766:
234:, an appellation that according to tradition was derived from a dream of King Desiderius. Legend has it that the then Lombard duke, tired after a strenuous hunt in a marshy area near Leno, fell asleep. A snake, coming out of nowhere, crawled up beside him and went to coil around his head. The valet escorting the duke did not wake him up, fearing that if he did, the duke would become agitated and the beast might bite him; shortly afterward the snake departed. When Desiderius awoke, he told the servant that he had dreamed of a situation similar to what had actually happened to him. In the dream, however, the snake had shown him a particular place; the servant then pointed to the spot where the reptile had taken refuge. The two began digging at that spot and found three golden, or marble lions according to other sources.
433:
1232:
1294:
3822:
604:
865:
41:
952:
908:
852:. Meanwhile, in 1759 a collection of bulls and diplomas addressed to the Leno monastery by Giovanni Ludovico Luchi had been published. Lombardi was to be the last abbot in the abbey's history: upon his death (1782), the remaining assets of the monastic institute were forfeited by the Republic of Venice, which, finding itself in a period of difficulty, tried to finance itself by abolishing the commendations, and in the following year, 1783, by senatorial decree the abbey was officially declared abolished.
365:
1013:
1168:
890:
abbey church, on the other hand, the presence of early medieval structures that can be dated to between the late 4th and 6th centuries was detected by georadar; the new area probably extends outside the area of Villa Badia, below the present parish church, in the area of the ancient castle, and was possibly separated from the monastery by an artificial moat, set up by the abbots to defend themselves from the
Hungarians in the 10th century.
960:
674:
1073:
3721:
916:
archaeological excavations, which, in addition to uncovering its foundations later incorporated in
Gonterio's 12th-century reconstruction, led to the discovery of a burial ground with painted crosses dated to the 8thβ9th centuries. The measurements, estimated during the excavations, are 16 to 24 meters long and 12 meters wide. The building also had the traditional orientation on the east-west axis.
4051:
4063:
400:. Over the years the real estate of the monastery grew more and more not only through donations made by people close to the imperial court, but also and especially through bequests from private individuals. Already at the beginning of the ninth century, the Abbey of Leno appeared to be linked by economic and spiritual relations to the far more famous transalpine one of
166:
1331:, but of uncertain provenance. Most of the fragments are dated to the earliest phases of the monastic complex (8thβ10th centuries), while the others, the most substantial, can be ascribed to the 12thβ13th centuries, to the renovations carried out by Gonterio. Other, later pieces are distributed from the 15th to 17th centuries.
1020:
The last architectural phase of the abbey church, the one that later survived until the eighteenth century, can be dated to the twelfth century, operated at the behest of Abbot
Gonterio. The construction of the building, although respecting the orientation of the previous building and tracing some of
893:
A second archaeological excavation campaign was undertaken in 2010, uncovering the foundations of a small church and multiple burials in its surroundings. The data that emerged are still being studied, but they seem to support the thesis of a settlement that pre-dated the founding of the monastery of
325:
The Abbey of Leno would have sprung up on the site of the town of the same name, which had begun to be established thanks mainly to the building of a parish church, dedicated to the
Baptist; the construction work ended shortly after the accession to the throne of Desiderius (758), who, in addition to
1227:
by their infant. The existence in the monastery of St. Benedict of Leno of a school for the education of these children seems to be confirmed, but from the beginning of the 12th century the oblation of children was moderated and regulated, which resulted in a drastic decrease in the number of Lenese
1193:
a focal point for the timber trade throughout the district; the land obtained by logging became either new arable fields or pastures for sheep and cattle, but substantial areas of woodland were maintained since these were of enormous economic importance for activities such as hunting or pig farming,
1175:
The
Benedictine monks, who had always been considered great reclaimers of marshy areas, did not need to undertake major drainage works when they arrived in Leno. Much of the Lower Brescian area had already been reclaimed by the Romans, so they limited themselves to draining only meager swampy areas.
1139:
The papal privileges, besides reconfirming some imperial concessions, guaranteed others of a very important spiritual nature. First of all, the abbot of Leno could be consecrated only by the pope; the rector of the monastery also had the right to call on any bishop for the consecration of canons and
1091:
A small apsidal building can be seen to the northeast, which can be identified with one of the two oratories, St. Mary's and St. James's, present in the abbey in addition to the church. Toward the west is a large vineyard planted in the 16th century, which probably replaced other earlier structures.
915:
The first church of the Abbey of St. Benedict was founded a few years before the establishment of the monastery itself at the initiative of
Desiderius, around 756, perhaps in anticipation of the erection of the monastery two years later. The existence of this primitive building has been confirmed by
855:
The now former monastery was purchased, along with the land on which it stood, by the Dossi family, who asked and obtained permission from the
Venetian government to proceed with the demolition of the abbey buildings: the site became a strip quarry for work on the construction of the new St. Peter's
669:
It can be deduced from the testimony how, for the community of Leno, it was considered an affront to call the abbey a "parish church", on the strength of its independence from the diocese constantly confirmed by popes and emperors. The 12th century ended with the rectorate of
Gonterio, a man trusted
1248:
and perhaps also in the abbey church. The monastic community of Leno and its dependencies offered shelter to the poor and pilgrims, a fact that is reflected in the existence of a large, two-story guesthouse that hosted, moreover, a judicial assembly presided over by
Frederick Barbarossa in 1185. In
1131:
not only because of the eminence of the founder, but especially because of the role played by the monks within imperial politics. The emperors, beyond broad land concessions, gave the monastery's abbots such rights as tax exemption, free election of abbots, the power to appoint a lawyer who in turn
1083:
The rest of the abbey complex can be reconstructed on the basis of a map in the State
Archives of Venice dating from the late eighteenth century, perhaps from shortly before the demolition, which illustrates in plan form the various rooms. The church to the south aligned on the east-west axis, with
987:
for the friars. Whether this extension of the first church to the west ended up resulting in two different sacred rooms, communicating through the ancient entrance to the church, or rather with the creation of a large sacred building from the unified environment through the demolition of the facade
796:
Case in point was the Abbey of Girolamo Martinengo (1529β1567), who had new rooms built for the monks and tenements for work use and planted, presumably, a vineyard. Meanwhile, quarrels continued between the Benedictine community and the local townships, particularly Ghedi, over the jurisdiction of
651:
I never heard that the church of Leno was subject to the bishop of Brescia or that it had been baptized under his authority. Once, however, I went to the synod of the Church of Brescia with my master Martino , and on that occasion I heard that it was called "parish of Leno" when the priest Martino
584:
in the late 15th century. After a period of relative quiet, around 1135 the monastery was destroyed by a fire, presumably caused by arson. In 1144 there is a record of interference by the Brescian diocese in the affairs of the abbey, when the cathedra installed one of its provosts in the parish of
533:
