Abbot - Knowledge (XXG)

1641:. It was necessary that an abbot should be at least 30 years of age, of legitimate birth, a monk of the house for at least 10 years, unless it furnished no suitable candidate, when a liberty was allowed of electing from another monastery, well instructed himself, and able to instruct others, one also who had learned how to command by having practised obedience. In some exceptional cases an abbot was allowed to name his own successor. Cassian speaks of an abbot in Egypt doing this; and in later times we have another example in the case of St Bruno. Popes and sovereigns gradually encroached on the rights of the monks, until in Italy the pope had usurped the nomination of all abbots, and the king in France, with the exception of Cluny, Premontré and other houses, chiefs of their order. The election was for life, unless the abbot was canonically deprived by the chiefs of his order, or when he was directly subject to them, by the pope or the bishop, and also in England it was for a term of 8–12 years. 1009: 1370:(lib. i. tit. iii. de Ep. leg. xl.) expressly subordinates the abbot to episcopal oversight. The first case recorded of the partial exemption of an abbot from episcopal control is that of Faustus, abbot of Lerins, at the council of Arles, AD 456; but the exorbitant claims and exactions of bishops, to which this repugnance to episcopal control is to be traced, far more than to the arrogance of abbots, rendered it increasingly frequent, and, in the 6th century, the practice of exempting religious houses partly or altogether from episcopal control, and making them responsible to the pope alone, received an impulse from 1617:. One of the main goals of monasticism was the purgation of self and selfishness, and obedience was seen as a path to that perfection. It was sacred duty to execute the abbot's orders, and even to act without his orders was sometimes considered a transgression. Examples among the Egyptian monks of this submission to the commands of the superiors, exalted into a virtue by those who regarded the entire crushing of the individual will as a goal, are detailed by Cassian and others, e.g. a monk watering a dry stick, day after day, for months, or endeavoring to remove a huge rock immensely exceeding his powers. 2025: 1751:, that his house was a kind of well-ordered court, where as many as 300 sons of noblemen and gentlemen, who had been sent to him for virtuous education, had been brought up, besides others of a lesser rank, whom he fitted for the universities. His table, attendance and officers were an honour to the nation. He would entertain as many as 500 persons of rank at one time, besides relieving the poor of the vicinity twice a week. He had his country houses and fisheries, and when he travelled to attend parliament his retinue amounted to upwards of 100 persons. The 1162: 2418: 1142: 2375:, also holds the honorary title of "Abbot of St. Benet." This title hails back to England's separation from the See of Rome, when King Henry, as supreme head of the newly independent church, took over all of the monasteries, mainly for their possessions, except for St. Benet, which he spared because the abbot and his monks possessed no wealth, and lived like simple beggars, deposing the incumbent Bishop of Norwich and seating the abbot in his place, thus the dual title still held to this day. 2021:). A monastery must have been granted the status of an abbey by the pope, and such monasteries are normally raised to this level after showing a degree of stability—a certain number of monks in vows, a certain number of years of establishment, a certain firmness to the foundation in economic, vocational and legal aspects. Prior to this, the monastery would be a mere priory, headed by a prior who acts as superior but without the same degree of legal authority that an abbot has. 1173: 1706: 2987: 46: 5463: 73: 2787: 5452: 3380: 965: 1913:. These lay abbacies were not merely a question of overlordship, but implied the concentration in lay hands of all the rights, immunities and jurisdiction of the foundations, i.e. the more or less complete secularization of spiritual institutions. The lay abbot took his recognized rank in the feudal hierarchy, and was free to dispose of his fief as in the case of any other. The 1697:, and be content with the ordinary fare of the monks, unless he had to entertain a guest. These ordinances proved, however, generally ineffectual to secure strictness of diet, and contemporaneous literature abounds with satirical remarks and complaints concerning the inordinate extravagance of the tables of the abbots. When the abbot condescended to dine in the refectory, his 1996:

only to the clergy the altars, with their tenths and oblations, and assigning even these to their sons and relations in the church. Such defenders, or rather destroyers, of the church, have caused themselves to be called abbots, and presumed to attribute to themselves a title, as well as estates, to which they have no just claim.

1118: 1336:, if not priests. The change spread more slowly in the West, where the office of abbot was commonly filled by laymen till the end of the 7th century. The ecclesiastical leadership exercised by abbots despite their frequent lay status is proved by their attendance and votes at ecclesiastical councils. Thus at the 1995:

for a bad custom has prevailed amongst the clergy, of appointing the most powerful people of a parish stewards, or, rather, patrons, of their churches; who, in process of time, from a desire of gain, have usurped the whole right, appropriating to their own use the possession of all the lands, leaving

1684:

Before the late modern era, the abbot was treated with the utmost reverence by the brethren of his house. When he appeared either in church or chapter all present rose and bowed. His letters were received kneeling, as were those of the pope and the king. No monk might sit in his presence, or leave

2075:

In some monastic families, there is a hierarchy of precedence or authority among abbots. In some cases, this is the result of an abbey being considered the "mother" of several "daughter" abbeys founded as dependent priories of the "mother". In other cases, abbeys have affiliated in networks known as

1701:

waited upon him with the dishes, a servant, if necessary, assisting them. When abbots dined in their own private hall, the Rule of St Benedict charged them to invite their monks to their table, provided there was room, on which occasions the guests were to abstain from quarrels, slanderous talk and

1738:

the abbots vied with the first nobles of the realm. They rode on mules with gilded bridles, rich saddles and housings, carrying hawks on their wrist, followed by an immense train of attendants. The bells of the churches were rung as they passed. They associated on equal terms with laymen of the

2057:

Once he has received this blessing, the abbot not only becomes father of his monks in a spiritual sense, but their major superior under canon law, and has the additional authority to confer the ministries of acolyte and lector (formerly, he could confer the minor orders, which are not sacraments,

2044:

The abbot is chosen by the monks from among the fully professed monks. Once chosen, he must request blessing: the blessing of an abbot is celebrated by the bishop in whose diocese the monastery is or, with his permission, another abbot or bishop. The ceremony of such a blessing is similar in some

