Oldowan - Knowledge (XXG)

1438:. However, the disposition of the bones allows some question about hominin methods of obtaining meat. That they were omnivores is unquestioned, as the digging implement and the probable use of hammer stones to smash nuts indicate. Lewis Binford first noticed that the bones at Olduvai contained a disproportionately high incidence of extremities, which are low in food substance. He concluded other predators had taken the best meat, and the hominins had only scavenged. The counter view is that while hunting many large animals would be beyond the reach of an individual human, groups could bring down larger game, as pack hunting animals are capable of doing. Moreover, since many animals both hunt and scavenge, it is possible that hominins hunted smaller animals, but were not above driving carnivores from larger kills, as they probably were driven from kills themselves from time to time. 895:, and pounders. However, more recent classifications of Oldowan assemblages have been made that focus primarily on manufacture due to the problematic nature of assuming use from stone artefacts. An example is Isaac et al.'s tri-modal categories of "Flaked Pieces" (cores/choppers), "Detached Pieces" (flakes and fragments), "Pounded Pieces" (cobbles utilized as hammerstones, etc.) and "Unmodified Pieces" (manuports, stones transported to sites). Oldowan tools are sometimes called "pebble tools", so named because the blanks chosen for their production already resemble, in pebble form, the final product. 1821: 2061:. Mary Leakey organized a typology of Early Pleistocene stone tools, which developed Oldowan tools into three chronological variants, A, B and C. Developed Oldowan B is of particular interest due to changes in morphology that appear to have been driven mostly by the short term availability of a chert resource from 1.65 to 1.53 Ma. The flaking properties of this new resource resulted in considerably more core reduction and a higher prevalence of flake retouch. Similar tools had already been found in various locations in Europe and Asia for some time, where they were called Chellean and 1146:. Any rock that can hold an edge will do. The main source of these rocks is river cobbles, which provide both hammer stones and striking platforms. The earliest tools were simply split cobbles. It is not always clear which is the flake. Later tool-makers clearly identified and reworked flakes. Complaints that artifacts could not be distinguished from naturally fractured stone have helped spark careful studies of Oldowan techniques. These techniques have now been duplicated many times by archaeologists and other knappers, making misidentification of archaeological finds less likely. 1454: 179: 1419:

boundaries between groups, as individuals enter, become the focus of bands, and others leave, it is also probable that the tools we find are the result of many overlapping groups working the same territories, and perhaps competing over them. Because of the huge expanse of time and the multiplicity of species associated with possible Oldowan tools, it is difficult to be more precise than this, since it is almost certain that different social groupings were used at different times and in different places.

261: 1166: 2182: 2444:)), Syria revealed a plethora of Oldowan tools. In a 2m test pit excavated in 2008, 790 artifacts were found, with many pebble tools, cores, flakes, manuports, and flake debris. Although many of these tools show little sign of modification, several of the pebble tools are distinctly-shaped bifacial and trifacial choppers. Dated between 2.0-1.8 Ma, these stone tools are some of the earliest Near East finds. 2272: 2358: 1254: 1029: 77: 991:. Most early European sites yield "Mode 1" or Oldowan assemblages. The earliest Acheulean sites in Europe only appear around 0.5 Ma. In addition, the Acheulean tradition does not seem to spread to Eastern Asia. It is unclear from the archaeological record when the production of Oldowan technologies ended. Other tool-making traditions seem to have supplanted Oldowan technologies by 0.25 Ma. 2030: 36: 968:

periods. This realisation required a rethinking of old cultural sequences in which the more "advanced" Acheulean was supposed to have succeeded the Oldowan. The different traditions may have been used by different species of hominins living in the same area, or multiple techniques may have been used by an individual species in response to different circumstances.

1493: 1621: 1525: 1541: 1509: 1701: 1637: 1951:. Kanjera South is estimated to around 2 Ma. while Nyayanga is estimated to 2.9 Ma. One of the significant excavations, in the area, is Leakey's expedition in 1932-35. In 1995, Oldowan and Plio-Pleistocene faunal remains surfaced from the site. and in 2015 excavations led to the discovery of the earliest Oldowan stone tool technology in association with 1589: 1461: 1765: 1749: 1653: 1557: 1733: 1685: 1605: 1781: 1669: 1477: 1717: 1573: 2103:, and Breuil noted the distinct absence of a significant number of cores, suggesting a "portable culture". At the time, this was considered very significant, as portability supported the conclusion that the Oldowan tool-makers were capable of planning for future needs, by creating the tools in a location which was distant from their use. 1853:, excavated by Helene Roche, J. W. Harris and Sileshi Semaw, yielded some of the oldest known Oldowan assemblages, dating to about 2.6 million years ago. Raw material analysis done by Semaw showed that some assemblages in this region are biased towards a certain material (e.g.: 70% of the artifacts at sites EG10 and EG12 were composed of 2464:. Although many of the artifacts found here, dated at 1.8 Ma, were pre-Acheulean, some are of the Oldowan tradition, resembling East African Oldowan finds. Containing cores, choppers, flake, chunks, and hammer stones made predominately of quartz, this site displayed the ability of early toolmakers to work skillfully with fragile stones. 2447:

Because of their location in the Syrian desert, these tools have raised questions about the path of early hominin dispersal. The predominant theory that early hominins traveled along the Mediterranean, through what is now Israel, into Europe has been challenged, as the presence of these Oldowan tools

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in China, 32 stone tools were found, including choppers, scrapers, and 3-edged tools. These tools were dated back to 1.8 Ma. This site also included cultural artifacts, such as animal fossils, burnt bones, and cut antlers. The presence of numerous fish and beaver fossils near the stone tools indicate

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Harmand, Sonia; Lewis, Jason E.; Feibel, Craig S.; Lepre, Christopher J.; Prat, Sandrine; Lenoble, Arnaud; Boës, Xavier; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brenet, Michel; Arroyo, Adrian; Taylor, Nicholas; Clément, Sophie; Daver, Guillaume; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Leakey, Louise; Mortlock, Richard A.; Wright, James D.;

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The solution to the definition problem is to define the types in terms of complexity. Simply struck tools are Oldowan. Retouched, or reworked tools are Acheulean. Retouching is a second working of the artifact. The manufacturer first creates an Oldowan tool. Then he reworks or retouches the edges by

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Heavy-duty tools could be used as axes for woodworking. Both choppers and large flakes were probably used for this purpose. Once a branch was separated, it could be scraped clean with a scraper, or hollowed with pointed tools. Such uses are attested by characteristic microscopic alterations of edges

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In the Nachukui site in West Turkana, around 500 stone tools were found at a site named Naiyena Engol 2, or NY2. The assemblage at NY2 dates back to 1.8–1.7 Ma, around the peak of the Oldowan period. At the site, freehand flaking was observed to be the most common type of technique for making these

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and provides a record of the hominins that lived there. Lithic assemblages have been classified as Oldowan in members E and F in the lower Omo basin. Although there have been lithic assemblages found in multiple sites in these areas, only the Omo sites 57 and 123 in member F are accepted as hominin

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Hominins probably lived in social groups that had contact with others. This conclusion is supported by the large number of bones at many sites, too large to be the work of one individual, and all of the scatter patterns implying many different individuals. Since modern primates in Africa have fluid

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and to be processed. Over the course of the last 30 years, a variety of competing theories about how foraging occurred have been proposed, each one implying certain kinds of social strategy. The available evidence from the distribution of tools and remains is not enough to decide which theories are

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line or that the ability to produce them was a special characteristic of only our ancestors. Research on tool use by modern wild chimpanzees in West Africa shows there is an operational sequence when chimpanzees use lithic implements to crack nuts. In the course of nut cracking, sometimes they will

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can be used to argue in favour of tool-use as an ancestral feature of the hominin family. Tools made from bone, wood, or other organic materials were therefore in all probability used before the Oldowan. Oldowan stone tools are simply the oldest recognisable tools which have been preserved in the

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Utilized pieces are tools that began with one purpose in mind but were utilized opportunistically. Because of their use and variation, opportunities lead to the frequent modification of tools for either labor or forms of signaling has been proposed as a cause for the different shapes of similar

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In the late 20th century, discovery of the discrepancies in date caused a crisis of definition. Because Abbevillian did not necessarily precede Acheulean and both traditions had flakes and bifaces, it became difficult to differentiate the two. It was in this spirit that many artifacts formerly

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There is a flourishing of Oldowan tools in eastern Africa, spreading to southern Africa, between 2.4 and 1.7 Ma. At 1.7 Ma., the first Acheulean tools appear even as Oldowan assemblages continue to be produced. Both technologies are occasionally found in the same areas, dating to the same time

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in southern Georgia. The archaeological layer in which the human remains, hundreds of Oldowan stone tools, and numerous animal bones were unearthed is dated approximately 1.83-1.6 Ma. The site yields the earliest unequivocal evidence for presence of early humans outside the African continent.