The 11th century was the abbey's heyday. In 1014, Henry II's diploma represented for the monastery of St. Benedetto the largest list of possessions ever recorded, with estates scattered over as many as ninety-five localities throughout the northern region. Five years later Abbot Odone incorporated
423:
The same ruler, by the explicit intervention of his official abbot, reconfirmed to the Benedictine community the property bestowed by its ancestors, exempted it from paying taxes, and decreed that the brethren could directly elect the rector of the abbey, collect and withhold tax levies from their
889:
The work of the archaeologists circumscribed to an area of 680 mΒ² and unearthed part of the perimeter wall of the abbey church, distinguished in three phases, the foundations of the crypt, a painted tomb, the base of the ancient bell tower, and a few remains of abbey buildings. To the west of the
1301:
In addition to the structures that emerged during the archaeological excavations carried out on the abbey site, a group consisting of about a hundred fragments of various kinds, mostly stone and from the original plastic and architectural decoration of the monastic buildings, has survived. These
868:
The remains found in the 2003β2004 excavation campaign. The three building phases of the abbey church can be clearly distinguished: A) Foundation of the Desiderian church (8th century); B) Grafting of the Wenzeslao second church (11th century);C) Thickening of the pre-existing foundation made by
1047:
There is no knowledge of the pictorial and stone decorations that once must have adorned the building: the only major fragments that have survived come from the church's main portal or "royal door," carved as part of Gonterio's building site and still intact at the end of the 18th century. The
748:
became abbot. He first (1471) intertwined contacts with the reformed Congregation of Santa Giustina of Padua, in an attempt to counter the fall of the Monastery of San Benedetto di Leno and aggregate it with the Congregation, as the Brescian Abbey of Sant'Eufemia had already done; then, more
1194:
which required large quantities of acorns. Manual and agricultural work were considered activities for servants, while monks were mostly dedicated to managerial, cultural, welfare, religious, and at most handicraft tasks. There were in fact monks who devoted themselves to transcribing
681:
The thirteenth century opened dramatically with an uprising of the people of Leno, who succeeded in seizing the monastery by driving out the monks, who, however, managed by force of arms to regain it in 1209. In the same year, Abbot Onesto decided to build a new hospital, dedicated to
589:, at the time directly dependent on the abbot of Leno. The issue regarding the control of the Gambara see would only come to an end in 1195, following a trial with outcomes that were not explicitly favorable to either side, but substantially to the advantage of the bishop of Brescia.
885:
method began. The data confirmed the presence of groups of buried brick structures at several levels of depth; the following year, operating on the basis of data from scientific reconnaissance and eighteenth-century maps, the first excavation campaign began, which concluded in 2004.
877:, the first proposal to conduct excavations in the area where the ancient Benedictine monastery of San Benedetto di Leno stood, but the initiative was unsuccessful. It was not until 2002, after the purchase of the Villa Badia site (about 6500 mΒ²) by a local bank, that the first
244:
According to Jacopo (or Giacomo) Malvezzi, the foundation of the monastery would derive, not from the discovery of lion statues, but from a dream, which occurred to Desiderius near Leno during a hunting trip, in which his future coronation as king of the Lombards was foretold.
1092:
Also in the sixteenth century, a palace with service facilities and new cells for the monks had then been inaugurated by the commendatory abbot Girolamo Martinengo to the south of the abbey church, which still exists today as a building for housing purposes known by the name
967:
The second abbey church dates from the 11th century and was built at the initiative of Abbot Wenzeslao (1055β1068). The abbot's intervention took the form of a simple doubling to the west of the Wenzeslao church, which increased its length by about 28 meters, set on a single
701:
There followed Epifanio's long abbacy, which left not only the finances but also the abbey's books and sacred objects in such a deplorable state that the pope had to intervene and deposed him in the 1330s. In the following years, characterized by the struggle between the
856:
Parish Church. Thus ended the history of the abbey, which had lasted just over a millennium. The Dossi family then built a villa near the ancient monastery and kept the land as a meadow; the villa was in turn demolished in 1873 and replaced by the present Villa Badia.
652:
read the list in which the parishes of the Church of Brescia were recorded. Upon hearing those words, however, as if suddenly disturbed, vicedominus Giovanni exclaimed, "God help us! Will this foolishness ever end? From the time that lasts now only dogs return there!"
724:
The abbot often stayed away from Leno, so much so that the seat was occupied by two usurpers: one of these, Ottobono, after the death of the Bohemian abbot (1408) teamed up with the Venetians during the conquest of Bresciano, and when the city was conquered by the
1265:, a locality where the abbots of St. Benedict owned salt pans, was imported inland. The market of the Badia, although originating and developing in the manorial context, was a relatively open economy, whose main trade exchanges were carried out with the cities of
266:
and made it an important cultural, economic, religious and, for the surrounding municipalities, political center. The abbey reached the peak of its development in the 11th century, which was followed by a gradual decline of the monastic complex and its prestige.
706:, the abbots of Leno sided sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other, accentuating more and more the misery of the monastic community, which increasingly resorted to rents and sales to support itself, further squandering its now diminished land holdings.
281:
Over the centuries, the abbey church as well as the monastery itself were rebuilt several times following fires and other serious damage endured, with the result that its architectural structure became increasingly distant from the original Desiderian one.
788:
were mostly interested in the titles they received with their appointment as abbot rather than by the actual organization of monastic life, also with regard to the fact that they often simultaneously exercised the office of bishop or other important
3475:
1021:
its features, involved the complete demolition of the Desiderian church and the Wenzeslao extension. The building was in quite unusual but imposing forms, almost 50 meters long and more than 25 meters wide, divided into two clearly distinct areas.
1243:
The monks were also in charge of the pastoral care of their estates, as the dispute over Gambara well testifies. They administered the sacraments in the external churches under their jurisdiction such as the Leno church of San Giovanni or in
840:
was being set up in Brescia on his initiative, he did not care at all to safeguard the copious Lenese archives and let the abbey buildings fall into ruin. In 1758 Marcantonio Lombardi was appointed commendatory abbot and commissioned
1302:
fragments, either recovered directly from the abbey structures being demolished or recognized as coming from Leno only later, or still recovered during 20th-century excavations, are mostly preserved in the Santa Giulia Museum in
1309:
For most of them it is practically impossible to trace their original location, since they are mostly small fragments now completely estranged from the context for which they were intended: they are, for the most part, small
353:, in which the friars would officiate masses and preserve relics. These, which had been brought to the Brescia area by a group of twelve monks, initiators of the Lenese monastic experience and coming directly from
991:
With the building of the second church was also erected, on its southern perimeter side, a massive bell tower that hinted at the plebeian connotations of the monastery, supporting the thesis of the existence of a
976:, where baptism was perhaps administered, and a crypt below provided with an altar. The latter was probably accessed by means of two staircases lateral to the main staircase, which instead led to the altar above.
