A Christmas Carol - Knowledge (XXG)

913: 263: 40: 1271: 1351: 549: 1080: 1396:, Davis suggests that while some saw the story as a "denunciation of capitalism, ...most read it as a way to escape oppressive economic realities". The film versions of the 1930s were different in the UK and US. British-made films showed a traditional telling of the story, while US-made works showed Cratchit in a more central role, escaping the depression caused by European bankers and celebrating what Davis calls "the Christmas of the common man". In the 1960s, Scrooge was sometimes portrayed as a Freudian figure wrestling with his past. By the 1980s he was again set in a world of depression and economic uncertainty. 604: 829: 953: 362: 754:

psychological conflict may be responsible for the two radically different Scrooges in the tale—one a cold, stingy and greedy semi-recluse, the other a benevolent, sociable man. The professor of English literature Robert Douglas-Fairhurst considers that in the opening part of the book covering young Scrooge's lonely and unhappy childhood, and his aspiration for money to avoid poverty "is something of a self-parody of Dickens's fears about himself"; the post-transformation parts of the book are how Dickens optimistically sees himself.

904:, and wished to use the novella as a means to put forward his arguments against it. The story shows Scrooge as a paradigm for self-interest, and the possible repercussions of ignoring the poor, especially children—personified by the allegorical figures of Want and Ignorance. The two figures were created to arouse sympathy with readers—as was Tiny Tim. Douglas-Fairhurst observes that the use of such figures allowed Dickens to present his message of the need for charity without alienating his largely middle-class readership. 407: 389:. When he asks the spirit to show a single person who feels emotion over his death, he is only given the pleasure of a poor couple who rejoice that his death gives them more time to put their finances in order. When Scrooge asks to see tenderness connected with any death, the ghost shows him Bob Cratchit and his family mourning the death of Tiny Tim. The ghost then allows Scrooge to see a neglected grave, with a tombstone bearing Scrooge's name. Sobbing, Scrooge pledges to change his ways. 1407: 739: 665: 8111: 6320: 5750: 329:, who treated him like a son. Scrooge's neglected fiancée Belle is shown ending their relationship, as she realises that he will never love her as much as he loves money. Finally, they visit a now-married Belle with her large, happy family on the Christmas Eve that Marley died. Scrooge, upset by hearing a description of the man that he has become, demands that the ghost remove him from the house. 932:, but they came out a dull olive colour. Dickens' publisher Chapman and Hall replaced these with yellow endpapers and reworked the title page in harmonising red and blue shades. The final product was bound in red cloth with gilt-edged pages, completed only two days before the publication date of 19 December 1843. Following publication, Dickens arranged for the manuscript to be bound in red 1418: 1375:, after reading Dickens's Christmas books, vowed to give generously to those in need, and Thomas Carlyle expressed a generous hospitality by hosting two Christmas dinners after reading the book. In 1867 one American businessman was so moved by attending a reading that he closed his factory on Christmas Day and sent every employee a turkey, while in the early years of the 20th century 4742: 795:, Dickens's biographer, sees similarities between the character and the elder Martin Chuzzlewit character, although the miser is "a more fantastic image" than the Chuzzlewit patriarch; Ackroyd observes that Chuzzlewit's transformation to a charitable figure is a parallel to that of the miser. Douglas-Fairhurst sees that the minor character Gabriel Grub from 656:, Dickens urged workers and employers to join together to combat ignorance with educational reform, and realised in the days following that the most effective way to reach the broadest segment of the population with his social concerns about poverty and injustice was to write a deeply felt Christmas narrative rather than polemical pamphlets and essays. 1172: 353:, a happy boy who is seriously ill. The spirit informs Scrooge that Tiny Tim will die unless the course of events changes. Before disappearing, the spirit shows Scrooge two hideous, emaciated children named Ignorance and Want. He tells Scrooge to beware the former above all and mocks Scrooge's concern for their welfare. 219:, one of several establishments for London's street children. The treatment of the poor and the ability of a selfish man to redeem himself by transforming into a more sympathetic character are the key themes of the story. There is discussion among academics as to whether this is a fully secular story, or if it is a 940:

initial publication the book has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions, translated into several languages and has never been out of print. It was Dickens's most popular book in the United States, and sold over two million copies in the hundred years following its first publication there.

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was also an influence when creating Scrooge. It is possible that Scrooge's name came from a tombstone Dickens had seen on a visit to Edinburgh. The grave was for Ebenezer Lennox Scroggie, whose job was given as a meal man—a corn merchant; Dickens misread the inscription as "mean man". This theory has

325:, takes Scrooge to Christmas scenes of Scrooge's boyhood, reminding him of a time when he was more innocent. The scenes reveal Scrooge's lonely childhood at boarding school, his relationship with his beloved sister Fan, the long-dead mother of Fred, and a Christmas party hosted by his first employer, 312:

That night Scrooge is visited at home by Marley's ghost, who wanders the Earth entwined by heavy chains and money boxes forged during a lifetime of greed and selfishness. Marley tells Scrooge that he has a single chance to avoid the same fate: he will be visited by three spirits and must listen or be

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philosophy, cheerful views, sharp anatomisation of humbug, jolly good temper ... and a vein of glowing, hearty, generous, mirthful, beaming reference in everything to Home and Fireside". From a secular viewpoint, the cultural historian Penne Restad suggests that Scrooge's redemption underscores

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is Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly London-based businessman, described in the story as "a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!" Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised. This

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Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning a changed man. He makes a large donation to the charity he rejected the previous day, anonymously sends a large turkey to the Cratchit home for Christmas dinner and spends the afternoon at Fred's Christmas party. The following day he gives Cratchit an increase in

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Analysing the changes made to adaptations over time, Davis sees changes to the focus of the story and its characters to reflect mainstream thinking of the period. While Dickens's Victorian audiences would have viewed the tale as a spiritual but secular parable, in the early 20th century it became a

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Davis considers the adaptations have become better remembered than the original. Some of Dickens's scenes—such as visiting the miners and lighthouse keepers—have been forgotten by many, while other events often added—such as Scrooge visiting the Cratchits on Christmas Day—are now thought by many to

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Priced at five shillings (equal to £31 in 2024 pounds), the first run of 6,000 copies sold out by Christmas Eve. Chapman and Hall issued second and third editions before the new year, and the book continued to sell well into 1844. By the end of 1844 eleven more editions had been released. Since its

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in October 1843. Michael Slater, Dickens's biographer, describes the book as being "written at white heat"; it was completed in six weeks, the final pages being written in early December. He built much of the work in his head while taking night-time walks of 15 to 20 miles (24 to 32 km) around

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in January 1844; Dickens took legal action against the publishers, who went bankrupt, further reducing Dickens's small profits from the publication. He subsequently wrote four other Christmas stories. In 1849 he began public readings of the story, which proved so successful he undertook 127 further

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figure always in process of reformation"; Kelly writes that the transformation is reflected in the description of Scrooge, who begins as a two-dimensional character, but who then grows into one who "possess an emotional depth a regret for lost opportunities". Some writers, including the Dickens

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wrote of Dickens's religious views that "the tone of Dickens towards religion, though like that of most of his contemporaries, philosophically disturbed and rather historically ignorant, had an element that was very characteristic of himself. He had all the prejudices of his time. He had, for

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to the Industrial and Literary Institute. He insisted that tickets be reserved for working-class attendees at quarter-price and the performance was a great success. Thereafter, he read the tale in an abbreviated version 127 times, until 1870 (the year of his death), including at his farewell

1142:(1848); these were secular conversion tales which acknowledged the progressive societal changes of the previous year, and highlighted those social problems which still needed to be addressed. While the public eagerly bought the later books, the reviewers were highly critical of the stories. 943:

The high production costs upon which Dickens insisted led to reduced profits, and the first edition brought him only £230 (equal to £29,000 in 2024 pounds) rather than the £1,000 (equal to £124,000 in 2024 pounds) he expected. A year later, the profits were only £744, and Dickens was deeply

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deplored the turkey and plum pudding aspects of the book but admitted that in the days of its first publication it was regarded as "a new gospel", and noted that the book was unique in that it made people behave better. The religious press generally ignored the tale but, in January 1844,

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described how the story's "impressive eloquence ... its unfeigned lightness of heart—its playful and sparkling humour ... its gentle spirit of humanity" all put the reader "in good humour with ourselves, with each other, with the season and with the author". The critic from

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intended to open its readers' hearts towards those struggling to survive on the lower rungs of the economic ladder and to encourage practical benevolence, but also to warn of the terrible danger to society created by the toleration of widespread ignorance and actual want among the

4745: 595:, "How Mr. Chokepear Keeps a Merry Christmas" and one from 1843, "The Beauties of the Police". More broadly, Dickens was influenced by fairy tales and nursery stories, which he closely associated with Christmas, because he saw them as stories of conversion and transformation. 1041:

praised the story, but thought the book's physical excesses—the gilt edges and expensive binding—kept the price high, making it unavailable to the poor. The review recommended that the tale should be printed on cheap paper and priced accordingly. An unnamed writer for

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revival of the Christmas holiday. Dickens acknowledged the influence of the modern Western observance of Christmas and later inspired several aspects of Christmas, including family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games and a festive generosity of spirit.

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Dickens advocated a humanitarian focus of the holiday, which influenced several aspects of Christmas that are still celebrated in Western culture, such as family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games and a festive generosity of spirit. The historian

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Scroggie was unlike Scrooge in nature, and was described as "a well-known hedonist who loved wine, women, and parties ... a dandy and terrible philanderer who had several sexual liaisons which made him the talk of the town ... a jovial and kindly

726:, and four hand-coloured etchings and four black-and-white wood engravings by the artist accompanied the text. Dickens's hand-written manuscript of the story does not include the sentence in the penultimate paragraph "... and to Tiny Tim, who did 991:, described the book as "a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness. The last two people I heard speak of it were women; neither knew the other, or the author, and both said, by way of criticism, 'God bless him!'" 1387:

wrote "The beauty and blessing of the story ... lie in the great furnace of real happiness that glows through Scrooge and everything around him. ... Whether the Christmas visions would or would not convert Scrooge, they convert us."