1954:

When the great reform of the 11th century had put an end to the direct jurisdiction of the lay abbots, the honorary title of abbot continued to be held by certain of the great feudal families, as late as the 13th century and later, with the head of the community retaining the title of dean. The

1725:

The ordinary attire of the abbot was according to rule to be the same as that of the monks. But by the 10th century the rule was commonly set aside, and we find frequent complaints of abbots dressing in silk, and adopting sumptuous attire. Some even laid aside the monastic habit altogether, and

2318:

the ranks of Abbot and Archimandrite have been given as honorary titles in the Russian Church, and may be given to any monastic, even if he does not in fact serve as the superior of a monastery. In Greek practice the title or function of Abbot corresponds to a person who serves as the head of a

2208:

and wearing distinctive dress, a short dark-violet coat with narrow collar. Being men of presumed learning and undoubted leisure, many of the class found admission to the houses of the French nobility as tutors or advisers. Nearly every great family had its abbé. The class did not survive the

2053:

as symbols of office and receiving the laying on of hands and blessing from the celebrant. Though the ceremony installs the new abbot into a position of legal authority, it does not confer further sacramental authority- it is not a further degree of Holy Orders (although some abbots have been

2204:, "of St. Hope") – came to hold a recognized position. The connection many of them had with the church was of the slenderest kind, consisting mainly in adopting the title of abbé, after a remarkably moderate course of theological study, practising 1909:. The example of the kings was followed by the feudal nobles, sometimes by making a temporary concession permanent, sometimes without any form of commendation whatever. In England the abuse was rife in the 8th century, as may be gathered from the acts of the 1880:, by which—to meet a contemporary emergency—the revenues of the community were handed over to a lay lord, in return for his protection, early suggested to the emperors and kings the expedient of rewarding their warriors with rich abbeys held 1685:

it without his permission, reflecting the hierarchical etiquette of families and society. The highest place was assigned to him, both in church and at table. In the East he was commanded to eat with the other monks. In the West, the

1320:, and for other religious offices, the abbot and his monks were commanded to attend the nearest church. This rule proved inconvenient when a monastery was situated in a desert or at a distance from a city, and necessity compelled the 1519:(Nicholas Breakspear) granted it to the abbot of St Alban's, in which monastery he had been brought up. Next after the abbot of St Alban's ranked the abbot of Westminster and then Ramsey. Elsewhere, the mitred abbots that sat in the 1583:. To distinguish abbots from bishops, it was ordained that their mitre should be made of less costly materials, and should not be ornamented with gold, a rule which was soon entirely disregarded, and that the crook of their 1293:, the first home of monasticism, the jurisdiction of the abbot, or archimandrite, was but loosely defined. Sometimes he ruled over only one community, sometimes over several, each of which had its own abbot as well. Saint 2012:

In the Roman Catholic Church, abbots continue to be elected by the monks of an abbey to lead them as their religious superior in those orders and monasteries that make use of the term (some orders of monks, as the

4139: 3976: 925: 2499:, the creatures of Redwall are led by an abbot or abbess. These "abbots" are appointed by the brothers and sisters of Redwall to serve as a superior and provide paternal care, much like real abbots. 2058:

that these ministries have replaced). The abbey is a species of "exempt religious" in that it is, for the most part, answerable to the pope, or to the abbot primate, rather than to the local bishop.

1411:

It has been maintained that the right to wear mitres was sometimes granted by the popes to abbots before the 11th century, but the documents on which this claim is based are not genuine (J. Braun,

1652:

of Abingdon. The newly elected abbot was to put off his shoes at the door of the church, and proceed barefoot to meet the members of the house advancing in a procession. After proceeding up the

995: 1917:

of abbeys differed in form and degree. Sometimes the monks were directly subject to the lay abbot; sometimes he appointed a substitute to perform the spiritual functions, known usually as

3731: 1309:, was the norm in the West, the abbot has jurisdiction over only one community. The rule, as was inevitable, was subject to frequent violations; but it was not until the foundation of the 1726:

assumed a secular dress. With the increase of wealth and power, abbots had lost much of their special religious character, and become great lords, chiefly distinguished from lay lords by

5146: 2152:), as commonly used in the Catholic Church on the European continent, is the equivalent of the English "Father" (parallel etymology), being loosely applied to all who have received the 1404:. Abbots more and more assumed almost episcopal state, and in defiance of the prohibition of early councils and the protests of St Bernard and others, adopted the episcopal insignia of 2346:

house in 1163 by Count Wilbrand of Hallermund, and reformed in 1593. The abbot of Loccum, who still carries a pastoral staff, takes precedence over all the clergy of Hanover, and was

1629:, but the right of election was transferred by jurisdiction to the monks themselves, reserving to the bishop the confirmation of the election and the benediction of the new abbot. In 3761: 5066: 2334:, as an honorary distinction, and survives to designate the heads of some monasteries converted at the Reformation into collegiate foundations. Of these the most noteworthy is 4164: 2864: 1610:

to confer both the subdiaconate and diaconate. Of course, they always and everywhere had the power of admitting their own monks and vesting them with the religious habit.

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of abbé, having long lost all connection in people's minds with any special ecclesiastical function, remained as a convenient general term applicable to any clergyman.

3417: 920: 1102:("of the camp") were chaplains to the Merovingian and Carolingian sovereigns' court and army respectively. The title of abbot came into fairly general use in western 4952: 1730:. Thus we hear of abbots going out to hunt, with their men carrying bows and arrows; keeping horses, dogs and huntsmen; and special mention is made of an abbot of 988: 2067:

follow all of the above, but in addition must receive a mandate of authority from the pope over the territory around the monastery for which they are responsible.