557:
The ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the wealthy Abbey of Leno apparently extended beyond the boundaries of its own territory and came, around 1107, to include the Benedictine monastery of St. Thomas the Apostle in
939:, and as, on the other hand, the triple dedication of the sacred building to the Savior, Mary, and Archangel Michael suggests. Not demonstrable, but highly probable, is the existence from this early stage of the
522:, already established in previous royal and imperial provisions, enriched the possessions by including the court of Panzano, and confirmed the abbot's right to appeal to any bishop, thus avoiding recourse to the
1252:
The abbey's possessions, scattered throughout the North, made it necessary to have a continuous and stable relationship with the abbey seat of Leno. A key communication route for the monastery's economy was the
545:
began to escalate because of the bishop's attempts to substitute himself for the spiritual and later also the temporal jurisdiction of the abbot. The abbey was ruled from 1035 to 1075 by two Bavarian monks from
1189:, administered on behalf of lay delegates or by the monks themselves. Livestock farming and viticulture were also intensively practiced, with the construction of canals for agricultural use. Deforestation made
1111:, although these are all structures of plausible existence, at least during the abbey's heyday, given the monastery's relevance in medieval times. In this sphere is ascribed the speculation of scholars about a
623:(1196), as well as Leno itself, were instead making their first claims for autonomy from the abbey's jurisdiction. For nearly two decades the monastery, which was also burned, endured the military campaigns of
322:, allocating large amounts of money to the various monastic orders and also founding new religious buildings, as in the case of the Abbey of San Benedetto in Leno and the monastery of Santa Giulia in Brescia.
4098:
1215:
As an imperial monastery, the abbots had important tasks in the public order on behalf of the ruler, a commitment rewarded by the emperor himself who ensured the security and quiet of the monastic complex.
1318:
or remnants of larger decorative plastic complexes. Among the most historically, artistically and documentarily significant pieces are the remains of the abbey church portal, some funerary inscriptions, a
634:
In the meantime, the contrast between the Brescian diocese and the Lenese abbey was sharpening: an emblematic testimony of this real perpetual clash between the cathedral and the abbey over the control of
554:
forbade any layman to take possession of the monastery and administer the lands without the abbot's permission, and also confirmed the fiscal and religious privileges and prerogatives of the brethren.
979:
The crypt consisted of four small naves, punctuated by 15 slender columns and provided both with an entrance that put it in direct communication with the outside and with masonry seats in the apsidal
4093:
409:
639:
and the jurisdiction of rural churches is placed in this period, at the end of the 12th century. It is a judicial deposition of Montenario, canon of the abbey in those years, reported in
709:
In the following century, jurisdictional and fiscal disputes between the monastery and the community of Leno increased, while the abbey's misery was further increased by a raid by the
2708:
1758:
1004:. The bell tower, as well as the second church, was, however, short-lived, having already disappeared in the early 12th century with the construction of the large church of Gonterio.
1277:, localities where, moreover, structures owned by the monastery such as the Brescia church of San Benedetto were located. In addition, there is a record of Lenese possessions in the
1152:
also ensured that the abbots could establish markets and build castles and churches on abbey-owned territories. Ultimately, the monastery and all its appurtenances became a kind of
1127:
From the earliest years of its existence, the monastery of St. Benedict had been largely endowed with property and possessions. The abbey was configured as an imperial monastery or
3226:
1219:
Conspicuous, at least until the whole of the ninth century, was the number of brethren, exceeding a hundred. Of these, at least a third must have been children, the so-called
1179:
The huge amount of land owned by the monastery of St. Benedict was redistributed to the peasants, who worked it on behalf of the abbots, giving them part of the harvest (
832:, who held the position of commendatory abbot in the first half of the 18th century, limited himself only to receiving the income derived from the monastery (about 260
797:
numerous lands for agricultural use, which often resulted in the victory of the townships. Testifying to the poor state of the monastery are the directives issued by
3632:
Dove va la storiografia monastica in Europa?: temi e metodi di ricerca per lo studio della vita monastica e regolare in etΓ medievale alle soglie del terzo millennio
1056:, conformed in a succession of small arches with a human figure in the center, probably Jesus, and three lions: two of them are now preserved at the entrance to the
600:(1156), which restored prestige to the abbey at the expense of the Brescian diocese and attributed important privileges to the abbots, is also part of this revival.
596:
stayed at length in the monastery, a fact in which it is possible to glimpse an attempt by Abbot Onesto to reaffirm the role of the monastery. The papal measure of
3104:
4083:
3622:
1044:, probably intended for the veneration of the relics of St. Benedict and Saints Vitalis and Martialis, and still existing in the second half of the 16th century.
757:. This event sanctioned the final end of Leno's hegemonic role as an imperial monastery and opened the door to a further slow decline of the monastic community.
2675:
750:
2798:
Il monastero sotterraneo. Indagine con il metodo G.P.R. per la localizzazione e la mappatura di strutture sepolte nell'area dell'abbazia benedettina di Leno
2781:
Il monastero sotterraneo. Indagine con il metodo G.P.R. per la localizzazione e la mappatura di strutture sepolte nell'area dell'abbazia benedettina di Leno
1577:
262:
in that area as well. The abbots were bestowed with numerous royal and papal concessions that increased the prestige of the Lenese monastery during the
996:. Andrea Breda, in 2007, hypothesized, on the basis of the size of the foundations of the bell tower, that it must have been comparable to that of the
538:, who were also spreading in the Brescian area at that time, as evidenced by the building of the Abbey of Rodengo-Saiano in the middle of the century.
4088:
330:
and a large group of bishops, provided it with a substantial real estate patrimony, which included property scattered throughout eastern Lombardy, on
278:, but which nonetheless saw the continuation of the downward spiral that would stop only in 1783, the year of the demolition of the monastic complex.
1715:
3537:
L'abbazia di San Benedetto di Leno: mille anni nel cuore della pianura Padana; atti della giornata di studio (Leno, Villa Seccamani, 26 maggio 2001)
1590:
1443:
Ermenolfo (981β999), in 994 was subjected to the abuse of the bandit Ramon, who was driven out of the abbey only in 996 with the arrival of Emperor
745:
392:
had every interest in preserving the integrity of the monastic entities, so much so that he granted the abbots of Leno control over the court, now
3875:
943:, sufficiently motivated by the bestowal of important relics and by the likely similarities with the other Desiderian churches mentioned before.