1178: 1176: 1173: 1304:, Dickens showed that Christmas could be celebrated in towns and cities, despite increasing modernisation. The modern observance of Christmas in English-speaking countries is largely the result of a Victorian-era revival of the holiday. The 1177: 857:, sees the conversion of Scrooge as carrying the Christian message that "even the worst of sinners may repent and become a good man". Dickens's attitudes towards organised religion were complex; he based his beliefs and principles on the 803:

When Dickens was young he lived near a tradesman's premises with the sign "Goodge and Marney", which may have provided the name for Scrooge's former business partner. For the chained Marley, Dickens drew on his memory of a visit to the

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told a friend that he thought Dickens had taken the religion from Christmas, and had imagined it as "mistletoe and pudding – neither resurrection from the dead, nor rising of new stars, nor teaching of wise men, nor shepherds".

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In the early 19th century the celebration of Christmas was associated in Britain with the countryside and peasant revels, disconnected to the increasing urbanisation and industrialisation taking place. Davis considers that in

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near Birmingham. The tales and essays attracted Dickens, and the two authors shared the belief that returning to Christmas traditions might promote a type of social connection that they felt had been lost in the modern world.

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instance, that dislike of defined dogmas, which really means a preference for unexamined dogmas." Dickens stated that "I have always striven in my writings to express the veneration for the life and lessons of our Saviour."

1175: 784:, while the miser's questions "Are there no prisons? ... And the Union workhouses? ... The treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, then?" are a reflection of a sarcastic question raised by the philosopher 1162:

and had neither the time nor the inclination to produce another Christmas book. He decided the best way to reach his audience with his "Carol philosophy" was by public readings. During Christmas 1853 he gave a reading in

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One example of this was the introduction of turkey as the main meat of the Christmas meal. In Britain the tradition had been to eat roast goose, but a change to turkey followed the publication of the book. By 1868

1339:, considered that by 1891 the "pathos appears false and strained; the humor largely horseplay; the characters theatrical; the joviality pumped; the psychology commonplace; the sociology alone funny". The writer 981:, the literary magazine, considered it a "tale to make the reader laugh and cry – to open his hands, and open his heart to charity even toward the uncharitable ... a dainty dish to set before a King." 373:, shows Scrooge a Christmas Day in the future. The silent ghost reveals scenes involving the death of a disliked man whose funeral is attended by local businessmen only on condition that lunch is provided. His 301:, dislikes Christmas and refuses a dinner invitation from his nephew Fred. He turns away two men seeking a donation to provide food and heating for the poor and only grudgingly allows his overworked, underpaid 1002:, wrote that "If Christmas, with its ancient and hospitable customs, its social and charitable observances, were ever in danger of decay, this is the book that would give them a new lease." The reviewer for 812:, Pennsylvania, in March 1842, where he saw—and was affected by seeing—fettered prisoners. For the character Tiny Tim, Dickens used his nephew Henry Augustus Burnett, a disabled boy who was five at the time 1048:

mocked Dickens's grasp of economics, asking "Who went without turkey and punch in order that Bob Cratchit might get them—for, unless there were turkeys and punch in surplus, someone must go without".

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was written. The two figures of Want and Ignorance, sheltering in the robes of the Ghost of Christmas Present, were inspired by the children Dickens had seen on his visit to a ragged school in the

649:, about his change in plans: "you will certainly feel that a Sledge hammer has come down with twenty times the force—twenty thousand times the force—I could exert by following out my first idea". 4597: 448:

By the end of 1842 Dickens was a well-established author with six major works as well as several short stories, novellas and other pieces. On 31 December that year he began publishing his novel

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The full verse of I John 3:17 is "But whoso hath this world's good, and seeth his brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him?"

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Published on 19 December, the first edition sold out by Christmas Eve; by the end of 1844 thirteen editions had been released. Most critics reviewed the novella favourably. The story was

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factory. The change in circumstances gave him what his biographer, Michael Slater, describes as a "deep personal and social outrage", which heavily influenced his writing and outlook.

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published an enthusiastic review, noting that the author brought the "old Christmas ... of bygone centuries and remote manor houses, into the living rooms of the poor of today".

1290:" entered popular use in the English language as a retort to anything sentimental or overly festive; the name "Scrooge" became used as a designation for a miser and was added to the 7362: 1629:, in 1882; in turn Churchill sold the manuscript to Bennett, a Birmingham bookseller. Bennett sold it for £200 to Robson and Kerslake of London, which sold it to Dickens collector 1118:

Dickens returned to the tale several times during his life to amend the phrasing and punctuation. He capitalised on the success of the book by publishing other Christmas stories:

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pay, and begins to become a father figure to Tiny Tim. From then on Scrooge treats everyone with kindness, generosity and compassion, embodying the spirit of Christmas.

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wrote in 1933 that "the fate of Tiny Tim should be a matter of dignified reticence ... Dickens was carried away by exuberance, and momentarily forgot good taste".

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London. Dickens's sister-in-law wrote how he "wept, and laughed, and wept again, and excited himself in a most extraordinary manner, in composition". Slater says that

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theatrical productions were playing in London. The story has been adapted for film and television more than any of Dickens's other works. In 1901 it was produced as

4386: 4346: 349:. Scrooge and the ghost also visit Fred's Christmas party. A major part of this stave is taken up with Bob Cratchit's family feast and introduces his youngest son, 7313: 4284: 3709: 1174: 4394: 1027:

thought the tale's old and hackneyed subject was treated in an original way and praised the author's sense of humour and pathos. The writer and social thinker

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Other writers, including Kelly, consider that Dickens put forward a "secular vision of this sacred holiday". The Dickens scholar John O. Jordan argues that

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and also known as "The Gloucester Miser". According to the sociologist Frank W. Elwell, Scrooge's views on the poor are a reflection of those of the

8242: 5516: 4201: 1350: 8227: 7293: 1212:, 1882), and others who followed Scrooge's life as a reformed man – or some who thought Dickens had got it wrong and needed to be corrected. 999: 5302: 4180: 1687:, advised her readers that "A Christmas dinner, with the middle-class of this empire, would scarcely be a Christmas dinner without its turkey." 912: 7688: 7495: 6303: 6229: 5524: 4317: 4063: 4042: 4016: 3992: 3971: 3948: 3925: 3904: 3883: 3862: 3841: 3820: 3799: 3778: 3757: 3731: 3693: 3661: 3642: 3621: 3600: 3581: 3540: 3519: 3498: 3479: 3456: 3410: 3388: 3369: 1444: 8207: 7569: 6219: 262: 637:

upon working class children. Horrified by what he read, Dickens planned to publish an inexpensive political pamphlet tentatively titled,

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and won. The publishers declared themselves bankrupt and Dickens was left to pay £700 in costs. The small profits Dickens earned from

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In January 1844 Parley's Illuminated Library published an unauthorised version of the story in a condensed form which they sold for

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children's story, read by parents who remembered their parents reading it when they were younger. In the lead-up to and during the

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Dickens was not the first author to celebrate the Christmas season in literature. Among earlier authors who influenced Dickens was

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are present in the story", but not yet in a firm form. The story is followed by a passage about Christmas in Dickens's editorial

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as a monthly serial; it was his favourite work, but sales were disappointing and he faced temporary financial difficulties.

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The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits

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A Christmas Ghost Story reoriginated from the original by Charles Dickens Esquire and analytically condensed for this work

215:. Dickens had written three Christmas stories prior to the novella, and was inspired following a visit to the Field Lane 8142: 7549: 7253: 6799: 6263: 5608: 4830: 1279: 1262:

be part of the original story. Accordingly, Davis distinguishes between the original text and the "remembered version".

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Dickens was touched by the lot of poor children in the middle decades of the 19th century. In early 1843 he toured the

536:. The professor of English literature Paul Davis writes that although the "Goblins" story appears to be a prototype of 5380: 5238: 5150: 5051: 4963: 4671: 4288: 1308:

of the 1830s and 1840s had produced a resurgence of the traditional rituals and religious observances associated with

982: 970: 5262: 4971: 1367: 626:, one of several London schools set up for the education of the capital's half-starved, illiterate street children. 8137: 6461: 5984: 5931: 5924: 5873: 5737: 5345: 5107: 5059: 5003: 4987: 4845: 4772: 4354: 1638: 1630: 532: 502: 500:

Dickens had an interest in Christmas, and his first story on the subject was "Christmas Festivities", published in

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was born to a middle-class family which got into financial difficulties as a result of the spendthrift nature of

207:. He was influenced by the experiences of his own youth and by the Christmas stories of other authors, including 157: 73: 4545: 603: 7721: 7507: 7429: 7347: 7340: 7243: 7126: 6548: 6380: 6324: 6224: 5574: 4280: 4158: 4094: 1037: 641:, but changed his mind, deferring the pamphlet's production until the end of the year. In March he wrote to Dr 6846: 5310: 1215:

The novella was adapted for the stage almost immediately. Three productions opened on 5 February 1844, one by

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Scrooge and Bob Cratchit celebrate Christmas in an illustration from stave five of the original edition, 1843.

1225:, being sanctioned by Dickens and running for more than 40 nights. By the close of February 1844 eight rival 19:

This article is about the 1843 novella by Charles Dickens. For songs or hymns on the theme of Christmas, see

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Jaffe, Audrey (March 1994). "Spectacular Sympathy: Visuality and Ideology in Dickens's A Christmas Carol".

1625: – reportedly for £50 (equal to £5,900 in 2024 pounds) – who sold it to the autograph collector, 512:(1836). "The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton", another Christmas story, appeared in the 1836 novel 7599: 7223: 7166: 6711: 6415: 6295: 6189: 6043: 5649: 5294: 1489: 1438: 1372: 1104: 1044: 1023: 861:. His statement that Marley "had no bowels" is a reference to the "bowels of compassion" mentioned in the 642: 474: 227: 4211: 1242:

British film; it was one of the first known adaptations of a Dickens work on film, but it is now largely

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In the years following the book's publication, responses to the tale were published by W. M. Swepstone (

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in appalling conditions. The suffering he witnessed there was reinforced by a visit to the Field Lane

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been described as "a probable Dickens hoax" for which "o one could find any corroborating evidence".

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Some Ancient Christmas Carols, With the Tunes to Which They Were Formerly Sung in the West of England

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Davis, Paul (Winter 1990b). "Literary History: Retelling A Christmas Carol: Text and Culture-Text".