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is a currently obsolescent name for a tool tradition that is increasingly coming to be called Oldowan. The label Abbevillian prevailed until the Leakey family discovered older (yet similar) artifacts at Olduvai Gorge and promoted the African origin of man. Oldowan soon replaced Abbevillian in

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had spread outside of Africa, reaching as far east as Java by 1.8 Ma and in Northern China by 1.66 Ma. In these newly colonised areas, no Acheulean assemblages have been found. In China, only "Mode 1" Oldowan assemblages were produced, while in Indonesia stone tools from this age are unknown.

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considered Abbevillian were labeled Acheulean. In consideration of the difficulty, some preferred to name both phases Acheulean. When the topic of Abbevillian came up, it was simply put down as a phase of Acheulean. Whatever was from Africa was Oldowan, and whatever from Europe, Acheulean.

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Herries, Andy I. R.; Martin, Jesse M.; Leece, A. B.; Adams, Justin W.; Boschian, Giovanni; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Edwards, Tara R.; Mallett, Tom; Massey, Jason; Murszewski, Ashleigh; Neubauer, Simon; Pickering, Robyn; Strait, David S.; Armstrong, Brian J.; Baker, Stephanie (2020-04-03).

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Isaac, G. Ll., Harris, J. W. K. & Marshall, F. 1981. "Small is informative: the application of the study of mini-sites and least effort criteria in the interpretation of the Early Pleistocene archaeological record at Koobi Fora, Kenya." in "Inter-nacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas Y

2432:, Oldowan tools have been found at Riwat during a 1980s excavation. Many of the stones found at this site were considered waste products of stone tool production, as they were small flakes chipped off of larger stones. In total, 1,479 tools and flakes were discovered at this site. 1204:

Oldowan tools were probably used for many purposes, which have been discovered from observation of modern apes and hunter-gatherers. Nuts and bones are cracked by hitting them with hammer stones on a stone used as an anvil. Battered and pitted stones testify to this possible use.

1119:. Some of these flakes can be used as tools, provided the aforementioned conditions for the initial stone are met before modification. Below the point of impact on the core is a characteristic bulb with fine fissures on the fracture surface. The flake evidences ripple marks. 1361:

create unintentional flakes. Although the morphology of the chimpanzees' hammer is different from the Oldowan hammer, chimpanzees' ability to use stone tools indicates that the earliest lithic industries were probably not produced by only one kind of hominin species.

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Semaw, Sileshi; Rogers, Michael J.; Simpson, Scott W.; Levin, Naomi E.; Quade, Jay; Dunbar, Nelia; McIntosh, William C.; Cáceres, Isabel; Stinchcomb, Gary E.; Holloway, Ralph L.; Brown, Francis H.; Butler, Robert F.; Stout, Dietrich; Everett, Melanie (4 March 2020).

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has an edge on one side. It is unifacial if the edge was created by flaking on one face of the core, or bifacial if on two. Discoid tools are roughly circular with a peripheral edge. Polyhedral tools are edged in the shape of a polyhedron. In addition there are

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for his PhD. More recently, Oldowan technology has also been discovered in Kilombe Caldera in an unusual high altitude setting. The stone tools are associated with fossils and have been dated to 1.8 Ma, with Acheulian stone tools occurring in overlying levels.

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Gowlett, John A. J.; Stanistreet, Ian G.; Albert, Rosa M.; Blackbird, Sabena J.; Herries, Andy I. R.; Hoare, Sally; Kogai, Philip; Komboh, Caroline K.; Mark, Darren F.; Muriuki, Rebecca M.; Murphy, Hayley; Rucina, Stephen M.; Stollhofen, Harald (2022-01-01).

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Clark, J.; de Heinzelin, J.; Schick, K.; Hart, W.; White, T.; WoldeGabriel, G.; Walter, R.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B.; Vrba, E.; et al. (1994). "African Homo erectus: Old radiometric ages and young Oldowan assemblages in the middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia".

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The tools are never found in direct association with the hominins, but archaeologists believe that they would be the strongest candidates for tool manufacture. There are no hominins in those layers, but the same layers elsewhere in the Omo valley contain

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and others. Currently the artifacts found are classified as Oldowan or KBS Oldowan dated from 1.9–1.7 Ma, Karari (or "advanced Oldowan") dated to 1.6–1.4 Ma, and some early Acheulean at the end of the Karari. Over 200 hominins have been found, including

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Findings from fossil evidence and experimental replication of stone-tool users and manufacturers suggest the presence of physical characteristics of hand morphology for precise stone tool making. The makers of Oldowan tools were mainly right-handed.

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and used for the originally speculative purposes described above. He found that the marks were characteristic of the use and matched marks on prehistoric tools. Studies of the cut marks on bones using an electron microscope produce a similar result.

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Semaw, S.; Rogers, M. J.; Quade, J.; Renne, P. R.; Butler, R. F.; Domínguez-Rodrigo, M.; Stout, D.; Hart, W. S.; Pickering, T.; et al. (2003). "2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia".

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Sahnouni, Mohamed; Parés, Josep M.; Duval, Mathieu; Cáceres, Isabel; Harichane, Zoheir; van der Made, Jan; Pérez-González, Alfredo; Abdessadok, Salah; Kandi, Nadia; Derradji, Abdelkader; Medig, Mohamed; Boulaghraif, Kamel; Semaw, Sileshi (2018).

2229:, in the ground layers, dated to 1.6-1.4 Ma, archaeologists have discovered a human molar tooth, lower palaeolithic assemblages that belong to a core-and-flake non-Acheulian industry and incised bones that may be the earliest example of human 2476:) has shown evidence that the complexity of the stone tool-making process was more complex than researchers previously thought, leading to a new perspective on the capabilities of invention and adaptability of Oldowan hominin populations. 1094:

There are articles that address how some Oldowan tools may have been found as stones with naturally occurring shapes that dictate their ideal use, or formed as such. To form the general shape of an Oldowan tool, a roughly spherical

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Bishop, L. C.; Plummer, T. W.; Ferraro, J. V.; Braun, D.; Ditchfield, P. W.; Hertel, F.; Kingston, J. D.; Hicks, J.; Potts, R. (Mar–Jun 2006). "Recent Research into Oldowan Hominin Activities at Kanjera South, Western Kenya".

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Zhu, R. X.; Potts, R. R.; Xie, F.; Hoffman, K. A.; Shi, C. D.; Pan, Y. X.; Wang, H. Q.; Shi, R. P.; Wang, Y. C.; et al. (2004). "New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia".

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dating from 300 ka. In the Czech Republic tools have been found in ancient lake deposits at Przeletice and a cave site at Stranska Skala, dated no later than 500 ka. In Hungary tools have been found at a spring site at

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Martin, Jesse M.; Leece, A. B.; Neubauer, Simon; Baker, Stephanie E.; Mongle, Carrie S.; Boschian, Giovanni; Schwartz, Gary T.; Smith, Amanda L.; Ledogar, Justin A.; Strait, David S.; Herries, Andy I. R. (January 2021).

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Shea, John J. (2010). "Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: A Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal". In Fleagle, John G.; Shea, John J.; Grine, Frederick E.; Baden, Andrea L. (eds.).

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Domínguez-Rodrigo, M.; Pickering, T. R.; Semaw, S.; Rogers, M. J. (2005). "Cutmarked bones from Pliocene archaeological sites at Gona, Afar, Ethiopia: Implications for the function of the world's oldest stone tools".

