1641:. It was necessary that an abbot should be at least 30 years of age, of legitimate birth, a monk of the house for at least 10 years, unless it furnished no suitable candidate, when a liberty was allowed of electing from another monastery, well instructed himself, and able to instruct others, one also who had learned how to command by having practised obedience. In some exceptional cases an abbot was allowed to name his own successor. Cassian speaks of an abbot in Egypt doing this; and in later times we have another example in the case of St Bruno. Popes and sovereigns gradually encroached on the rights of the monks, until in Italy the pope had usurped the nomination of all abbots, and the king in France, with the exception of Cluny, Premontré and other houses, chiefs of their order. The election was for life, unless the abbot was canonically deprived by the chiefs of his order, or when he was directly subject to them, by the pope or the bishop, and also in England it was for a term of 8–12 years.
1009:
1370:(lib. i. tit. iii. de Ep. leg. xl.) expressly subordinates the abbot to episcopal oversight. The first case recorded of the partial exemption of an abbot from episcopal control is that of Faustus, abbot of Lerins, at the council of Arles, AD 456; but the exorbitant claims and exactions of bishops, to which this repugnance to episcopal control is to be traced, far more than to the arrogance of abbots, rendered it increasingly frequent, and, in the 6th century, the practice of exempting religious houses partly or altogether from episcopal control, and making them responsible to the pope alone, received an impulse from
1617:. One of the main goals of monasticism was the purgation of self and selfishness, and obedience was seen as a path to that perfection. It was sacred duty to execute the abbot's orders, and even to act without his orders was sometimes considered a transgression. Examples among the Egyptian monks of this submission to the commands of the superiors, exalted into a virtue by those who regarded the entire crushing of the individual will as a goal, are detailed by Cassian and others, e.g. a monk watering a dry stick, day after day, for months, or endeavoring to remove a huge rock immensely exceeding his powers.
2025:
1751:, that his house was a kind of well-ordered court, where as many as 300 sons of noblemen and gentlemen, who had been sent to him for virtuous education, had been brought up, besides others of a lesser rank, whom he fitted for the universities. His table, attendance and officers were an honour to the nation. He would entertain as many as 500 persons of rank at one time, besides relieving the poor of the vicinity twice a week. He had his country houses and fisheries, and when he travelled to attend parliament his retinue amounted to upwards of 100 persons. The
1162:
2418:
1142:
2375:, also holds the honorary title of "Abbot of St. Benet." This title hails back to England's separation from the See of Rome, when King Henry, as supreme head of the newly independent church, took over all of the monasteries, mainly for their possessions, except for St. Benet, which he spared because the abbot and his monks possessed no wealth, and lived like simple beggars, deposing the incumbent Bishop of Norwich and seating the abbot in his place, thus the dual title still held to this day.
2021:). A monastery must have been granted the status of an abbey by the pope, and such monasteries are normally raised to this level after showing a degree of stability—a certain number of monks in vows, a certain number of years of establishment, a certain firmness to the foundation in economic, vocational and legal aspects. Prior to this, the monastery would be a mere priory, headed by a prior who acts as superior but without the same degree of legal authority that an abbot has.
1173:
1706:
2987:
46:
5463:
73:
2787:
5452:
3380:
965:
1913:. These lay abbacies were not merely a question of overlordship, but implied the concentration in lay hands of all the rights, immunities and jurisdiction of the foundations, i.e. the more or less complete secularization of spiritual institutions. The lay abbot took his recognized rank in the feudal hierarchy, and was free to dispose of his fief as in the case of any other. The
1697:, and be content with the ordinary fare of the monks, unless he had to entertain a guest. These ordinances proved, however, generally ineffectual to secure strictness of diet, and contemporaneous literature abounds with satirical remarks and complaints concerning the inordinate extravagance of the tables of the abbots. When the abbot condescended to dine in the refectory, his
1996:
only to the clergy the altars, with their tenths and oblations, and assigning even these to their sons and relations in the church. Such defenders, or rather destroyers, of the church, have caused themselves to be called abbots, and presumed to attribute to themselves a title, as well as estates, to which they have no just claim.
1118:
1336:, if not priests. The change spread more slowly in the West, where the office of abbot was commonly filled by laymen till the end of the 7th century. The ecclesiastical leadership exercised by abbots despite their frequent lay status is proved by their attendance and votes at ecclesiastical councils. Thus at the
1995:
for a bad custom has prevailed amongst the clergy, of appointing the most powerful people of a parish stewards, or, rather, patrons, of their churches; who, in process of time, from a desire of gain, have usurped the whole right, appropriating to their own use the possession of all the lands, leaving
1684:
Before the late modern era, the abbot was treated with the utmost reverence by the brethren of his house. When he appeared either in church or chapter all present rose and bowed. His letters were received kneeling, as were those of the pope and the king. No monk might sit in his presence, or leave
2075:
In some monastic families, there is a hierarchy of precedence or authority among abbots. In some cases, this is the result of an abbey being considered the "mother" of several "daughter" abbeys founded as dependent priories of the "mother". In other cases, abbeys have affiliated in networks known as
1701:
waited upon him with the dishes, a servant, if necessary, assisting them. When abbots dined in their own private hall, the Rule of St
Benedict charged them to invite their monks to their table, provided there was room, on which occasions the guests were to abstain from quarrels, slanderous talk and
1738:
the abbots vied with the first nobles of the realm. They rode on mules with gilded bridles, rich saddles and housings, carrying hawks on their wrist, followed by an immense train of attendants. The bells of the churches were rung as they passed. They associated on equal terms with laymen of the
2057:
Once he has received this blessing, the abbot not only becomes father of his monks in a spiritual sense, but their major superior under canon law, and has the additional authority to confer the ministries of acolyte and lector (formerly, he could confer the minor orders, which are not sacraments,
2044:
The abbot is chosen by the monks from among the fully professed monks. Once chosen, he must request blessing: the blessing of an abbot is celebrated by the bishop in whose diocese the monastery is or, with his permission, another abbot or bishop. The ceremony of such a blessing is similar in some
1954:
When the great reform of the 11th century had put an end to the direct jurisdiction of the lay abbots, the honorary title of abbot continued to be held by certain of the great feudal families, as late as the 13th century and later, with the head of the community retaining the title of dean. The
1725:
The ordinary attire of the abbot was according to rule to be the same as that of the monks. But by the 10th century the rule was commonly set aside, and we find frequent complaints of abbots dressing in silk, and adopting sumptuous attire. Some even laid aside the monastic habit altogether, and
2318:
the ranks of Abbot and
Archimandrite have been given as honorary titles in the Russian Church, and may be given to any monastic, even if he does not in fact serve as the superior of a monastery. In Greek practice the title or function of Abbot corresponds to a person who serves as the head of a