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I have not the least doubt that if these Vagabonds can be stopped they must. ... Let us be the

687:, his publishers, threatened to reduce his monthly income by £50 if sales dropped further. He began 7659: 7634: 7574: 7480: 7446: 7414: 7303: 7283: 7278: 7268: 7258: 7248: 7238: 7196: 7186: 6670: 6486: 6154: 5992: 5900: 5625: 5126: 5019: 4947: 4923: 4907: 4891: 4167: 1471: 778: 770: 514: 4258: 8114: 7619: 7233: 7116: 7055: 7050: 7033: 6993: 6501: 6408: 6344: 6279: 6194: 6008: 5816: 5789: 5721: 5697: 4622: 4533: 4525: 4440: 3703: 1522: 1347:, producing a gap between the naïve optimism of the story and the realities of life at the time. 1132: 1112: 1067: 1062: 817: 4724: 4613:

Sable, Martin H. (Autumn 1986). "The Day of Atonement in Charles Dickens' 'A Christmas Carol'".

4230: 3721: 430: 4764: 1250:. It has been adapted to other media, including opera, ballet, animation, stage musicals and a 952: 7774: 7764: 7624: 7529: 7380: 7077: 6943: 6923: 6836: 6645: 6572: 6543: 6531: 6394: 6271: 6133: 6107: 6091: 5865: 5729: 5681: 5665: 5641: 5423: 5372: 5043: 5027: 5011: 4340: 4082: 4059: 4038: 4012: 3988: 3967: 3944: 3921: 3900: 3879: 3858: 3837: 3816: 3795: 3774: 3753: 3727: 3689: 3657: 3638: 3617: 3596: 3577: 3558: 3536: 3515: 3494: 3475: 3452: 3430: 3406: 3384: 3365: 1477: 1411: 1328:

writes that Dickens "linked worship and feasting, within a context of social reconciliation".

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in this, or I shall be beset by hundreds of the same crew when I come out with a long story.

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further strained his relationship with his publishers, and he broke with them in favour of

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Grub's name came from a 19th-century Dutch miser, Gabriel de Graaf, a morose gravedigger.

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As the result of the disagreements with Chapman and Hall over the commercial failures of

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The transformation of Scrooge is central to the story. Davis considers Scrooge to be "a

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has never been out of print and has been translated into several languages; the story

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was "a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness".

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Ruth Glancy, the professor of English literature, states that the largest impact of

8052: 8000: 7835: 7594: 7094: 6968: 6625: 6516: 6476: 6422: 6249: 6244: 6159: 6138: 6086: 5749: 5633: 4835: 4825: 4820: 4136: 3398: 1634: 1483: 714: 619: 422: 411: 306: 294: 169: 8082: 7759: 7754: 4499:

Jackson, Crispin (December 1999). "Charles Dickens, Christmas Books and Stories".

4471: 526:

who show him the past and future. Slater considers that "the main elements of the

469:

was introduced in Britain during the 18th century, and its use was popularised by

4483: 3873: 3424: 1371:

attributed a rise of charitable giving in Britain to Dickens's novella; in 1874,

788:, "Are there not treadmills, gibbets; even hospitals, poor-rates, New Poor-Law?" 8092: 8067: 7988: 7968: 7963: 7937: 7890: 7870: 7820: 7201: 6988: 6928: 6908: 6868: 6863: 6784: 6734: 5689: 5230: 4479: 1340: 1236: 1028: 995: 774: 442: 378: 326: 4322:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1654:, puts the first edition profits at £137, and those by the end of 1844 at £726. 1103:

Two days after the release of the Parley version, Dickens sued on the basis of

1061:, making American readers reluctant to embrace his work, but by the end of the 664: 289:

opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of

7830: 7795: 7644: 7131: 7072: 7038: 6831: 6811: 6764: 6759: 6655: 6620: 6610: 6387: 5773: 4662: 4463: 1417: 1120: 841:

scholar Grace Moore, consider that there is a Christian theme running through

809: 766: 574: 438: 426: 382: 346: 125: 3591:

Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert (2006). "Introduction". In Dickens, Charles (ed.).

3562: 3434: 3061: 928:

was not without problems. The first printing was meant to have festive green

8072: 7860: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7815: 7141: 6774: 6769: 6744: 6700: 6640: 6491: 6367: 1317: 1247: 1243: 929: 522:, Gabriel Grub, who undergoes a Christmas conversion after being visited by 434: 374: 246: 7895: 7067: 441:

his collection of books, leave school and work at a dirty and rat-infested

3809:

Kelly, Richard Michael (2003). "Introduction". In Dickens, Charles (ed.).

881:"the conservative, individualistic and patriarchal aspects" of Dickens's " 8086: 8077: 8031: 7875: 7749: 7649: 7146: 7100: 6841: 6695: 6680: 6615: 6600: 6589: 4979: 4751: 890: 633:

was published. It was a parliamentary report exposing the effects of the

4626: 4444: 4321: 8021: 8016: 7921: 7885: 7810: 7779: 6826: 6665: 6605: 6471: 2821: 2661: 2626: 1517:

The addition of the line has proved contentious to some. One writer in

1065:, the book had gained wide recognition in American households. In 1863 837: 540:, all Dickens's earlier writings about Christmas influenced the story. 191:

during a period when the British were exploring and re-evaluating past

145: 4529: 3570:

Diedrick, James (1987). "Charles Dickens". In Thesing, William (ed.).

900:

in response to British social attitudes towards poverty, particularly

675:

By mid-1843 Dickens began to suffer from financial problems. Sales of

8026: 7983: 7973: 7609: 7487: 6983: 6953: 6739: 6685: 6466: 4732: 4320:

inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2016).

3573:

Dictionary of Literary Biography: Victorian Prose Writers before 1867

1287: 639:

An Appeal to the People of England, on behalf of the Poor Man's Child

523: 341:, takes Scrooge to a joyous market with people buying the makings of 184:. In the process, Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man. 3654:

Dickens' Christmas Books, Christmas Stories, and Other Short Fiction

3511:

Christmas as Religion: Rethinking Santa, the Secular, and the Sacred

2224: 2222: 477:. In the early 19th century there had been a revival of interest in 4521: 3935:

Slater, Michael (2003). "Introduction". In Dickens, Charles (ed.).

2769: 2483: 2481: 2161: 2159: 7825: 6511: 5566: 5222: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 1349: 1269: 1170: 1078: 951: 911: 827: 791:

There are literary precursors for Scrooge in Dickens's own works.

737: 663: 602: 547: 405: 360: 302: 298: 261: 165: 3685:

Sentimental Realism: Poverty and the Ethics of Empathy, 1832–1867

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in 1835; the story was then published as "A Christmas Dinner" in

8047: 7711: 6429: 1083:"The Ghost of Christmas Present" from the original edition, 1843 6340: 5570: 4768: 1950: 1948: 1508:

Serialisation was in 20 parts, which concluded on 30 June 1844.

345:

and to celebrations of Christmas in a miner's cottage and in a

4395:"Charles Dickens; Works of Charles Dickens. Household Edition" 3726:. New York and London: Harper & Brother. p. 2986994. 3470:

Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language

1335:, analysing several of Dickens's Christmas stories, including 1251: 309:, Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom. 274:

The book is divided into five chapters, which Dickens titled "

64:

A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas.

3448:

The Collected Works of G.K. Chesterton: Chesterton on Dickens

3124: 3122: 683:, was pregnant with their fifth child. Matters worsened when 135:

A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas

6336: 4452:

Gordon, Alexander; McConnell, Anita (2008). "Elwes , John".

1365:

was the influence felt by individual readers. In early 1844

1286:

popularised it among the Victorian public. The exclamation "

607:

Charles Dickens in 1842, the year before the publication of

270:", original illustration by John Leech from the 1843 edition 3674:

The Life and Writings of Charles Dickens: A Memorial Volume

3616:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 62. 2881: 2732: 2730: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 1320:

while he reflected and reinforced his vision of Christmas.

1012:, who was usually critical of Dickens's work—spoke well of 745:, also called John the Miser; one of the models for Scrooge 168:

who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner

581:

Several works may have had an influence on the writing of

3073: 2417: 2415: 2413: 1534:

Carlyle's original question was written in his 1840 work

936:

and presented as a gift to his solicitor, Thomas Mitton.

872:

shows what Dickens referred to in a letter to his friend

757:

Scrooge could also be based on two misers: the eccentric

730:

die"; this was added later, during the printing process.

708:, the illustrator who had earlier worked with Dickens on 4650:

Slater, Michael (2011). "Dickens, Charles John Huffam".

3535:(Kindle ed.). Kennebunkport, ME: Cider Mill Press. 3330: 3328: 3231: 3229: 2982:

Dickens Visits Birmingham, Birmingham Conservation Trust

2110: 2108: 2106: 1827: 1825: 1736: 1734: 1721: 1719: 964:

According to Douglas-Fairhurst, contemporary reviews of

3049: 2705: 2614: 2527: 1994: 1768: 1566:

Henry was also used as the basis for Paul Dombey Jr in

518:. In the episode, a Mr Wardle describes a misanthropic 4589:"Mr Punch is still knocking them dead after 350 years" 3595:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. vii–xxix. 2574: 2572: 2432: 2430: 1854: 1852: 1343:

considered that Dickens took a childish approach with

2037: 2035: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1621:

In 1875 Mitton sold the manuscript to the bookseller

1581:

Others who have examined the Christian theme include

631:

Second Report of the Children's Employment Commission

497:

led to a growth in the form's popularity in Britain.