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tools. A common theme among sites in West Turkana is the high percentage of small flake tools gathered in the assemblages. However, NY2 seems to lack many of these tools, indicating a low productivity rate of flakes.

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Another key find at the Bizat Ruhama site was that of the secondary flakes. The discovery of these secondary flakes have led researchers to believe that this was an intentional response to a raw material constraint.

1857:) indicating a selectivity in the quality of stone used. Recent excavations have yielded tools in association with cut-marked bones, indicating that Oldowan were used in meat-processing or -acquiring activities. 4246:

De Lumley, Henry; Barsky, Deborah; Moncel, Marie Hélène; Carbonell, Eudald; Cauche, Dominique; Celiberti, Vincenzo; Notter, Olivier; Pleurdeau, David; Hong, Mi-Young; Rogers, Michael J.; Semaw, Sileshi (2018).

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line. However, fossil evidence showed evolutionary features for human precision grip capabilities in Australopithecines. This leads to current anthropological thinking in which Oldowan tools were made by late

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Semaw, Sileshi (2000). "The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2·6–1·5 Million Years Ago".

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used to scrape wood. Oldowan tools could also have been used for preparing hides. Hides must be cut by slicing, piercing and scraping them clean of residues. Flakes are most suitable for this purpose.

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de la Torre, Ignacio; deBeaune, S.; Davidson, I.; Gowlett, J.; Hovers, E.; Kimura, Y.; Mercader, J.; de la Torre, I. (2004). "Omo Revisited: Evaluating the Technological Skills of Pliocene Hominids".

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Schaik, CP; Ancrenaz, M.; Borgen, G.; Galdikas, B.; Knott, C. D.; Singleton, I.; Suzuki, A.; Utami, S. S.; Merril, M.; et al. (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture".

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There is also the question of what mix of hunting, gathering and scavenging the tool users employed. Early models focused on the tool users as hunters. The animals butchered by the tools include

4802:(2000). "The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2·6–1·5 Million Years Ago". 2483:

According to the micro-morphological studies at the Bizat Ruhama site, the archaeological assemblages represent one or several occupations of the site in a relatively short time frame.

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by at least ten years, his descriptions nonetheless represented the scholarly acceptance of this technology as legitimate. These findings were cited as being from the location of the

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describing African and Asian lithics. The term Abbevillian is still used but is now restricted to Europe. The label, however, continues to lose popularity as a scientific designation.

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was the predator responsible for these remains, using Oldowan tools. The higher percentage of primate bones was interpreted as a kind of cannibalism, feeding the imagination of

2259:) are the extraordinary sites in relation to date and the culture. Geological and geomorphological data, palynological studies and paleomagnetic testing unequivocally point to 1407:

Each group of models implies different grouping and social strategies, from the relative altruism of central base models to the relatively disjointed search models. (See also

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Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W. C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C. E. G.; Wrangham, R. W.; Boesch, C.; et al. (1999). "Cultures in Chimpanzees".

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touched off a debate by proposing that human ancestors of this period had a "place of origin" and that they foraged outward from this home base, returning with high-quality

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A third group of theories had relatively loose bands scouring the range, taking care to move carcasses from dangerous death sites and leaving tools more or less at random.

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De Heinzelin, J; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (1999). "Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids".

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lithic remains. The assemblages at Omo sites 71 and 84 in member E do not show evidence of hominin modification and are therefore classified as natural assemblages.

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open air site dated to approximately 850 ka, making them the oldest evidence of human habitation in Italy. In Germany tools have been found in river gravels at

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Taymazov A.I. (2011) Main characteristics of the industry at Ainikab I multilayer Early Paleolithic site (based on the data from the 2005–2009 investigations).

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Vekua, A.; Lordkipanidze, D.; Rightmire, G. P.; Agusti, J.; Ferring, R.; Maisuradze, G.; et al. (2002). "A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia".

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The oldest known Oldowan tools have been found at Nyayanga on the Homa Peninsula in Kenya and are dated to ~2.9 Ma. The Oldowan tools were associated with

1215:, following in the footsteps of Sergei Semenov, conducted microscopic studies (with a high-powered optical microscope) on the edges of tools manufactured 6815: 6266: 3411:

Lokorodi, Sammy; Kirwa, Christopher; Kent, Dennis V.; Roche, Hélène (May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".

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Dennell, Robin W.; Rendell, Helen M.; Halim, Mohammad; Moth, Eddie (1992). "A 45,000-Year-Old Open-Air Paleolithic Site at Riwat, Northern Pakistan".

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removing very small chips so as to straighten and sharpen the edge. Typically but not necessarily the reworking is accomplished by pressure flaking.

815:. These early tools were simple, usually made by chipping one, or a few, flakes off a stone using another stone. Oldowan tools were used during the 7136: 1389:

Glynn Isaac's model became the Central Forage Point, as he responded to critics that accused him of attributing too much "modern" behavior to early

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lived in the cave. C. K. Brain conducted a more detailed study and discovered the cave had been the abode of leopards, who preyed on the hominins.

7297: 7277: 4543:. International Conference GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND GEOARCHAEOLOGY: From Landscape Archaeology to Archaeotourism. Moscow-Smolensk. Archived from 3144:

Swisher, C. C.; Curtis, G. H.; Jacob, T.; Getty, A. G.; Suprijo, A.; Widiasmoro (1994). "Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia".

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Mary Leakey classified the Oldowan tools as Heavy Duty, Light Duty, Utilized Pieces and Debitage, or waste. Heavy-duty tools are mainly cores. A

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site is a cave filled with layered fossil-bearing limestone deposits. Oldowan is found in Member 1 Lower Bank at 2.2-1.8 Ma in association with

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The Oldowan is classically considered the oldest industry of the Lower Paleolithic. The postulate of an even earlier, possibly pre-human (

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Shea, John J. (2010). "Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: A Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal".

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Panger, M. A.; Brooks, A. S.; Richmond, B. G.; Wood, B. (2002). "Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use".

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was the first recognized archaeologist to go on record to assert the existence of Oldowan tools. While his description was for "Chello-

1381: 5091: 4353: 3657: 593: 2125:. The Member I assemblage also includes a shaft of pointed bone polished at the pointed end. Member I contained a high percentage of 7287: 6393: 5299: 4793: 2397: 1293: 1076: 240: 222: 160: 63: 1446:

A complete catalog of Oldowan sites would be too extensive for listing here. Some of the better-known sites include the following:

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Acheulian stone tools have been known about at Kilombe Main site in the central rift of Kenya since the 1970s with excavations by

1197:(with points for engraving). Some of these functions belong also to heavy-duty tools. For example, there are heavy-duty scrapers. 898:

It is not known for sure which hominin species created and used Oldowan tools. Its emergence is often associated with the species

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The cave site of Drimolen has yielded 6 stone tools attributed to the Oldowan as well as 65 bone tools, along with specimens of

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meaning "surprise", a tool-using Australopithecine discovered in 1996 and described as the "missing link" between the genera

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Le Tensorer, Jean-Marie; Tensorer, Hélène; Martini, Pietro; Falkenstein, Vera; Schmid, Peter; Villalaín, Juan (2015-11-01).

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Oldowan tools have been found at the following sites: Fuente Nueva 3, Barranco del Leon, Sima del Elefante, Atapuerca TD 6.

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Chepalyga, A.L.; Amirkhanov, Kh. A.; Trubikhin, V.M.; Sadchikova, T.A.; Pirogov, A.N.; Taimazov, A.I. (20–24 August 2012).

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Susman, Randall L. (1991). "Who Made the Oldowan Tools? Fossil Evidence for Tool Behavior in Plio-Pleistocene Hominids".

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Susman, R. L. (July 1991). "Who Made the Oldowan Tools? Fossil Evidence for Tool Behavior in Plio-Pleistocene Hominids".

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published a report of Oldowan artefacts in a secure dating context of 1.9 to 2.4 Ma from Ain Boucherit (Ain Hanech) in

5586: 5152: 4330:. Brain examined the bones and concluded that the marks resulting from stripping and chewing the bones were made by a 3594: 141: 1039: 193: 187: 5483: 987:, Georgia. Remains of their activities have also been excavated in Spain at sites in the Guadix-Baza basin and near 113: 7272: 6888: 6689: 1306:

While the exact hominid is up for debate, it is believed that some of the first Oldowan makers did fall within the

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appears to inherit Oldowan technology and refines it into the Acheulean industry beginning 1.7 million years ago.