2000:

In conventual cathedrals, where the bishop occupied the place of the abbot, the functions usually devolving on the superior of the monastery were performed by a

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highest distinction, and shared all their pleasures and pursuits. This rank and power was, however, often used most beneficially. For instance, we read of

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connection of the lesser lay abbots with the abbeys, especially in the south of France, lasted longer; and certain feudal families retained the title of

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is given to "monastics" (i.e., celibate) priests in the East, even when not attached to a monastery, as an honor for service, similar to the title of

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in 1063 granted the use of the mitre to Egelsinus, abbot of the monastery of St Augustine at Canterbury. The mitred abbots in England were those of

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appointed him a separate table, at which he might entertain guests and strangers. Because this permission opened the door to luxurious living,

3579: 3574: 1660:, and placed in his stall. The monks, then kneeling, gave him the kiss of peace on the hand, and rising, on the mouth, the abbot holding his 5283: 5231: 3863: 2599: 1606:

and admit to the order of reader; but gradually abbots, in the West also, advanced higher claims, until we find them in AD 1489 permitted by

5221: 4957: 3475: 3410: 2310:. Normally there are no celibate priests who are not monastics in the Orthodox Church, with the exception of married priests who have been 747: 3746: 2835: 5514: 5261: 5091: 3999: 1594:) by abbots was followed by an encroachment on episcopal functions, which had to be specially but ineffectually guarded against by the 5304: 4920: 4417: 4026: 3751: 2850: 930: 1656:, he was to kneel and pray at the topmost step of the entrance of the choir, into which he was to be introduced by the bishop or his 4903: 4505: 4152: 3986: 3437: 2723: 807: 545: 2319:

monastery, although the title of the Archimandrite may be given to any celibate priest who could serve as the head of a monastery.

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still applies, whereby most abbots are immediately subject to the local bishop. Those monasteries which enjoy the status of being

1059:, and soon became accepted generally in all languages as the designation of the head of a monastery. The word is derived from the 5417: 4965: 4718: 4663: 4528: 4263: 4259: 4004: 3789: 3736: 3195: 2302:, only monastics are permitted to be elevated to the rank of archimandrite. Married priests are elevated to the parallel rank of 2096: 1598:, AD 1123. In the East abbots, if in priests' orders and with the consent of the bishop, were, as we have seen, permitted by the 1024: 724: 513: 62: 5426: 4768: 4743: 4708: 4703: 4668: 4548: 4147: 4031: 3621: 3584: 3467: 3447: 3403: 3208: 1374:. These exceptions, introduced with a good object, had grown into a widespread evil by the 12th century, virtually creating an 1337: 729: 1969:) for centuries, together with certain rights over the abbey lands or revenues. The abuse was not confined to the West. John, 1690: 5499: 5494: 5364: 5076: 4763: 4733: 4713: 4653: 4443: 4159: 3697: 3689: 3601: 3462: 3442: 230: 220: 1313:

Order that the idea of a supreme abbot, exercising jurisdiction over all the houses of an order, was definitely recognised.

4738: 4728: 4054: 3925: 3823: 3520: 3114: 3089: 2885: 2826: 2323: 1587:(the crosier) should turn inwards instead of outwards, indicating that their jurisdiction was limited to their own house. 1086:

to certain priestly superiors. At times it was applied to various priests, e.g. at the court of the Frankish monarchy the

777: 193: 5319: 5290: 5273: 5181: 4793: 4758: 4748: 4326: 4307: 4169: 3920: 3833: 3364: 2029: 1595: 1082:, it was written as "abbas". At first it was employed as a respectful title for any monk, but it was soon restricted by 2024: 4079: 3947: 3816: 3272: 3132: 3055: 1576: 550: 351: 5329: 1332:

life, but, before the close of the 5th century, at least in the East, abbots seem almost universally to have become

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at the beginning of the 12th century, informs us that in his time most monasteries had been handed over to laymen,

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of the kingdom. The governing body of the abbey consists of the abbot, prior and the "convent", or community, of

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who had no connection with the monastic system, as to the principal of a body of parochial clergy; and under the

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had to be conferred by the pope in person, the house being taxed with the expenses of the new abbot's journey to

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drew young men towards the church in considerable numbers, and the class of abbés so formed –

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is the head of a congregation (federation) of abbeys within the Order of Saint Benedict (for instance, the

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Although currently in the Western Church the title "abbot" is given only abbots of monasteries, the title

2018: 2001: 1760: 1734:, c. 1360, who was the most skilled of all the nobility in hare hunting. In magnificence of equipage and 1436: 1401: 1208: 969: 709: 420: 138: 35: 5161: 4988: 4413: 4194: 4059: 3905: 3611: 3549: 3508: 3493: 2918: 2913: 2776: 2695: 2372: 2156:. This use of the title is said to have originated in the right conceded to the king of France, by the 2124: 2118: 2061:

The abbot wears the same habit as his fellow monks, though by tradition he adds to it a pectoral cross.

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Monks, as a rule, were laymen, nor at the outset was the abbot any exception. For the reception of the

1790:

It even came to be adopted by purely secular officials. Thus the chief magistrate of the republic at

1078:, meaning "my father" (it still has this meaning in contemporary Hebrew: אבא and Aramaic: ܐܒܐ) In the 5504: 4565: 4534: 4431: 4312: 4226: 4106: 4009: 3726: 3721: 3594: 3525: 3503: 3238: 3203: 3137: 3127: 3025: 3003: 2663: 2260: 1970: 1910: 1902: 1184: 1154: 915: 792: 667: 652: 538: 425: 405: 366: 188: 126: 2076:"congregations". Some monastic families recognize one abbey as the motherhouse of the entire order. 5354: 5256: 5049: 5033: 4553: 4463: 3914: 3858: 3806: 3707: 3669: 3248: 3213: 3142: 2903: 2165: 1984: 1686: 1528: 1520: 1464: 1302: 1056: 867: 714: 662: 609: 415: 287: 203: 178: 2084:

di Aventino, in Rome, is styled the "abbot primate", and is acknowledged the senior abbot for the

5374: 5191: 4049: 4041: 3784: 3485: 3452: 3384: 3323: 2923: 2893: 2539: 2450: 2406: 2201: 2169: 1669: 1532: 1476: 1146: 642: 518: 450: 275: 131: 1355:, AD 787, recognized the right of abbots to ordain their monks to the inferior orders below the 2591: 2582: 2113:

is the head of some monasteries which are the motherhouses of other monasteries (for instance,