645:, one of the four commissioners responsible for the 410:

Dickens at the blacking warehouse, as envisioned by

8040: 8009: 7956: 7930: 7909: 7788: 7733: 7720: 7518: 7413: 7324: 7155: 6877: 6798: 6709: 6586: 6440: 6212: 6147: 6126: 6100: 6079: 6070: 6019: 5968: 5941: 5884: 5847: 5808: 5757: 5617: 5543: 5485: 5458: 5399: 5364: 5118: 4859: 4808: 3966:. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press. 115: 107: 97: 79: 69: 59: 49: 4587: 4376: 4030: 4008:Publishing Glad Tidings: Essays on Christmas Music 3959: 3936: 3745: 3467: 832:Ignorance and Want from the original edition, 1843 4560:(February 1844). "Bon Gaultier and his Friends". 3085: 3025: 3009: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2757: 2721: 2701: 2673: 2657: 2606: 2590: 2563: 2523: 2487: 2264: 2228: 2165: 2093: 2053: 2022: 2010: 1910: 1894: 1115:, who had been printing his works to that point. 722:. By 24 October Dickens invited Leech to work on 652:In a fundraising speech on 5 October 1843 at the 5408:A Christmas Carol; or, Past, Present, and Future 5338:Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale 3634:Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature 1954: 1222:A Christmas Carol; or, Past, Present, and Future 916:First edition frontispiece and title page (1843) 313:cursed to carry much heavier chains of his own. 231:performances until 1870, the year of his death. 4615:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 4112:"How the BMI gave Charles Dickens a new career" 3748:Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England 3381:Charles Dickens: The Man Who Invented Christmas 2177: 4306:"Why A Christmas Carol was a flop for Dickens" 3939:A Christmas Carol and other Christmas Writings 1637:for an undisclosed sum and is now held by the 6352: 5582: 4780: 4200:Martin, Katherine Connor (19 December 2011). 3943:. London: Penguin Books. pp. xi–xxviii. 3062:Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost, BFI Screenonline 2368: 1784: 8: 8178:British novels adapted into television shows 5666:The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit 5658:Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty 4656:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4458:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2645: 845:, and that the novella should be seen as an 32: 5634:Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress 4345:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4247:"Dickens and the Construction of Christmas" 3833:Dickens and the Popular Radical Imagination 3723:My literary passions, criticism and fiction 3593:A Christmas Carol and other Christmas Books 3403:Dickens' Christmas: A Victorian Celebration 3140: 2822:Notice of Books, The Christian Remembrancer 2662:Provenance, The Morgan Library & Museum 2627:Provenance, The Morgan Library & Museum 718:(1838), introduced him to the caricaturist 461:had been growing in popularity through the 7730: 6359: 6345: 6337: 6076: 5626:The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 5589: 5575: 5567: 4787: 4773: 4765: 3815:. Ontario: Broadway Press. pp. 9–30. 3791:The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens 3708:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3307: 3128: 3037: 2677: 2460: 437:, London. Dickens, aged 12, was forced to 38: 31: 4661: 4409:(23 December 1843). "A Christmas Carol". 4157:. Rogers State University. Archived from 3836:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3794:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2736: 566:The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 5517:The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins 5389:Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge 4304:Varese, Jon Michael (22 December 2009). 4055:52 Little Lessons from a Christmas Carol 3493:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 3474:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3259: 3109: 2197: 1725: 865:, the reason for his eternal damnation. 239:for film, stage, opera and other media. 5798:The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain 4653:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4455:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4166:Lalumia, Christine (12 December 2001). 3857:. St Kilda, VIC: Insight Publications. 3491:The Lives and Times of Ebenezer Scrooge 3220: 2921: 2917: 2781: 2770:Literature, The Illustrated London News 2689: 2472: 2448: 2421: 2352: 2340: 2316: 2280: 2268: 2252: 2240: 2138: 2097: 2069: 1764: 1740: 1706: 1699: 1456: 1210:A Christmas Dream, and How It Came True 1139:The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain 5893:American Notes for General Circulation 5303:Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas 4378:"Real Scrooge 'was Dutch gravedigger'" 4338: 4116:The Birmingham & Midland Institute 3701: 3334: 3319: 3295: 3283: 3247: 3235: 3208: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3152: 3113: 3097: 3013: 3005: 2993: 2969: 2869: 2857: 2833: 2805: 2610: 2594: 2511: 2499: 2380: 2328: 2304: 2292: 2213: 2209: 2193: 2181: 2126: 2114: 2081: 2057: 2041: 2026: 1978: 1966: 1939: 1927: 1898: 1882: 1843: 1831: 1816: 1800: 1788: 1780: 1752: 1710: 1274:Scrooge extinguishing the first spirit 7689:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus 4389:from the original on 10 January 2022. 4375:Alleyne, Richard (24 December 2007). 4011:. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press. 3920:. Stroud, Glos: Amberley Publishing. 3773:. Stroud, Glos: Amberley Publishing. 3631:Garry, Jane; El Shamy, Hasan (2005). 3451:. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. 3271: 3196: 3172: 2905: 2893: 2846:Christmas Carol, New Monthly Magazine 2817: 2717: 2578: 2551: 2539: 2436: 2404: 2392: 2364: 2150: 2006: 1990: 1870: 1858: 1812: 573:that he experienced while staying at 7: 4674:(February 1844). "A Box of Novels". 4600:from the original on 11 January 2022 4153:Elwell, Frank W. (2 November 2001). 4132:"Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost (1901)" 2793: 1246:. The story was adapted in 1923 for 569:included four essays on old English 495:Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern 425:. In 1824 John was committed to the 8153:Books illustrated by Arthur Rackham 3899:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3752:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3514:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1434:List of Christmas-themed literature 385:steal his possessions to sell to a 6220:Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton 4757:Using Textual Clues to Understand 4737:Project Gutenberg free online book 4637:(June 1844). "Spirit of the Age". 4586:Pelling, Rowan (7 February 2014). 4368:Newspapers, journals and magazines 4285:"The Origins of A Christmas Carol" 3854:Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol 671:, illustrator of the first edition 589:essays: one from an 1841 issue of 25:A Christmas Carol (disambiguation) 14: 8173:British novels adapted into plays 8168:British novels adapted into films 5159:A Special Sesame Street Christmas 4287:. British Library. Archived from 4183:. British Library. Archived from 3682:Harrison, Mary-Catherine (2008). 3677:. Toronto: Maclear & Company. 1156:By 1849 Dickens was engaged with 1091:. Dickens wrote to his solicitor 1051:Dickens had criticised the US in 956:Thackeray in 1864. He wrote that 618:, where he was angered by seeing 8110: 8109: 7565:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 7460:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 6319: 6318: 5748: 5533:Ebenezer and the Invisible World 5448:A Christmas Carol: A Ghost Story 4740: 4552:. No. 86. 23 December 1843. 4058:. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. 1416: 1405: 1152:Adaptations of A Christmas Carol 1035:There were critics of the book. 679:were falling off, and his wife, 8243:Books illustrated by John Leech 6180:Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens 4501:The Book and Magazine Collector 4235:The Morgan Library & Museum 3896:Christmas in America: a History 2882:Charles Dickens, New York Times 152:, first published in London by 16:1843 novella by Charles Dickens 8228:Novels set in the 19th century 7545:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland 7474:Christmas Day in the Workhouse 6857:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer 6636:Legend of the Christmas Spider 6304:The Man Who Invented Christmas 6185:Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens 5525:The Man Who Invented Christmas 5143:Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol 4851:Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come 3576:. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. 3364:. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. 1663:The Parley version was titled 1633:for £300. It was purchased by 1445:The Man Who Invented Christmas 1354:A few of the many editions of 968:"were almost uniformly kind". 371:Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come 1: 7496:Christmas television specials 7395:The New Oxford Book of Carols 6482:Annunciation to the shepherds 5475:Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol 5215:A Flintstones Christmas Carol 5183:Rich Little's Christmas Carol 5076:The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol 4426:(277): 148–149. January 1844. 4359:Birmingham Conservation Trust 4110:Ansari, Samina (7 May 2020). 3074:A Christmas Carol, BBC Genome 7550:Christmas and holiday season 6264:Charles Dickens in His Study 5917:A Child's History of England 5207:Blackadder's Christmas Carol 5175:Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol 4672:Thackeray, William Makepeace 4581:(37): 113–121. January 1844. 4472:UK public library membership 4005:; Jones, Dorothy E. (1998). 3610:Forbes, Bruce David (2008). 3557:. London: Chapman and Hall. 3466:Cochrane, Robertson (1996). 1684:Book of Household Management 1146:Performances and adaptations 849:of the Christian concept of 199:, and newer customs such as 8208:Novels adapted into ballets 5698:Hard Times: For These Times 5239:An All Dogs Christmas Carol 5151:Carol for Another Christmas 5052:Barbie in a Christmas Carol 4964:An American Christmas Carol 4868:Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost 4750:public domain audiobook at 4550:The Illustrated London News 4355:"Dickens Visits Birmingham" 4089:(12): 23. 14 December 1923. 