87: 6600: 6509: 3247: 1739: 776: 506: 418: 204: 6883: 5975: 5520: 5176: 4538: 2375: 1271: 1050: 884: 120: 94: 49: 2559:"Co-occurrence of Acheulian and Oldowan artifacts with Homo erectus cranial fossils from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia" 2246: 1015:. It is not clear whether the tools of such a "Lomekwian industry" bear any relation to the Oldowan industry. 7122: 7000: 6910: 6082: 5849: 5668: 5601: 5333: 5137: 3940:"1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria" 3261:

Oms, O.; Pares, J. M.; Martinez-Navarro, B.; Agusti, J.; Toro, I.; Martinez-Fernandez, G.; Turq, A. (2000).

1408: 873: 808: 2878:"Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and Paranthropus" 1331:

was in origin intended to separate tool-using species from their tool-less predecessors, hence the name of

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Kimura, Y. (December 1999). "Tool-using strategies by early hominids at bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania".

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use relatively fixed routes of foraging, and leaving tools where it was best to do so on a constant track.

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Harmand, S.; et al. (2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".

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was named "skillful" because it was considered the earliest tool-using human ancestor. Indeed, the genus

823:(early humans) across much of Africa. This technological industry was followed by the more sophisticated 127: 6827: 6763: 6637: 6330: 6256: 6025: 5963: 5839: 5787: 5780: 5326: 4575: 4270: 4116: 2117: 1974: 1825: 1186: 1174: 892: 888: 733: 555: 537: 2341: 2336: 1643: 4145: 3491: 3320:

Pares, J. M.; Perez-Gonzalez, A.; Rosas, A.; Benito, A.; Carbonell, E.; Huguet, R.; Huguet, R (2006).

2685:

A Summary and Discussion of the Archaeological Evidence from Bed I and Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

2072:

system, on the sediments of ancient streams and lakes. This is consistent with what we surmise of the

260: 7044: 7039: 7022: 7017: 6995: 6785: 6499: 6352: 6244: 6148: 5941: 5626: 5596: 5425: 5368: 4922: 4858: 4811: 4683: 4492: 3951: 3825: 3420: 3368: 3274: 3197: 3153: 3027: 2976: 2889: 2780: 2737: 2641: 2572: 2514: 2149:, found in South Africa. This site contains a large number of not only Oldowan tools, but also early 1870: 1563: 1194: 1153:, where a bone shaft with a polished point was discovered in Member (layer) I, dated 1.8–1.5 Ma. The 769: 5177:

Geoarchaeology of the earliest paleolithic sites (Oldowan) in the north Caucasus and the East Europe

5162: 4839: 4540:

Geoarchaeology of the Earliest Paleolithic Sites (Oldowan) in the North Caucasus and the East Europe

109: 7083: 6694: 6553: 6386: 5919: 5792: 5673: 5648: 4799: 1356:

There is presently no evidence to show that Oldowan tools were the sole creation of members of the

1108: 653: 531: 3612:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 47–64. 3263:"Early human occupation of Western Europe: Paleomagnetic dates for two paleolithic sites in Spain" 7173: 7034: 6937: 6839: 6652: 6047: 5834: 5564: 5530: 4967: 4959: 4827: 4621: 4516: 4465: 4409: 4305: 4173: 4028: 4020: 3886: 3841: 3704: 3444: 3392: 3221: 3112: 3051: 3000: 2913: 2804: 2753: 2692: 2665: 2538: 2230: 1866: 1431: 1212: 857: 665: 574: 434: 5169:

293, 464–465 (8 October 1981). The summary and the references are displayed at no charge at the

2315:. These were discovered by Henry de Lumbley alongside human remains (cranium). The tools are of 587: 4346:

Early human behaviour in global context the rise and diversity of the Lower Palaeolithic record

2241: 1007:

by half a million years, and would fall into the pre-human period, associated with the direct

837:

of Ethiopia dating from 1.5 and 1.26 million years ago have both Oldowan and Acheulean tools).

7282: 7076: 7066: 7056: 7005: 6662: 5874: 5859: 5844: 5824: 5715: 5694: 5505: 5348: 5222: 5095: 5064: 5039: 4996: 4899: 4874: 4789: 4766: 4719: 4701: 4613: 4508: 4457: 4449: 4401: 4393: 4349: 4223: 4165: 4081: 4062: 3979: 3917: 3788: 3782: 3760: 3669: 3661: 3621: 3576: 3558: 3519: 3511: 3436: 3384: 3341: 3302: 3213: 3169: 3043: 2992: 2949: 2905: 2853: 2845: 2796: 2657: 2598: 2530: 2260: 2069: 1179: 1100: 1008: 956: 816: 697: 678: 671: 623: 486: 400: 356: 281: 5230: 4372:"Contemporaneity of Australopithecus , Paranthropus , and early Homo erectus in South Africa" 7071: 6978: 6721: 6563: 6504: 6224: 6180: 5980: 5802: 5653: 5613: 5309: 5214: 5087: 5056: 5029: 5021: 4988: 4951: 4930: 4891: 4866: 4819: 4758: 4709: 4691: 4652: 4605: 4500: 4441: 4383: 4297: 4260: 4215: 4157: 4054: 4012: 3969: 3959: 3913: 3906: 3876: 3868: 3833: 3778: 3750: 3742: 3696: 3653: 3613: 3566: 3550: 3503: 3428: 3376: 3333: 3292: 3282: 3205: 3161: 3104: 3035: 2984: 2941: 2897: 2835: 2788: 2745: 2649: 2588: 2580: 2563: 2522: 2500: 2263:(Eopleistocene), indicating the age of the sites as being within the range of 1.8 – 1.2 Ma. 1874: 1313: 1112: 720: 561: 512: 4672:"Adaptive Flexibility of Oldowan Hominins: Secondary Use of Flakes at Bizat Ruhama, Israel" 3130: 1165: 994:

The discovery of stone tools that predate the Oldowan, dated to as early as 3.3 Ma, at the

7093: 6952: 6922: 6684: 6612: 6590: 6548: 6443: 6413: 6278: 6273: 5924: 5807: 5378: 5200:"Flaked Stones and Old Bones: Biological and Cultural Evolution at the Dawn of Technology" 5187: 5146: 5132: 5120: 4129: 4094: 2824:"A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence" 2704: 2189: 2073: 1850: 1846: 647: 543: 1396:

A second group of models took modern chimpanzee behavior as a starting point, having the

4926: 4913:

Toth, Nicholas (1985). "The oldowan reassessed: A close look at early stone artifacts".

4862: 4815: 4687: 4641:"The Oldowan site Aïn al Fil (El Kowm, Syria) and the first humans of the Syrian Desert" 4496: 4249:"The first technical sequences in human evolution from East Gona, Afar region, Ethiopia" 3955: 3829: 3424: 3372: 3278: 3201: 3157: 3031: 2980: 2893: 2784: 2741: 2645: 2576: 2518: 983:

was present in Europe, as shown by the discovery of fossil remains and Oldowan tools in

7061: 6988: 6810: 6775: 6706: 6595: 6467: 6175: 5760: 5750: 5552: 5034: 5009: 4714: 4671: 3571: 3538: 3322:"Matuyama-age lithic tools from the Sima del Elefante site, Atapuerca (northern Spain)" 2593: 2558: 2332: 2304: 2300: 2252: 2208: 2058: 1948: 1842: 1627: 1531: 1370: 941: 819:

period, 2.9 million years ago up until at least 1.7 million years ago (Ma), by ancient

702: 691: 611: 343: 4870: 2945: 2877: 7266: 6947: 6932: 6878: 6753: 6741: 6657: 6580: 6408: 6369: 6357: 6345: 6057: 5968: 5897: 5638: 5581: 5559: 5468: 5400: 5395: 5373: 4971: 4934: 4640: 4469: 4429: 4413: 4177: 4055: 3890: 3708: 3297: 3262: 2917: 2092: 2042: 2034: 1829: 1547: 1515: 1412: 1190: 918: 845: 746: 708: 635: 299: 134: 4520: 4288:

Breuil, Abbé Henri (December 1945). "A Preliminary Survey of Work in South Africa".