765:
721:, who held the fortunes of the abbey by balancing himself through various hardships in an attempt to at least maintain its prestige and dignity.
1572:
Ottobono count of Langosco and Mirabello (1402β1451, then legitimized by the pope in 1434), usurper. Under his regency, in 1434, the cession of
1356:
Ermoaldo (759β790), a Brescian, allied himself with Potone, duke of Brescia, who was later killed, to reinstate him in the lordship of the city.
615:
gradually began to materialize with the transmission of administrative power over a variety of conspicuous properties in the north to numerous
2866:
2537:
1642:
3230:
2712:
1762:
1633:
1159:
This regime of exemptions and privileges began to gradually fade from the 12th century onward, at the end of the struggle for investiture.
690:, run by the Benedictines, for the use of the community. Numerous land sales were implemented to deal with economic debts, and in 1212 the
1223:, entrusted by their parents to the abbot so that he would take care of their education and sustenance, promising in return the taking of
1040:, reserved instead for the monks. In the last section, the presbytery was also greatly elevated, and in the space below it opened a large
670:
by the emperor, who carried out a total reconstruction of the abbey church in an attempt to reaffirm the prestige of the Order in Leno.
384:, the monastery experienced moments of concern over the demise of the founding monarch, but it was soon realized that the foreign king,
1261:
put the Brescian area in direct contact with the Adriatic Sea. Always taking advantage of this important waterway, salt extracted near
3709:
290:
The years preceding the foundation of the Leno monastery were marked by the struggle for the Lombard throne, sparked by the death of
3678:
3639:
3525:
1380:
695:
523:
157:
57:
3924:
510:
In 983 there was the first occupation of the monastery by a band of local brigands, who were driven back by the intervention of
1618:
3821:
3964:
3954:
1116:
837:
718:
457:
into Italy, the monks of Leno ensured that the area around the abbey was fortified with palisades and towers and girdled the
1171:
One of the lions in front of the entrance to the Leno parish church, from the main portal of the abbey's 12th-century church
424:
landed estates; the diploma also provided that no man outside the abbot could judge a resident in the monastery's domains.
3919:
3914:
3791:
1463:
578:
In the following century began the downward spiral of the Benedictine monastery, a process that would lead to its cession
189:
3598:
Malvezzi, Jacopo (1732). "Chronicon Brixianum ab origine urbis ad annum MCCCXXXII". In Muratori, Ludovico Antonio (ed.).
631:, granted the monks, who had sided with him, an important diploma, an ephemeral reconfirmation of the monastery's power.
3969:
3811:
3108:
1444:
997:
780:
After the cession in commendation of the monastery, mostly figures from the Venetian and Brescian nobility, such as the
511:
211:
remain, largely preserved in the Brescian museum of Santa Giulia, while burial mounds were found on site as a result of
327:
550:, who enlarged the Desiderian church and reaffirmed the role of the monastery at the expense of the diocese. In 1078
2679:
592:
In 1145 the brethren completed the work of repairing the damage caused by the fire, while it seems that during 1148
40:
4041:
3786:
2618:
Intorno a due abati commendatari di Leno: uno presunto (san Gregorio Barbarigo) e uno effettivo (Angelo M. Querini)
1573:
1495:
Onesto I (1146β1163), arranged for the reorganization of the burned abbey and the church, which was consecrated by
842:
657:
644:
335:
619:; the first communal entities that were becoming established around the monastery, including Gottolengo, Gambara,
274:
in 1479, a second period of the monastery's existence began, characterized by the new type of jurisdiction of the
3882:
3687:
1033:
607:
Reconstruction of the main portal of the abbey church carved in the 12th century during Gonterio's reconstruction
212:
1511:
Gonterio Lavello Lungo (1178β1209), in 1205 the inhabitants of Leno rebelled against the lordship of the abbots.
1433:
1099:
Archaeological data are meager, however, and there is nothing to confirm exactly the existence of a library, a
882:
1084:
an apse to the east, can be recognized, followed to the north by the other buildings, in particular the large
3471:
1231:
801:
following the apostolic visitation that occurred in March 1580, which required the floor to be levelled, the
45:
Fragment of the portal of the 12th-century abbey church, currently kept at the Santa Giulia Museum in Brescia
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4009:
3855:
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683:
432:
109:
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3702:
1719:
1311:
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of the Santa Giulia Museum, possibly from Leno Abbey, now on display at the Santa Giulia Museum in Brescia
259:
2874:
753:, with the pope's approval he gave the Lenese monastery in commendation in 1479 to the Venetian nobleman
749:
interested in personal advancement than in the welfare of the Benedictine community, in exchange for the
3949:
1651:
1581:
874:
873:
It dates back to 1990, within a large archaeological project in the Lower Brescian area promoted by the
559:
346:
2544:
647:, of which, however, the original has not survived. Montenario, referring to his own monastery, says:
3939:
3904:
3887:
1669:
1293:
984:
829:
769:
624:
472:
3649:
Ragni, Elena Lucchesi; Morandini, Francesca; Tabaglio, Piera; de Leonardis, Francesco, eds. (2010).
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In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the direction of the abbey was still the prerogative of
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3749:
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1153:
492:
443:
350:
104:
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878:
785:
773:
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603:
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488:
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393:
275:
204:
2538:"Ricognizione storico-archeologica del comune di Leno a cura di Baronio, Breda, Peruch, pag. 15"
169:
Overall view of the archaeological site of Villa Badia, which stands where the abbey once stood
4030:
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dependent on Leno, and again the exclusive ownership of tithes collected on abbey-owned land.
813:
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710:
687:
515:
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358:
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parish church, while the third, one of the two stylophores that supported the columns of the
864:
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4004:
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1297:
The section of the Santa Giulia Museum in Brescia devoted to fragments from the Lenese abbey
821:
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the leadership of the Lenese monastery (1434), confirmed, in the same year, by an important
551:
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369:
3977:
3892:
2867:"San Benedetto: un monastero europeo nel cuore della Pianura Padana. I nuovi ritrovamenti"
1496:
1344:
1236:
817:
593:
307:
295:
241:
that would characterize the abbey later erected there by Desiderius, once he became king.
3411:
Per la storia dell'espansione di Leno verso il Tirreno. Note di toponomastica lunigianese
1212:
and hospital, and artisan friars such as blacksmiths, shoemakers, carpenters, or cooks.
3997:
3897:
3865:
3630:
Picasso, Giorgio (2001). "Il monachesimo bresciano nella storiografia di fine secolo".