3637:. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. 3613:Christmas: A Candid History 3508:Deacy, Christopher (2016). 3405:. London: Frances Lincoln. 3050:Sutherland, British Library 2706:A Christmas Carol, WorldCat 2615:Sutherland, British Library 2528:Sutherland, British Library 2178:Gordon & McConnell 2008 1995:Sutherland, British Library 1769:Sutherland, British Library 1639:Morgan Library & Museum 1232:Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost 1185:Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost 983:William Makepeace Thackeray 971:The Illustrated London News 237:has been adapted many times 160:. It recounts the story of 156:in 1843 and illustrated by 8261: 8213:Novels adapted into operas 6462:Adoration of the Shepherds 6230:Charles Dickens and racism 5925:The Uncommercial Traveller 5746: 5738:The Mystery of Edwin Drood 5108:Scrooge: A Christmas Carol 5060:Ghosts of Girlfriends Past 5004:Christmas Carol: The Movie 4988:The Muppet Christmas Carol 4846:Ghost of Christmas Present 4575:The Christian Remembrancer 3914:Sillence, Rebecca (2015). 3767:Jordan, Christine (2015). 1149: 339:Ghost of Christmas Present 44:First edition cover (1843) 18: 8218:Novels by Charles Dickens 8105: 7706:WWE Tribute to the Troops 7467:A Visit from St. Nicholas 7388:The Oxford Book of Carols 6964:Feast of the Seven Fishes 6527:Massacre of the Innocents 6376: 6314: 5782:The Cricket on the Hearth 5604: 5432:A Klingon Christmas Carol 5167:The Stingiest Man in Town 4729:e-book with illustrations 4562:Tait's Edinburgh Magazine 4263:Oxford English Dictionary 4207:Oxford English Dictionary 4037:. London: Penguin Books. 3893:Restad, Penne L. (1996). 3878:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3688:(Thesis). Ann Arbor, MI. 2369:Garry & El Shamy 2005 1785:Studwell & Jones 1998 1293:Oxford English Dictionary 1254:mime production starring 1127:The Cricket on the Hearth 1005:Tait's Edinburgh Magazine 749:The central character of 37: 8203:Novels about time travel 8183:Chapman & Hall books 7508:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 6134:Catherine Dickens (wife) 5551:John Leech (illustrator) 5263:A Diva's Christmas Carol 4972:Mickey's Christmas Carol 4420:The New Monthly Magazine 4140:. British Film Institute 4003:Studwell, William Emmett 3981:Standiford, Les (2008). 3958:Slater, Michael (2009). 3788:Jordan, John O. (2001). 3652:Glancy, Ruth F. (1985). 1368:The Gentleman's Magazine 1038:The New Monthly Magazine 853:. Dickens's biographer, 8193:English-language novels 7670:Small Business Saturday 7540:Black Friday (shopping) 7535:Black Friday (partying) 7029:Nine Lessons and Carols 6959:Events and celebrations 6256:Dickens and Little Nell 6139:Ellen Ternan (mistress) 5985:Master Humphrey's Clock 5874:Master Humphrey's Clock 5556:List of Christmas films 5346:A Hearth's Warming Tail 4841:Ghost of Christmas Past 4698:read online at Bookwise 4275:(subscription required) 4225:(subscription required) 4033:Charles Dickens: A Life 3917:Gloucester History Tour 3671:Hammond, R. A. (1871). 3383:. London: Short Books. 3379:Billen, Andrew (2005). 1316:, Dickens captured the 1182:First film adaptation, 533:Master Humphrey's Clock 503:Bell's Weekly Messenger 337:The second spirit, the 323:Ghost of Christmas Past 85:; 180 years ago 8158:British fantasy novels 7314:Post-War United States 6190:Henry Fielding Dickens 6044:A Message from the Sea 5650:The Old Curiosity Shop 5330:It's Christmas, Carol! 4639:The Westminster Review 4635:Senior, Nassau William 3830:Ledger, Sally (2007). 3529:DeVito, Carlo (2014). 3086:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 3026:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 3010:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2958:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2946:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2934:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2758:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2722:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2702:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2674:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2658:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2607:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2591:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2564:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2524:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2488:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2265:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2229:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2166:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2094:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2054:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2023:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 2011:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 1911:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 1895:Douglas-Fairhurst 2006 1650:Dickens's biographer, 1627:Henry George Churchill 1490:The Old Curiosity Shop 1439:Dickens Christmas fair 1373:Robert Louis Stevenson 1358: 1275: 1202:Job Warner's Christmas 1189: 1105:copyright infringement 1101: 1084: 1045:The Westminster Review 1024:Christian Remembrancer 961: 917: 833: 746: 703: 672: 611: 556: 414: 369:The third spirit, the 366: 321:The first spirit, the 271: 23:. For other uses, see 8238:Works about atonement 7363:Hit singles in the US 7358:Hit singles in the UK 6919:Carols by Candlelight 6847:Santa Claus' daughter 6455:Adoration of the Magi 6170:Walter Landor Dickens 6113:Alfred Lamert Dickens 5311:Nan's Christmas Carol 4900:The Right to Be Happy 4663:10.1093/ref:odnb/7599 4464:10.1093/ref:odnb/8776 3851:Moore, Grace (2011). 3718:Howells, William Dean 3656:. Michigan: Garland. 3489:Davis, Paul (1990a). 3429:. London: J. Fraser. 2936:, pp. xxi–xxiii. 1521:– the journal of the 1412:Literature portal 1353: 1273: 1181: 1093: 1082: 955: 915: 863:First Epistle of John 831: 741: 698: 667: 635:Industrial Revolution 629:In February 1843 the 606: 563:, whose 1819–20 work 551: 409: 364: 297:. Scrooge, an ageing 293:'s business partner, 265: 8223:Novels set in London 8148:1840s fantasy novels 7655:Santa's Candy Castle 6979:Google Santa Tracker 5977:Bentley's Miscellany 5909:The Life of Our Lord 5838:The Trial for Murder 5714:A Tale of Two Cities 5084:Scrooge & Marley 4433:The American Scholar 4245:(12 December 1993). 4168:"Scrooge and Albert" 4155:"Reclaiming Malthus" 3872:Pykett, Lyn (2017). 2724:, pp. xx, xvii. 1955:Lee, British Library 1333:William Dean Howells 1165:Birmingham Town Hall 806:Western Penitentiary 654:Manchester Athenaeum 571:Christmas traditions 193:Christmas traditions 138:, commonly known as 8143:1843 British novels 7660:Santa Claus Village 7575:Christmas Mountains 7481:Journey of the Magi 6487:Baptism of the Lord 6288:The Invisible Woman 6155:Charles Dickens Jr. 5901:Pictures from Italy 5295:Karroll's Christmas 5127:The Christmas Carol 5020:Springtime with Roo 4932:It's Never Too Late 4594:The Daily Telegraph 4573:"Notice of Books". 4484:"A Christmas Carol" 4418:"Christmas Carol". 4401:. 19 December 1863. 4383:The Daily Telegraph 4361:. 19 December 2012. 4291:on 30 November 2020 4237:. 20 November 2013. 4095:"A Christmas Carol" 4083:"A Christmas Carol" 4052:Welch, Bob (2015). 3987:. New York: Crown. 3223:, pp. 276–277. 2676:, pp. xix–xx; 2451:, pp. 149–150. 2343:, pp. 519–520. 2072:, pp. 148–149. 1472:The Pickwick Papers 797:The Pickwick Papers 779:political economist 771:Gloucester Old Bank 769:, the owner of the 544:Literary influences 515:The Pickwick Papers 172:and the spirits of 60:Original title 34: 7770:Twelve-dish supper 7620:Jews and Christmas 7570:Christmas Lectures 7299:American Civil War 7034:NORAD Tracks Santa 6410:Saint Nicholas Day 6283:(2005 documentary) 6280:Dickens in America 6195:Dora Annie Dickens 6009:All the Year Round 5817:To Be Read at Dusk 5790:The Battle of Life 5722:Great Expectations 4399:The New York Times 3012:, p. xxviii; 1815:, pp. 19–20; 1787:, pp. 8, 10; 1709:, pp. 67–68; 1635:J. Pierpont Morgan 1523:Dickens Fellowship 1359: 1276: 1190: 1133:The Battle of Life 1113:Bradbury and Evans 1085: 1068:The New York Times 1063:American Civil War 962: 918: 834: 818:East End of London 747: 685:Chapman & Hall 673: 612: 557: 415: 367: 272: 221:Christian allegory 154:Chapman & Hall 102:Chapman & Hall 33:A Christmas Carol 8138:A Christmas Carol 8125: 8124: 8101: 8100: 7765:Thirteen desserts 7685:Virginia O'Hanlon 7530:Advent Conspiracy 7444:Films (Christmas, 7436:A Christmas Carol 7381:Carols for Choirs 6924:Cavalcade of Magi 6904:Boar's Head Feast 6573:Star of Bethlehem 6544:Nativity of Jesus 6532:flight into Egypt 6417:St. Stephen's Day 6334: 6333: 6275:(1976 miniseries) 6272:Dickens of London 6208: 6207: 6108:Frederick Dickens 6092:Elizabeth Dickens 6036:The Haunted House 5866:The Mudfog Papers 5766:A Christmas Carol 5730:Our Mutual Friend 5682:David Copperfield 5642:Nicholas Nickleby 5564: 5563: 5510:Green Chri$ tma$ 5495:A Christmas Carol 5467:A Christmas Carol 5440:A Christmas Carol 5424:Fellow Passengers 5416:A Christmas Carol 5381:A Christmas Carol 5354:A Christmas Carol 5319:A Christmas Carol 5279:A Christmas Carol 5271:A Christmas Carol 5255:A Christmas Carol 5199:A Christmas Carol 5191:A Christmas Carol 5135:A Christmas Carol 5092:A Christmas Carol 5068:A Christmas Carol 5044:An American Carol 5036:A Christmas Carol 5028:Chasing Christmas 5012:A Carol Christmas 4996:A Christmas Carol 4956:A Christmas Carol 4940:A Christmas Carol 4916:A Christmas Carol 4884:A Christmas Carol 4876:A Christmas Carol 4801:A Christmas Carol 4759:A Christmas Carol 4747:A Christmas Carol 4734:A Christmas Carol 4726:A Christmas Carol 4715:A Christmas Carol 4704:A Christmas Carol 4696:A Christmas Carol 4676:Fraser's Magazine 4470:(Subscription or 4413:(843): 1127–1128. 4161:on 24 March 2017. 4065:978-1-4002-0675-9 4044:978-0-670-91767-9 4018:978-0-7890-0398-0 3994:978-0-307-40578-4 3973:978-0-300-16552-4 3950:978-0-14-043905-2 3927:978-1-4456-4859-0 3906:978-0-19-510980-1 3885:978-1-4039-1919-9 3864:978-1-921411-91-5 3843:978-0-521-84577-9 3822:978-1-55111-476-7 3812:A Christmas Carol 3801:978-0-521-66964-1 3780:978-1-4456-4689-3 3770:Secret Gloucester 3759:978-0-19-285448-3 3733:978-1-77667-633-0 3695:978-0-549-51095-6 3663:978-0-8240-8988-7 3644:978-0-7656-2953-1 3623:978-0-520-25802-0 3602:978-0-19-920474-8 3583:978-0-8103-1733-8 3555:A Christmas Carol 3542:978-1-60433-555-2 3532:Inventing Scrooge 3521:978-0-19-106955-0 3500:978-0-300-04664-9 3481:978-0-8020-7752-3 3458:978-0-89870-258-3 3443:Chesterton, G. K. 3412:978-0-7112-3031-6 3390:978-1-904977-18-6 3371:978-1-85619-000-8 3322:, pp. 13–14. 