4111:"Naiyena Engol 2 (West Turkana, Kenya): a case study on variability in the Oldowan". 4032: 3116: 3055: 2757: 2669: 2181: 7188: 6866: 6822: 6803: 6758: 6630: 6558: 6482: 6304: 6239: 6234: 6190: 5817: 5699: 5663: 5643: 5495: 5473: 5385: 4831: 4327: 4050: 3845: 3448: 3396: 3225: 3004: 2808: 2542: 2202: 2146: 2084: 2054: 2012: 1978: 1970: 1898: 1896:

occurs in the preceding layers. In the last layer at 1.4 million years ago is only

1884: 1801: 1707: 1323: 1116: 924: 912: 853: 829: 271: 55: 17: 6915: 2441: 2271: 4762: 4696: 4656: 4274: 4161: 3746: 3337: 2792: 1947:

Kanjera South, part of the Kanjera site complex, and Nyayanga are located on the

940:

teeth and two butchered hippo skeletons. Early Oldowan tools are also known from

7178: 6905: 6895: 6851: 6846: 6798: 6736: 6672: 6573: 6418: 6340: 6261: 6249: 6042: 6010: 5995: 5985: 5956: 5914: 5829: 5797: 5745: 5678: 5515: 5390: 5125: 5060: 4979:

Susman, Randall L. (1998). "Hand function and tool behavior in early hominids".

4895: 3617: 2357: 2276: 2129:

remains compared to other animal remains, which did not fit the hypothesis that

2100: 2088: 2062: 2050: 1982: 1915: 1377: 1253: 1228: 1157:, the "bone-tooth-horn" industry hypothesized by Raymond Dart, is less certain. 1104: 1096: 1028: 949: 880: 834: 641: 599: 331: 76: 5113: 4445: 4430:"Drimolen cranium DNH 155 documents microevolution in an early hominin species" 3644:

Marzke, Mary W. (January 1997). "Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools".

7214: 7049: 6942: 6900: 6716: 6679: 6642: 6125: 6037: 5902: 5864: 5765: 5738: 5658: 5571: 5488: 5456: 5410: 5321: 5289: 4016: 3593:

There is a good online summary of Mary's classification on Effland's site for

2112: 2096: 2029: 1964: 1595: 1467: 1427: 1366: 1150: 812: 805: 759: 617: 581: 454: 412: 7248: 7235: 4955: 4705: 4617: 4453: 4397: 4169: 3700: 3665: 3562: 3515: 3071:"Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool-making and brain evolution" 2849: 7198: 7193: 6957: 6856: 6748: 6726: 6711: 6526: 6309: 6294: 6219: 6202: 6120: 6005: 5936: 5931: 5854: 5733: 5621: 5547: 5314: 5304: 4504: 4388: 4371: 3964: 3939: 3380: 3165: 3039: 2901: 2840: 2823: 2653: 2461: 2316: 2296: 2279:(Valladolid, Spain) dated to Oldowan/Abbevillian period (Lower Paleolithic). 2256: 2226: 2193: 2150: 1771: 1755: 1659: 1423: 1127: 960: 824: 685: 629: 605: 466: 394: 319: 309: 5226: 5043: 5025: 4992: 4886:

Binford, Lewis R. (1987). "Searching for Camps and Missing the Evidence?".

4823: 4770: 4723: 4512: 4461: 4405: 4227: 4219: 3983: 3837: 3764: 3580: 3554: 3507: 3440: 3388: 3345: 3306: 3287: 3217: 3047: 2996: 2953: 2909: 2857: 2800: 2602: 2584: 2534: 2460:, 80 tools of different assemblages have been discovered at 7 sites in the 852:, where the first Oldowan stone tools were discovered by the archaeologist 5099: 5000: 4265: 4248: 3787:(Third ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 258–259. 3673: 3523: 3173: 2661: 1111:

with sharp edges useful for various purposes. The process is often called

7209: 7183: 7163: 6731: 6667: 6472: 6212: 6207: 6115: 5990: 5812: 5775: 5755: 5247: 5092:

10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199701)102:1<91::aid-ajpa8>3.0.co;2-g

4878: 4849:

Isaac, Glynn (1978). "The Food Sharing Behavior of Protohuman Hominids".

3724:"Chaînes opératoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee ( 3658:

10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199701)102:1<91::aid-ajpa8>3.0.co;2-g

2429: 2312: 2308: 2046: 1931: 1854: 1691: 1611: 1397: 1390: 1149:

Use of bone tools by hominins also producing Oldowan tools is known from

1135: 945: 849: 820: 726: 714: 567: 525: 339: 4024: 3974: 3881: 3432: 3209: 2526: 7158: 7145: 6793: 6699: 6585: 6543: 6519: 6299: 6105: 6015: 5869: 5770: 5591: 5510: 5463: 5451: 5218: 5078:

Marzke, Mary W. (1997). "Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools".

4963: 4331: 4309: 3108: 2416: 2382: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2213: 2186: 2126: 1787: 1675: 1483: 1385:

the most probable. However, three main groups of theories predominate.

1278: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 995: 984: 659: 549: 472: 460: 406: 382: 5014:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4625: 3755: 3543:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2192:

site (right, 1.8 mya, replica), to be compared with the more "modern"

6861: 6538: 6398: 6376: 6229: 6165: 6110: 5500: 5478: 5446: 5420: 3359:

Ambrose, S. H. (2001). "Paleolithic technology and human evolution".

2749: 2473: 2320: 1131: 1123: 519: 4544: 4301: 4195:. London, England: London: Book Club Associates. pp. 11–17, 40. 4146:"New Oldowan localities at high level within Kilombe Caldera, Kenya" 3597:

at Mesa Community College in Arizona, apparently written by Effland.

2728:

Napier, J. (November 1962). "Fossil Hand Bones from Olduvai Gorge".

887:, and built her system based on prescribed use. The system included 868:

designating bifacially worked tools (including Acheulean handaxes),

864:

tools to designate pebble tool industries (including Oldowan), with

4609: 3872: 6927: 6647: 6531: 6381: 6335: 6197: 6052: 6000: 5946: 5576: 5542: 4890:. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. pp. 17–31. 2988: 2275:

Extremely archaic handaxe from the Quaternary fluvial terraces of

2270: 2180: 2028: 1819: 1723: 1435: 1164: 1143: 1139: 1001:

This age pre-dates the current estimates for the age of the genus

7114: 5055:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. pp. 47–64. 6873: 6834: 6514: 6314: 6170: 6100: 6020: 5892: 5405: 2457: 1911: 1804:

showing important sites of the Oldowan industry (clickable map).

1579: 1003: 906: 497: 445: 373: 369: 7118: 6441: 6080: 5346: 5251: 3912:(5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 3722:

Carvalho, S.; Cunha, E.; Sousa, C.; Matsuzawa, T. (July 2008).

879:

Classification of Oldowan tools is still somewhat contentious.

6477: 6185: 5951: 5909: 5163:

Microwear polishes on early stone tools from Koobi Fora, Kenya

2351: 1247: 1022: 172: 70: 29: 2041:

The Oldowan industry is named after discoveries made in the

856:

in the 1930s. However, some contemporary archaeologists and

5010:"Insights into early lithic technologies from ethnography" 3539:"Insights into early lithic technologies from ethnography" 1865:

The second oldest known Oldowan tool site comes from the

4322:

Many scientists had drawn the erroneous conclusion that

5190: (archived May 21, 2008), T. Wynn and W.C. McGrew, 3784:

The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins

2448:

indicate that an alternate route may have been taken.

4344:

Petraglia, Michael D.; Korisettar, Ravi, eds. (1998).

1873:

basin. This formation documents the sediments of the

883:

was the first to create a system to classify Oldowan

3097:

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews

1977:. Sites were initially excavated by Richard Leakey, 6971: 6784: 6611: 6458: 6323: 6287: 6136: 6093: 5883: 5714: 5687: 5612: 5529: 5434: 5359: 3492:"Hand function and tool behavior in early hominids" 2718:

Protohistoricas", Mexico City. Mexico, pp. 101–119.

