384:from the original on October 28, 2010.
2132:from the original on September 7, 2012
1860:"Electromagnetic fields in daily life"
1786:from the original on December 5, 2008.
1774:Yomogita, Hiroki (November 13, 2008).
712:, which also supports the Qi standard.
2769:. Boston: Elsevier. pp. 290–300.
2526:from the original on January 14, 2015
2500:from the original on 20 December 2016
2160:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
851:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
607:March 15, 2013: Samsung launched the
7:
3024:Hubbard, Nate (September 18, 2009).
1977:"What is reverse wireless charging?"
1707:Ravenscraft, Eric (August 5, 2020).
1623:from the original on August 17, 2007
1327:
1325:
722:April 14, 2014 Samsung launched the
596:announced on September 5, 2012, the
2976:Standardization of Charging Systems
2899:from the original on 24 August 2016
2556:from the original on April 5, 2017.
2063:from the original on March 24, 2010
1105:200kW Charging-Pad for Buses, 2020
864:In 2012 the Russian private museum
523:being charged by a wireless charger
154:In 1972, Professor Don Otto of the
3062:from the original on April 2, 2015
2858:"SITE FACT SHEET Mannheim Germany"
2856:Sybille Maas-MĂĽller (2015-03-12).
2830:Bombardier Mannheim (2015-09-17).
2546:"Korean electric vehicle solution"
2372:Merritt, Rick (October 20, 2010).
2207:from the original on March 2, 2007
1359:IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine
1005:University of California, Berkeley
905:. The German Ministry of Economy,
25:
3284:– Inductive charging in year 1900
3081:Bacque, Peter (January 6, 2014).
3028:. Wytheville News. Archived from
2642:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.149
2355:from the original on June 2, 2009
2266:Laurent Miguet (April 28, 2022),
2248:Tom Fogden (September 10, 2021),
2055:Mokey, Nick (February 25, 2010).
1581:Chen, Brian X. (3 October 2018).
1511:Journal of Electrical Engineering
2585:Kwak Yeon-soo (March 24, 2019).
2544:Ridden, Paul (August 20, 2009).
2044:from the original on 2017-09-12.
2025:from the original on 2009-05-02.
2007:from the original on 2013-06-06.
1053:
940:Consumer Electronics Association
467:
396:announced the initiation of the
347:
333:
134:to minimize weight and decrease
3218:HALVORSON, BENGT (2021-08-21).
3050:Thibaut, Kyle (22 March 2011).
2967:from the original on 2010-06-15
2925:from the original on 2008-06-03
2812:from the original on 2016-04-05
2670:Amy M. Dean (August 29, 2021),
2166:from the original on 2007-09-03
2150:Hadley, Franklin (2007-06-07).
2106:from the original on 2019-06-02
1756:from the original on 2011-09-30
1423:"Qi Specification Introduction"
27:Type of wireless power transfer
2993:California Air Resources Board
2958:California Air Resources Board
2235:Transportation Research Part C
1803:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1183:California Air Resources Board
840:Transcutaneous Energy Transfer
665:launched two smartphones (the
435:. Major manufacturers such as
1:
2003:. mobilemag.com. 2007-01-03.
433:Qi wireless charging standard
215:electromagnetic compatibility
107:or provides operating power.
3254:Wireless Electricity Is Here
2995:. 2001-06-28. Archived from
2863:. Bombardier. Archived from
2834:. Bombardier. Archived from
1289:Conductive wireless charging
849:In 2006, researchers at the
32:conductive wireless charging
2725:10.1016/j.orgel.2011.07.006
2036:Miller, Paul (2009-01-08).
1462:10.1109/COMPEL.2018.8460153
1270:wireless power transmitting
1240:resonant inductive coupling
231:Protected connections – No
112:resonant inductive coupling
3320:
2496:. Utah Transit Authority.
2302:Journal of Applied Physics
1975:Pocket-lint (2021-07-30).