3199:, pp. 9, 12. 3008:, pp. 8–10; 2960:, p. xxviii. 2908:, pp. 18–19. 2395:, pp. 25–26. 2267:, p. xviii; 1589:and Martin Sable. 1478:Nicholas Nickleby 1423:Novels portal 1363:A Christmas Carol 1356:A Christmas Carol 1345:A Christmas Carol 1337:A Christmas Carol 1314:A Christmas Carol 1302:A Christmas Carol 1296:as such in 1982. 1284:A Christmas Carol 1227:A Christmas Carol 1206:Louisa May Alcott 1194:Christmas Shadows 1179: 1159:David Copperfield 1109:A Christmas Carol 1059:Martin Chuzzlewit 1018:Margaret Oliphant 1014:A Christmas Carol 988:Fraser's Magazine 966:A Christmas Carol 958:A Christmas Carol 926:A Christmas Carol 922:Martin Chuzzlewit 898:A Christmas Carol 870:A Christmas Carol 843:A Christmas Carol 814:A Christmas Carol 751:A Christmas Carol 724:A Christmas Carol 706:George Cruikshank 694:A Christmas Carol 689:A Christmas Carol 677:Martin Chuzzlewit 616:Cornish tin mines 609:A Christmas Carol 599:Social influences 583:A Christmas Carol 561:Washington Irving 553:Washington Irving 538:A Christmas Carol 451:Martin Chuzzlewit 287:A Christmas Carol 243:A Christmas Carol 233:A Christmas Carol 209:Washington Irving 189:A Christmas Carol 141:A Christmas Carol 131: 130: 121:A Christmas Carol 108:Publication place 8250: 8233:Victorian novels 8188:Christmas novels 8163:British novellas 8117: 8113: 8112: 7948:Redcurrant sauce 7737: 7731: 7726: 7700:Winter festivals 7450:Christmas horror 7417: 7328: 7159: 7014:Meals and feasts 6934:Christmas jumper 6881: 6852:Santa's reindeer 6804: 6750:Father Christmas 6714: 6671:Santa's workshop 6592: 6554:in later culture 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6370: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6338: 6322: 6321: 6299:(2015 TV series) 6118:Augustus Dickens 6077: 5752: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5568: 4816:Ebenezer Scrooge 4789: 4782: 4775: 4766: 4744: 4743: 4720:Internet Archive 4683: 4667: 4665: 4646: 4630: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4591: 4582: 4569: 4558:Martin, Theodore 4553: 4541: 4504: 4495: 4482:(January 1844). 4475: 4467: 4448: 4427: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4380: 4362: 4350: 4344: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4313: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4281:Sutherland, John 4276: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4254: 4243:Rowell, Geoffrey 4238: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4210:. Archived from 4196: 4194: 4192: 4181:"Ragged Schools" 4175: 4162: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4130:Davidson, Ewan. 4126: 4124: 4122: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4090: 4075:Online resources 4069: 4048: 4036: 4022: 3998: 3977: 3965: 3954: 3942: 3931: 3910: 3889: 3868: 3847: 3826: 3805: 3784: 3763: 3751: 3737: 3713: 3707: 3699: 3678: 3667: 3648: 3627: 3606: 3587: 3566: 3551:Dickens, Charles 3546: 3525: 3504: 3485: 3473: 3462: 3438: 3416: 3394: 3375: 3338: 3332: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3117: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2948:, p. xxvii. 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2740: 2734: 2725: 2715: 2709: 2704:, p. viii; 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2671: 2665: 2655: 2649: 2646:UK CPI inflation 2643: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2604: 2598: 2593:, p. xxxi; 2588: 2582: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2425: 2419: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2217: 2207: 2201: 2191: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2101: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2020: 2014: 2004: 1998: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1897:, p. viii; 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1820: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1778: 1772: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1729: 1723: 1714: 1704: 1688: 1674: 1668: 1661: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1631:Stuart M. Samuel 1619: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1600:G. K. Chesterton 1596: 1590: 1579: 1573: 1564: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1532: 1526: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1461: 1429:Christmas horror 1421: 1420: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1394:Great Depression 1385:G. K. Chesterton 1180: 620:children working 585:, including two 493:1833 collection 491:William Sandys's 479:Christmas carols 459:Christmas season 457:Celebrating the 343:Christmas dinner 291:Ebenezer Scrooge 228:illicitly copied 162:Ebenezer Scrooge 93: 91: 90:19 December 1843 86: 83:19 December 1843 42: 35: 8260: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8115: 8097: 8063:Pickled herring 8036: 8005: 7952: 7943:Cranberry sauce 7926: 7905: 7881:Red velvet cake 7866:Poppy seed roll 7784: 7735: 7724: 7722: 7716: 7695:White Christmas 7585:Christmas truce 7580:Christmas seals 7560:Christmas creep 7522: 7520: 7514: 7415: 7409: 7326: 7320: 7157: 7151: 7004:Lord of Misrule 6939:Christmas Peace 6889:Advent calendar 6879: 6873: 6822:Knecht Ruprecht 6802: 6800: 6794: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6507:Herod the Great 6442: 6436: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6335: 6330: 6310: 6267:(1859 painting) 6240:Gads Hill Place 6235:Tavistock House 6204: 6175:Francis Dickens 6143: 6122: 6096: 6066: 6060:No Thoroughfare 6015: 6001:Household Words 5964: 5958:No Thoroughfare 5950:The Frozen Deep 5937: 5880: 5858:Sketches by Boz 5849: 5843: 5824:The Long Voyage 5804: 5758:Christmas books 5753: 5744: 5613: 5600: 5598:Charles Dickens 5595: 5565: 5560: 5539: 5493:Adaptations of 5481: 5454: 5395: 5360: 5287:An Easter Carol 5114: 4855: 4804: 4796:Charles Dickens 4793: 4741: 4709:Standard Ebooks 4691: 4686: 4682:(170): 153–169. 4670: 4649: 4633: 4612: 4603: 4601: 4585: 4572: 4556: 4544: 4507: 4498: 4488:Hood's Magazine 4478: 4469: 4451: 4430: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4353: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4316: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4283:(15 May 2014). 4279: 4274: 4267: 4265: 4257: 4241: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4215: 4199: 4190: 4188: 4187:on 15 July 2014 4178: 4165: 4152: 4143: 4141: 4129: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4087:The Radio Times 4081: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4051: 4045: 4027:Tomalin, Claire 4025: 4019: 4001: 3995: 3980: 3974: 3962:Charles Dickens 3957: 3951: 3934: 3928: 3913: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3875:Charles Dickens 3871: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3829: 3823: 3808: 3802: 3787: 3781: 3766: 3760: 3740: 3734: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3681: 3670: 3664: 3651: 3645: 3630: 3624: 3609: 3603: 3590: 3584: 3569: 3549: 3543: 3528: 3522: 3507: 3501: 3488: 3482: 3465: 3459: 3441: 3421:Carlyle, Thomas 3419: 3413: 3397: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3308:Chesterton 1989 3306: 3302: 3298:, p. xiii. 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171:, p. 113; 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3141:Scrooge, n. OED 3139: 3135: 3129:Standiford 2008 3127: 3120: 3112:, p. 126; 3108: 3104: 3100:, pp. 3–4. 3096: 3092: 3088:, p. viii. 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3038:Standiford 2008 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920:, p. 416; 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820:, p. 169; 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2784:, p. 1127. 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2743: 2735: 2728: 2716: 2712: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2678:Standiford 2008 2672: 2668: 2660:, p. xxx; 2656: 2652: 2644: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2609:, p. xix; 2605: 2601: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526:, p. xvi; 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2461:Chesterton 1989 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2428: 2420: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2231:, p. xiii. 2227: 2220: 2208: 2204: 2192: 2188: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2104: 2096:, p. xix; 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056:, p. xix; 2052: 2048: 2040: 2033: 2025:, p. xvi; 2021: 2017: 2005: 2001: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1917: 1913:, p. xxiv. 1909: 1905: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1823: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1779: 1775: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1732: 1724: 1717: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1675: 1671: 1662: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1593: 1583:Geoffrey Rowell 1580: 1576: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1466:Sketches by Boz 1462: 1458: 1454: 1415: 1414: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1381:Queen of Norway 1306:Oxford Movement 1280:Merry Christmas 1268: 1240:black-and-white 1217:Edward Stirling 1171: 1154: 1148: 1077: 1010:Theodore Martin 1000:his own journal 950: 934:Morocco leather 910: 885:philosophy" of 826: 736: 710:Sketches by Boz 662: 660:Writing history 643:Southwood Smith 601: 587:Douglas Jerrold 546: 509:Sketches by Boz 431:debtors' prison 423:his father John 419:Charles Dickens 404: 395: 359: 335: 319: 284: 260: 251:early Victorian 213:Douglas Jerrold 205:Christmas trees 150:Charles Dickens 89: 87: 84: 54:Charles Dickens 45: 28: 21:Christmas carol 17: 12: 11: 5: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8130: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7994:Smoking Bishop 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7893: 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5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5870: 5862: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5834: 5831:The Signal-Man 5827: 5820: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5734: 5726: 5718: 5710: 5702: 5694: 5686: 5678: 5674:Dombey and Son 5670: 5662: 5654: 5646: 5638: 5630: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5529: 5521: 5520:(2005 musical) 5513: 5506: 5498: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5436: 5428: 5420: 5412: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5385: 5377: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5315: 5307: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5275: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5187: 5179: 5171: 5163: 5155: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5104: 5096: 5088: 5080: 5072: 5064: 5056: 5048: 5040: 5032: 5024: 5016: 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F. 4403: 4391: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4351: 4326:MeasuringWorth 4314: 4301: 4277: 4255: 4239: 4227: 4214:on 6 July 2017 4197: 4176: 4163: 4150: 4127: 4107: 4091: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4049: 4043: 4023: 4017: 3999: 3993: 3978: 3972: 3955: 3949: 3932: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3890: 3884: 3869: 3863: 3848: 3842: 3827: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3785: 3779: 3764: 3758: 3742:Hutton, Ronald 3738: 3732: 3714: 3694: 3679: 3668: 3662: 3649: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3607: 3601: 3588: 3582: 3567: 3547: 3541: 3526: 3520: 3505: 3499: 3486: 3480: 3463: 3457: 3439: 3417: 3411: 3395: 3389: 3376: 3370: 3358:Ackroyd, Peter 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3324: 3312: 3310:, p. 137. 