1955:fossils and butchered hippo remains from Nyayanga. 315: 305: 295: 287: 277: 267: 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3905: 1969:The numerous Koobi Fora sites on the east side of 1122:The materials of the tools were for the most part 4061:. Malden, MA: Blackwee Publishing Ltd. pp. 1914:River, within the 100-foot terrace, evidence of 3267:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2049:in east Africa by the Leakey family, primarily 3240:"Skull Fossil Challenges Out-of-Africa Theory" 2420:the existence of a body of water at the site. 2331:Oldowan tools have been found in Italy at the 1349:. There is also evidence that some species of 1185:Light-duty tools are mainly flakes. There are 7130: 5263: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3464:"New Discovery Of World's Oldest Stone Tools" 777: 8: 4532: 4530: 253: 2440:An excavated site at El Kowm (Aïn al Fil, ( 1393:with relatively free-form searches outward. 1057:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7154: 7137: 7123: 7115: 6455: 6438: 6090: 6077: 5535: 5356: 5343: 5270: 5256: 5248: 4106: 4104: 2091:" tools, and post-dated Leakey's finds at 904:and its flourishing with early species of 784: 770: 326: 259: 5080:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5033: 4713: 4695: 4387: 4290:The South African Archaeological Bulletin 4264: 3973: 3963: 3880: 3754: 3646:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3570: 3296: 3286: 2839: 2592: 2398:Learn how and when to remove this message 2307:. Oldowan tools have also been found at 1294:Learn how and when to remove this message 1077:Learn how and when to remove this message 241:Learn how and when to remove this message 223:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 2620:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1492: 291:2.9 million years BP – 1.7 million years 186:This article includes a list of general 2492: 2472:The site at Bizat Ruhama (near kibbutz 329: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4125: 4114: 4090: 4079: 3485: 3483: 3481: 2828:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2700: 2690: 1620: 1524: 1115:. The chip removed by the blow is the 998:site in Kenya, was announced in 2015. 252: 3639: 3637: 2871: 2869: 2867: 1828:dating to 1.7 million years BP, from 1540: 1508: 7: 4076:"Oldowan and Acheulean Stone Tools". 3462:Christopher Joyce (April 15, 2015). 2380:adding citations to reliable sources 1918:or Oldowan cultures has been found. 1700: 1636: 1276:adding citations to reliable sources 1055:adding citations to reliable sources 827:industry (two sites associated with 99:adding citations to reliable sources 4944:Journal of Anthropological Research 3689:Journal of Anthropological Research 2145:Another site of limestone caves is 955:The use of tools by apes including 4784:Schick, Kathy D.; Toth, Nicholas, 3131:"2.9 million-year-old tools found" 2291:Oldowan tools have been found at: 2121:and a single fossil attributed to 1588: 1460: 952:), and are dated to about 2.6 Ma. 594:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician 192:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 6394:Megalithic architectural elements 5207:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 4915:Journal of Archaeological Science 4871:10.1038/scientificamerican0478-90 4804:Journal of Archaeological Science 4005:The African Archaeological Review 3818:Journal of Archaeological Science 3490:Susman, Randall L. (1998-07-01). 2822:Richards, M. P. (December 2002). 2503:) "Lomekwian" industry is due to 2068:The oldest tool sites are in the 1764: 1748: 1652: 1556: 45:This article has multiple issues. 5149: (archived February 4, 2007) 3908:An Encyclopedia of World History 3904:Langer, William L., ed. (1972). 2356: 2185:Stone tool (Oldowan style) from 1779: 1763: 1747: 1732: 1731: 1715: 1699: 1684: 1683: 1667: 1651: 1635: 1619: 1604: 1603: 1587: 1571: 1555: 1539: 1523: 1507: 1491: 1475: 1459: 1452: 1252: 1169:Oldowan-tradition stone chopper. 1027: 177: 75: 34: 7013:Evolutionary origin of religion 4843:The Scatter between the Patches 2618:World prehistory: a new outline 2367:needs additional citations for 1780: 1668: 1476: 1263:needs additional citations for 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 7298:Archaeology of Southern Africa 7278:Paleolithic cultures of Africa 5158:Stone Age Reference Collection 5126:Oldowan Pebble Tools of Africa 5114:Oldowan Pebble Tools of Europe 4788:, Simon & Schuster, 1993, 4434:Nature Ecology & Evolution 1: 7293:Archaeology of Eastern Africa 6626:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 6156:British megalith architecture 4670:Zaidner, Yossi (2013-06-20). 2946:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9 2303:; Soleihac, open-air site in 1716: 1193:(with points for boring) and 493: 441: 363: 6621:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 6161:Nordic megalith architecture 5183:An Ape's View of the Oldowan 4935:10.1016/0305-4403(85)90056-1 4763:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.004 4697:10.1371/journal.pone.0066851 4657:10.1016/j.anthro.2015.10.009 4598:Journal of Field Archaeology 4574:. 2007-08-07. Archived from 4162:10.1016/j.anthro.2021.102976 3747:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.005 3537:Hayden, Brian (2015-11-19). 3338:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.08.011 2793:10.1126/science.284.5414.625 2299:, 1–0.5 Ma; Vallonnet cave, 2037:, some 1.8 million years old 1572: 5061:10.1007/978-90-481-9036-2_4 4896:10.1007/978-1-4613-1817-0_2 4786:Making Silent Stones Speak' 3618:10.1007/978-90-481-9036-2_4 3244:news.nationalgeographic.com 7314: 6769:British Isles and Brittany 6690:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 4981:Journal of Human Evolution 4751:Journal of Human Evolution 4446:10.1038/s41559-020-01319-6 4208:Journal of Human Evolution 3735:Journal of Human Evolution 3496:Journal of Human Evolution 3326:Journal of Human Evolution 2934:Journal of Human Evolution 1962: 1155:Osteodontokeratic industry 1099:is struck on the edge, or 844:is taken from the site of 7152: 6454: 6437: 6089: 6076: 5538: 5355: 5342: 5285: 4888:The Pleistocene Old World 4152:. Industries archaïques. 4017:10.1007/s10437-006-9006-1 3078:Anthropological Notebooks 507:Initial Upper Paleolithic 258: 7288:Industries (archaeology) 5198:Plummer, Thomas (2004). 4956:10.1086/jar.47.2.3630322 4781:, Time-Life Books, 1972. 3701:10.1086/jar.47.2.3630322 2876:Plummer, Thomas (2023). 2616:Clark, J. G. D. (1969). 2311:in the foothills of the 1442:Sites and archaeologists 7001:Evolutionary musicology 6404:Oldest extant buildings 6331:Archaeological features 5850:Prepared-core technique 4505:10.1126/science.1072953 4389:10.1126/science.aaw7293 3965:10.1126/science.aau0008 3381:10.1126/science.1059487 3166:10.1126/science.8108729 3040:10.1126/science.1078004 2902:10.1126/science.abo7452 2841:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601646 2654:10.1126/science.8009220 2053:, but also her husband 1409:central foraging theory 971:Sometime before 1.8 Ma 964:archaeological record. 860:prefer to use the term 809:archaeological industry 207:more precise citations. 6963:Unchambered long cairn 6811:Mound Builders culture 6144:Neolithic architecture 5279:Prehistoric technology 5026:10.1098/rstb.2014.0356 5008:Hayden, Brian (2015). 4993:10.1006/jhev.1998.0220 4824:10.1006/jasc.1999.0592 4740:Braidwood, Robert J., 4220:10.1006/jhev.1999.0316 4124:Cite journal requires 3838:10.1006/jasc.1999.0592 3555:10.1098/rstb.2014.0356 3508:10.1006/jhev.1998.0220 3288:10.1073/pnas.180319797 2585:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4694 2280: 2200:In 1999 and 2002, two 2197: 2038: 1833: 1353:utilized stone tools. 1334:Australopithecus garhi 1170: 901:Australopithecus garhi 27:Archaeological culture 6638:List of Stone Age art 5840:Microblade technology 5788:Langdale axe industry 5386:Ard / plough 4348:. London: Routledge. 4266:10.15184/aqy.2018.169 2683:Leakey, Mary (1971). 2274: 2212:) were discovered at 2184: 2163:Paranthropus robustus 2118:Paranthropus robustus 2032: 1975:Sibiloi National Park 1823: 1168: 876:tools, and so forth. 858:palaeoanthropologists 7045:Prehistoric medicine 7040:Prehistoric counting 7023:Prehistoric religion 7018:Paleolithic religion 6996:Behavioral modernity 6353:Causewayed enclosure 6245:Abri de la Madeleine 5369:Neolithic Revolution 4191:Leaky, Mary (1979). 3861:Current Anthropology 2376:improve this article 2344:dating from 500 ka. 1797:class=notpageimage| 1272:improve this article 1051:improve this section 95:improve this article 7245: / 7084:Prehistoric warfare 5830:Magdalenian culture 5793:Levallois technique 5724:Earliest toolmaking 5143:Stone Age Hand-axes 4927:1985JArSc..12..101T 4863:1978SciAm.238d..90I 4851:Scientific American 4816:2000JArSc..27.1197S 4777:Edey, Maitland A., 4688:2013PLoSO...866851Z 4559:Russian Archaeology 4497:2002Sci...297...85V 4057:African Archaeology 3956:2018Sci...362.1297S 3950:(6420): 1297–1301. 3830:2000JArSc..27.1197S 3433:10.1038/nature14464 3425:2015Natur.521..310H 3373:2001Sci...291.1748A 3367:(5509): 1748–1753. 