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at a time when alternative rock music was not considered commercial. Gersh was able to convince his co-workers to push the record in spite of their misgivings. In cases like these, A&R people have radically changed the direction of popular musical tastes and introduced large numbers of people to
147:
As the record nears completion, the A&R department works closely with the artist to determine whether the record is acceptable to the record company. This process may include suggesting that new songs need to be written, that existing songs need a new arrangement, or that some album tracks need
264:
for example). Towards the end of the life of each wave or trend, record companies have found themselves faced with enormous losses as consumers' tastes changed. For example, at the end of the disco boom in 1978, millions of records were returned by record retailers, causing a deep recession in the
336:
founder Martin Heath, the A&R community in the UK is more integrated than it is in the US, being very London-centric and encompassing a relatively small number of people. "If scouts are chasing a band, you'll see the same thirty people in one room. You get a herd mentality in the UK, but also
278:
The general move towards more conservative and business-minded signings from the 1980s onwards is seen to be symptomatic of an industry where the most powerful figures are no longer music fans or people with musical backgrounds, but are business executives, a group largely composed of individuals
81:
play at nightclubs and festivals to scout for talent. Personnel in the A&R division are expected to understand the current tastes of the market and to be able to find artists who will be commercially successful. For this reason, A&R people are often young and many are musicians,
307:
What you've got now is huge multinational companies where most of their A&R staff are businessmen. They're people who look at music from the standpoint of marketing, not from the standpoint of music and talent. They will say, "Go out and get me anything that's popular
341:. Heath believes that in the US it is more typical for A&R to wait until a band is established – having attracted other offers or achieved a level of sales – before taking action, a technique which often works out as being more expensive.
196:. Hammond's colleagues were initially skeptical of these artists because none of them appeared to be creating "commercial" music. Hammond's instincts proved to be correct, and these artists went on to sell hundreds of millions of records.
97:, often in the form of a "deal memo" – a short, informal document that establishes a business relationship between the recording artist and the record company. The actual contract negotiations will typically be carried out by rival
60:. It also acts as a liaison between artists and the record label or publishing company. Every activity involving artists to the point of album release is generally considered under the purview and responsibility of A&R.
216:
This kind of prescience is the exception rather than the rule. Historically, A&R executives have tended to sign new artists who fit into recent trends and who resemble acts that are currently successful. For example,
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2134:
981:
2114:
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615:
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136:) to record. For artists who do not write their own music, the A&R person will assist in finding songs, songwriters and arrangers. A&R staff will help find
2071:
2020:
2066:
2015:
363:
and others argue that the wide selection of music on digital services has allowed music consumers to bypass the traditional role of A&R. In the wake of
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This "trend following" mindset has generated several waves of narrowly defined genres, leading to a perception of triteness, including
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2009:
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and advising the artist on all aspects of making a high-quality recording. They work with the artist to choose the best songs (i.e.,
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260:(1976–1978). Trend following can be counter-productive, since it has often led to over-promotion followed by backlash (as
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were producers and composers respectively – but an A&R with musical ability and knowledge has become a rarity, with
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350:
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to be re-recorded. A key issue is whether the album has a single – a particular track which can be used to
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1969:
1564:
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1032:
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with uniform backgrounds. Traditionally A&R executives were composers, arrangers and producers –
176:
The tastes of particular A&R executives have influenced the course of music history. A&R man
98:
814:
Appetite for self-destruction : the spectacular crash of the record industry in the digital age
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process. This includes helping the artist to find the right record producer, scheduling time in a
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116:. They also tend to favor the bands that play in the same city as the record label's offices.
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601:. Knopper discusses the way the industry has overreacted to these waves throughout his book.
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and bringing those artists to the record company. A&R staff may go to hear emerging
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Krasilovsky, M. William; Shemel, Sidney; Gross, John M.; Feinstein, Jonathan (2007),
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referenced this stereotype of the business-minded A&R executive in their single "
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company that is responsible for scouting and overseeing the artistic development of
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for the recording. A&R executives maintain contact with their counterparts at
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of trusted associates, critics and business contacts, rather than on unsolicited
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2004:
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Once the record is completed, the A&R department consults with marketing,
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have changed the relationship between consumers and the music they choose.