3300: 3288: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3250:, p. xii. 3240: 3225: 3213: 3211:, p. 113. 3201: 3189: 3177: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3131:, p. 183. 3118: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3040:, p. 168. 3030: 3028:, p. xxi. 3018: 3016:, p. 119. 2998: 2986: 2974: 2972:, p. 353. 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2924:, p. 150. 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2872:, p. 136. 2862: 2860:, p. 186. 2850: 2838: 2826: 2824:, p. 119. 2810: 2808:, p. 129. 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2741: 2739:, p. 169. 2737:Thackeray 1844 2726: 2720:, p. 17; 2710: 2694: 2682: 2680:, p. 132. 2666: 2650: 2631: 2619: 2599: 2583: 2568: 2566:, p. xvi. 2556: 2554:, p. 262. 2544: 2532: 2516: 2514:, p. 139. 2504: 2502:, p. 121. 2492: 2490:, p. 421. 2477: 2475:, p. 308. 2465: 2463:, p. 163. 2453: 2441: 2426: 2424:, p. 150. 2409: 2397: 2385: 2383:, p. 111. 2373: 2371:, p. 132. 2367:, p. 25; 2357: 2355:, p. 519. 2345: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2257: 2255:, p. 409. 2245: 2233: 2218: 2202: 2186: 2170: 2168:, p. xix. 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2117:, p. 133. 2102: 2100:, p. 148. 2086: 2074: 2062: 2046: 2031: 2015: 2013:, p. xvi. 2009:, p. 15; 1999: 1993:, p. 15; 1983: 1981:, p. 119. 1971: 1959: 1944: 1932: 1915: 1903: 1901:, p. 117. 1887: 1885:, p. 137. 1875: 1863: 1848: 1836: 1834:, p. xvi. 1821: 1819:, p. xvi. 1805: 1793: 1791:, p. 128. 1773: 1757: 1745: 1743:, p. 392. 1730: 1715: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1669: 1656: 1652:Claire Tomalin 1643: 1623:Francis Harvey 1614: 1605: 1591: 1587:Claire Tomalin 1574: 1569:Dombey and Son 1559: 1549: 1540: 1527: 1519:The Dickensian 1510: 1501: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1401: 1398: 1267: 1264: 1256:Marcel Marceau 1150:Main article: 1147: 1144: 1076: 1073: 1054:American Notes 949: 946: 944:disappointed. 909: 906: 896:Dickens wrote 855:Claire Tomalin 825: 822: 786:Thomas Carlyle 782:Thomas Malthus 735: 732: 661: 658: 600: 597: 545: 542: 483:Davies Gilbert 471:Queen Victoria 467:Christmas tree 403: 400: 394: 391: 381:and the local 358: 355: 334: 331: 318: 315: 283: 280: 268:Marley's Ghost 259: 256: 187:Dickens wrote 174:Christmas Past 129: 128: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 51: 47: 46: 43: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8256: 8255: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8118: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041:Meat and fish 8039: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7979:Hot chocolate 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7680:Ugly sweaters 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7590:Controversies 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7517: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7425:In literature 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7294:United States 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7024:Moravian star 7022: 7020: 7019:Midnight Mass 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6909:Candle arches 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6899:Advent wreath 6897: 6895: 6894:Advent candle 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6801:Companions of 6797: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713:Gift-bringers 6708: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6585: 6579: 6578:Twelfth Night 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6539:Nativity Fast 6537: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6497:Christmastide 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6472:Angel Gabriel 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6450:Biblical Magi 6448: 6447: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6428: 6426: 6421: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6403:Christmas Eve 6400: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6327: 6326: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6165:Kate Perugini 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5846: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809:Short stories 5807: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706:Little Dorrit 5703: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5635: 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5148: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4568:(2): 119–131. 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439:(1): 109–15. 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4411:The Athenaeum 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251:History Today 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4186: 4182: 4179:Lee, Imogen. 4177: 4173: 4172:History Today 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4035: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399:Callow, Simon 3396: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3337:, p. 14. 3336: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3286:, p. xx. 3285: 3280: 3277: 3274:, p. 44. 3273: 3268: 3265: 3262:, p. 28. 3261: 3260:Harrison 2008 3256: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3238:, p. 98. 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3187:, p. 62. 3186: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3155:, p. 13. 3154: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110:Cochrane 1996 3106: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2896:, p. 18. 2895: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2836:, p. 59. 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2799: 2796:, p. 68. 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2760:, p. xx. 2759: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2581:, p. 17. 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2542:, p. 18. 2541: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2439:, p. 67. 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2407:, p. 57. 2406: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2243:, p. 32. 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2203: 2200:, p. 40. 2199: 2198:Sillence 2015 2196:, Chapter 5; 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2153:, p. 14. 2152: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2029:, p. 38. 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1969:, p. 38. 1968: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1942:, p. 92. 1941: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1873:, p. 20. 1872: 1867: 1864: 1861:, p. 12. 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1846:, p. 25. 1845: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1803:, p. 30. 1802: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1755:, p. 27. 1754: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1728:, p. 80. 1727: 1726:Diedrick 1987 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1693: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1496:Barnaby Rudge 1492: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1413: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377:Maud of Wales 1374: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331:The novelist 1329: 1327: 1326:Ronald Hutton 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:Christmastide 1307: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198:Horatio Alger 1195: 1187: 1186: 1169: 1168:performance. 1166: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1097:sledge-hammer 1092: 1090: 1081: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 989: 985:, writing in 984: 980: 979: 978:The Athenaeum 973: 972: 967: 959: 954: 947: 945: 941: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 914: 907: 905: 903: 902:child poverty 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 859:New Testament 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 830: 823: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 801: 798: 794: 793:Peter Ackroyd 789: 787: 783: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 752: 744: 740: 733: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716: 711: 707: 702: 697: 695: 690: 686: 682: 678: 670: 666: 659: 657: 655: 650: 648: 647:Second Report 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 624:Ragged School 621: 617: 610: 605: 598: 596: 594: 593: 588: 584: 579: 576: 572: 568: 567: 562: 554: 550: 543: 541: 539: 535: 534: 529: 525: 521: 517: 516: 511: 510: 505: 504: 498: 496: 492: 488: 485:'s 1823 work 484: 480: 476: 475:Prince Albert 472: 468: 464: 463:Victorian era 460: 455: 453: 452: 446: 444: 443:shoe-blacking 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 413: 408: 401: 399: 392: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 363: 356: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 332: 330: 328: 324: 316: 314: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 281: 279: 277: 269: 264: 257: 255: 252: 248: 245:captured the 244: 240: 238: 234: 229: 224: 222: 218: 217:Ragged School 