1685:
1603:
1282:
1224:
1190:
1057:
754:
730:
628:
597:
563:
413:
319:
196:
121:
92:
4077:
1367:
547:
354:
302:, Aistulf's brother. The duke, at first at a disadvantage, sought the support of the
255:
3394:
Il Β«dominatusΒ» dell'abbazia di San Benedetto di Leno. Prime ipotesi di ricostruzione
3131:
Il Β«dominatusΒ» dell'abbazia di San Benedetto di Leno. Prime ipotesi di ricostruzione
2080:
Il Β«dominatusΒ» dell'abbazia di San Benedetto di Leno. Prime ipotesi di ricostruzione
2027:
Il Β«dominatusΒ» dell'abbazia di San Benedetto di Leno. Prime ipotesi di ricostruzione
1974:
Il Β«dominatusΒ» dell'abbazia di San Benedetto di Leno. Prime ipotesi di ricostruzione
1945:
Il Β«dominatusΒ» dell'abbazia di San Benedetto di Leno. Prime ipotesi di ricostruzione
1916:
Il Β«dominatusΒ» dell'abbazia di San Benedetto di Leno. Prime ipotesi di ricostruzione
1797:
Il Β«dominatusΒ» dell'abbazia di San Benedetto di Leno. Prime ipotesi di ricostruzione
677:
Reconstruction of the possible appearance of the church as reconstructed by Gonterio
357:, included the radium of the order's initiating saint, Benedict, and the remains of
4067:
3779:
2256:
Year of the first document attesting to the existence of the municipality of Ghedi.
1695:
845:
to make a thorough historical and architectural survey about the Lenese monastery.
833:
616:
580:
535:
389:
315:
182:
3580:
Guerrini, Paolo (1947). "Un cardinale gregoriano a Brescia. Il vescovo Arimanno".
3573:
Leno. Dodici secoli nel cuore della Bassa. Il territorio, gli eventi, i personaggi
3377:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3343:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3326:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3304:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3287:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3270:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3253:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3210:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3190:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3173:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3153:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
2279:
Scuola, lavoro e impegno pastorale: l'abbazia di Leno nel medioevo (secoli IX-XIV)
3659:
951:
467:. In 938 the monastery's possessions were further expanded with the inclusion of
364:
3591:
Bassa bresciana: un patrimonio ambientale e culturale da conoscere e valorizzare
1340:
1209:
1200:
1185:
1101:
907:
459:
385:
263:
251:
1690:
1393:
1324:
1258:
1249:
1209, the construction of a hospital for the care of the sick was also begun.
1149:
1029:
993:
738:
464:
454:
397:
192:
3431:
Per una ricognizione delle fonti artistiche dell'abbazia di Leno: le sculture
361:, donated by the pope to Desiderius and donated by him to the new monastery.
215:
held in 2003 by the Superintendence for Archaeological Heritage of Lombardy.
72:
59:
1563:
of Brescia joined the friars of the abbey, bringing their property as dowry.
1560:
1278:
1262:
1061:
1032:
pillars 1.80 m in diameter, three on each side. This was followed by a long
1012:
980:
438:
331:
185:
3004:
Le chiese medioevali dell'abbazia di Leno. Un problema storico-archeologico
2970:
Le chiese medioevali dell'abbazia di Leno. Un problema storico-archeologico
1024:
The first was the large hall reserved for the faithful, divided into three
931:
in the same way as the monastic churches of Desiderian foundation, such as
627:, but the latter, at the end of his clashes with the municipalities of the
165:
1167:
1140:
chrism, thus freeing himself from the obligation to defer to the Brescian
254:
was flourishing. The monks who lived there were specially brought in from
3850:
3843:
3838:
3726:
3582:
Studi gregoriani per la storia di Gregorio VII e della riforma gregoriana
1085:
936:
806:
713:
in 1351. This was followed by the long abbacy of Andrea di Taconia, from
691:
542:
405:
271:
96:
4050:
1343:
of abbots who ruled the fortunes of the abbey according to Zaccaria and
1183:), which consisted mainly of wheat; the abbey funds were organized into
341:
The monastery was built next to a pre-existing church, dedicated to the
3609:
Acque, terre e borghi del territorio mantovano. Saggio di toponomastica
3546:
San Benedetto "ad Leones": un monastero benedettino in terra longobarda
2313:
The harsh statement is biblically derived, for a detailed analysis see
1320:
1315:
1303:
1270:
1245:
1141:
1049:
973:
920:
825:
790:
781:
586:
468:
299:
291:
200:
152:
959:
2987:
L'indagine archeologica nel sito dell'abbazia di S. Benedetto di Leno
2950:
L'indagine archeologica nel sito dell'abbazia di S. Benedetto di Leno
2902:
L'indagine archeologica nel sito dell'abbazia di S. Benedetto di Leno
2849:
L'indagine archeologica nel sito dell'abbazia di S. Benedetto di Leno
2832:
L'indagine archeologica nel sito dell'abbazia di S. Benedetto di Leno
2815:
L'indagine archeologica nel sito dell'abbazia di S. Benedetto di Leno
2764:
L'indagine archeologica nel sito dell'abbazia di S. Benedetto di Leno
2747:
L'indagine archeologica nel sito dell'abbazia di S. Benedetto di Leno
2494:
Leno in commenda. Un caso di mancata unione a S. Giustina (1471β1479)
2477:
Leno in commenda. Un caso di mancata unione a S. Giustina (1471β1479)
2460:
Leno in commenda. Un caso di mancata unione a S. Giustina (1471β1479)
2124:
L'indagine archeologica nel sito dell'abbazia di S. Benedetto di Leno
1814:
L'indagine archeologica nel sito dell'abbazia di S. Benedetto di Leno
1328:
1266:
1205:
1107:
1053:
1001:
714:
698:, Sicardo, as curator of the economic affairs of the Leno monastery.
673:
527:
446:
381:
311:
303:
1742:
Due fonti moderne per la storia di Leno: Cornelio Adro e Arnold Wion
963:
Reconstruction of the possible appearance of the 11th-century church
1462:
Richerio (1036β1038), of Germanic descent, was a friend of Emperor
1072:
848:
The scholar's work was published in Venice in 1767 under the title
1989:
1556:
1541:
1292:
1274:
1254:
1230:
1195:
1180:
1166:
1145:
1112:
1071:
1041:
1011:
958:
950:
940:
924:
906:
863:
764:
672:
636:
620:
602:
567:
431:
377:
363:
342:
208:
164:
3589:
Guerrini, Sandro (1988). "Cultura e arte nella Bassa bresciana".
1492:), under his regency, in 1137, the abbey suffered a violent fire.
1037:
1025:
969:
928:
734:
318:, he promoted important monastic initiatives, especially in the
3691:
250:
The monastery arose in the 8th century, at a time when Italian
2229:
Sopravvivenze lapidee a Leno: l'iscrizione dell'abate Gonterio
2146:
Monaci, vescovi e laici nelle campagne lombarde del XII secolo
1587:
Antonio di Rozoaglio (1403β1434), usurper, deposed by the pope
1285:
from which it collected toll duties and offered them shelter.