899:electric road technologies
817:released its new flagship
29:
1823:10.1109/TMAG.2013.2284245
1368:10.1109/mcas.2015.2418973
1309:Wireless Power Consortium
1294:Ground-level power supply
1163:Bombardier-Transportation
1107:Bombardier Transportation
558:Consumer Electronics Show
453:reverse wireless charging
384:Wireless Power Consortium
340:Wireless charging station
162:In 2006, MIT began using
62:electromagnetic induction
3304:Wireless energy transfer
3199:Hyundai Motor Group TECH
3026:"Electric (Car) Company"
2573:10.1109/TTE.2020.3012543
2522:. BBC. January 9, 2015.
1019:Research and development
570:At CES in January 2009,
89:creates a magnetic field
2229:Young Jae Jang (2018),
2021:. IGN.com. 2009-04-28.
1304:Wireless power transfer
1082:less pertinent examples
1009:Online Electric Vehicle
560:(CES) in January 2007,
496:less pertinent examples
451:Another development is
70:make electrical contact
58:wireless power transfer
2057:"Palm Pre Plus Review"
1696:on September 19, 2019.
1456:, IEEE, pp. 1–4,
1110:
950:In November 2011, the
893:
658:
640:, an Apple Watch, and
538:
524:
428:
398:Power Matters Alliance
268:
156:University of Auckland
42:
18:ARK (wireless charger)
2765:Brown, Marty (2007).
1562:MIT Technology Review
1533:10.1515/jee-2017-0035
1245:On February 3, 2022,
1104:
887:
750:Samsung Galaxy Note 8
704:On November 21, 2012
656:
536:
518:
423:
392:In January 2012, the
266:
72:with a dock or plug.
40:
3151:on February 10, 2017
2919:"EV1 Club Home Page"
2893:Transport for London
2329:on February 23, 2013
1263:Medical implications
1169:Transport for London
829:compatible chargers.
217:and radio frequency
3288:Wireless Qi Charger
3222:. GREEN CAR REPORTS
3032:on January 11, 2013
3010:conductive charging
2804:AUDI (2015-09-17).
2785:progresscityusa.com
2713:Organic Electronics
2315:2006JAP....99hR902M
2082:"Videos - Wärtsilä"
1981:www.pocket-lint.com
1815:2014ITM....50.1037D
1524:2017JEE....68..235M
1429:on November 5, 2019
1247:Hyundai Motor Group
1229:BRUSA Elektronik AG
1161:September 17, 2015
1078:improve the article
914:Stationary charging
890:Grand Maket Rossiya
866:Grand Maket Rossiya
771:with added magnets.
759:announced that the
755:September 12, 2017
617:September 9, 2014:
492:improve the article
81:alternating current
3269:2016-03-07 at the
3244:How Inductors Work
2059:. Digital Trends.
1954:FierceWirelessTech
1749:The New York Times
1673:. 16 January 2017.
1587:The New York Times
1556:Condliffe, Jamie.
1299:Wardenclyffe Tower
1134:General Motors EV1
1122:Hughes Electronics
1111:
976:University of Utah
930:From 2010 onwards
894:
834:Research and other
659:
574:announced its new
539:
525:
429:
416:Electronic devices
389:AirFuel Alliance:
269:
83:passes through an
77:inductive coupling
46:Inductive charging
43:
3259:Wireless charging
2991:(Press release).
2719:(11): 1777–1782.
2690:Wireless Charging
2629:978-91-89385-08-5
2463:Salt Lake Tribune
2323:10.1063/1.2164408
2102:. 29 March 2019.