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 164:, an elderly 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 142: 137: 136: 127: 123: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 103: 100: 96: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 65: 62: 58: 55: 52: 48: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 8198:Ghost novels 8053:Gefilte fish 8001:Ponche crema 7836:Melomakarono 7704: 7595:Cyber Monday 7500: 7465: 7435: 7434: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7376:Music books 7369: 7207:Nazi Germany 7099: 7095:Secret Santa 7082: 6969:Flying Santa 6676:Tió de Nadal 6626:Korvatunturi 6477:Annunciation 6443:Christianity 6424:Sol Invictus 6323: 6302: 6294: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6262: 6255: 6250:Dickens fair 6245:Grip (raven) 6160:Mary Dickens 6087:John Dickens 6058: 6050: 6042: 6034: 6026: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5983: 5975: 5956: 5948: 5923: 5915: 5907: 5899: 5891: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5848:Short story 5796: 5788: 5780: 5772: 5765: 5764: 5736: 5728: 5720: 5712: 5704: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5672: 5664: 5656: 5648: 5640: 5632: 5624: 5609:Bibliography 5536:(video game) 5531: 5523: 5515: 5502:Batman: Noël 5500: 5494: 5473: 5465: 5446: 5438: 5430: 5422: 5414: 5406: 5387: 5379: 5371: 5352: 5344: 5336: 5328: 5322: 5309: 5301: 5293: 5285: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5253: 5245: 5237: 5229: 5221: 5213: 5205: 5197: 5189: 5181: 5173: 5165: 5157: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5106: 5098: 5090: 5082: 5074: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5018: 5010: 5002: 4994: 4986: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4836:Jacob Marley 4826:Mr. Fezziwig 4821:Bob Cratchit 4800: 4799: 4758: 4746: 4733: 4725: 4714: 4702: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4651: 4642: 4638: 4621:(3): 66–76. 4618: 4614: 4602:. 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Humbug! 1283: 1278:The phrase " 1277: 1260: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1209: 1201: 1193: 1191: 1183: 1157: 1155: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1117: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1086: 1066: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1022: 1013: 1003: 993: 986: 976: 969: 965: 963: 957: 942: 938: 925: 921: 919: 897: 895: 882: 877: 874:John Forster 869: 867: 842: 835: 813: 802: 796: 790: 756: 750: 748: 727: 723: 715:Oliver Twist 713: 709: 704: 699: 693: 688: 676: 674: 651: 646: 638: 630: 628: 613: 608: 590: 582: 580: 564: 558: 537: 531: 527: 513: 507: 501: 499: 494: 486: 456: 449: 447: 416: 412:Fred Barnard 396: 368: 336: 320: 311: 307:Bob Cratchit 295:Jacob Marley 286: 285: 273: 242: 241: 232: 225: 195:, including 188: 186: 170:Jacob Marley 140: 139: 134: 133: 132: 119: 63: 29: 8068:Roast goose 7989:Mulled wine 7969:Champurrado 7964:Apple cider 7938:Bread sauce 7891:Szaloncukor 7871:Pumpkin pie 7821:Gingerbread 7775:Smörgåsbord 7416:Other media 7254:Philippines 7244:New Zealand 7127:Twelve Days 7084:Räuchermann 7039:Nutcrackers 6989:Las Posadas 6949:Decorations 6929:Christingle 6869:Zwarte Piet 6864:Snegurochka 6785:Sinterklaas 6735:Santa Claus 6307:(2017 film) 6291:(2013 film) 6225:Bleak House 6012:(1859–1870) 6004:(1850–1859) 5996:(1846–1870) 5988:(1840–1841) 5980:(1836–1838) 5934:(1821–1870) 5928:(1860–1861) 5920:(1851–1853) 5912:(1846–1849) 5885:Non-fiction 5877:(1840–1841) 5869:(1837–1838) 5861:(1833–1836) 5850:collections 5733:(1864–1865) 5725:(1860–1861) 5709:(1855–1857) 5693:(1852–1853) 5690:Bleak House 5685:(1849–1850) 5677:(1846–1848) 5669:(1843–1844) 5653:(1840–1841) 5645:(1838–1839) 5637:(1837–1839) 5629:(1836–1837) 5528:(2017 film) 5459:Soundtracks 5231:Ms. Scrooge 4494:(1): 68–75. 4331:16 November 3335:Davis 1990a 3320:Davis 1990a 3296:Glancy 1985 3284:Slater 2003 3248:Glancy 1985 3236:Davis 1990a 3209:Hutton 1996 3185:Forbes 2008 3169:Hutton 1996 3165:Rowell 1993 3153:Davis 1990a 3114:Martin 2011 3098:Davis 1990a 3014:Ledger 2007 3006:Billen 2005 2994:Ansari 2020 2970:Slater 2009 2870:Restad 1996 2858:Senior 1844 2834:Davis 1990a 2806:Martin 1844 2611:Varese 2009 2595:Varese 2009 2512:Restad 1996 2500:Jordan 2001 2381:Davis 1990b 2329:DeVito 2014 2305:DeVito 2014 2293:DeVito 2014 2214:DeVito 2014 2210:Elwell 2001 2194:Jordan 2015 2182:DeVito 2014 2127:DeVito 2014 2115:Davis 1990a 2082:Davis 1990a 2058:Slater 2011 2042:Rowell 1993 2027:Callow 2009 1979:Ledger 2007 1967:Callow 2009 1940:Pykett 2017 1928:Slater 2011 1899:Ledger 2007 1883:Restad 1996 1844:Davis 1990a 1832:Slater 2003 1817:Slater 2003 1801:Callow 2009 1789:Callow 2009 1781:Rowell 1993 1753:Callow 2009 1711:Slater 2011 1641:, New York. 1598:The author 1463:These were 1341:James Joyce 1136:(1846) and 1029:John Ruskin 996:Thomas Hood 908:Publication 775:demographer 712:(1836) and 417:The writer 333:Stave three 327:Mr Fezziwig 182:Yet to Come 70:Illustrator 8132:Categories 7796:Candy cane 7745:Joulupöytä 7645:Pikkujoulu 7309:New Mexico 7158:By country 7132:Wassailing 7073:Poinsettia 6880:Traditions 6832:Mrs. Claus 6812:Belsnickel 6765:Julemanden 6760:Joulupukki 6691:Wenceslaus 6656:North Pole 6621:Jack Frost 6611:Christkind 6566:Neapolitan 6389:Boxing Day 6296:Dickensian 5969:Journalism 5774:The Chimes 5512:" (single) 5323:Doctor Who 5119:Television 4809:Characters 4474:required.) 4268:16 January 4144:10 January 4121:18 January 4101:11 January 4097:. WorldCat 3272:Deacy 2016 3197:Kelly 2003 3173:Kelly 2003 2906:Kelly 2003 2894:Kelly 2003 2818:Welch 2015 2718:Kelly 2003 2579:Kelly 2003 2552:Jaffe 1994 2540:Moore 2011 2437:Sable 1986 2405:Moore 2011 2393:Kelly 2003 2365:Kelly 2003 2151:Kelly 2003 2007:Kelly 2003 1991:Kelly 2003 1871:Kelly 2003 1859:Kelly 2003 1813:Kelly 2003 1694:References 1679:Mrs Beeton 1312:and, with 1121:The Chimes 851:redemption 810:Pittsburgh 767:Jemmy Wood 759:John Elwes 743:John Elwes 734:Characters 720:John Leech 669:John Leech 575:Aston Hall 427:Marshalsea 402:Background 393:Stave five 383:undertaker 357:Stave four 347:lighthouse 158:John Leech 126:Wikisource 74:John Leech 8083:Tourtière 8073:Romeritos 8010:Dumplings 7957:Beverages 7861:Pecan pie 7851:Panettone 7846:Pampushka 7841:Mince pie 7816:Fruitcake 7760:Réveillon 7640:NFL games 7635:NBA games 7630:In August 7600:Economics 7370:Billboard 7224:Indonesia 7167:Australia 7142:Yule goat 7117:Stockings 7051:Ornaments 6780:Père Noël 6775:Olentzero 6770:Noel Baba 6745:Ded Moroz 6701:Yule Lads 6641:Mari Lwyd 6492:Bethlehem 6369:Christmas 4538:163598705 4295:9 January 4191:8 January 3704:cite book 3563:181675592 3435:247585901 2794:Hood 1844 1681:, in her 1318:zeitgeist 1248:BBC radio 1204:, 1863), 1196:, 1850), 1075:Aftermath 994:The poet 948:Reception 930:endpapers 681:Catherine 435:Southwark 379:laundress 375:charwoman 317:Stave two 282:Stave one 247:zeitgeist 98:Publisher 80:Published 8116:Category 8087:meat pie 8078:Stuffing 8032:Varenyky 7901:Yule log 7876:Qurabiya 7750:Julebord 7723:Food and 7650:SantaCon 7615:El Gordo 7502:Yule Log 7274:Scotland 7187:Ethiopia 7172:Colombia 7147:Yule log 7101:Spanbaum 7078:Pyramids 6944:Crackers 6842:Sack Man 6728:folklore 6696:Yule cat 6601:Badalisc 6591:folklore 6502:Epiphany 6325:Category 6258:(statue) 6148:Children 6127:Partners 6101:Brothers 5840:" (1865) 5833:" (1866) 5826:" (1853) 5819:" (1852) 5365:Musicals 5325:) (2010) 5247:Ebenezer 5100:Spirited 4980:Scrooged 4831:Tiny Tim 4752:LibriVox 4627:23260495 4598:Archived 4445:41211762 4387:Archived 4341:cite web 4029:(2011). 3744:(1996). 3720:(1910). 3553:(1843). 3445:(1989). 3426:Chartism 3423:(1840). 3401:(2009). 3360:(1990). 1536:Chartism 1487:(1838); 1481:(1837); 1475:(1836); 1469:(1836); 1400:See also 1130:(1845), 1124:(1844), 1089:twopence 891:altruism 876:as his " 847:allegory 351:Tiny Tim 8022:Pierogi 8017:Hallaca 7922:Borscht 7886:Stollen 7856:Pavlova 7831:Makówki 7811:Cozonac 7780:Wigilia 7665:Scrooge 7625:In July 7523:society 7455:Poetry 7289:Ukraine 7264:Romania 7229:Ireland 7219:Iceland 7214:Hungary 7202:Germany 7192:Finland 7182:England 7177:Denmark 7137:Windows 7068:Piñatas 7056:Parades 7009:Markets 6994:Letters 6984:Hampers 6827:Krampus 6666:Perchta 6606:Caganer 6213:Related 6080:Parents 5932:Letters 5544:Related 5505:(comic) 5373:Scrooge 4948:Scrooge 4924:Scrooge 4908:Scrooge 4892:Scrooge 4604:16 June 3362:Dickens 3345:Sources 1499:(1841). 887:charity 838:protean 555:in 1820 524:goblins 249:of the 178:Present 146:novella 144:, is a 111:England 88: ( 8093:Turkey 8027:Tamale 7984:Kissel 7974:Eggnog 7931:Sauces 7917:Menudo 7896:Turrón 7806:Cookie 7789:Sweets 7755:Kūčios 7736:Dinner 7610:Grinch 7521:modern 7488:Tomten 7447:Santa, 7430:novels 7348:Operas 7336:Carols 7304:Hawaii 7284:Sweden 7279:Serbia 7269:Russia 7259:Poland 7249:Norway 7239:Mexico 7197:France 7112:Stamps 7107:Szopka 6999:Lights 6954:Didukh 6790:Others 6740:Befana 6686:Vertep 6549:in art 6517:Joseph 6467:Advent 6072:Family 6063:(1867) 6055:(1866) 6047:(1860) 6039:(1859) 6031:(1858) 5961:(1867) 5953:(1856) 5904:(1846) 5896:(1842) 5801:(1848) 5793:(1846) 5785:(1845) 5777:(1844) 5769:(1843) 5741:(1870) 5717:(1859) 5701:(1854) 5661:(1841) 5618:Novels 5478:(2011) 5470:(2009) 5451:(2021) 5443:(2017) 5435:(2007) 5427:(2004) 5419:(1988) 5411:(1844) 5392:(2002) 5384:(1994) 5376:(1992) 5357:(2019) 5349:(2016) 5341:(2013) 5333:(2012) 5314:(2009) 5306:(2006) 5298:(2004) 5290:(2004) 5282:(2004) 5274:(2000) 5266:(2000) 5258:(1999) 5250:(1998) 5242:(1998) 5234:(1997) 5226:(1995) 5218:(1994) 5210:(1988) 5202:(1984) 5194:(1982) 5186:(1979) 5178:(1979) 5170:(1978) 5162:(1978) 5154:(1964) 5146:(1962) 5138:(1954) 5130:(1949) 5111:(2022) 5103:(2022) 5095:(2020) 5087:(2012) 5079:(2011) 5071:(2009) 5063:(2009) 5055:(2008) 5047:(2008) 5039:(2006) 5031:(2005) 5023:(2004) 5015:(2003) 5007:(2001) 4999:(1997) 4991:(1992) 4983:(1988) 4975:(1983) 4967:(1979) 4959:(1971) 4951:(1970) 4943:(1960) 4935:(1953) 4927:(1951) 4919:(1938) 4911:(1935) 4903:(1916) 4895:(1913) 4887:(1910) 4879:(1908) 4871:(1901) 4625: 4536: 4530:463120 4528: 4503:(189). 4468: 4443: 4318:UK CPI 4062: 4041: 4015: 3991: 3970: 3947: 3924: 3903: 3882: 3861: 3840: 3819: 3798: 3777: 3756: 3730: 3692: 3660: 3641: 3620: 3599: 3580: 3561: 3539: 3518: 3497: 3478: 3455: 3433: 3409: 3387: 3368: 2331:, 548. 2307:, 412. 2295:, 392. 2216:, 645. 2184:, 424. 2129:, 522. 1379:– the 1266:Legacy 1237:silent 1188:, 1901 824:Themes 520:sexton 465:. 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