453:
In the 10th century, marked by the repeated incursions of the
3548:. Brescia: Associazione per la storia della chiesa bresciana.
3539:. Brescia: Associazione per la storia della chiesa bresciana.
1088:, which appears, however, to be preserved on only two wings.
988:
of the Desiderian structure, cannot be known with certainty.
3820:
3360:
Leno: monastero e territorio. Note archeologiche preliminari
3071:
Leno: monastero e territorio. Note archeologiche preliminari
3049:
Leno: monastero e territorio. Note archeologiche preliminari
2298:
Archetti, Gabriele. "Pievi e monasteri in etΓ romanica". In
1436:, count of Modena and Reggio, some of his property with the
1119:
in Brescia, presumably originating in the Lenese monastery.
784:, Vitturi and Martinengo families, ruled its fortunes. The
338:) located in the Brescia, Cremona, Milan and Mantua areas.
2635:
L'abbazia di San Benedetto. La nascita di una storiografia
1660:
Cornelio Maria Francesco Bentivoglio, cardinal (1714β1733)
326:
attending the inauguration ceremony in the company of his
1144:, and also the right, during Roman councils, to wear the
4099:
Christian monasteries disestablished in the 18th century
3088:
Una biblioteca perduta: il caso di San Benedetto di Leno
2918:
Breda, Andrea. "Archeologia degli edifici di culto". In
1472:
Wenzeslao (Guenzelao, according to Zaccaria) (1060β1078)
2140:
2138:
2136:
1884:
Il re e il monastero. Desiderio e la fondazione di Leno
1831:
Il re e il monastero. Desiderio e la fondazione di Leno
3555:
Gottolengo dalle origini neolitiche all'etΓ dei Comuni
412:, as evidenced by the appointment of Abbot Remigio as
306:
and the papacy by promising the latter territories in
4039:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
1615:
Francesco della Rovere, bishop of Vicenza (1513β1516)
1306:
and in public places or private collections in Leno.
4094:
Christian monasteries established in the 8th century
3575:. Borgo Poncarale: Cassa rurale ed artigiana padana.
3518:
Memorie storiche riguardanti San Martino dall'Argine
1569:
Andrea of Tacovia (1370β1407), from Tachov (Bohemia)
1281:
area, an important transit area for pilgrims on the
3963:
3938:
3831:
3733:
1235:The parish church of Santi Stefano e Margherita in
518:, was issued, granting the monastery the regime of
479:, the vast Benedictine possessions ranged from the
207:in 1783, today only stone fragments of the ancient
151:
146:
138:
130:
120:
115:
103:
88:
24:
1593:(1451β1479), scholar. Received the chair of Split.
1132:appointed two judges to administer justice in the
230:Since its founding, the Leno monastery was called
1675:Marcantonio Lombardi, bishop of Crema (1758β1782)
793:, thus leaving the monastery to its own devices.
376:In 774, upon the collapse of Lombard hegemony in
3562:Andenna, Giancarlo; Rossi, Marco, eds. (2007).
3425:
3423:
2532:
2530:
2223:
2221:
649:
228:
3320:
3318:
3316:
809:to be provided, and the church to be painted.
372:, with which the Leno abbey maintained contact
3703:
3499:Famiglie celebri d'Italia. Gambara di Brescia
3204:
3202:
3167:
3165:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2172:
2170:
1910:
1908:
1502:Lanfranco Gambara (1163β1168), abbot intruder
1432:Donnino (958β981), accepted in exchange from
869:Gonterio for the third church (12th century).
611:Meanwhile, the fragmentation of the abbatial
237:From this episode would derive the adjective
8:
2919:
2299:
1672:, cardinal and bishop of Brescia (1734β1758)
495:area. The list of possessions also included
195:in the territory of the present-day town of
3065:
3063:
3061:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
2944:
2942:
1759:"La leggenda della fondazione dell'Abbazia"
1208:, caring for the sick and strangers in the
471:. Twenty years later, with the diplomas of
16:Benedictine monastic complex in Leno, Italy
3710:
3696:
3688:
3651:I tesori di Santa Giulia museo della cittΓ
3621:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2896:
2894:
2892:
2733:
2662:
2650:
2592:
2580:
2410:
2362:
2338:
2293:
2291:
2265:
2244:
2200:
2176:
2098:
2054:
2013:
2001:
1960:
39:
21:
3564:SocietΓ bresciana e sviluppi del romanico
1239:, an ancient property of the Lenese abbey
1163:Monastic life and activities of the abbey
3446:
2604:
2568:
2521:
2509:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2350:
2326:
2314:
2212:
2188:
2110:
2066:
1899:
1846:
1783:
541:In 1030, disagreements with the Brescia
203:region. Demolished at the behest of the
4046:
3434:
3414:
3397:
3380:
3363:
3346:
3329:
3307:
3290:
3273:
3256:
3213:
3193:
3176:
3156:
3134:
3091:
3074:
3052:
3007:
2990:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2905:
2852:
2835:
2818:
2801:
2784:
2767:
2750:
2638:
2621:
2497:
2480:
2463:
2282:
2232:
2149:
2127:
2083:
2030:
1977:
1948:
1931:
1919:
1887:
1858:
1834:
1817:
1800:
1745:
1707:
1064:, is inside the town hall of the town.
514:. In 999 the first papal bull, that of
408:, and was soon elevated to the rank of
3614:
3458:
2042:
1870:
1645:, patriarch of Venice (1628β1679) (II)
1639:Gianfrancesco Morosini (1595β1628) (I)
1546:Pietro Baiardi (1297β1307), from Parma
972:, ending in a wide apse with a raised
919:The church ended in the east with the
4084:Former Christian monasteries in Italy
3520:. Mantova: Gianluigi Arcari editore.
3028:
2933:
2924:lo ritiene perΓ² argomento piΓΉ debole.
2161:
2094:
2092:
1657:Francesco Maria Barbarigo (1706β1714)
1392:), Charlemagne gave him the lands of
314:. To endear himself even more to the
7:
3658:Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio (1767).
1716:"Apertura straordinaria degli scavi"
1630:Girolamo Martinengo (1583β1591) (II)
334:and 58 towns or fiefdoms (including
2865:Denise Morandi (19 December 2010).
2676:"La commenda del monastero di Leno"
1624:Girolamo Martinengo (1529β1567) (I)
1566:Giovanni Griti (Gritti) (1366β1370)
3478:from the original on 17 April 2018
983:that suggested the existence of a
562:, a territory located between the
14:
1440:lands already owned by the abbey.
