321:, by one under thirty years of age, met with the approval of Ben Adret. Accordingly, Ben Adret addressed to the congregation of Montpellier a letter, signed by fifteen other rabbis, proposing to issue a decree pronouncing the anathema against all those who should pursue the study of philosophy and science before due maturity in age and in rabbinical knowledge. On a Sabbath in September, 1304, the letter was to be read before the congregation, when
379:-decree, to be made effective, was forwarded to other congregations for approval, the friends of liberal thought, under the leadership of the Tibbonites, issued a counter-ban, and the conflict threatened to assume a serious character, as blind party zeal (this time on the liberal side) did not shrink from asking the civil powers to intervene. But an unlooked-for calamity brought the warfare to an end. The expulsion of the Jews from France by
559:
474:. In the preface, Abba Mari explains his object in collecting the correspondence; and in the treatise which follows he shows that the study of philosophy, useful in itself as a help toward the acquisition of the knowledge of God, requires great caution, lest we be misled by the Aristotelian philosophy or its false interpretation, as regards the principles of
606:
304:
against both the study of philosophy and the allegorical interpretations of the Bible, which did away with all belief in miracles. Ben Adret, while reluctant to interfere in the affairs of other congregations, was in perfect accord with Abba Mari as to the danger of the new rationalistic systems, and
283:
Abba Mari possessed considerable
Talmudic knowledge and some poetical talent; but his zeal for the Law made him an agitator and a persecutor of all the advocates of liberal thought. Being himself without sufficient authority, he appealed in a number of letters, afterward published under the title of
193:
to come to the aid of orthodoxy. Ben Aderet, with the approval of other prominent
Spanish rabbis, sent a letter to the community at Montpellier proposing to forbid the study of philosophy to those who were less than twenty-five years of age, and, in spite of keen opposition from the liberal section,
266:
and threatened to undermine the Jewish faith and the observance of the Law and tradition. He was not without some philosophical training. He mentions even with reverence the name of
Maimonides, whose work he possessed and studied; but he was more inclined toward the mysticism of Nachmanides. Above
233:
of Lunel, one of whose five sons was Joseph, the grandfather of Abba Mari, who, like his son Moses, the father of Abba Mari, was highly respected for both his rabbinical learning and his general erudition. Abba Mari moved to
Montpellier, where, to his chagrin, he found the study of rabbinical lore
486:
The correspondence refers mainly to the proposed restriction of the study of the
Aristotelian philosophy. Casually, other theological questions are discussed. For example, letters 1, 5, and 8 contain a discussion on the question, whether the use of a piece of metal with the figure of a lion, as a
521:
is instructive reading for the historian because it throws much light upon the deeper problems which agitated
Judaism, the question of the relation of religion to the philosophy of the age, which neither the zeal of the fanatic nor the bold attitude of the liberal-minded could solve in any fixed
329:
ensued. Twenty-eight members signed Abba Mari's letter of approval; the others, under Tibbon's leadership, addressed another letter to Ben Adret, rebuking him and his colleagues for condemning a whole community without knowledge of the local conditions. Finally, the agitation for and against the
499:) and Rabbi Meshullam. Letter 33 contains the statement of Abba Mari that two letters which he desired to insert could not be discovered by him. MS. Ramsgate, No. 52, has the same statement, but also the two letters missing in the printed copies. In
459:
As the three cardinal doctrines of
Judaism, Abba Mari accentuates: (1) Recognition of God's existence and of His absolute sovereignty, eternity, unity, and incorporeality, as taught in revelation, especially in the
522:
dogmatic form or by any anathema, as the independent spirit of the congregations refused to accord to the rabbis the power possessed by the Church of dictating to the people what they should believe or respect.
217:, where he published the letters connected with the controversy. His subsequent history is unknown. Beside the letters, he was the author of liturgical poetry and works on civil law.