2208:
and wearing distinctive dress, a short dark-violet coat with narrow collar. Being men of presumed learning and undoubted leisure, many of the class found admission to the houses of the French nobility as tutors or advisers. Nearly every great family had its abbé. The class did not survive the
2053:
as symbols of office and receiving the laying on of hands and blessing from the celebrant. Though the ceremony installs the new abbot into a position of legal authority, it does not confer further sacramental authority- it is not a further degree of Holy Orders (although some abbots have been
2204:, "of St. Hope") – came to hold a recognized position. The connection many of them had with the church was of the slenderest kind, consisting mainly in adopting the title of abbé, after a remarkably moderate course of theological study, practising
1909:. The example of the kings was followed by the feudal nobles, sometimes by making a temporary concession permanent, sometimes without any form of commendation whatever. In England the abuse was rife in the 8th century, as may be gathered from the acts of the
1880:, by which—to meet a contemporary emergency—the revenues of the community were handed over to a lay lord, in return for his protection, early suggested to the emperors and kings the expedient of rewarding their warriors with rich abbeys held
1685:
it without his permission, reflecting the hierarchical etiquette of families and society. The highest place was assigned to him, both in church and at table. In the East he was commanded to eat with the other monks. In the West, the
1320:, and for other religious offices, the abbot and his monks were commanded to attend the nearest church. This rule proved inconvenient when a monastery was situated in a desert or at a distance from a city, and necessity compelled the
1519:(Nicholas Breakspear) granted it to the abbot of St Alban's, in which monastery he had been brought up. Next after the abbot of St Alban's ranked the abbot of Westminster and then Ramsey. Elsewhere, the mitred abbots that sat in the
1583:. To distinguish abbots from bishops, it was ordained that their mitre should be made of less costly materials, and should not be ornamented with gold, a rule which was soon entirely disregarded, and that the crook of their
1293:, the first home of monasticism, the jurisdiction of the abbot, or archimandrite, was but loosely defined. Sometimes he ruled over only one community, sometimes over several, each of which had its own abbot as well. Saint
2012:
In the Roman
Catholic Church, abbots continue to be elected by the monks of an abbey to lead them as their religious superior in those orders and monasteries that make use of the term (some orders of monks, as the
4139:
3976:
925:
2499:, the creatures of Redwall are led by an abbot or abbess. These "abbots" are appointed by the brothers and sisters of Redwall to serve as a superior and provide paternal care, much like real abbots.
2058:
that these ministries have replaced). The abbey is a species of "exempt religious" in that it is, for the most part, answerable to the pope, or to the abbot primate, rather than to the local bishop.
1411:
It has been maintained that the right to wear mitres was sometimes granted by the popes to abbots before the 11th century, but the documents on which this claim is based are not genuine (J. Braun,
1652:
of
Abingdon. The newly elected abbot was to put off his shoes at the door of the church, and proceed barefoot to meet the members of the house advancing in a procession. After proceeding up the
995:
1917:
of abbeys differed in form and degree. Sometimes the monks were directly subject to the lay abbot; sometimes he appointed a substitute to perform the spiritual functions, known usually as
3731:
1309:, was the norm in the West, the abbot has jurisdiction over only one community. The rule, as was inevitable, was subject to frequent violations; but it was not until the foundation of the
1726:
assumed a secular dress. With the increase of wealth and power, abbots had lost much of their special religious character, and become great lords, chiefly distinguished from lay lords by
5146:
2152:), as commonly used in the Catholic Church on the European continent, is the equivalent of the English "Father" (parallel etymology), being loosely applied to all who have received the
1404:. Abbots more and more assumed almost episcopal state, and in defiance of the prohibition of early councils and the protests of St Bernard and others, adopted the episcopal insignia of
2346:
house in 1163 by Count
Wilbrand of Hallermund, and reformed in 1593. The abbot of Loccum, who still carries a pastoral staff, takes precedence over all the clergy of Hanover, and was
1629:, but the right of election was transferred by jurisdiction to the monks themselves, reserving to the bishop the confirmation of the election and the benediction of the new abbot. In
3761:
5066:
2334:, as an honorary distinction, and survives to designate the heads of some monasteries converted at the Reformation into collegiate foundations. Of these the most noteworthy is
4164:
2864:
1610:
to confer both the subdiaconate and diaconate. Of course, they always and everywhere had the power of admitting their own monks and vesting them with the religious habit.
5509:
4631:
2217:
of abbé, having long lost all connection in people's minds with any special ecclesiastical function, remained as a convenient general term applicable to any clergyman.
3417:
920:
1102:("of the camp") were chaplains to the Merovingian and Carolingian sovereigns' court and army respectively. The title of abbot came into fairly general use in western
4952:
1730:. Thus we hear of abbots going out to hunt, with their men carrying bows and arrows; keeping horses, dogs and huntsmen; and special mention is made of an abbot of
988:
2067:
follow all of the above, but in addition must receive a mandate of authority from the pope over the territory around the monastery for which they are responsible.
2000:
In conventual cathedrals, where the bishop occupied the place of the abbot, the functions usually devolving on the superior of the monastery were performed by a
5344:
5131:
4134:
3471:
3354:
4014:
1739:
highest distinction, and shared all their pleasures and pursuits. This rank and power was, however, often used most beneficially. For instance, we read of
1008:
4683:
4426:
3964:
2811:
2100:
4368:
5339:
4271:
1955:
connection of the lesser lay abbots with the abbeys, especially in the south of France, lasted longer; and certain feudal families retained the title of
981:
89:
5166:
4084:
2290:
is given to "monastics" (i.e., celibate) priests in the East, even when not attached to a monastery, as an honor for service, similar to the title of
5524:
3679:
1419:
in 1063 granted the use of the mitre to
Egelsinus, abbot of the monastery of St Augustine at Canterbury. The mitred abbots in England were those of
5519:
5251:
4345:
2857:
85:
54:
2666:
1689:
appointed him a separate table, at which he might entertain guests and strangers. Because this permission opened the door to luxurious living,
3579:
3574:
1660:, and placed in his stall. The monks, then kneeling, gave him the kiss of peace on the hand, and rising, on the mouth, the abbot holding his
5283:
5231:
3863:
2599:
1606:
and admit to the order of reader; but gradually abbots, in the West also, advanced higher claims, until we find them in AD 1489 permitted by
5221:
4957:
3475:
3410:
2310:. Normally there are no celibate priests who are not monastics in the Orthodox Church, with the exception of married priests who have been
747:
3746:
2835:
5514:
5261:
5091:
3999:
1594:) by abbots was followed by an encroachment on episcopal functions, which had to be specially but ineffectually guarded against by the
5304:
4920:
4417:
4026:
3751:
2850:
930:
1656:, he was to kneel and pray at the topmost step of the entrance of the choir, into which he was to be introduced by the bishop or his
4903:
4505:
4152:
3986:
3437:
2723:
807:
545:
2319:
monastery, although the title of the
Archimandrite may be given to any celibate priest who could serve as the head of a monastery.