1335:Chronotaxis of the abbots of Leno
1327:, and two Madonnas with Child in
1123:The prerogatives of the monastery
570:, which the monks had reclaimed.
158:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brescia
4089:Benedictine monasteries in Italy
4061:
4049:
3719:
3472:"Codice diplomatico polironiano"
1555:Pietro Pagati (1339β1366), from
744:In 1451, upon Ottobono's death,
3930:Provisional Government of Milan
3661:Dell'antichissima badia di Leno
1552:Aicardo (1312β1339), from Parma
1453:Andrea (1015β1019), deposed by
1156:within the diocese of Brescia.
1048:remains consist of part of the
955:Floor plan of the second church
850:Dell'antichissima badia di Leno
662:Dell'antichissima badia di Leno
641:Dell'antichissima badia di Leno
3955:List of presidents of Lombardy
3653:. Vol. 2. Brescia: Grafo.
1627:Ascanio Martinengo (1567β1583)
1257:River, which flowing into the
1016:Floor plan of the third church
911:Floor plan of the first church
258:so that they could spread the
1:
3566:. Peschiera Borromeo: Solari.
3544:Baronio, Angelo, ed. (2006).
3535:Baronio, Angelo, ed. (2002).
1609:Francesco Vitturi (1586β1512)
1549:Uberto da Palazzo (1307β1312)
1531:
1521:
1505:Alberto da Reggio (1168β1176)
1486:
1476:
1469:Riccardo Gambara, (1038β1060)
1420:
1410:
1400:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1314:, column bases, fragments of
270:With the introduction of the
3673:. Milano: Itinera Edizioni.
1648:Pietro Basadonna (1679β1690)
1540:Guglielmo (1248β1297), from
1036:concluded by a semicircular
526:for the consecration of the
359:Saints Vitalis and Martialis
3925:Kingdom of LombardyβVenetia
3634:. Milano: Vita e pensiero.
3600:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores
2595:, pp. 120β122 vol. 1).
1634:Giovanni Francesco Morosini
1612:Vittore Vitturi (1512β1513)
4120:
3571:Cirimbelli, Luigi (1993).
2920:Andenna & Rossi (2007)
2300:Andenna & Rossi (2007)
860:Archaeological excavations
843:Francesco Antonio Zaccaria
658:Francesco Antonio Zaccaria
645:Francesco Antonio Zaccaria
534:the reformed rules of the
213:archaeological excavations
4028:
3883:Golden Ambrosian Republic
3818:
3553:Bonaglia, Angelo (1985).
3516:Aporti, Ferrante (2004).
3227:"L'economia dell'abbazia"
2583:, pp. 88β95 vol. 1).
2413:, pp. 70β73 vol. 1).
1459:Odone Gambara (1019β1036)
1289:The surviving testimonies
1068:The other abbey buildings
828:families. In particular,
54:
50:
38:
29:
19:Church in Lombardy, Italy
3607:Pelati, Pierino (1996).
3602:. Vol. XXI. Milano.
933:San Salvatore in Brescia
368:The German monastery of
4010:Renaissance in Lombardy
3856:Kingdom of the Lombards
3669:Zoppè, Leandro (1988).
1574:San Martino dall'Argine
1115:, now preserved at the
879:geophysical prospecting
816:such as the Basadonna,
704:Guelphs and Ghibellines
336:San Martino dall'Argine
110:Order of Saint Benedict
3825:
3671:Itinerari gonzagheschi
3497:Litta, Pompeo (1835).
2665:, p. 190 vol. 1).
2653:, p. 174 vol. 1).
2069:, pp. 80β82, 91).
1666:, cardinal (1733β1734)
1643:Gianfrancesco Morosini
1636:, cardinal (1591β1595)
1621:, cardinal (1516β1529)
1606:, cardinal (1479β1486)
1368:Abbey of Monte Cassino
1298:
1240:
1172:
1080:
1017:
964:
956:
912:
870:
777:
751:archbishopric of Split
678:
667:
664:, Venezia 1767, p. 178
608:
450:
373:
294:, between Desiderius,
247:
188:founded in 758 by the
170:
73:45.36742Β°N 10.221067Β°E
3950:Elections in Lombardy
3824:
3557:. Brescia: Apollonio.
2736:, p. 32 vol. 1).
2709:"Storia dell'abbazia"
2571:, p. 52 vol. 1).
2365:, p. 61 vol. 1).
2341:, p. 58 vol. 1).
2268:, p. 55 vol. 1).
2247:, p. 60 vol. 1).
2203:, p. 53 vol. 1).
2179:, p. 52 vol. 1).
2101:, p. 48 vol. 1).
2057:, p. 46 vol. 1).
2016:, p. 44 vol. 1).
2004:, p. 43 vol. 1).
1963:, p. 40 vol. 1).
1652:Marcantonio Barbarigo
1578:Gianfrancesco Gonzaga
1514:Onesto II (1209β1227)
1385:Badolfo or Baldolfo (
1296:
1234:
1170:
1148:and episcopal robes.
1075:
1015:
962:
954:
910:
875:University of Brescia
867:
768:
729:he obtained from the
676:
643:published in 1767 by
606:
435:
367:
168:
3905:Transpadane Republic
3888:Margravate of Mantua
3449:, pp. 292β294).
3437:, pp. 209β300).
3417:, pp. 433β456).
3383:, pp. 121β122).
3332:, pp. 116β118).
3159:, pp. 105β108).
3094:, pp. 139β150).
2976:, pp. 141β158).
2908:, pp. 119β120).
2855:, pp. 136β140).
2838:, pp. 113β135).
2821:, pp. 112β113).
2770:, pp. 111β112).
2624:, pp. 345β347).
2607:, pp. 293β294).
2483:, pp. 223β224).
2466:, pp. 217β219).
2215:, pp. 120β122).
2130:, pp. 121β131).
1902:, pp. 116β117).
1748:, pp. 303β304).
1670:Angelo Maria Querini
1517:Epifanio (1227β1230)
998:basilica of San Zeno
935:or San Salvatore in
830:Angelo Maria Querini
805:to be maintained, a
770:Angelo Maria Querini
625:Frederick Barbarossa
380:at the hands of the
3429:Pierfabio Panazza,
3409:Giampietro Rigosa,
3375:Gabriele Archetti,
3341:Gabriele Archetti,
3324:Gabriele Archetti,
3302:Gabriele Archetti,
3293:, pp. 97β123).
3285:Gabriele Archetti,
3268:Gabriele Archetti,
3251:Gabriele Archetti,
3208:Gabriele Archetti,
3188:Gabriele Archetti,
3171:Gabriele Archetti,
3151:Gabriele Archetti,
2616:Giovanni Spinelli,
2277:Gabriele Archetti,
2152:, pp. 79β147).