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When a vacancy occurred, the bishop of the diocese chose the abbot out of the monks of the

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jurisdiction, and continued generally so, in fact, in the West till the 11th century. The

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This article is about the term's use in Christianity. For the term's use in Buddhism, see

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During the Carolingian epoch, the custom grew up of granting these as regular heritable

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Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man

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aspects to the consecration of a bishop, with the new abbot being presented with the

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and depriving the bishop of all authority over the chief centres of influence in his

1341: 1273: 1165: 847: 772: 757: 677: 602: 580: 575: 104: 1991:, ii.iv) the common customs of lay abbots in the late 12th-century Church of Wales: 1515:. Of these the precedence was yielded to the abbot of Glastonbury, until in AD 1154 5216: 5151: 5081: 5071: 4998: 4898: 4867: 4643: 4592: 4360: 4302: 4199: 3970: 3887: 3843: 3838: 3828: 3639: 3566: 2507: 2486: 2379: 2335: 2295: 1882: 1591: 1480: 1432: 1329: 1325: 1294: 897: 852: 752: 560: 474: 469: 457: 148: 1265:) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East 1035:, the Syriac form of the Hebrew ab, and means "father". The female equivalent is 5412: 5268: 5141: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5096: 4398: 4333: 4189: 4114: 4092: 3940: 3702: 3664: 3318: 3104: 2770: 2478: 2444: 2266: 2132: 2104: 2014: 1914: 1771: 1645: 1634: 1572: 1548: 1488: 1177: 1135: 887: 877: 872: 812: 313: 77: 5451: 3379: 964: 72: 5106: 5101: 4925: 4852: 4468: 4388: 4019: 3339: 3030: 2462: 2391: 2356: 2343: 2303: 2161: 1906: 1657: 1544: 1468: 1321: 1079: 937: 837: 832: 782: 767: 762: 481: 398: 225: 213: 2739: 2443:

The lives of numerous abbots make up a significant contribution to Christian

5211: 5206: 5176: 4872: 4635: 4619: 4604: 4448: 4338: 4216: 4206: 4074: 3853: 3311: 3296: 3289: 3099: 3050: 2466: 2434:"The Abbot" is one of the archetypes traditionally illustrated in scenes of 2291: 2157: 1873: 1805: 1731: 1694: 1614: 1317: 1240: 1132: 1083: 1028: 949: 892: 842: 822: 697: 647: 533: 496: 486: 440: 410: 383: 378: 323: 208: 2386:, there is a threefold enthronement, once in the throne the chancel as the 1613:

The power of the abbot was paternal but absolute, limited, however, by the

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for men in various Western Christian traditions. The name is derived from

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exempt from the archbishop's diocesan jurisdiction, the confirmation and

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During the years 1106–1107 AD, Daniel, a Russian Orthodox abbot, made a

5156: 4436: 3994: 3868: 3811: 3349: 3079: 2534: 2519: 2493: 2339: 2226: 2180:) to most of the abbeys in France. The expectation of obtaining these 2153: 2145: 2050: 1898: 1890: 1735: 1710: 1603: 1584: 1379: 1298: 1267: 1150: 1060: 827: 528: 445: 308: 280: 270: 198: 2255:(literally the head of the enclosure) used to mean something similar. 1324:

of some monks. This innovation was not introduced without a struggle,

17: 5309: 4614: 4599: 4543: 4510: 3306: 3284: 3222: 3147: 3094: 2898: 2482: 2470: 2402:, and then once in the chapter-house as Titular Abbot of Canterbury. 1767: 1714: 1673: 1665: 1363: 1356: 1345: 1333: 1278: 1216: 1036: 704: 687: 672: 632: 501: 393: 388: 183: 163: 158: 1233: 1117: 1072: 1064: 2688: 5407: 4575: 3395: 3253: 3064: 2792:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2481:, Russia (1439–1515), wrote a number of influential works against 2416: 2311: 2275: 2046: 2023: 1791: 1704: 1630: 1626: 1415:, p. 453). The first undoubted instance is the bull by which 1405: 1391: 1290: 1171: 1160: 1140: 1116: 1052: 1048: 1007: 787: 657: 592: 565: 373: 2469:

and recorded his experiences. His diary was much-read throughout

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Abbot Francis Michael and Prior Anthony Delisi (on the left) of

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was held, and the bishop or his delegate preached a suitable

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The Pilgrimage of the Russian Abbot Daniel in the Holy Land

1709:

Arms of a Roman Catholic abbot are distinguished by a gold

1981:, for life, or for part of their lives, by the emperors. 1766:

In the process of time, the title abbot was extended to

1016:

enthroned as abbot (Hispano-Flemish Gothic 15th century)

2473:, and at least seventy-five manuscript copies survive. 2192:

they were sometimes called, and sometimes (ironically)

1328:

dignity being regarded as inconsistent with the higher

1876:

system from the 8th century onwards. The practice of

1176:

Benedictine Archabbot Schober in prelate's dress and

2405:

There are several Benedictine abbeys throughout the

2247:. The Superior of a monastery of nuns is called the 1901:

reform, the system was firmly established. Even the

1277:. The English version for a female monastic head is 5373: 5230: 5043: 4979: 4889: 4779: 4630: 4519: 4412: 4359: 4284: 4255: 4180: 4105: 4040: 3985: 3904: 3799: 3774: 3688: 3620: 3565: 3484: 3461: 3332: 3194: 3156: 3113: 3049: 2994: 2884: 2711: 2699:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2581: 2566:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 1648:abbot in medieval times is thus prescribed by the 2651: 2330:(abbot) is sometimes bestowed, like the French 1993: 1047:The title had its origin in the monasteries of 2815:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 23–25. 2718:(2nd ed.), London and New York: Longman, 3411: 2858: 989: 8: 2258:In the East, the principle set forth in the 2194: 2186: 2174: 1956: 1897:, and by the 10th century, before the great 1693:, decreed that the abbot should dine in the 1590:The adoption of certain episcopal insignia ( 1975: 1945: 1937: 1929: 1922: 1866: 1858: 1850: 1842: 1834: 1826: 1818: 1810: 1796: 1784: 1776: 1096: 1088: 5340:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 4281: 3796: 3481: 3418: 3404: 3396: 2865: 2851: 2843: 1644:The ceremony of the formal admission of a 996: 982: 40: 5510:Organisation of Catholic religious orders 2710:Cowan, Ian B.; Easson, David E. (1976), 1872:) were the outcome of the growth of the 2551: 2447:, one of the most well-known being the 1782:, or military chaplain of the emperor, 1359:, a power usually reserved to bishops. 84: 61: 2278:of Bishops and not the local bishop. 1717:with twelve tassels (the galero of a 7: 2780:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2576: 2574: 2572: 2409:. Most of them have mitred abbots. 2282:Honorary and other uses of the title 2133:Cistercians of the Common Observance 1301:who had 500 monks under him. By the 1234: 1227: 1027:given to the head of an independent 2017:for instance, have no abbots, only 1774:to the chief chaplain of the king, 1664:. He then put on his shoes in the 1396:In the 12th century, the abbots of 2243:, the abbot is referred to as the 336:Administrative and pastoral titles 25: 2768:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2687:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1911). 1759:were, by virtue of their office, 1713:with a veil attached and a black 5462: 5461: 5450: 5418:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 4966:Criticism of the Catholic Church 3378: 2985: 2785: 963: 627:Consecrated and professed titles 71: 44: 5525:Christian religious occupations 3585:First seven ecumenical councils 2675:University of Wisconsin-Madison 2298:of the Catholic Church. In the 2101:American-Cassinese Congregation 1338:first Council of Constantinople 1109:whose members include priests. 5520:Catholic ecclesiastical titles 4160:Separation of church and state 2740:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abbot" 2664:Government in Church and State 2502:"The Abbot" was a nickname of 2200:("abbés of holy hope; or in a 1: 2140:Modern abbots not as superior 2054:ordained to the episcopacy). 1362:Abbots used to be subject to 1055:, spread through the eastern 778:Captain General of the Church 194:Assistant to the papal throne 3365:List of religious institutes 2652:Venables & Phillips 1911 2413:Abbots in art and literature 2030:Monastery of the Holy Spirit 1408:, ring, gloves and sandals. 1241: 1217: 1157:(Münsterschwarzach, Germany) 2371:, by royal decree given by 926:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 5541: 5515:Religious leadership roles 5457:Catholic Church portal 2270:will be subject only to a 2224: 1691:Synods of Aachen (816–819) 1400:claimed precedence of the 1389: 1297:speaks of an abbot of the 1212: 970:Catholic Church portal 29: 5445: 5383:Aid to the Church in Need 5004:Vatican Television Center 4649:Eastern Catholic Churches 3433: 3373: 2983: 2977:Society of apostolic life 2564:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2324:German Evangelical Church 2241:Eastern Catholic Churches 2196:abbés de sainte espérance 1905:was held in commendam by 1747:, judicially murdered by 1441:St Augustine's Canterbury 803:Gonfalonier of the Church 5325:Communion and Liberation 4789:Eastern Catholic liturgy 3954:Mystici Corporis Christi 3882:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 2429:Hans Holbein the Younger 2384:Archbishop of Canterbury 1602:, AD 787, to confer the 1353:second Council of Nicaea 1344:or abbots sign, with 30 144:Chaplain of His Holiness 4140:Philosophy of canon law 4070:Mariology of the saints 3650:Investiture Controversy 2812:Encyclopædia Britannica 2803:Phillips, Walter Alison 2588:Encyclopædia Britannica 2300:Eastern Orthodox Church 2115:Saint Vincent Archabbey 2086:Order of Saint Benedict 1194: 1188: 1168:, abbot of Bornem Abbey 1094:("of the palace"') and 1073: 1065: 5393:Catholic Charities USA 5027:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 5015:Vatican Polyglot Press 4065:Mariology of the popes 3703:Protestant Reformation 3385:Catholicism portal 3355:Vocational discernment 3345:Foolishness for Christ 2827:Russian Orthodox Abbot 2677:retrieved 15 June 2013 2431: 2421:"The Abbot", from the 2400:Primate of All England 2396:Chair of St. Augustine 2326:, the German title of 2195: 2187: 2175: 2041: 1998: 1976: 1966: 1957: 1946: 1938: 1930: 1927:), but also as abbot ( 1923: 1867: 1864:, or sometimes simply 1859: 1851: 1843: 1835: 1827: 1819: 1811: 1797: 1785: 1777: 1722: 1372:Pope Gregory the Great 1261: 1251: 1204: 1180: 1169: 1158: 1138: 1097: 1089: 1017: 421:Diocesan administrator 139:Moderator of the curia 36:Abbot (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 5500:Ecclesiastical titles 5495:Religious terminology 5147:Good Shepherd Sisters 4989:Holy See Press Office 4227:Doctors of the Church 4060:Immaculate Conception 4015:Anointing of the Sick 3550:History of the papacy 2777:Catholic Encyclopedia 2696:Catholic Encyclopedia 2420: 2378:Additionally, at the 2225:Further information: 2127:OCist is the current 2125:Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori 2027: 1763:of the Roman church. 