495:. In letter 131, Abba Mari mourns the death of Ben Adret, and in letter 132 he sends words of sympathy to the congregation of Perpignan, on the death of Don Vidal Shlomo (the
395:, and, within the same year, to Perpignan, where he finally settled and disappeared from public view. There he published his correspondence with Ben Adret and his colleagues.
305:
advised him to organize the conservative forces in defense of the Law. Abba Mari, through Ben Adret's aid, obtained allies eager to take up his cause, among whom were Don
436:). Some of these are mere fragments. The printed edition (Presburg, 1838), prepared by M. L. Bislichis, contains: (1) Preface; (2) a treatise of eighteen chapters on the
275:, and was a sincere, law-observing follower of rabbinical Judaism. He would not allow Aristotle, "the searcher after God among the heathen," to be ranked with Moses.
579:
503:, Abba Mari refers to the great caution shown by the rabbis of old regarding the teaching of the philosophical mysteries, and recommended by men like the
229:
of the
Maimonists in the Montpellier controversy of 1303–1306; born at Lunel—hence his name, Yarḥi (from Yeraḥ = Moon = Lune). He was a descendant of
363:, Ben Adret issued a decree, signed by thirty-three rabbis of Barcelona, excommunicating those who should, within the next fifty years, study
325:, the renowned astronomical and mathematical writer, entered his protest against such unlawful interference by the Barcelona rabbis, and a
574:
1849:
1233:
1068:
722:
1461:
1859:
1466:
322:
1604:
1450:
1288:
1283:
258:) especially provoked his indignation; for the sermons preached and the works published by them seemed to resolve the entire
525:
At the close of the work are added several eulogies written by Abba Mari on Ben Adret (who died in 1310), and on Don Vidal,
1323:
1218:
1074:
861:
480:
and divine individual providence. The manuscripts include twelve letters which are not included in the printed edition of
1854:
1839:
1834:
1808:
1721:
1420:
1213:
1179:
1684:
1328:
1130:
1080:
948:
867:
405:
Abba Mari collected the correspondence and added to each letter a few explanatory notes. Of this collection, called
1844:
1584:
1476:
1353:
1298:
1062:
300:, the most influential rabbi of the time, to use his powerful authority to check the source of evil by hurling his
243:
1716:
1706:
1700:
1643:
1594:
1333:
206:, and a new impulse was given to the study of philosophy by the unauthorized interference of the Spanish rabbis.
1864:
1793:
1783:
1303:
1201:
1125:
1120:
773:
247:
1711:
1649:
1541:
1486:
1432:
1376:
624:
1521:
1516:
1491:
1100:
971:
715:
526:
511:. A response of Abba Mari on a ritual question is contained in MS. Ramsgate, No. 136; and Zunz mentions a
375:
part one chapter 34), and had the order promulgated in the synagogue on
Sabbath, July 26, 1305. When this
1736:
1731:
850:
778:
753:
466:; (2) the world's creation by Him out of nothing, as evidenced particularly by the Sabbath; (3) special
169:, which (in his opinion) through the medium of the works of Maimonides, threatened the authority of the
360:
1798:
1690:
1408:
1348:
346:
76:
306:
1813:
1619:
1569:
1551:
1526:
1481:
1318:
1263:
1149:
1095:
1090:
1050:
1004:
530:
380:
351:
230:
210:
134:
609: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1803:
1773:
1767:
1471:
1426:
1414:
1358:
1278:
1189:
1184:
1056:
812:
429:
194:
a decree in this sense was issued by Ben Aderet in 1305. The result was a great schism among the
186:
1313:
619:
371:
before their thirtieth year of age (basing his action on the principle laid down by
Maimonides,
92:
1778:
1741:
1726:
1672:
1614:
1501:
1381:
1338:
1248:
1228:
1159:
1115:
1027:
965:
936:
877:
872:
818:
763:
758:
708:
476:
467:
453:
326:
293:
272:
162:
In Montpellier, where he lived from 1303 to 1306, he was much distressed by the prevalence of
96:
54:
1695:
1637:
1531:
1456:
1438:
1396:
1387:
1293:
1268:
1238:
1207:
1195:
1174:
1085:
1022:
989:
983:
930:
887:
856:
830:
807:
768:
564:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
462:
418:
1762:
1757:
1678:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1546:
1511:
1506:
1402:
1308:
1273:
1253:
1223:
1110:
999:
977:
897:
840:
835:
314:
108:
954:
925:
892:
615:
437:
255:
1828:
1574:
1258:
994:
959:
942:
882:
824:
610:
570:
565:
342:
310:
170:
1654:
1496:
1444:
1164:
1105:
902:
802:
747:
739:
17:
330:
liberal ideas brought about a schism in the entire Jewish population in southern
313:, then in Perpignan. The proposition of the latter to prohibit, under penalty of
1343:
1039:
920:
845:
508:
368:
226:
166:
150:
100:
1788:
1536:
1033:
797:
268:
242:. The rationalistic method pursued by the new school of Maimonists (including
239:
178:
146:
142:
181:. He therefore, in a series of letters (afterwards collected under the title
912:
297:
259:
251:
214:
190:
163:
383:("the Fair"), in, caused the Jews of Montpellier to take refuge, partly in
234:
greatly neglected by the young, who devoted all of their time and zeal to
1014:
731:
504:
492:
491:, is permitted by Jewish law for medicinal purposes, or is prohibited as
426:
384:
356:
318:
301:
263:
138:
1629:
1561:
1368:
1169:
471:
388:
364:
235:
174:
1140:
583:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
488:
410:
376:
331:
203:
155:
1664:
1391:
1243:
1154:
788:
496:
433:
422:
414:
392:
335:
199:
115:
704:
441:
195:
185:, i.e., "Offering of Zealotry") called upon the famous rabbi
700:
103:, towards the end of the 13th century. He is also known as
317:, the study of philosophy and any of the sciences except
341:
Encouraged, however, by letters signed by the rabbis of
620:"Abba Mari ben Moses ben Joseph Don Astruc of Lunel"
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
1750:
1663:
1628:
1560:
1367:
1139:
1013:
911:
787:
738:
145:, and made himself acquainted with the writings of
72:
61:
44:
32:
137:lore, Abba Mari devoted himself to the study of
345:and Lunel, and particularly by the support of
209:Upon the expulsion of the Jews from France by
716:
448:included also in letter 58; (5) a defense of
444:; (3) correspondence; (4) a treatise, called
8:
692:Literaturgeschichte der Synagogalen Poesie,
391:. Consequently, Abba Mari removed first to
723:
709:
701:
173:, obedience to the law, and the belief in
29:
552:
550:
548:
546:
409:, several manuscript copies survive (at
669:Oxford, No. 2221, and Paris, Bibl. Nat.
542:
130:from the word "astruc" meaning lucky.
118:, lune), and he further took the name
7:
387:, partly in Perpignan and partly in
267:all, he was a thorough believer in
37:אַבָּא מָרִי בַּר מֹשֶׁה הַיַּרְחִי
309:of Barcelona and his brother, Don
25:
618:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
133:The descendant of men learned in
1462:Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg
628:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
604:
557:
470:, as manifested in the Biblical
225:Leader of the opposition to the
1467:Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg
359:, and of the eminent Talmudist
323:Jacob Machir Don Profiat Tibbon
34:Abba Mari ben Moses ben Joseph
1605:Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah
1451:Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg
1289:Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre
1284:Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre
213:in 1306, Abba Mari settled at
89:Abba Mari ben Moses ben Joseph
1:
1324:Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise
1219:Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans
1075:Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne
862:Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon
221:Defender of Law and Tradition
65:
48:
1809:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi
1722:Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona
1421:Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin
1180:Samson ben Joseph of Falaise
660:formerly Halberstam, No. 192
244:Levi ben Abraham ben Chayyim
1685:Isaiah di Trani the Younger
1329:Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon
1081:Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim
949:Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona
868:Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula
1881:
1850:14th-century French rabbis
1585:Eliyahu Menachem of London
1477:Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol
1354:Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken
1299:Samson ben Abraham of Sens
1063:David ben Levi of Narbonne
1717:Moses ben Meir of Ferrara
1595:Jacob ben Judah of London
1334:Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils
36:
1794:Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan
1784:Isaac ben Samuel of Acre
1304:Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi
1234:Haim ben Hananel HaCohen
1202:Moses ben Jacob of Coucy
1126:Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen
774:Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam
1650:Avigdor Cohen of Vienna
1542:Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi
1487:Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir
1433:Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi
1377:Meshullam ben Kalonymus
625:The Jewish Encyclopedia
580:Encyclopædia Britannica
515:composed by Abba Mari.