2806:
2264:
still applies, whereby most abbots are immediately subject to the local bishop. Those monasteries which enjoy the status of being
1059:, and soon became accepted generally in all languages as the designation of the head of a monastery. The word is derived from the
5417:
4965:
4718:
4663:
4528:
4263:
4259:
4004:
3789:
3736:
3195:
2302:, only monastics are permitted to be elevated to the rank of archimandrite. Married priests are elevated to the parallel rank of
2096:
1598:, AD 1123. In the East abbots, if in priests' orders and with the consent of the bishop, were, as we have seen, permitted by the
1024:
724:
513:
62:
5426:
4768:
4743:
4708:
4703:
4668:
4548:
4147:
4031:
3621:
3584:
3467:
3447:
3403:
3208:
1374:. These exceptions, introduced with a good object, had grown into a widespread evil by the 12th century, virtually creating an
1337:
729:
1969:) for centuries, together with certain rights over the abbey lands or revenues. The abuse was not confined to the West. John,
1690:
5499:
5494:
5364:
5076:
4763:
4733:
4713:
4653:
4443:
4159:
3697:
3689:
3601:
3462:
3442:
230:
220:
1313:
Order that the idea of a supreme abbot, exercising jurisdiction over all the houses of an order, was definitely recognised.
4738:
4728:
4054:
3925:
3823:
3520:
3114:
3089:
2885:
2826:
2323:
1587:(the crosier) should turn inwards instead of outwards, indicating that their jurisdiction was limited to their own house.
1086:
to certain priestly superiors. At times it was applied to various priests, e.g. at the court of the
Frankish monarchy the
777:
193:
5319:
5290:
5273:
5181:
4793:
4758:
4748:
4326:
4307:
4169:
3920:
3833:
3364:
2029:
1595:
1082:, it was written as "abbas". At first it was employed as a respectful title for any monk, but it was soon restricted by
2024:
4079:
3947:
3816:
3272:
3132:
3055:
1576:
550:
351:
5329:
1332:
life, but, before the close of the 5th century, at least in the East, abbots seem almost universally to have become
5246:
5044:
4698:
4350:
4316:
4275:
2908:
1973:
at the beginning of the 12th century, informs us that in his time most monasteries had been handed over to laymen,
464:
111:
2354:
of the kingdom. The governing body of the abbey consists of the abbot, prior and the "convent", or community, of
5436:
5382:
5053:
5003:
4693:
4648:
3756:
2976:
2933:
2928:
2240:
1770:
who had no connection with the monastic system, as to the principal of a body of parochial clergy; and under the
1756:
1637:
had to be conferred by the pope in person, the house being taxed with the expenses of the new abbot's journey to
1223:
802:
5466:
5402:
5324:
5295:
4915:
4910:
4788:
4688:
4673:
4658:
4500:
4321:
4211:
4129:
3953:
3930:
3881:
3554:
2950:
2428:
2417:
2383:
1599:
1352:
1161:
1141:
341:
143:
1512:
2184:
drew young men towards the church in considerable numbers, and the class of abbés so formed –
5387:
5019:
4980:
4947:
4393:
4373:
4241:
4119:
4069:
3848:
3649:
3589:
3243:
3122:
2299:
2236:
2114:
2085:
1740:
1440:
719:
2095:
is the head of a congregation (federation) of abbeys within the Order of Saint
Benedict (for instance, the
5456:
5397:
5392:
5026:
4832:
4753:
4678:
4558:
4236:
4124:
4064:
3741:
3629:
3344:
3227:
2964:
2802:
2399:
2395:
2315:
2286:
Although currently in the
Western Church the title "abbot" is given only abbots of monasteries, the title
2018:
2001:
1760:
1734:, c. 1360, who was the most skilled of all the nobility in hare hunting. In magnificence of equipage and
1436:
1401:
1208:
969:
709:
420:
138:
35:
5161:
4988:
4413:
4194:
4059:
3905:
3611:
3549:
3508:
3493:
2918:
2913:
2776:
2695:
2372:
2156:. This use of the title is said to have originated in the right conceded to the king of France, by the
2124:
2118:
2061:
The abbot wears the same habit as his fellow monks, though by tradition he adds to it a pectoral cross.
1877:
1748:
1649:
1103:
555:
3644:
2590:. Vol. I: A–Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp.
1316:
Monks, as a rule, were laymen, nor at the outset was the abbot any exception. For the reception of the
1790:
It even came to be adopted by purely secular officials. Thus the chief magistrate of the republic at
1078:, meaning "my father" (it still has this meaning in contemporary Hebrew: אבא and Aramaic: ܐܒܐ) In the
5504:
4565:
4534:
4431:
4312:
4226:
4106:
4009:
3726:
3721:
3594:
3525:
3503:
3238:
3203:
3137:
3127:
3025:
3003:
2663:
2260:
1970:
1910:
1902:
1184:
1154:
915:
792:
667:
652:
538:
425:
405:
366:
188:
126:
2076:"congregations". Some monastic families recognize one abbey as the motherhouse of the entire order.