1708: 1600:second Nicene council 1413:Liturgische Gewandung 1402:archbishop of Cologne 1245:, "father"); compare 1175: 1164: 1149:, holding an abbot's 1144: 1120: 1011: 556:Protonotary apostolic 86:Ecclesiastical titles 5020:L'Osservatore Romano 4958:Role in civilisation 4684:Croatian and Serbian 4432:Episcopal conference 4394:St. Peter's Basilica 3752:Sexual abuse scandal 3708:Catholic Reformation 3128:Liturgy of the Hours 3004:Evangelical counsels 2690:"Ramsey Abbey" 2669:23 June 2013 at the 2558:Thomas Oesterreich, 2314:. Since the time of 2261:Corpus Juris Civilis 2176:abbés commendataires 2097:English Congregation 2049:, the ring, and the 1971:patriarch of Antioch 1911:council of Cloveshoe 1743:, the last abbot of 1376:imperium in imperio, 1155:Rule for Monasteries 1070:meaning "father" or 1025:ecclesiastical title 793:Commissary Apostolic 426:Ecclesiastical judge 406:Defender of the bond 5355:Neocatechumenal Way 5320:Charismatic Renewal 5034:Annuario Pontificio 4632:Particular churches 4308:Ecumenical councils 4080:Perpetual virginity 3915:Communitas perfecta 3859:Sermon on the Mount 2904:Religious institute 2170:commendatory abbots 2168:(1516), to appoint 2103:, etc.), or of the 1985:Giraldus Cambrensis 1687:Rule of St Benedict 1680:General information 1521:Estates of Scotland 1305:, which, until the 1303:Rule of St Benedict 921:Knights Hospitaller 910:Organization titles 715:Provincial superior 288:Territorial prelate 90:order of precedence 5192:Premonstratensians 3575:Ante-Nicene period 3453:Lists of Catholics 2894:Consecrated virgin 2540:Commendatory abbot 2451:Benedict of Nursia 2432: 2407:Anglican Communion 2071:Abbatial hierarchy 2065:Territorial abbots 2042: 1844:abbates saeculares 1723: 1181: 1170: 1159: 1147:Benedict of Nursia 1139: 1018: 643:Consecrated virgin 164:Apostolic delegate 5475: 5474: 4885: 4884: 4278: 4101: 4100: 3793: 3770: 3769: 3762:COVID-19 pandemic 3732:French Revolution 3722:Thirty Years' War 3630:Islamic conquests 3543:Apostolic fathers 3478: 3393: 3392: 3166:Clerical clothing 2972:Secular institute 2744:www.newadvent.org 2601:978-1-59339-837-8 2456:Gregory the Great 2369:Bishop of Norwich 2365:Church of England 2221:Eastern Christian 1903:abbey of St Denis 1786:Abbas Castrensis. 1719:territorial abbot 1577:St Andrews Priory 1386:Later Middle Ages 1368:Code of Justinian 1207:("father"), from 1145:Carving of Saint 1131:, the founder of 1006: 1005: 742:Additional titles 678:Master of novices 367:Military ordinary 362:Military chaplain 303:Liturgical titles 293:Territorial abbot 189:Apostolic prefect 174:Apostolic visitor 16:(Redirected from 5532: 5465: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5197:Redemptoristines 5045:Religious orders 4971:Anti-Catholicism 4921:Church buildings 4781:Catholic liturgy 4521:Consecrated life 4379:Apostolic Palace 4346:Synod of Bishops 4282: 4258: 3864:Ten Commandments 3797: 3779: 3680:Age of Discovery 3514:Great Commission 3482: 3466: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3397: 3383: 3382: 3041:Vow of enclosure 2989: 2874:Consecrated life 2867: 2860: 2853: 2844: 2831:Valaam Monastery 2816: 2799:Venables, Edmund 2791: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2717: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2684: 2678: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2606: 2605: 2585: 2578: 2567: 2556: 2530:Abbot (Buddhism) 2495:Tales of Redwall 2350:a member of the 2237:Eastern Orthodox 2198: 2190: 2178: 2008:Modern practices 1979: 1960: 1958:abbés chevaliers 1949: 1941: 1933: 1926: 1870: 1862: 1854: 1846: 1838: 1830: 1822: 1814: 1800: 1788: 1780: 1721:would be green). 1702:idle gossiping. 1465:St Benet's Hulme 1244: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1224:Imperial Aramaic 1220: 1214: 1197: 1113:Monastic history 1100: 1098:Abbas castrensis 1092: 1076: 1068: 1014:Dominic of Silos 998: 991: 984: 968: 967: 943:Grand Inquisitor 931:Teutonic Knights 808:Honorary Prelate 730:Superior general 519:Personal prelate 507:Assistant pastor 416:Devil's advocate 266:Auxiliary bishop 261:Coadjutor bishop 251:Suffragan bishop 241:Major archbishop 184:Apostolic exarch 169:Apostolic Syndic 159:Apostolic nuncio 75: 63:Hierarchy of the 48: 41: 32:Abbot (Buddhism) 21: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5471: 5449: 5441: 5420: 5403:Relief Services 5369: 5315:Catholic Action 5305:Military orders 5242:Confraternities 5234:of the faithful 5233: 5226: 5048: 5039: 4975: 4881: 4775: 4634: 4626: 4559:Prior, Prioress 4515: 4408: 4404:Vatican Museums 4355: 4288: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4176: 4130:Social teaching 4097: 4036: 3981: 3936:One true church 3900: 3877:Sixtine Vulgate 3873:Official Bible 3787: 3783: 3778: 3766: 3684: 3616: 3561: 3531:Petrine primacy 3474: 3470: 3465: 3457: 3429: 3427:Catholic Church 3424: 3394: 3389: 3377: 3369: 3328: 3190: 3152: 3109: 3053: 3045: 2990: 2981: 2880: 2878:Catholic Church 2871: 2823: 2797: 2786: 2784: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2671:Wayback Machine 2662: 2658: 2650: 2609: 2602: 2580: 2579: 2570: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2516: 2415: 2388:diocesan bishop 2342:, founded as a 2284: 2251:. The title of 2233: 2223: 2148:(French; Ital. 2142: 2121:, Pennsylvania) 2093:abbot-president 2073: 2010: 1967:abbates milites 1931:abbas legitimus 1836:abbates milites 1753:abbots of Cluny 1741:Richard Whiting 1682: 1662:staff of office 1623: 1596:Lateran council 1437:Bury St Edmunds 1394: 1388: 1307:Cluniac reforms 1287: 1183:An abbot (from 1129:Saint Pachomius 1115: 1090:Abbas palatinus 1045: 1002: 962: 955: 954: 911: 903: 902: 743: 735: 734: 628: 620: 619: 337: 329: 328: 304: 236:Diocesan bishop 231:Bishop emeritus 179:Vicar apostolic 154:Papal majordomo 80: 65:Catholic Church 64: 39: 28: 27:Religious title 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5482: 