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The A&R division of a record label is responsible for finding new
1722:
1258:
834:
The future of music : manifesto for the digital music revolution
275:
finally brought the public back into record stores in large numbers.
124:
The A&R division of a record label oversees the music style and
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1193:
337:
some very diverse signings as well," he said in an interview with
257:
902:
1893:
1745:
1233:
1125:
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The music business : career opportunities and self-defense
854:
The producer : John
Hammond and the soul of American music
1918:
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1130:
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to get new songs and material from songwriters and producers.
299:
being notable recent exceptions. The composer and arranger
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320:", metaphorically likening them to "mountain climbers".
164:, the artist and their management to choose one or more
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787:no. 133 (June 1994) and later various websites.)
367:, many A&R staffers have been terminated.
93:An A&R executive is authorized to offer a
30:"A&R" redirects here. For other uses, see
918:
722:
609:
607:
8:
265:music business that lasted until 1982, when
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903:
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857:, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux,
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225:, favored traditional pop singers like
506:
233:, and rejected early rock-'n'-rollers
156:Assisting with marketing and promotion
108:A&R executives rely mostly on the
831:Kusek, David; Leonhard, Gerd (2005),
557:
7:
692:Bouwman, Kimbel (12 December 2005).
645:Watson, Richard (26 November 2014).
2152:Global Recording Artist of the Year
2120:Highest-grossing live music artists
873:"Some Alternative Boundaries Fall"
871:Shoemer, Karen (30 October 1992),
597:, pp. 15–35). Teen pop boom:
523:(10th ed.), Billboard Books,
479:. London: Penguin Books. pp.
25:
614:Bouwman, Kimbel (23 April 2007).
2281:
2280:
2267:
1297:Artists and repertoire (A&R)
1028:Universal Music Publishing Group
889:, New York: Three Rivers Press,
666:Weiss, Jeff (19 December 2007).
475:Richard Cook's Jazz Encyclopedia
120:Overseeing the recording process
44:for short) is the division of a
1718:Entertainment Monitoring Africa
2218:Largest recorded music markets
2125:Highest-grossing concert tours
647:"Wu-Tang Clan: 10 of the best"
616:"Interview with Richard Niles"
1:
694:"Interview With Martin Heath"
2274:Record production portal
1090:Independent UK record labels
221:' A&R man in the 1950s,
168:to help promote the record.
2142:Most-attended concert tours
351:2000s in the music industry
262:happened to the disco genre
2339:
2157:Wealthiest musical artists
2010:Best-selling music artists
668:"Wu-Tang Clan Still Sting"
348:
142:music publishing companies
29:
27:Division of a record label
2261:
1728:New Zealand singles chart
837:, Boston: Berklee Press,
723:Kusek & Leonhard 2005
2198:Christian music industry
1713:GfK Entertainment charts
1357:Professional audio store
817:, New York: Free Press,
791:Goldberg, Danny (2009),
756:"The Problem with Music"
105:and the record company.
101:hired by the musician's
32:A&R (disambiguation)
1605:Music streaming service
1038:Disney Music Publishing
883:Weissman, Dick (2003),
851:Prial, Dunstan (2006),
811:Knopper, Steve (2009),
764:, no. 5, Chicago:
432:Teresa LaBarbera Whites
2147:Most-attended concerts
2115:Highest-paid musicians
797:, Penguin Publishing,
521:This Business of Music
471:Cook, Richard (2005).
365:declining record sales
310:
38:Artists and repertoire
2228:Most valuable records
2223:Most expensive albums
2178:Album-equivalent unit
1708:Italian singles chart
1565:Promotional recording
1033:Warner Chappell Music
1023:Sony Music Publishing
1018:BMG Rights Management
794:Bumping into Geniuses
305:
172:History and influence
99:entertainment lawyers
2313:Occupations in music
2203:Environmental impact
2103:Best-selling singles
1116:Digital music stores
772:on 28 September 2007
357:digital distribution
2318:Musical terminology
2233:Music certification
2213:Largest music deals
2091:Best-selling albums
1924:The Country Network
1703:Irish Singles Chart
1352:Musical instruments
737:, pp. 220–221.
417:John Kwatakye-Atiko
334:Lizard King Records
330:Rhythm King Records
324:Regional variations
297:Martin Kierszenbaum
1746:SNEP singles chart
1521:Extended play (EP)
1292:Album cover design
877:The New York Times
584:, p. 179-180.