5354:
5256:
5049:
5033:
4553:
4463:
3914:
3858:
3806:
3707:
3669:
3248:
3213:
3142:
2903:
2165:
1984:
1686:
1528:
1520:
1464:
1302:
1056:
867:
714:
662:
609:
415:
287:
203:
178:
2084:
di Aventino, in Rome, is styled the "abbot primate", and is acknowledged the senior abbot for the
5374:
5191:
4049:
4041:
3784:
3485:
3452:
3384:
3323:
2923:
2893:
2539:
2450:
2406:
2201:
2169:
1669:
1532:
1476:
1146:
642:
518:
450:
275:
131:
1355:, AD 787, recognized the right of abbots to ordain their monks to the inferior orders below the
2591:
2582:
2113:
is the head of some monasteries which are the motherhouses of other monasteries (for instance,
5334:
4570:
3895:
3775:
3542:
3498:
3165:
2971:
2719:
2595:
2455:
2368:
2364:
2210:
2064:
1744:
1727:
1718:
1536:
1504:
1456:
1416:
1367:
1172:
1106:
797:
361:
346:
292:
173:
5196:
4970:
4932:
4890:
4818:
4813:
4780:
4587:
4520:
4483:
4478:
4458:
4453:
4378:
4231:
4221:
4181:
3712:
3530:
3513:
3084:
3040:
3018:
2945:
2873:
2830:
2529:
2271:
2037:
1607:
1580:
1552:
1508:
1492:
1472:
1460:
1444:
1013:
942:
506:
318:
265:
260:
250:
245:
240:
168:
31:
1625:
When a vacancy occurred, the bishop of the diocese chose the abbot out of the monks of the
5489:
5431:
5314:
5171:
5136:
4942:
4937:
4862:
4857:
4798:
4723:
4473:
4403:
3935:
3876:
3426:
3157:
3013:
2877:
2842:
2798:
2670:
2474:
2387:
1918:
1752:
1705:
1661:
1496:
1424:
1397:
1366:
jurisdiction, and continued generally so, in fact, in the West till the 11th century. The
1306:
1257:
1247:
1128:
235:
153:
30:
This article is about the term's use in Christianity. For the term's use in Buddhism, see
2081:
2986:
1889:
During the Carolingian epoch, the custom grew up of granting these as regular heritable
45:
5349:
5278:
5126:
5061:
4847:
4837:
4823:
4808:
4488:
4383:
4267:
4246:
3780:
3659:
3634:
3606:
3537:
3263:
3035:
3008:
2995:
2957:
2940:
2712:
2689:
2524:
2423:
2307:
2214:
1962:
1560:
1540:
1524:
1516:
1448:
1420:
1371:
1310:
1200:
882:
862:
857:
597:
570:
435:
255:
121:
116:
2351:
5483:
5241:
5201:
5086:
5008:
4993:
4842:
4803:
4609:
4493:
4290:
3959:
3674:
3359:
3301:
3069:
2793:
2714:
Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man
2436:
2287:
2230:
2045:
aspects to the consecration of a bishop, with the new abbot being presented with the
1568:
1564:
1556:
1500:
1484:
1452:
1428:
1378:
and depriving the bishop of all authority over the chief centres of influence in his
1341:
1273:
1165:
847:
772:
757:
677:
602:
580:
575:
104:
1991:, ii.iv) the common customs of lay abbots in the late 12th-century Church of Wales:
1515:. Of these the precedence was yielded to the abbot of Glastonbury, until in AD 1154
5216:
5151:
5081:
5071:
4998:
4898:
4867:
4643:
4592:
4360:
4302:
4199:
3970:
3887:
3843:
3838:
3828:
3639:
3566:
2507:
2486:
2379:
2335:
2295:
1882:
1591:
1480:
1432:
1329:
1325:
1294:
897:
852:
752:
560:
474:
469:
457:
148:
1265:) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East
1035:, the Syriac form of the Hebrew ab, and means "father". The female equivalent is
5412:
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The lives of numerous abbots make up a significant contribution to Christian
17:
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4619:
4604:
4448:
4338:
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4206:
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3099:
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2466:
2434:"The Abbot" is one of the archetypes traditionally illustrated in scenes of
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2386:, there is a threefold enthronement, once in the throne the chancel as the
1613:
The power of the abbot was paternal but absolute, limited, however, by the
1031:
for men in various Western Christian traditions. The name is derived from
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exempt from the archbishop's diocesan jurisdiction, the confirmation and
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2461:
During the years 1106–1107 AD, Daniel, a Russian Orthodox abbot, made a
5156:
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3994:
3868:
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3349:
3079:
2534:
2519:
2493:
2339:
2226:
2180:) to most of the abbeys in France. The expectation of obtaining these
2153:
2145:
2050:
1898:
1890:
1735:
1710:
1603:
1584:
1379:
1298:
1267:
1150:
1060:
827:
528:
445:
308:
280:
270:
198:
2255:(literally the head of the enclosure) used to mean something similar.
1324:
of some monks. This innovation was not introduced without a struggle,
5309:
4614:
4599:
4543:
4510:
3306:
3284:
3222:
3147:
3094:
2898:
2482:
2470:
2402:, and then once in the chapter-house as Titular Abbot of Canterbury.
1767:
1714:
1673:
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1356:
1345:
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1036:
704:
687:
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2792:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2481:, Russia (1439–1515), wrote a number of influential works against
2416:
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2046:
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1791:
1704:
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1415:, p. 453). The first undoubted instance is the bull by which
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and recorded his experiences. His diary was much-read throughout
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Abbot Francis Michael and Prior Anthony Delisi (on the left) of
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2503:
2485:, and about monastic and liturgical discipline, and Christian
692:
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was held, and the bishop or his delegate preached a suitable
2769:
2837:
The Pilgrimage of the Russian Abbot Daniel in the Holy Land
1709:
Arms of a Roman Catholic abbot are distinguished by a gold
1981:, for life, or for part of their lives, by the emperors.
1766:
In the process of time, the title abbot was extended to
1016:
enthroned as abbot (Hispano-Flemish Gothic 15th century)
2473:, and at least seventy-five manuscript copies survive.
2192:
they were sometimes called, and sometimes (ironically)
1328:
dignity being regarded as inconsistent with the higher
1876:
system from the 8th century onwards. The practice of
1176:
Benedictine Archabbot Schober in prelate's dress and
2405:
There are several Benedictine abbeys throughout the
2247:. The Superior of a monastery of nuns is called the
1901:
reform, the system was firmly established. Even the
1277:. The English version for a female monastic head is
5373:
5230:
5043:
4979:
4889:
4779:
4630:
4519:
4412:
4359:
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4255:
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3985:
3904:
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2884:
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2699:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2581:
2566:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907.
1648:abbot in medieval times is thus prescribed by the
2651:
2330:(abbot) is sometimes bestowed, like the French
1993:
1047:The title had its origin in the monasteries of
2815:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 23–25.
2718:(2nd ed.), London and New York: Longman,
3411:
2858:
989:
8:
2258:In the East, the principle set forth in the
2194:
2186:
2174:
1956:
1897:, and by the 10th century, before the great
1693:, decreed that the abbot should dine in the
1590:The adoption of certain episcopal insignia (
1975:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1922:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1796:
1784:
1776:
1096:
1088:
5340:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
4281:
3796:
3481:
3418:
3404:
3396:
2865:
2851:
2843:
1644:The ceremony of the formal admission of a
996:
982:
40:
5510:Organisation of Catholic religious orders
2710:Cowan, Ian B.; Easson, David E. (1976),
1872:) were the outcome of the growth of the
2551:
2447:, one of the most well-known being the
1782:, or military chaplain of the emperor,
1359:, a power usually reserved to bishops.
84:
61:
2278:of Bishops and not the local bishop.
1717:with twelve tassels (the galero of a
7:
2780:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2576:
2574:
2572:
2409:. Most of them have mitred abbots.
2282:Honorary and other uses of the title
2133:Cistercians of the Common Observance
1301:who had 500 monks under him. By the
1234:
1227:
1027:given to the head of an independent
2017:for instance, have no abbots, only
1774:to the chief chaplain of the king,
1664:. He then put on his shoes in the
1396:In the 12th century, the abbots of
2243:, the abbot is referred to as the
336:Administrative and pastoral titles
25:
2768:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2687:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1911).
1759:were, by virtue of their office,
1713:with a veil attached and a black
5462:
5461:
5450:
5418:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
4966:Criticism of the Catholic Church
3378:
2985:
2785:
963:
627:Consecrated and professed titles
71:
44:
5525:Christian religious occupations
3585:First seven ecumenical councils
2675:University of Wisconsin-Madison
2298:of the Catholic Church. In the
2101:American-Cassinese Congregation
1338:first Council of Constantinople
1109:whose members include priests.
5520:Catholic ecclesiastical titles
4160:Separation of church and state
2740:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abbot"
2664:Government in Church and State
2502:"The Abbot" was a nickname of
2200:("abbés of holy hope; or in a
1:
2140:Modern abbots not as superior
2054:ordained to the episcopacy).