5481: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5459: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5421: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5350:Legion of Mary 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5279:Lay Carmelites 5276: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5127:Conceptionists 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5062:Assumptionists 5058: 5056: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4895: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4785: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4764:Syro-Malankara 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4714:Italo-Albanian 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4628: 4627: 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4078: 4076: 4075:Mother of God 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3960:People of God 3958: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3948:Infallibility 3946: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:Body and soul 3822: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3727:Enlightenment 3725: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3698:Protestantism 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3675:Scholasticism 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3660:Schism (1378) 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3645:Schism (1054) 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3360:Monastic cell 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3123:Contemplation 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3070:Chapter house 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2965:Congregations 2963: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951:Second orders 2949: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2934:Idiorrhythmic 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2794:public domain 2783: 2779: 2778: 2772: 2771:"Abbot" 2766: 2765: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2725:0-582-12069-1 2721: 2716: 2715: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2691: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2437:Danse Macabre 2430: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288:archimandrite 2281: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2253:archimandrite 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2231:Archimandrite 2228: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2191: 2189: 2188:abbés de cour 2183: 2179: 2177: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2129:abbot-general 2126: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080:The abbot of 2079: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2039: 2036:monastery in 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1828:abbates laici 1823: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529:Cambuskenneth 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1340:, AD 448, 23 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1285:Early history 1284: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1274:archimandrite 1270: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1219: 1210: 1209:Ancient Greek 1206: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1166:Thomas Schoen 1163: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1057:Mediterranean 1054: 1050: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1015: 1010: 999: 994: 992: 987: 985: 980: 979: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 960: 959: 958: 951: 948: 944: 941: 940: 939: 936: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 917: 914: 913: 907: 906: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 848:Prince-bishop 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 758:Archimandrite 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 745: 739: 738: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 699: 696: 695: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 624: 623: 613: 612: 611: 608: 604: 603:Vicar general 601: 599: 596: 595: 594: 591: 589: 586: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 540: 537: 536: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 505: 504: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 466: 463: 459: 456: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 442: 439: 438: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 400: 397: 396: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 333: 332: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 300: 299: 294: 291: 289: 286: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 215: 212: 211: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105:Pope Emeritus 103: 102: 101: 98: 97: 96: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 74: 70: 69: 66: 60: 56: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 5477: 5437:Universities 5269:Third orders 5232:Associations 5222:Visitandines 5217:Trinitarians 5167:Mercedarians 5152:Hieronymites 5097:Camaldoleses 5082:Benedictines 5072:Augustinians 5032: 5025: 5018: 4999:Vatican News 4953:Distinctions 4759:Syro-Malabar 4644:Latin Church 4566:Grand master 4539: 4464:Metropolitan 4361:Vatican City 4256:Organisation 4135:Philosophers 4000:Confirmation 3977:In canon law 3971:Subsistit in 3969: 3965:Three states 3952: 3913: 3906:Ecclesiology 3888:Nova Vulgata 3886: 3844:Original sin 3839:Nicene Creed 3829:Divine grace 3788: 3670:Universities 3640:Papal States 3567:Great Church 3509:Resurrection 3486:Early Church 3239:Grand master 3218: 2836: 2810: 2775: 2747:. Retrieved 2743: 2734: 2713: 2705: 2694: 2682: 2674: 2659: 2587: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2508:Wu-Tang Clan 2501: 2494: 2491: 2487:philanthropy 2475:Saint Joseph 2460: 2449:Life of St. 2448: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2422: 2404: 2380:enthronement 2377: 2362: 2357:Stiftsherren 2355: 2347: 2336:Loccum Abbey 2331: 2327: 2321: 2316:Catherine II 2296:Latin Church 2285: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2193: 2185: 2173: 2149: 2143: 2128: 2110: 2092: 2082:Sant'Anselmo 