373:Guide for the Perplexed
279:Opponent of Rationalism
1860:French Orthodox rabbis
1522:Jacob ben Judah Landau
1517:Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi
1492:Meir ben Baruch Halevi
1101:Abraham of Montpellier
972:Simeon ben Zemah Duran
640:Cat. Bodl. Hebr. MSS.,
1737:Isaac ben Melchizedek
1732:Joseph Colon Trabotto
1417:(Maharam MeRotenberg)
1077:(Raavad II, HaEshkol)
851:Isaac ben Moses Arama
779:Shemariah ben Elhanan
754:Chananel ben Chushiel
107:from his birthplace (
1814:Nethanel ben Isaiah
1799:Nathan ben Abraham I
1691:Obadiah of Bertinoro
1409:Mordechai ben Hillel
1349:Shemaiah of Soissons
527:Solomon of Perpignan
347:Kalonymus ben Todros
153:as well as with the
1840:14th-century deaths
1835:13th-century births
1703:(Shibbolei HaLeket)
1620:Berechiah de Nicole
1570:Aaron of Canterbury
1552:Isaac Asir HaTikvah
1527:Samuel ben Natronai
1482:Judah ben Kalonymus
1447:(Hagahot Maimuniot)
1150:Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol
1096:Asher ben Meshullam
1091:Meshullam ben Jacob
1051:Isaac ben Abba Mari
1005:Judah ben Barzillai
250:, near the town of
231:Meshullam ben Jacob
18:Abba Mari ben Moses
1804:Hillel ben Eliakim
1774:Zerahiah the Greek
1768:Tobiah ben Eliezer
1640:(Terumat HaDeshen)
1472:Samson ben Eliezer
1427:Eliezer ben Nathan
1415:Meir of Rothenburg
1384:(Rabbeinu Gershom)
1359:Ephraim ben Samson
1279:Eliezer of Touques
1190:Eliezer ben Samuel
1185:Yom Tov of Falaise
1057:Abraham ben Nathan
853:(Akeidat Yitzchak)
791:(except Catalonia)
651:Bibl. Nat. No. 976
642:Nos. 2182 and 2221
507:, Maimonides, and
452:and its author by
430:Montefiore College
417:; Günzburg Libr.,
187:Solomon ben Aderet
128:En Astruc of Lunel
1845:People from Lunel
1822:
1821:
1779:Isaac ben Dorbolo
1742:Judah Messer Leon
1727:Hillel ben Samuel
1673:Nathan ben Jehiel
1615:Yom Tov of Joigny
1502:Israel of Bamberg
1453:(Yehudah haHasid)
1382:Gershom ben Judah
1339:Menahem ben Helbo
1249:Peretz ben Elijah
1229:Judah ben Yom Tov
1160:List of Tosafists
1143:(except Provence)
1131:Jonathan of Lunel
1121:Isaac of Narbonne
1116:Samuel ibn Tibbon
1028:Abraham ben David
966:Isaac ben Sheshet
937:Shlomo ibn Aderet
878:Maimon ben Joseph
873:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat
819:Joseph ibn Migash
764:Zechariah Aghmati
759:Dunash ben Labrat
477:creatio ex nihilo
468:Divine providence
454:Shem-Tob Palquera
294:Solomon ben Adret
290:Jealousy Offering
273:divine providence
86:
85:
16:(Redirected from
1872:
1855:Provençal rabbis
1696:Menahem Recanati
1638:Israel Isserlein
1532:Alexander Suslin
1457:Yaakov ben Yakar
1439:Eleazar of Worms
1397:Asher ben Jehiel
1388:Simeon bar Isaac
1319:Samuel of Évreux
1294:Baruch ben Isaac
1269:Samson of Chinon
1264:Jacob of Orléans
1239:Yechiel of Paris
1208:Judah ben Nathan
1196:Isaac ben Samuel
1175:Solomon ben Meir
1086:Moshe ha-Darshan
1069:Moses ben Joseph
1023:Hachmei Provence
990:Azriel of Gerona
986:(Nimmukei Yosef)