1362:Abbots used to be subject to
1055:, spread through the eastern
778:Captain General of the Church
194:Assistant to the papal throne
3365:List of religious institutes
2652:Venables & Phillips 1911
2413:Abbots in art and literature
2030:Monastery of the Holy Spirit
1408:, ring, gloves and sandals.
1241:
1217:
1157:(Münsterschwarzach, Germany)
2371:, by royal decree given by
926:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
5541:
5515:Religious leadership roles
5457:Catholic Church portal
2270:will be subject only to a
2224:
1691:Synods of Aachen (816–819)
1400:claimed precedence of the
1389:
1297:speaks of an abbot of the
1212:
970:Catholic Church portal
29:
5445:
5383:Aid to the Church in Need
5004:Vatican Television Center
4649:Eastern Catholic Churches
3433:
3373:
2983:
2977:Society of apostolic life
2564:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2324:German Evangelical Church
2241:Eastern Catholic Churches
2196:abbés de sainte espérance
1905:was held in commendam by
1747:, judicially murdered by
1441:St Augustine's Canterbury
803:Gonfalonier of the Church
5325:Communion and Liberation
4789:Eastern Catholic liturgy
3954:Mystici Corporis Christi
3882:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
2429:Hans Holbein the Younger
2384:Archbishop of Canterbury
1602:, AD 787, to confer the
1353:second Council of Nicaea
1344:or abbots sign, with 30
144:Chaplain of His Holiness
4140:Philosophy of canon law
4070:Mariology of the saints
3650:Investiture Controversy
2812:Encyclopædia Britannica
2803:Phillips, Walter Alison
2588:Encyclopædia Britannica
2300:Eastern Orthodox Church
2115:Saint Vincent Archabbey
2086:Order of Saint Benedict
1194:
1188:
1168:, abbot of Bornem Abbey
1094:("of the palace"') and
1073:
1065:
5393:Catholic Charities USA
5027:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
5015:Vatican Polyglot Press
4065:Mariology of the popes
3703:Protestant Reformation
3385:Catholicism portal
3355:Vocational discernment
3345:Foolishness for Christ
2827:Russian Orthodox Abbot
2677:retrieved 15 June 2013
2431:
2421:"The Abbot", from the
2400:Primate of All England
2396:Chair of St. Augustine
2326:, the German title of
2195:
2187:
2175:
2041:
1998:
1976:
1966:
1957:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1927:), but also as abbot (
1923:
1867:
1864:, or sometimes simply
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1797:
1785:
1777:
1722:
1372:Pope Gregory the Great
1261:
1251:
1204:
1180:
1169:
1158:
1138:
1097:
1089:
1017:
421:Diocesan administrator
139:Moderator of the curia
36:Abbot (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
5500:Ecclesiastical titles
5495:Religious terminology
5147:Good Shepherd Sisters
4989:Holy See Press Office
4227:Doctors of the Church
4060:Immaculate Conception
4015:Anointing of the Sick
3550:History of the papacy
2777:Catholic Encyclopedia
2696:Catholic Encyclopedia
2420:
2378:Additionally, at the
2225:Further information:
2127:OCist is the current
2125:Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori
2027:
1763:of the Roman church.
1708:
1600:second Nicene council
1413:Liturgische Gewandung
1402:archbishop of Cologne
1245:, "father"); compare
1175:
1164:
1149:, holding an abbot's
1144:
1120:
1011:
556:Protonotary apostolic
86:Ecclesiastical titles
5020:L'Osservatore Romano
4958:Role in civilisation
4684:Croatian and Serbian
4432:Episcopal conference
4394:St. Peter's Basilica
3752:Sexual abuse scandal
3708:Catholic Reformation
3128:Liturgy of the Hours
3004:Evangelical counsels
2690:"Ramsey Abbey"
2669:23 June 2013 at the
2558:Thomas Oesterreich,
2314:. Since the time of
2261:Corpus Juris Civilis
2176:abbés commendataires
2097:English Congregation
2049:, the ring, and the
1971:patriarch of Antioch
1911:council of Cloveshoe
1743:, the last abbot of
1376:imperium in imperio,
1155:Rule for Monasteries
1070:meaning "father" or
1025:ecclesiastical title
793:Commissary Apostolic
426:Ecclesiastical judge
406:Defender of the bond
5355:Neocatechumenal Way
5320:Charismatic Renewal
5034:Annuario Pontificio
4632:Particular churches
4308:Ecumenical councils
4080:Perpetual virginity
3915:Communitas perfecta
3859:Sermon on the Mount
2904:Religious institute
2170:commendatory abbots
2168:(1516), to appoint
2103:, etc.), or of the
1985:Giraldus Cambrensis
1687:Rule of St Benedict
1680:General information
1521:Estates of Scotland
1305:, which, until the
1303:Rule of St Benedict
921:Knights Hospitaller
910:Organization titles
715:Provincial superior
288:Territorial prelate
90:order of precedence
5192:Premonstratensians
3575:Ante-Nicene period
3453:Lists of Catholics
2894:Consecrated virgin
2540:Commendatory abbot
2451:Benedict of Nursia
2432:
2407:Anglican Communion
2071:Abbatial hierarchy
2065:Territorial abbots
2042:
1844:abbates saeculares
1723:
1181:
1170:
1159:
1147:Benedict of Nursia
1139:
1018:
643:Consecrated virgin
164:Apostolic delegate
5475:
5474:
4885:
4884:
4278:
4101:
4100:
3793:
3770:
3769:
3762:COVID-19 pandemic
3732:French Revolution
3722:Thirty Years' War
3630:Islamic conquests
3543:Apostolic fathers
3478:
3393:
3392:
3166:Clerical clothing
2972:Secular institute
2744:www.newadvent.org
2601:978-1-59339-837-8
2456:Gregory the Great
2369:Bishop of Norwich
2365:Church of England
2221:Eastern Christian
1903:abbey of St Denis
1786:Abbas Castrensis.
1719:territorial abbot
1577:St Andrews Priory
1386:Later Middle Ages
1368:Code of Justinian
1207:("father"), from
1145:Carving of Saint
1131:, the founder of
1006:
1005:
742:Additional titles
678:Master of novices
367:Military ordinary
362:Military chaplain
303:Liturgical titles
293:Territorial abbot
189:Apostolic prefect
174:Apostolic visitor
16:(Redirected from
5532:
5465:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5197:Redemptoristines
5045:Religious orders
4971:Anti-Catholicism
4921:Church buildings
4781:Catholic liturgy
4521:Consecrated life
4379:Apostolic Palace
4346:Synod of Bishops
4282:
4258:
3864:Ten Commandments
3797:
3779:
3680:Age of Discovery
3514:Great Commission
3482:
3466:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3383:
3382:
3041:Vow of enclosure
2989:
2874:Consecrated life
2867:
2860:
2853:
2844:
2831:Valaam Monastery
2816:
2799:Venables, Edmund
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2717:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2606:
2605:
2585:
2578:
2567:
2556:
2530:Abbot (Buddhism)
2495:Tales of Redwall
2350:a member of the
2237:Eastern Orthodox
2198:
2190:
2178:
2008:Modern practices
1979:
1960:
1958:abbés chevaliers
1949:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1800:
1788:
1780:
1721:would be green).