1889:SAE International
1780:Nikkey Technology
1671:Android Authority
1471:978-1-5386-5541-2
1251:wireless charging
1210:Electric Vehicles
1179:electric vehicles
1145:Chevrolet S-10 EV
1099:
1098:
844:artificial hearts
842:(TET) systems in
813:November 6, 2015
746:Samsung Galaxy S8
691:Motorola Mobility
534:
513:
512:
203:electric vehicles
191:utility frequency
177:Application areas
164:resonant coupling
99:to convert it to
54:cordless charging
50:wireless charging
16:(Redirected from
3311:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:. 27 August 2020
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3147:. Archived from
3137:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3078:
3072:
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2795:
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2777:
2771:
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2762:
2756:
2755:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2659:, April 19, 2022
2649:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2617:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2582:
2576:
2564:
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2541:
2535:
2534:
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2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2486:
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2477:
2475:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:on 24 April 2012
2407:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2325:, archived from
2292:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2152:"Goodbye wires…"
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1891:. 23 April 2019.
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1809:(2): 1037–1040.
1794:
1788:
1787:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1692:. Archived from
1681:
1675:
1674:
1663:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
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1397:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1334:
1329:
1284:Charging station
1094:
1091:
1085:
1057:
1056:
1049:
998:Dynamic charging
582:March 24, 2012:
535:
508:
505:
499:
471:
470:
463:
425:Samsung Galaxy Z
351:
337:
66:charging station
21:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3294:
3293:
3271:Wayback Machine
3240:
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3223:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3203:
3201:
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3192:
3188:
3179:
3177:
3168:
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3139:
3138:
3134:
3129:, March 3, 2022
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2664:
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2608:
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2600:
2592:The Korea Times
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1690:Financial Times
1684:Bradshaw, Tim.
1683:
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1400:Dipert, Brian.
1399:
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1154:September 2015
1095:
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1054:
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1021:
1000:
952:Mayor of London
916:
882:
873:Disney Research
836:
819:BlackBerry Priv
791:
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56:) is a type of
48:(also known as
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5:
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3279:
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3239:
3238:External links
3236:
3233:
3232:
3210:
3186:
3161:
3132:
3114:
3096:
3085:. Richmond.com
3073:
3058:. Techcrunch.
3056:TechCrunch.com
3042:
3016:
2980:
2960:. 2002-05-13.
2938:
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1909:on 2013-07-13.
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1742:(2009-06-03).
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1619:. April 2000.
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1206:Plugless Power
1198:
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1149:Toyota RAV4 EV
1130:General Motors
1128:interface for
1124:developed the
1119:
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1043:
1026:infrastructure
1020:
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980:Salt Lake City
921:electric shock
915:
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880:Transportation
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855:Marin Soljačić
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101:direct current
85:induction coil
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2999:on 2010-06-16
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2870:on 2016-04-05
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2838:on 2016-04-05
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1927:on 2019-06-08
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1612:HowStuffWorks
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1485:September 12,
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1256:Genesis Motor
1252:
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1241:
1237:
1236:Jaguar I-Pace
1233:
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1227:
1223:
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1067:
1062:This section
1060:
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956:Boris Johnson
953:
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828:
824:
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816:
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805:
801:
797:
793:
792:
789:Dual standard
788:
783:
780:
779:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
708:launched the
707:
703:
700:
696:
693:launched its
692:
689:
686:
683:launched the
682:
678:
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586:launched the
585:
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569:
566:
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555:
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551:Braun company
548:
545:rechargeable
544:
541:
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517:
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493:
487:
485:
481:
476:This section
474:
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372:The emerging
371:
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324:
322:
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311:
309:
305:
302:
301:generic brand
298:
294:
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275:
274:
273:
265:
259:Disadvantages
258:
253:
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130:or sometimes
129:
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125:silver-plated
121:
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78:
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67:
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3274:
3224:. Retrieved
3213:
3202:. Retrieved
3198:
3189:
3178:. Retrieved
3173:
3164:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:the original
3144:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3055:
3045:
3034:. Retrieved
3030:the original
3019:
3007:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:the original
2983:
2975:
2969:. Retrieved
2953:
2941:
2933:
2927:. Retrieved
2921:. EV1 Club.