2295:
2294:
2238:Parental Advisory
2193:Bootleg recording
2183:A-side and B-side
2040:
1993:
1992:
1909:The Music Factory
1751:Sverigetopplistan
1675:Argentina Hot 100
1641:Music competition
1631:Concert residency
1570:Phonograph record
1540:
1500:
1499:
1327:Music and fashion
1312:Entertainment law
1180:
1179:
1141:Virgin Megastores
943:and organizations
824:978-1-4165-5215-4
804:978-1-59240-483-4
784:Maximum Rocknroll
194:Bruce Springsteen
138:session musicians
84:music journalists
75:recording artists
54:recording artists
16:(Redirected from
2330:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2038:
1859:
1756:UK singles chart
1688:Canadian Hot 100
1580:Compact cassette
1518:
1465:Session musician
1440:Hip hop producer
1398:
1332:Music journalism
1264:Rhythm and blues
982:IFPI (worldwide)
947:
927:
920:
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768:, archived from
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704:on 14 March 2012
700:. Archived from
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626:on 29 March 2012
622:. Archived from
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281:Atlantic Records
256:(1986–1991) and
250:alternative rock
219:Columbia Records
200:signed the band
130:recording studio
88:record producers
64:Responsibilities
50:music publishing
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1808:Musica e dischi
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1529:Cassette single
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1450:Record producer
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1317:Music education
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447:Timmy Regisford
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318:Protect Ya Neck
267:Michael Jackson
190:Aretha Franklin
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95:record contract
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35:
28:
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1683:Brasil Hot 100
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1636:Music festival
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781:(Reprinted in
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599:Knopper (2009)
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422:Kara DioGuardi
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312:Hip hop group
182:Billie Holiday
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69:Finding talent
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1829:Rolling Stone
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1723:Oricon charts
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1698:G-Music chart
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1470:Backup singer
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1047:Record labels
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896:0-609-81013-8
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864:0-374-11304-1
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844:0-87639-059-9
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752:Albini, Steve
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595:Knopper (2009
590:
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583:
582:Goldberg 2009
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563:
559:
554:
551:
548:, p. 25.
547:
546:Weissman 2003
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530:0-8230-7729-2
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512:
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490:0-141-00646-3
486:
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443:
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438:
437:Chris Anokute
435:
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412:John Kalodner
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383:
382:Chas Chandler
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
368:
366:
362:
361:Gerd Leonhard
358:
355:New forms of
352:
345:2000s changes
344:
342:
340:
335:
331:
328:According to
323:
321:
319:
315:
309:
304:
302:
301:Richard Niles
298:
294:
290:
289:Ahmet Ertegun
286:
282:
276:
274:
273:
268:
263:
259:
255:
252:(1993–1996),
251:
248:(1998–2001),
247:
242:
240:
236:
235:Elvis Presley
232:
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110:word of mouth
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76:
68:
63:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2279:
2265:
2243:Record sales
2208:Hidden track
1998:Achievements
1982:
1977:The X Factor
1975:
1968:
1961:
1956:Star Academy
1954:
1947:
1940:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1765:Publications
1733:
1693:Circle Chart
1680:
1672:
1664:
1626:Concert tour
1549:Double album
1475:Ghost singer
1460:Orchestrator
1445:Horn section
1372:Record label
1307:Distribution
1296:
1214:Experimental
1186:Major genres
1172:Ticketmaster
1120:iTunes Store
1077:
1076:
1054:
1053:
972:Music Canada
885:
876:
853:
833:
813:
793:
782:
774:, retrieved
770:the original
766:Thomas Frank
759:
735:Knopper 2009
730:
718:
706:. Retrieved
702:the original
671:
661:
652:The Guardian
650:
640:
628:. Retrieved
624:the original
593:Disco boom:
589:
577:
570:Shoemer 1992
565:
553:
520:
514:
474:
466:
452:Song plugger
442:Muff Winwood
427:Loren Israel
402:David Geffen
354:
327:
314:Wu-Tang Clan
311:
306:
285:Jerry Wexler
277:
270:
243:
227:Guy Mitchell
223:Mitch Miller
215:
213:new sounds.