1702:idle gossiping.
1465:St Benet's Hulme
1244:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1224:Imperial Aramaic
1220:
1214:
1197:
1113:Monastic history
1100:
1098:Abbas castrensis
1092:
1076:
1068:
1014:Dominic of Silos
998:
991:
984:
968:
967:
943:Grand Inquisitor
931:Teutonic Knights
808:Honorary Prelate
730:Superior general
519:Personal prelate
507:Assistant pastor
416:Devil's advocate
266:Auxiliary bishop
261:Coadjutor bishop
251:Suffragan bishop
241:Major archbishop
184:Apostolic exarch
169:Apostolic Syndic
159:Apostolic nuncio
75:
63:Hierarchy of the
48:
41:
32:Abbot (Buddhism)
21:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5471:
5449:
5441:
5420:
5403:Relief Services
5369:
5315:Catholic Action
5305:Military orders
5242:Confraternities
5234:of the faithful
5233:
5226:
5048:
5039:
4975:
4881:
4775:
4634:
4626:
4559:Prior, Prioress
4515:
4408:
4404:Vatican Museums
4355:
4288:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4176:
4130:Social teaching
4097:
4036:
3981:
3936:One true church
3900:
3877:Sixtine Vulgate
3873:Official Bible
3787:
3783:
3778:
3766:
3684:
3616:
3561:
3531:Petrine primacy
3474:
3470:
3465:
3457:
3429:
3427:Catholic Church
3424:
3394:
3389:
3377:
3369:
3328:
3190:
3152:
3109:
3053:
3045:
2990:
2981:
2880:
2878:Catholic Church
2871:
2823:
2797:
2786:
2784:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:Wayback Machine
2662:
2658:
2650:
2609:
2602:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2516:
2415:
2388:diocesan bishop
2342:, founded as a
2284:
2251:. The title of
2233:
2223:
2148:(French; Ital.
2142:
2121:, Pennsylvania)
2093:abbot-president
2073:
2010:
1967:abbates milites
1931:abbas legitimus
1836:abbates milites
1753:abbots of Cluny
1741:Richard Whiting
1682:
1662:staff of office
1623:
1596:Lateran council
1437:Bury St Edmunds
1394:
1388:
1307:Cluniac reforms
1287:
1183:An abbot (from
1129:Saint Pachomius
1115:
1090:Abbas palatinus
1045:
1002:
962:
955:
954:
911:
903:
902:
743:
735:
734:
628:
620:
619:
337:
329:
328:
304:
236:Diocesan bishop
231:Bishop emeritus
179:Vicar apostolic
154:Papal majordomo
80:
65:Catholic Church
64:
39:
28:
27:Religious title
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5538:
5536:
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5512:
5507:
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5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5350:Legion of Mary
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5279:Lay Carmelites
5276:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5238:
5236:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
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5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5127:Conceptionists
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Assumptionists
5058:
5056:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
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4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4895:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
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4766:
4764:Syro-Malankara
4761:
4756:
4751:
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4726:
4721:
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4714:Italo-Albanian
4711:
4706:
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4384:Lateran Treaty
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4120:Moral theology
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3635:Pope Gregory I
3632:
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3609:
3607:Biblical canon
3604:
3602:Late antiquity
3599:
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3538:Church fathers
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3472:Ecclesiastical
3459:
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3036:Vow of silence
3033:
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2958:Cleric regular
2955:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2941:Canons regular
2938:
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2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2901:
2896:
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2821:External links
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2583:"Abbey Austin"
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2424:Dance of Death
2414:
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2394:, once in the
2308:Protopresbyter
2283:
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2222:
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2215:courtesy title
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2040:, Georgia, US.
2009:
2006:
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1650:consuetudinary
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1585:pastoral staff
1513:St Mary's York
1390:Main article:
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1342:archimandrites
1326:ecclesiastical
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883:Protosyncellus
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868:Promotor Fidei
865:
863:Prince-provost
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858:Prince-primate
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598:Judicial vicar
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571:Servant of God
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117:Cardinal Vicar
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5409:
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5398:Home Missions
5396:
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5291:Saint Francis
5289:
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5277:
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5274:Saint Dominic
5272:
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5087:Bethlehemites
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5009:Vatican Radio
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4994:Vatican Media
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4311:
4309:
4306:
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4298:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:List of popes
4287:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
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4230:
4228:
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4223:
4220:
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4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
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4192:
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4179:
4171:
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4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Mother of God
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
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4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:People of God
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:Infallibility
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Body and soul
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Enlightenment
3725:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:Protestantism
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Scholasticism
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:Schism (1378)
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Schism (1054)
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
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3507:
3505:
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3500:
3497:
3496:
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3492:
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3487:
3483:
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3477:
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3454:
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3439:
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3428:
3421:
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3409:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:Monastic cell
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
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3308:
3305:
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3300:
3299:
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3291:
3288:
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3123:Contemplation
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2999:
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2988:
2978:
2975:
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2970:
2966:
2965:Congregations
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2951:Second orders
2949:
2948:
2947:
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2942:
2939:
2935:
2934:Idiorrhythmic
2932:
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2814:
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2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2794:public domain
2783:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2771:"Abbot"
2766:
2765:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2725:0-582-12069-1
2721:
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2437:Danse Macabre
2430:
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2288:archimandrite
2281:
2279:
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2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2253:archimandrite
2250:
2246:
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2238:
2232:
2231:Archimandrite
2228:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2188:abbés de cour
2183:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2129:abbot-general
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:The abbot of
2079:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2036:monastery in
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1980:
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1828:abbates laici
1823:
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1529:Cambuskenneth
1526:
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1340:, AD 448, 23
1339:
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1308:
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1300:
1296:
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1285:Early history
1284:
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1280:
1276:
1275:
1274:archimandrite
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1253:
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1238:
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1209:Ancient Greek
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1166:Thomas Schoen
1163:
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1057:Mediterranean
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848:Prince-bishop
846:
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758:Archimandrite
756:
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608:
604:
603:Vicar general
601:
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589:
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582:
579:
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569:
568:
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118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:Pope Emeritus
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
69:
66:
60:
56:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
18:Abbot-General
5477:
5437:Universities
5269:Third orders
5232:Associations
5222:Visitandines
5217:Trinitarians
5167:Mercedarians
5152:Hieronymites
5097:Camaldoleses
5082:Benedictines
5072:Augustinians
5032:
5025:
5018:
4999:Vatican News
4953:Distinctions
4759:Syro-Malabar
4644:Latin Church
4566:Grand master
4539:
4464:Metropolitan
4361:Vatican City
4256:Organisation
4135:Philosophers
4000:Confirmation
3977:In canon law
3971:Subsistit in
3969:
3965:Three states
3952:
3913:
3906:Ecclesiology
3888:Nova Vulgata
3886:
3844:Original sin
3839:Nicene Creed
3829:Divine grace
3788:
3670:Universities
3640:Papal States
3567:Great Church
3509:Resurrection
3486:Early Church
3239:Grand master
3218:
2836:
2810:
2775:
2747:. Retrieved
2743:
2734:
2713:
2705:
2694:
2682:
2674:
2659:
2587:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2508:Wu-Tang Clan
2501:
2494:
2491:
2487:philanthropy
2475:Saint Joseph
2460:
2449:Life of St.