3279:2000PNAS...9710666O 3273:(19): 10666–10670. 3210:10.1038/nature02829 3202:2004Natur.431..559Z 3158:1994Sci...263.1118S 3152:(5150): 1118–1121. 3133:. 10 February 2023. 3032:2003Sci...299..102V 2981:1999Natur.399..682W 2894:2023Sci...379..561P 2785:1999Sci...284..625D 2742:1962Natur.196..409N 2687:. pp. 431–460. 2646:1994Sci...264.1907C 2640:(5167): 1907–1909. 2577:2020SciA....6.4694S 2527:10.1038/nature14464 2519:2015Natur.521..310H 1109:conchoidal fracture 1011:ancestors of genus 804:) was a widespread 255: 18:Abbevillian culture 7249:36.2009°N 5.6544°E 7035:Origin of language 7028:Spiritual drug use 6938:Rectangular dolmen 6840:Dartmoor kistvaens 6653:Carved stone balls 6365:Circular enclosure 6324:Other architecture 6267:Alp pile dwellings 5855:Solutrean industry 5766:Gravettian culture 5416:Secondary products 5219:10.1002/ajpa.20157 5153:Early Palaeolithic 5138:Oldowan Flake Tool 5131:2015-06-24 at the 5119:2015-05-08 at the 4382:(6486): eaaw7293. 4259:(365): 1151–1164. 3595:Anthropology ASB22 3549:(1682): 20140356. 3109:10.1002/evan.10094 2281: 2231:symbolic behaviour 2198: 2039: 1867:Shungura formation 1834: 1376:In the mid-1970s, 1171: 1107:rock to produce a 435:Middle Paleolithic 268:Geographical range 7273:Lower Paleolithic 7228: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7057:Prehistoric music 7006:music archaeology 6663:Cup and ring mark 6488:Clothing/textiles 6433: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 5875:Yubetsu technique 5860:Striking platform 5825:Lithic technology 5710: 5709: 5695:Game drive system 5614:Projectile points 5506:Mortar and pestle 5194:24:383–398; 1989. 5070:978-90-481-9036-2 4905:978-1-4612-9016-2 4838:Isaac, Glynn and 4810:(12): 1197–1214. 4089:Missing or empty 4051:Stahl, Ann Brower 3923:978-0-395-13592-1 3824:(12): 1197–1214. 3794:978-0-226-02752-4 3781:(22 April 2009). 3779:Klein, Richard G. 3627:978-90-481-9036-2 3419:(7552): 310–315. 3196:(7008): 559–562. 3026:(5603): 102–105. 2975:(6737): 682–685. 2888:(6632): 561–566. 2834:(12): 1270–1278. 2736:(4853): 409–411. 2513:(7552): 310–315. 2501:australopithecine 2408: 2407: 2400: 2261:Early Pleistocene 2070:East African Rift 1926:In November 2018 1843:Gona river system 1304: 1303: 1296: 1101:striking platform 1087: 1086: 1079: 1009:australopithecine 817:Lower Paleolithic 794: 793: 487:Upper Paleolithic 357:Lower Paleolithic 325: 324: 282:Lower Paleolithic 251: 250: 243: 233: 232: 225: 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 7305: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7155: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7116: 7072:Divje Babe flute 6979:Archaeoastronomy 6722:Petrosomatoglyph 6456: 6439: 6288:Water management 6091: 6078: 5981:Denticulate tool 5803:Lithic reduction 5536: 5357: 5344: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5235: 5229:. Archived from 5204: 5103: 5074: 5047: 5037: 5004: 4975: 4938: 4909: 4882: 4835: 4779:The Missing Link 4774: 4744:, many editions. 4728: 4727: 4717: 4699: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4568: 4562: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4534: 4525: 4524: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4391: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4341: 4335: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4243: 4232: 4231: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4043: 4037: 4036: 3999: 3988: 3987: 3977: 3967: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3911: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3758: 3732: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3604: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3487: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3300: 3290: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3250:on July 6, 2002. 3246:. Archived from 3236: 3230: 3229: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3075: 3069:Ko, Kwang Hyun. 3066: 3060: 3059: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2873: 2862: 2861: 2843: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2750:10.1038/196409a0 2725: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2688: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2596: 2571:(10): eaaw4694. 2564:Science Advances 2553: 2547: 2546: 2497: 2403: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2360: 2352: 2293:Lézignan-la-Cèbe 2250: 2074:evolution of man 1988:Australopithecus 1973:are now part of 1875:Plio-Pleistocene 1783: 1782: 1767: 1766: 1751: 1750: 1735: 1734: 1719: 1718: 1703: 1702: 1687: 1686: 1671: 1670: 1655: 1654: 1639: 1638: 1623: 1622: 1607: 1606: 1591: 1590: 1575: 1574: 1559: 1558: 1543: 1542: 1527: 1526: 1511: 1510: 1500:Lézignan-la-Cèbe 1495: 1494: 1479: 1478: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1343:Australopithecus 1314:Australopithecus 1299: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1256: 1248: 1113:lithic reduction 1103:, of a suitable 1082: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1031: 1023: 979:By 1.8 Ma early 932:Dates and ranges 786: 779: 772: 513:Fertile Crescent 501: 495: 449: 443: 377: 368: 365: 327: 263: 256: 246: 239: 228: 221: 217: 214: 208: 203:this article by 194:inline citations 181: 180: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7263: 7262: 7254:36.2009; 5.6544 7253: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7203: 7148: 7143: 7113: 7100: 6967: 6953:Stone box grave 6923:Megalithic tomb 6828:Cotswold-Severn 6780: 6685:Guardian stones 6613:Prehistoric art 6607: 6450: 6425: 6414:Timber trackway 6319: 6283: 6279:Wattle and daub 6132: 6111:Standing stones 6085: 6064: 5879: 5706: 5683: 5608: 5525: 5435:Food processing 5430: 5379:New World crops 5351: 5338: 5281: 5276: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5202: 5197: 5188:Wayback Machine 5147:Wayback Machine 5133:Wayback Machine 5121:Wayback Machine 5110: 5077: 5071: 5053:Out of Africa I 5050: 5007: 4978: 4941: 4912: 4906: 4885: 4848: 4798: 4747: 4742:Prehistoric Men 4737: 4732: 4731: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4645:L'Anthropologie 4638: 4637: 4633: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4581: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4556: 4552: 4547:on 20 May 2013. 4536: 4535: 4528: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4321: 4317: 4302:10.2307/3886662 4287: 4286: 4282: 4245: 4244: 4235: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4150:L'Anthropologie 4142: 4141: 4137: 4123: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4088: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4001: 4000: 3991: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3730: 3728:) nut cracking" 3726:Pan troglodytes 3721: 3720: 3716: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3643: 3642: 3635: 3628: 3610:Out of Africa I 3606: 3605: 3601: 3592: 3588: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3489: 3488: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3017: 3016: 3012: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2875: 2874: 2865: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2779:(5414): 625–9. 2770: 2769: 2765: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2699: 2689: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2470: 2462:Kashafrud Basin 2454: 2438: 2426: 2413: 2404: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2373: 2361: 2350: 2329: 2289: 2269: 2244: 2239: 2223: 2190:paleontological 2179: 2174: 2143: 2109: 2082: 2057:and their son, 2027: 2022: 2009: 2000: 1981:, Jack Harris, 1967: 1961: 1945: 1940: 1924: 1908: 1863: 1861:Omo River basin 1839: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1608: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1464: 1444: 1300: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1269: 1257: 1246: 1226: 1213:Lawrence Keeley 1182:hammer stones. 1163: 1161:Shapes and uses 1092: 1083: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1048: 1032: 1021: 934: 833:at Gona in the 790: 753: 752: 608:(41,000-37,000) 588:Châtelperronian 502: 491: 489: 479: 478: 450: 439: 437: 427: 426: 397:(1.76–0.13 Ma) 378: 366: 361: 359: 247: 236: 235: 234: 229: 218: 212: 209: 199:Please help to 198: 182: 178: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7311: 7309: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7265: 7264: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164:Pliocene Epoch 7161: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7146:Neogene Period 7144: 7142: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7062:Alligator drum 7054: 7053: 7052: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7010: 7009: 7008: 6998: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6989:lunar calendar 6986: 6975: 6973: 6972:Other cultural 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6876: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6776:Venus figurine 6773: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6707:Megalithic art 6704: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6665: 6660: 6658:Cave paintings 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6623: 6617: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6460:Material goods 6452: 6451: 6442: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6183: 6178: 6176:Cliff dwelling 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5761:Fire hardening 5758: 5753: 5751:Clovis culture 5748: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5720: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5674:Manis Mastodon 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5553:throwing stick 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5365: 5363: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5195: 5179: 5174: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5140: 5135: 5123: 5109: 5108:External links 5106: 5105: 5104: 5075: 5069: 5048: 5005: 4976: 4950:(2): 129–151. 