206:David Geffen
178:John Hammond
175:
159:
152:the record.
146:
123:
107:
92:
72:
46:record label
41:
37:
36:
2253:White label
2188:Backmasking
2005:Music award
1984:Rising Star
1780:HitQuarters
1659:ARIA Charts
1575:Eight-track
1560:Music video
1537:Maxi single
1485:Ghostwriter
1480:Vocal coach
1435:Disc jockey
1408:Arrangement
1377:Record shop
1347:Music venue
1342:Music store
1302:Disc jockey
1162:Live Nation
1157:CTS Eventim
1079:Independent
761:The Baffler
698:HitQuarters
630:17 November
620:HitQuarters
507:Albini 1993
392:Clive Davis
387:George Daly
339:HitQuarters
239:Buddy Holly
210:DGC Records
180:discovered
58:songwriters
2302:Categories
2108:by country
2096:by country
1854:Television
1836:Smash Hits
1741:Sino Chart
1614:Live shows
1525:12" single
1413:Songwriter
1401:Production
1209:Electronic
1150:Live music
1011:Publishers
992:PROMUSICAE
745:References
558:Prial 2006
407:Impresario
397:Clyde Otis
349:See also:
303:has said,
254:glam metal
231:Patti Page
198:Gary Gersh
134:repertoire
114:demo tapes
2173:Album era
2067:Brazilian
2039:(Females)
1970:The Voice
1943:franchise
1904:MuchMusic
1869:Channel V
1787:Hot Press
1773:Billboard
1681:Billboard
1673:Billboard
1665:Billboard
1533:CD single
1430:Conductor
1382:Road crew
1362:Promotion
1285:and roles
1167:LiveStyle
1104:Retailers
1067:Universal
673:LA Weekly
458:Citations
283:'s heads
186:Bob Dylan
162:promotion
126:recording
18:A & R
2286:Category
2130:by women
1963:The Four
1949:Popstars
1862:Channels
1794:Kerrang!
1423:Lyricist
1418:Composer
754:(1993),
377:Al Coury
371:See also
293:Ron Fair
272:Thriller
246:teen pop
2082:Swedish
2077:Italian
2072:British
2062:Belgian
2048:Genre:
2026:Germany
2021:Finland
1736:Top 100
1667:Hot 100
1621:Concert
1595:Airplay
1553:Mixtape
1508:formats
1506:Release
1283:Sectors
1249:New Age
1229:Hip hop
1199:Country
1136:Kaspien
1085:Concord
776:20 June
708:20 June
202:Nirvana
166:singles
103:manager
42:A&R
2016:Brazil
1933:Series
1651:Charts
1516:Single
1259:Reggae
1224:Gospel
1111:Amazon
1072:Warner
893:
861:
841:
821:
801:
527:
487:
150:market
2166:Other
2135:Latin
2052:Latin
2031:Japan
1544:Album
1274:World
1244:Metal
1239:Latin
1194:Blues
1056:Major
308:now."
258:disco
79:bands
2014:In:
1941:Idol
1914:Viva
1899:Tr3s
1894:MTV2
1884:Mnet
1879:Fuse
1801:Mojo
1269:Rock
1234:Jazz
1219:Folk
1126:Fnac
1095:AAMG
1062:Sony
1002:SNEP
997:RIAA
977:FIMI
962:BVMI
957:ARIA
891:ISBN
859:ISBN
839:ISBN
819:ISBN
799:ISBN
778:2009
710:2010
632:2010
525:ISBN
485:ISBN
332:and
295:and
287:and
237:and
229:and
192:and
56:and
40:(or
1919:VH1
1889:MTV
1874:CMT
1815:NME
1590:DVD
1254:Pop
1131:HMV
987:PMB
967:BPI
269:'s
208:'s
204:to
86:or
48:or
2304::
1585:CD
1551:,
1535:,
1531:,
1527:,
1523:,
1083::
1060::
875:,
758:,
696:.
682:^
670:.
649:.
618:.
606:^
538:^
499:^
483:.
481:16
241:.
188:,
184:,
90:.
1822:Q
1539:)
1519:(
1122:)
1118:(
926:e
919:t
912:v
725:.
712:.
676:.
655:.
634:.
572:.
560:.
509:.
493:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.