2448:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2422:
2404:
2380:enthronement
2377:
2362:
2357:Stiftsherren
2355:
2347:
2336:Loccum Abbey
2331:
2327:
2321:
2316:Catherine II
2296:Latin Church
2285:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2193:
2185:
2173:
2149:
2143:
2128:
2110:
2092:
2082:Sant'Anselmo
2074:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2043:
2011:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1977:beneficiarii
1974:
1953:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1888:
1883:in commendam
1881:
1878:commendation
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1798:Abbas Populi
1795:
1783:
1778:Abbas Curiae
1775:
1772:Carolingians
1765:
1724:
1683:
1643:
1624:
1621:Appointments
1612:
1592:pontificalia
1589:
1533:Coupar Angus
1477:Peterborough
1417:Alexander II
1412:
1410:
1395:
1375:
1361:
1350:
1315:
1295:John Cassian
1288:
1272:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1232:
1222:
1192:
1182:
1095:
1087:
1071:
1063:
1046:
1032:
1020:
1019:
916:Grand master
853:Prince-abbot
753:Altar server
668:Grand master
637:
610:Vicar forane
475:Minor orders
470:Major orders
458:Lay cardinal
451:Commendatory
204:Metropolitan
149:Papal legate
5505:Monasticism
5427:Health care
5413:Pax Christi
5365:Schoenstatt
5330:Sant'Egidio
5162:Legionaries
5142:Franciscans
5117:Cistercians
5112:Carthusians
5067:Annonciades
4926:Altarpieces
4819:West Syriac
4814:East Syriac
4794:Alexandrian
4418:Holy orders
4399:Swiss Guard
4339:Dicasteries
4334:Roman Curia
4232:Evangelists
4190:Holy Family
4125:Personalism
4115:Natural law
4093:Josephology
4027:Holy orders
3665:Inquisition
3622:Middle Ages
3612:Monasticism
3580:Constantine
3504:Crucifixion
3319:Lay brother
3105:Scriptorium
2525:Abbé Pierre
2479:Volokolamsk
2477:, Abbot of
2445:hagiography
2267:stauropegic
2202:jeu de mots
2105:Cistercians
2015:Carthusians
1915:enfeoffment
1852:irreligiosi
1820:abbacomites
1794:was called
1745:Glastonbury
1646:Benedictine
1635:benediction
1608:Innocent IV
1537:Dunfermline
1505:Westminster
1457:Glastonbury
1185:Old English
1178:cappa magna
1136:monasticism
888:Regionarius
878:Protodeacon
873:Protopriest
813:Minor canon
314:Consecrator
78:Saint Peter
5484:Categories
5182:Oratorians
5137:Dominicans
5107:Carmelites
5102:Camillians
5050:institutes
4863:Tridentine
4799:Antiochian
4719:Macedonian
4664:Belarusian
4554:Provincial
4469:Archbishop
4389:Roman Rota
4351:Properties
4276:By country
4272:Precedence
4237:Confessors
4217:Archangels
4207:Patriarchs
4107:Philosophy
4085:Veneration
4050:Assumption
4020:Last rites
3987:Sacraments
3931:Four marks
3742:Vatican II
3690:Modern era
3526:Succession
3340:Asceticism
3214:Provincial
3138:Meditation
3031:Solemn vow
3026:Profession
2946:Mendicants
2762:References
2463:pilgrimage
2392:Canterbury
2373:Henry VIII
2360:(canons).
2352:consistory
2348:ex officio
2344:Cistercian
2304:Archpriest
2213:; but the
2211:Revolution
2162:Pope Leo X
2144:The title
1987:reported (
1939:monasticus
1907:Hugh Capet
1860:abbatiarii
1812:defensores
1806:Lay abbots
1749:Henry VIII
1658:commissary
1581:Sweetheart
1553:Kilwinning
1509:Winchcombe
1493:Shrewsbury
1473:Malmesbury
1461:Gloucester
1445:Colchester
1425:St Alban's
1322:ordination
1318:sacraments
1080:Septuagint
938:Inquisitor
838:Prebendary
833:Postulator
783:Chorbishop
768:Archdeacon
763:Archpriest
588:Seminarian
492:Officialis
482:Missionary
399:Archdeacon
352:Chancellor
226:Archbishop
214:Catholicos
5423:See also:
5375:Charities
5284:Discalced
5212:Trappists
5207:Theatines
5177:Olivetans
5122:Clarisses
5092:Blue nuns
5077:Basilians
5054:societies
4962:See also:
4848:Mozarabic
4838:Ambrosian
4824:Malankara
4809:Byzantine
4769:Ukrainian
4744:Ruthenian
4709:Hungarian
4694:Ethiopian
4669:Bulgarian
4636:sui iuris
4620:Postulant
4529:Religious
4484:Auxiliary
4479:Coadjutor
4449:Patriarch
4317:Cardinals
4264:Canon law
4260:Hierarchy
4242:Disciples
4165:Relations
4153:Evolution
4144:See also:
4089:See also:
4042:Mariology
4032:Matrimony
4005:Eucharist
3926:Ecumenism
3854:Salvation
3790:Catechism
3785:Tradition
3747:Communism
3595:Chalcedon
3312:Postulant
3290:Anchorite
3143:Mysticism
3100:Refectory
3090:Hermitage
3051:Monastery
3019:Obedience
2919:Cenobitic
2805:(1911). "
2729:pp. 67-97
2506:from the
2467:Holy Land
2292:monsignor
2182:sinecures
2166:Francis I
2158:concordat
2111:archabbot
1989:Itinerary
1947:regularis
1895:benefices
1808:(M. Lat.