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2892:
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2865:the original
2851:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:the original
2825:
2814:. Retrieved
2799:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2754:: 1777–1782.
2751:
2747:
2716:
2712:
2689:
2682:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2637:
2611:
2590:
2580:
2562:
2549:
2539:
2528:. Retrieved
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2493:
2484:
2474:December 17,
2472:. Retrieved
2461:
2451:
2440:. Retrieved
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:the original
2405:
2396:
2390:
2377:
2367:
2357:, retrieved
2347:
2341:
2331:, retrieved
2327:the original
2306:
2300:
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2281:
2271:
2261:
2253:
2243:
2234:
2209:. Retrieved
2197:
2193:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2155:
2145:
2134:. Retrieved
2128:. Engadget.
2119:
2108:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2076:
2065:. Retrieved
2050:
2040:. Engadget.
2031:
2013:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:
1970:
1953:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:the original
1915:
1907:the original
1897:
1888:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1806:
1802:
1792:
1779:
1769:
1758:. Retrieved
1747:
1740:Pogue, David
1720:. Retrieved
1712:
1702:
1694:the original
1689:
1679:
1670:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1610:
1601:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
1576:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:
1551:
1542:
1515:
1509:
1483:, retrieved
1453:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1417:
1407:12 September
1405:. Retrieved
1395:
1376:
1357:
1266:
1249:developed a
1175:Magne Charge
1137:electric car
1126:Magne Charge
1087:
1076:Please help
1064:may contain
1063:
1022:
1001:
949:
945:
929:
917:
895:
871:As of 2017,
731:Lumia 950 XL
547:toothbrushes
501:
490:Please help
478:may contain
477:
452:
450:
446:
430:
367:Magne Charge
360:
319:
315:
306:
289:
270:
219:interference
193:of 50 or 60
180:
168:
161:
153:
149:
109:
74:
53:
49:
45:
44:
3282:Tesla Tower
2504:17 December
2273:Le Moniteur
1864:www.rivm.nl
1844:February 6,
1433:8 September
1222:Volvo Group
1189:-2001, or "
623:Apple Watch
236:frequently.
187:cell phones
171:Qi standard
140:skin effect
138:due to the
120:LC circuits
3226:2022-04-29
3204:2022-04-29
3180:2020-09-29
3155:2020-05-28
3036:2009-09-19
3003:2010-05-23
2971:2010-05-23
2929:2007-08-23
2903:2 December
2874:2015-03-12
2842:2015-09-17
2816:2015-09-17
2790:2022-04-22
2657:vedecom.fr
2530:2015-01-08
2442:2011-11-11
2421:2011-11-11
2359:2009-04-25
2333:2009-04-25
2211:August 23,
2170:2007-08-23
2136:2012-09-05
2110:2019-03-29
2100:TechCrunch
2067:2010-03-09
1986:2022-04-21
1962:1880513128
1931:2019-06-08
1869:6 February
1760:2009-10-15
1722:2020-08-27
1643:US 6972543
1627:August 23,
1592:2018-10-04
1567:2018-10-04
1316:References
1195:conductive
1090:April 2022
1070:irrelevant
964:Shoreditch
932:car makers
815:BlackBerry
649:Qi devices
621:announced
572:Palm, Inc.
504:April 2022
484:irrelevant
297:watt-hours
226:Advantages
211:short wave
136:resistance
114:, where a
60:. It uses
3145:brusa.biz
3109:InsideEVs
2550:New Atlas
1831:1941-0069
1382:US527857A
1187:SAE J1772
1151:vehicles.
1066:excessive
972:Tech City
859:WiTricity
796:Galaxy S6
776:Furniture
742:Galaxy S7
735:Lumia 950
724:Galaxy S5
710:Droid DNA
671:Lumia 920
667:Lumia 820
609:Galaxy S4
602:Lumia 820
598:Lumia 920
588:Galaxy S3
480:excessive
374:SAE J2954
325:Standards
233:corrosion
207:long wave
116:capacitor
97:rectifier
79:. First,
3298:Category
3267:Archived
3089:March 6,
3066:March 6,
3060:Archived
2962:Archived
2923:Archived
2897:Archived
2810:Archived
2808:. AUDI.