984:Joseph ibn Habib
980:(Maggid Mishneh)
945:(Rabbeinu Yonah)
931:Nissim of Gerona
888:Abraham ibn Daud
857:Rabbenu Yerucham
831:Bahya ibn Paquda
813:Yom Tov Asevilli
808:Abraham ibn Ezra
769:Nissim ben Jacob
725:
718:
711:
702:
695:
689:
683:
680:Gesch. d. Juden,
676:
670:
667:
661:
658:
652:
649:
643:
636:
630:
629:
608:
607:
602:
585:
584:
563:
561:
560:
554:
463:Ten Commandments
419:Saint Petersburg
361:Asheri of Toledo
147:Moses Maimonides
67:
50:
38:
30:
21:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1865:Jewish refugees
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1763:Elijah Mizrachi
1758:Isaac Abarbanel
1746:
1679:Isaiah di Trani
1659:
1644:Isaac of Vienna
1624:
1610:Moses of London
1600:Josce of London
1590:Hagin Deulacres
1580:Elias of London
1556:
1547:Simha of Speyer
1512:Judah ben Asher
1507:Ephraim of Bonn
1403:Jacob ben Asher
1363:
1314:Moses of Évreux
1309:Meir ben Samuel
1274:Jacob of Chinon
1254:Eliezer of Toul
1224:Elijah of Paris
1135:
1111:Isaac the Blind
1009:
1000:Judah ben Yakar
978:Vidal of Tolosa
907:
898:Jonah ibn Janah
841:David Abudirham
836:Bahya ben Asher
783:
734:
729:
699:
698:
690:
686:
677:
673:
668:
664:
659:
655:
650:
646:
637:
633:
616:Singer, Isidore
614:
605:
603:
588:
573:, ed. (1911). "
569:
558:
556:
555:
544:
539:
446:Sefer ha-Yarḥi,
403:
315:excommunication
281:
223:
93:Provençal rabbi
77:Provençal Rabbi
57:
52:
40:
35:
28:
27:Provençal rabbi
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1405:(Baal HaTurim)
1400:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
955:Hasdai Crescas
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
926:Menachem Meiri
923:
917:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
900:
895:
893:Moses ibn Ezra
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
859:
854:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
822:
816:
810:
805:
800:
794:
792:
785:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
744:
742:
736:
735:
730:
728:
727:
720:
713:
705:
697:
696:
684:
671:
662:
653:
644:
631:
586:
571:Chisholm, Hugh
541:
540:
538:
535:
519:Minchat Kenaot
501:Sefer haYarchi
482:Minḥat Ḳenaot.
438:incorporeality
407:Minchat Kenaot
402:
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167:rationalism
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537:References
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450:The Guide
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682:vii. 173
505:Hai Gaon
489:talisman
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385:Provence
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319:medicine
302:anathema
264:allegory
175:miracles
139:theology
135:rabbinic
91:, was a
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1562:England
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334:and
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62:Died
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