2074: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2043: 2011: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1983: 1977:beneficiarii 1974: 1953: 1944: 1936: 1928: 1888: 1883:in commendam 1881: 1878:commendation 1865: 1857: 1849: 1841: 1833: 1825: 1817: 1809: 1804: 1798:Abbas Populi 1795: 1783: 1778:Abbas Curiae 1775: 1772:Carolingians 1765: 1724: 1683: 1643: 1624: 1621:Appointments 1612: 1592:pontificalia 1589: 1533:Coupar Angus 1477:Peterborough 1417:Alexander II 1412: 1410: 1395: 1375: 1361: 1350: 1315: 1295:John Cassian 1288: 1272: 1266: 1256: 1246: 1232: 1222: 1192: 1182: 1095: 1087: 1071: 1063: 1046: 1032: 1020: 1019: 916:Grand master 853:Prince-abbot 753:Altar server 668:Grand master 637: 610:Vicar forane 475:Minor orders 470:Major orders 458:Lay cardinal 451:Commendatory 204:Metropolitan 149:Papal legate 5505:Monasticism 5427:Health care 5413:Pax Christi 5365:Schoenstatt 5330:Sant'Egidio 5162:Legionaries 5142:Franciscans 5117:Cistercians 5112:Carthusians 5067:Annonciades 4926:Altarpieces 4819:West Syriac 4814:East Syriac 4794:Alexandrian 4418:Holy orders 4399:Swiss Guard 4339:Dicasteries 4334:Roman Curia 4232:Evangelists 4190:Holy Family 4125:Personalism 4115:Natural law 4093:Josephology 4027:Holy orders 3665:Inquisition 3622:Middle Ages 3612:Monasticism 3580:Constantine 3504:Crucifixion 3319:Lay brother 3105:Scriptorium 2525:Abbé Pierre 2479:Volokolamsk 2477:, Abbot of 2445:hagiography 2267:stauropegic 2202:jeu de mots 2105:Cistercians 2015:Carthusians 1915:enfeoffment 1852:irreligiosi 1820:abbacomites 1794:was called 1745:Glastonbury 1646:Benedictine 1635:benediction 1608:Innocent IV 1537:Dunfermline 1505:Westminster 1457:Glastonbury 1185:Old English 1178:cappa magna 1136:monasticism 888:Regionarius 878:Protodeacon 873:Protopriest 813:Minor canon 314:Consecrator 78:Saint Peter 5484:Categories 5182:Oratorians 5137:Dominicans 5107:Carmelites 5102:Camillians 5050:institutes 4863:Tridentine 4799:Antiochian 4719:Macedonian 4664:Belarusian 4554:Provincial 4469:Archbishop 4389:Roman Rota 4351:Properties 4276:By country 4272:Precedence 4237:Confessors 4217:Archangels 4207:Patriarchs 4107:Philosophy 4085:Veneration 4050:Assumption 4020:Last rites 3987:Sacraments 3931:Four marks 3742:Vatican II 3690:Modern era 3526:Succession 3340:Asceticism 3214:Provincial 3138:Meditation 3031:Solemn vow 3026:Profession 2946:Mendicants 2762:References 2463:pilgrimage 2392:Canterbury 2373:Henry VIII 2360:(canons). 2352:consistory 2348:ex officio 2344:Cistercian 2304:Archpriest 2213:; but the 2211:Revolution 2162:Pope Leo X 2144:The title 1987:reported ( 1939:monasticus 1907:Hugh Capet 1860:abbatiarii 1812:defensores 1806:Lay abbots 1749:Henry VIII 1658:commissary 1581:Sweetheart 1553:Kilwinning 1509:Winchcombe 1493:Shrewsbury 1473:Malmesbury 1461:Gloucester 1445:Colchester 1425:St Alban's 1322:ordination 1318:sacraments 1080:Septuagint 938:Inquisitor 838:Prebendary 833:Postulator 783:Chorbishop 768:Archdeacon 763:Archpriest 588:Seminarian 492:Officialis 482:Missionary 399:Archdeacon 352:Chancellor 226:Archbishop 214:Catholicos 5423:See also: 5375:Charities 5284:Discalced 5212:Trappists 5207:Theatines 5177:Olivetans 5122:Clarisses 5092:Blue nuns 5077:Basilians 5054:societies 4962:See also: 4848:Mozarabic 4838:Ambrosian 4824:Malankara 4809:Byzantine 4769:Ukrainian 4744:Ruthenian 4709:Hungarian 4694:Ethiopian 4669:Bulgarian 4636:sui iuris 4620:Postulant 4529:Religious 4484:Auxiliary 4479:Coadjutor 4449:Patriarch 4317:Cardinals 4264:Canon law 4260:Hierarchy 4242:Disciples 4165:Relations 4153:Evolution 4144:See also: 4089:See also: 4042:Mariology 4032:Matrimony 4005:Eucharist 3926:Ecumenism 3854:Salvation 3790:Catechism 3785:Tradition 3747:Communism 3595:Chalcedon 3312:Postulant 3290:Anchorite 3143:Mysticism 3100:Refectory 3090:Hermitage 3051:Monastery 3019:Obedience 2919:Cenobitic 2805:(1911). " 2729:pp. 67-97 2506:from the 2467:Holy Land 2292:monsignor 2182:sinecures 2166:Francis I 2158:concordat 2111:archabbot 1989:Itinerary 1947:regularis 1895:benefices 1808:(M. Lat. 1761:cardinals 1732:Leicester 1699:chaplains 1695:refectory 1627:monastery 1615:canon law 1517:Adrian IV 1497:Tavistock 1364:episcopal 1357:diaconate 1330:spiritual 1133:cenobitic 1084:canon law 1029:monastery 950:Preceptor 893:Sacristan 843:Precentor 823:Ostiarius 725:Religious 698:Postulant 648:Corrector 581:Venerable 551:Principal 534:Presbyter 514:Palatinus 497:Ostiarius 487:Monsignor 441:Lay abbot 411:Definitor 384:Consultor 379:Confessor 324:Subdeacon 209:Patriarch 132:Protector 5467:Category 5360:Opus Dei 5345:Scouting 5335:Focolare 5202:Servites 5187:Piarists 5132:Crosiers 4868:Anglican 4804:Armenian 4734:Romanian 4724:Maronite 4699:Georgian 4689:Eritrean 4674:Chaldean 4659:Armenian 4654:Albanian 4535:Superior 4494:Emeritus 4474:Diocesan 4327:Advisers 4286:Holy See 4212:Prophets 4170:Politics 3941:Catholic 3921:Councils 3776:Theology 3655:Crusades 3590:Nicaea I 3521:Apostles 3499:Ministry 3468:Timeline 3448:Glossary 3264:Basilian 3232:Prioress 3204:Superior 3186:Vestment 3181:Scapular 3176:Cornette 3075:Cloister 3014:Chastity 2929:Enclosed 2914:Monastic 2667:Archived 2514:See also 2249:Hēguménē 2206:celibacy 2160:between 2034:Trappist 1728:celibacy 1668:, and a 1561:Lindores 1541:Holyrood 1525:Arbroath 1523:were of 1449:Croyland 1421:Abingdon 1221:), from 1153:and his 1104:monastic 818:Notarius 798:Datarius 614:Sub-dean 561:Reverend 524:Preacher 465:Minister 431:Exorcist 357:Chaplain 112:Cardinal 55:a series 53:Part of 5432:Schools 5388:Caritas 5296:Secular 5262:Workers 5157:Jesuits 4943:Museums 4938:Library 4916:Writers 4911:Artists 4891:Culture 4858:Paul VI 4739:Russian 4729:Melkite 4571:Brother 4549:General 4489:Titular 4459:Primate 4437:Eparchy 4427:Diocese 4374:Outline 4313:College 4303:Francis 4247:Virgins 4222:Martyrs 4148:Science 4055:History 4010:Penance 3995:Baptism 3896:Worship 3869:Vulgate 3817:Kingdom 3812:Trinity 3800:General 3555:Primacy 3463:History 3443:Outline 3350:Tonsure 3249:Brother 3209:General 3196:Members 3080:Convent 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