4939: 4921:(2): 101–120. 4910: 4904: 4883: 4846: 4836: 4800:Semaw, Sileshi 4796: 4782: 4775: 4757:(2): 109–121. 4745: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4662: 4651:(5): 581–594. 4631: 4610:10.2307/530366 4588: 4572:"Xihoudu Site" 4563: 4550: 4526: 4491:(5578): 85–9. 4475: 4419: 4361: 4355:978-0203203279 4354: 4336: 4315: 4280: 4233: 4198: 4183: 4135: 4126:|journal= 4100: 4068: 4047:Thomas Plummer 4038: 4011:(1/2): 31–40. 3989: 3929: 3922: 3896: 3873:10.1086/422079 3867:(4): 439–465. 3851: 3807: 3793: 3770: 3741:(1): 148–163. 3714: 3695:(2): 129–151. 3679: 3633: 3626: 3599: 3586: 3529: 3477: 3454: 3402: 3351: 3332:(2): 163–169. 3312: 3253: 3231: 3179: 3136: 3122: 3103:(6): 235–245. 3087: 3061: 3010: 2959: 2940:(2): 169–177. 2923: 2863: 2814: 2763: 2720: 2710: 2675: 2623: 2608: 2548: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2469: 2466: 2453: 2450: 2437: 2434: 2425: 2422: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2364: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2333:Monte Poggiolo 2328: 2325: 2305:Massif Central 2301:French Riviera 2288: 2285: 2268: 2265: 2253:North Caucasus 2251:and Muhkay-2 ( 2238: 2235: 2222: 2219: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2142: 2139: 2108: 2105: 2081: 2078: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1963:Main article: 1960: 1957: 1949:Homa Peninsula 1944: 1943:Homa Peninsula 1941: 1939: 1936: 1923: 1920: 1907: 1904: 1862: 1859: 1838: 1835: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1777: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1729: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1697: 1690: 1689: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1633: 1628:Monte Poggiolo 1626: 1625: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1601: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1537: 1532:Xiaochangliang 1530: 1529: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1489: 1482: 1481: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1394: 1371:lateralization 1302: 1301: 1260: 1258: 1251: 1245: 1242: 1225: 1222: 1162: 1159: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1035: 1033: 1026: 1020: 1017: 933: 930: 792: 791: 789: 788: 781: 774: 766: 763: 762: 755: 754: 751: 750: 744: 731: 730: 724: 718: 712: 706: 700: 695: 692:Iberomaurusian 689: 676: 675: 669: 663: 657: 651: 650:(15.5–13.1 ka) 645: 639: 633: 627: 621: 615: 609: 603: 597: 591: 585: 572: 571: 570:(12.2–10.8 ka) 565: 564:(14.5–11.5 ka) 559: 553: 547: 541: 535: 529: 523: 510: 509: 503: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 470: 464: 458: 451: 433: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 423: 422: 416: 410: 404: 392: 386: 379: 355: 354: 351: 350: 335: 334: 323: 322: 317: 313: 312: 307: 303: 302: 297: 293: 292: 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 249: 248: 231: 230: 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7310: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7261: 7258: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7159:Miocene Epoch 7157: 7156: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7135: 7133: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948:Simple dolmen 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6933:Passage grave 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6879:Gallery grave 6877: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6794:Burial mounds 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6754:Statue menhir 6752: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6742:Stone carving 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6581:Sewing needle 6579: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6409:Timber circle 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6358:Tor enclosure 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6346:fulacht fiadh 6344: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5582:spear-thrower 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5560:Bow and arrow 5558: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469:Grinding slab 5467: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5401:Domestication 5399: 5397: 5396:Digging stick 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5374:Founder crops 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5315:New Stone Age 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5236:on 2007-06-29 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165:, article in 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5086:(1): 91–110. 5085: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4857:(4): 90–108. 4856: 4852: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4794:0-671-69371-9 4791: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4682:(6): e66851. 4681: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4589: 4578:on 2007-08-07 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4214:(6): 807–31. 4213: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4194: 4193:Olduvai Gorge 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4156:(1): 102976. 4155: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4136: 4131: 4118: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4083: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3808: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3652:(1): 91–110. 3651: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3465: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989:10.1038/21415 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2721: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2694: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2442:de:Aïn al Fil 2435: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2410: 2402: 2399: 2391: 2388:December 2011 2381: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2365:This section 2363: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2284: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093:Olduvai Gorge 2090: 2086: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043:Olduvai Gorge 2036: 2035:Olduvai Gorge 2033:Chopper from 2031: 2025:Olduvai Gorge 2024: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2006: 2004: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1851:Afar triangle 1848: 1844: 1841:Sites in the 1837:Afar Triangle 1836: 1831: 1830:Melka Kunture 1827: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1789: 1773: 1757: 1741: 1725: 1709: 1693: 1677: 1661: 1645: 1629: 1613: 1597: 1581: 1565: 1549: 1548:Afar Triangle 1533: 1517: 1516:Olduvai Gorge 1501: 1485: 1469: 1455: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1413:Lewis Binford 1410: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382:food to share 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1298: 1295: 1287: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1261:This section 1259: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1167: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1081: 1078: 1070: 1067:December 2019 1060: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1036:This section 1034: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 999: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 977: 974: 969: 965: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 931: 929: 927: 926: 921: 920: 915: 914: 909: 908: 903: 902: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 874:prepared-core 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 846:Olduvai Gorge 843: 838: 836: 832: 831: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 807: 803: 799: 787: 782: 780: 775: 773: 768: 767: 765: 764: 761: 757: 756: 748: 747:Afontova Gora 745: 742: 741:Mal'ta–Buret' 739: 738: 737: 735: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 683: 682: 680: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 636:Epigravettian 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 579: 578: 576: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 517: 516: 514: 508: 505: 504: 499: 488: 483: 482: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 452: 447: 436: 431: 430: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 398: 396: 393: 390: 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