1761:cardinals
1732:Leicester
1699:chaplains
1695:refectory
1627:monastery
1615:canon law
1517:Adrian IV
1497:Tavistock
1364:episcopal
1357:diaconate
1330:spiritual
1133:cenobitic
1084:canon law
1029:monastery
950:Preceptor
893:Sacristan
843:Precentor
823:Ostiarius
725:Religious
698:Postulant
648:Corrector
581:Venerable
551:Principal
534:Presbyter
514:Palatinus
497:Ostiarius
487:Monsignor
441:Lay abbot
411:Definitor
384:Consultor
379:Confessor
324:Subdeacon
209:Patriarch
132:Protector
5467:Category
5360:Opus Dei
5345:Scouting
5335:Focolare
5202:Servites
5187:Piarists
5132:Crosiers
4868:Anglican
4804:Armenian
4734:Romanian
4724:Maronite
4699:Georgian
4689:Eritrean
4674:Chaldean
4659:Armenian
4654:Albanian
4535:Superior
4494:Emeritus
4474:Diocesan
4327:Advisers
4286:Holy See
4212:Prophets
4170:Politics
3941:Catholic
3921:Councils
3776:Theology
3655:Crusades
3590:Nicaea I
3521:Apostles
3499:Ministry
3468:Timeline
3448:Glossary
3264:Basilian
3232:Prioress
3204:Superior
3186:Vestment
3181:Scapular
3176:Cornette
3075:Cloister
3014:Chastity
2929:Enclosed
2914:Monastic
2667:Archived
2514:See also
2249:Hēguménē
2206:celibacy
2160:between
2034:Trappist
1728:celibacy
1668:, and a
1561:Lindores
1541:Holyrood
1525:Arbroath
1523:were of
1449:Croyland
1421:Abingdon
1221:), from
1153:and his
1104:monastic
818:Notarius
798:Datarius
614:Sub-dean
561:Reverend
524:Preacher
465:Minister
431:Exorcist
357:Chaplain
112:Cardinal
55:a series
53:Part of
5432:Schools
5388:Caritas
5296:Secular
5262:Workers
5157:Jesuits
4943:Museums
4938:Library
4916:Writers
4911:Artists
4891:Culture
4858:Paul VI
4739:Russian
4729:Melkite
4571:Brother
4549:General
4489:Titular
4459:Primate
4437:Eparchy
4427:Diocese
4374:Outline
4313:College
4303:Francis
4247:Virgins
4222:Martyrs
4148:Science
4055:History
4010:Penance
3995:Baptism
3896:Worship
3869:Vulgate
3817:Kingdom
3812:Trinity
3800:General
3555:Primacy
3463:History
3443:Outline
3350:Tonsure
3249:Brother
3209:General
3196:Members
3080:Convent
3009:Poverty
2924:Chapter
2876:in the
2796::
2749:16 June
2535:Abthain
2492:In the
2465:to the
2454:by St.
2398:as the
2382:of the
2363:In the
2340:Hanover
2322:In the
2312:widowed
2294:in the
2274:or his
2272:primate
2245:hegumen
2235:In the
2227:Hegumen
2154:tonsure
2131:of the
2119:Latrobe
2051:crosier
2038:Conyers
1924:decanus
1899:Cluniac
1868:abbates
1768:clerics
1757:Vendôme
1736:retinue
1711:crozier
1670:chapter
1604:tonsure
1569:Melrose
1565:Paisley
1557:Kinloss
1501:Thorney
1485:Reading
1453:Evesham
1429:Bardney
1380:diocese
1346:bishops
1334:deacons
1311:Cluniac
1299:Thebaid
1268:hegumen
1199:, from
1151:crozier
1061:Aramaic
1043:Origins
828:Peritus
748:Almoner
576:Blessed
529:Prefect
446:Abthain
347:Brother
342:Auditor
309:Acolyte
281:Pontiff
276:Provost
271:Prelate
246:Primate
5490:Abbots
5310:Fimcap
5252:Marian
5172:Minims
4904:Marian
4754:Syriac
4749:Slovak
4679:Coptic
4615:Oblate
4610:Master
4605:Novice
4600:Hermit
4588:Sister
4544:Abbess
4511:Deacon
4506:Priest
4501:Parish
4444:Bishop
4414:Polity
4200:Joseph
4182:Saints
3849:Saints
3737:Nazism
3324:Porter
3307:Oblate
3302:Master
3297:Novice
3285:Hermit
3273:Sister
3244:Rector
3223:Abbess
3148:Rosary
3115:Prayer
3095:Priory
3085:Double
2909:Orders
2899:Hermit
2790:
2722:
2598:
2497:series
2483:heresy
2471:Russia
2367:, the
2099:, the
2019:priors
1874:feudal
1715:galero
1674:sermon
1666:vestry
1631:abbeys
1511:, and
1481:Ramsey
1433:Battle
1279:abbess
1258:French
1248:German
1122:Coptic
1107:orders
1037:abbess
1023:is an
720:Rector
705:Oblate
688:Novice
673:Hermit
653:Custos
633:Abbess
546:Priest
502:Pastor
394:Deacon
389:Curate
319:Lector
221:Bishop
199:Eparch
127:Prince
57:on the
5408:CIDSE
5257:Youth
4981:Media
4948:Music
4873:Zaire
4853:Roman
4843:Braga
4833:Latin
4704:Greek
4576:Friar
4540:Abbot
4454:Major
4369:Index
4268:Laity
3834:Dogma
3781:Bible
3757:Islam
3713:Trent
3494:Jesus
3476:Legal
3438:Index
3333:Other
3254:Friar
3228:Prior
3219:Abbot
3158:Habit
3065:Abbey
2886:Types
2807:Abbot
2673:from
2562:, in
2560:Abbot
2546:Notes
2427:, by
2276:Synod
2150:abate
2047:mitre
2002:prior
1963:Latin
1891:fiefs
1792:Genoa
1573:Scone
1549:Kelso
1489:Selby
1406:mitre
1398:Fulda
1392:Mitre
1291:Egypt
1242:'abbā
1218:abbas
1213:ἀββᾶς
1205:abbas
1201:Latin
1195:abbad
1189:abbod
1053:Syria
1049:Egypt
1021:Abbot
898:Usher
788:Coarb
773:Canon
710:Prior
658:Friar
638:Abbot
593:Vicar
566:Saint
539:Elder
436:Laity
374:Coarb
122:Crown
4933:Folk
4581:Monk
4322:List
4300:Pope
4195:Mary
3259:Monk
3171:Coif
3133:Mass
3056:List
2996:Vows
2751:2019
2720:ISBN
2596:ISBN
2520:Abbé
2332:abbé
2239:and
2229:and
2164:and
2146:abbé
2032:, a
1919:dean
1755:and
1654:nave
1639:Rome
1579:and
1545:Iona
1469:Hyde
1351:The
1262:abbé
1125:icon
1074:abba
1051:and
1033:abba
1012:St.
683:Monk
663:Dean
100:Pope
5247:Lay
4899:Art
4593:Nun
4315:of
3807:God
3278:Nun
2829:of
2809:".
2504:RZA
2390:of
2338:in
2328:Abt
2306:or
2109:An
2091:An
1951:).
1893:or
1848:or
1289:In
1271:or
1252:Abt
1235:ܐܒܐ
1228:אבא
1127:of
693:Nun
5486::
5052:,
4542:,
2801:;
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2742:.
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1943:,
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1531:,
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1491:,
1487:,
1483:,
1479:,
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1471:,
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