2554:Archived
2524:Archived
2498:Archived
2494:Ride UTA
2468:Archived
2382:Archived
2378:EE Times
2353:archived
2202:Archived
2194:TechTalk
2164:Archived
2156:MIT News
2130:Archived
2104:Archived
2061:Archived
2042:Archived
2023:Archived
2005:Archived
1958:ProQuest
1839:22268995
1784:Archived
1754:Archived
1621:Archived
1480:52285213
1277:See also
1072:examples
1045:Examples
966:area of
960:Qualcomm
765:iPhone X
761:iPhone 8
634:AirPower
521:iPhone X
486:examples
459:Examples
132:aluminum
2311:Bibcode
1811:Bibcode
1713:onezero
1617:Blucora
1520:Bibcode
1216:Evatran
992:Utrecht
936:cockpit
800:S6 Edge
769:MagSafe
717:Nexus 5
699:Droid 4
695:Droid 3
685:Nexus 4
642:AirPods
584:Samsung
562:Visteon
556:At the
549:by the
441:Samsung
404:Rezence
293:Pixel 4
146:History
105:battery
2626:
1960:
1837:
1829:
1717:Medium
1648:
1478:
1468:
1388:
1225:ranks.
1141:Toyota
1132:. The
1037:, and
1035:Toyota
968:London
958:, and
892:museum
677:Google
638:iPhone
543:Oral-B
312:Safety
128:copper
3276:Wired
2965:(PDF)
2950:(PDF)
2868:(PDF)
2861:(PDF)
2616:(PDF)
2399:: 68.
2205:(PDF)
2190:(PDF)
1835:S2CID
1476:S2CID
1202:Proov
1191:Avcon
1118:2003.
1115:EPCOT
1031:Tesla
757:Apple
663:Nokia
629:year.
619:Apple
594:Nokia
437:Apple
195:hertz
3091:2015
3068:2015
2905:2016
2624:ISBN
2620:RISE
2506:2016
2476:2016
2237:(95)
2213:2007
1871:2022
1846:2022
1827:ISSN
1629:2007
1487:2021
1466:ISBN
1435:2023
1409:2021
1156:Audi
1147:and
984:Utah
925:RCDs
907:BMWK
825:and
806:and
798:and
782:Ikea
763:and
748:and
733:and
697:and
679:and
669:and
600:and
439:and
394:IEEE
2721:doi
2569:doi
2319:doi
1819:doi
1528:doi
1458:doi
1364:doi
1193:",
1068:or
1039:BMW
988:UTA
978:in
970:'s
827:PMA
808:PMA
706:HTC
576:Pre
519:An
482:or
52:or
3300::
3273:–
3197:.
3172:.
3143:.
3125:,
3107:.
3054:.
3006:.
2974:.
2956:.
2952:.
2932:.
2895:.
2891:.
2783:.
2752:12
2750:.
2733:^
2717:12
2715:.
2698:^
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2622:,
2618:,
2601:^
2589:.
2552:.
2548:.
2492:.
2466:.
2460:.
2380:.
2376:.
2317:,
2307:99
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2252:,
2233:,
2221:^
2198:51
2196:.
2192:.
2162:.
2158:.
2154:.
2098:.
1979:.
1956:.
1940:^
1887:.
1862:.
1833:.
1825:.
1817:.
1807:50
1805:.
1801:.
1782:.
1778:.
1752:.
1746:.
1731:^
1715:.
1711:.
1688:.
1669:.
1656:^
1615:.
1609:.
1585:.
1560:.
1526:.
1516:68
1514:.
1508:.
1494:^
1474:,
1464:,
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1338:^
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1033:,
982:,
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823:Qi
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