1722:on 22 February 2014
1598:Commendatory abbots
1591:Bartolomeo Averoldi
1508:Daniele (1176β1178)
1475:Artuico (Arduino) (
1450:Liuzzone (999β1015)
1347:is proposed below:
814:Venetian patricians
786:commendatory abbots
746:Bartolomeo Averoldi
276:commendatory abbots
105:Religious institute
78:45.36742; 10.221067
69: /
3910:Cisalpine Republic
3876:Governors of Milan
3826:
3461:, pp. 86β89).
3400:, pp. 42β43).
3196:, pp. 95β97).
3137:, pp. 34β37).
3105:"Il codex di Leno"
2641:, pp. 15β20).
2524:, pp. 48β60).
2449:, pp. 45β46).
2401:, pp. 37β39).
2389:, pp. 36β37).
2227:Simona Gavinelli,
2086:, pp. 56β57).
2033:, pp. 40β41).
1990:Ragni et al. (2010
1951:, pp. 34β35).
1890:, pp. 21β22).
1873:, pp. 80β81).
1837:, pp. 27β30).
1803:, pp. 46β49).
1664:Neri Maria Corsini
1455:Pope Benedict VIII
1299:
1241:
1173:
1117:Queriniana Library
1081:
1018:
965:
957:
913:
871:
838:Queriniana Library
778:
774:commendatory abbot
679:
609:
505:province of Mantua
481:province of Verona
451:
374:
171:
4037:
4036:
3993:Music of Lombardy
3861:Lordship of Milan
3792:Monza and Brianza
3593:. Leno: Percorsi.
3086:Ennio Ferraglio,
2682:on April 27, 2015
2633:Giorgio Picasso,
2492:Mauro Tagliabue,
2475:Mauro Tagliabue,
2458:Mauro Tagliabue,
2144:Giles Constable,
1619:Antonio del Monte
1582:marquis of Mantua
1429:Alberto (939β958)
1381:bishop of Brescia
927:and was probably
898:The abbey complex
881:using the GPR or
836:) and, while the
696:bishop of Cremona
485:Comacchio Valleys
388:, as defender of
351:Archangel Michael
205:Venetian Republic
181:, was an ancient
163:
162:
4111:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4020:Baroque in Milan
4015:Symbols of Milan
3988:Fashion in Milan
3920:Kingdom of Italy
3915:Italian Republic
3812:List of communes
3725:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3689:
3684:
3665:
3654:
3645:
3626:
3620:
3612:
3603:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3427:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3392:Angelo Baronio,
3390:
3384:
3373:
3367:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3333:
3322:
3311:
3300:
3294:
3283:
3277:
3266:
3260:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3229:. Archived from
3223:
3217:
3206:
3197:
3186:
3180:
3169:
3160:
3149:
3138:
3129:Angelo Baronio,
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3107:. Archived from
3101:
3095:
3084:
3078:
3067:
3056:
3045:
3032:
3026:
3011:
3000:
2994:
2983:
2977:
2966:
2957:
2946:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2909:
2898:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2877:on 13 April 2013
2873:. Archived from
2862:
2856:
2845:
2839:
2828:
2822:
2811:
2805:
2794:
2788:
2777:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2743:
2737:
2734:Cirimbelli (1993
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2711:. Archived from
2705:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2678:. Archived from
2672:
2666:
2663:Cirimbelli (1993
2660:
2654:
2651:Cirimbelli (1993
2648:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2593:Cirimbelli (1993
2590:
2584:
2581:Cirimbelli (1993
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2550:on March 7, 2016
2549:
2543:. Archived from
2542:
2534:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2490:
2484:
2473:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2411:Cirimbelli (1993
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2363:Cirimbelli (1993
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2339:Cirimbelli (1993
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2266:Cirimbelli (1993
2263:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:Cirimbelli (1993
2242:
2236:
2225:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2201:Cirimbelli (1993
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2177:Cirimbelli (1993
2174:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2142:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2099:Cirimbelli (1993
2096:
2087:
2078:Angelo Baronio,
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2055:Cirimbelli (1993
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2025:Angelo Baronio,
2023:
2017:
2014:Cirimbelli (1993
2011:
2005:
2002:Cirimbelli (1993
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1972:Angelo Baronio,
1970:
1964:
1961:Cirimbelli (1993
1958:
1952:
1943:Angelo Baronio,
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1914:Angelo Baronio,
1912:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1882:Claudio Azzara,
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1829:Claudio Azzara,
1827:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1795:Angelo Baronio,
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:. Archived from
1755:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1718:. Archived from
1712:
1536:
1535: 1241β1248
1533:
1526:
1525: 1230β1241
1523:
1491:
1490: 1104β1146
1488:
1481:
1480: 1078β1104
1478:
1425:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1391:
1388:
1378:
1375:
1365:
1362:
1105:or a school for
799:Charles Borromeo
717:and chaplain to
665:
552:Pope Gregory VII
524:Brescian diocese
260:Benedictine rule
186:monastic complex
84:
83:
81:
80:
79:
74:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
43:
22:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4048:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4024:
3968:
3959:
3941:
3934:
3898:Dukes of Mantua
3893:Duchy of Mantua
3827:
3816:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3681:
3668:
3657:
3648:
3642:
3629:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3528:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3428:
3421:
3408:
3404:
3391:
3387:
3374:
3370:
3366:, p. 245).
3357:
3353:
3349:, p. 109).
3340:
3336:
3323:
3314:
3310:, p. 101).
3301:
3297:
3284:
3280:
3267:
3263:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3233:on 8 March 2016
3225:
3224:
3220:
3216:, p. 102).
3207:
3200:
3187:
3183:
3179:, p. 108).
3170:
3163:
3150:
3141:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3111:on July 5, 2008
3103:
3102:
3098:
3085:
3081:
3077:, p. 249).
3068:
3059:
3055:, p. 247).
3046:
3035:
3031:, p. 276).
3027:
3014:
3010:, p. 142).
3001:
2997:
2993:, p. 124).
2984:
2980:
2967:
2960:
2956:, p. 121).
2947:
2940:
2936:, p. 275).
2932:
2928:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2899:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2871:www1.popolis.it
2864:
2863:
2859:
2846:
2842:
2829:
2825:
2812:
2808:
2804:, p. 105).
2796:Ermanno Finzi,
2795:
2791:
2787:, p. 101).
2779:Ermanno Finzi,
2778:
2774:
2761:
2757:
2753:, p. 134).
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2715:on 4 March 2016
2707:
2706:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2628:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2512:, p. 293).
2508:
2504:
2500:, p. 224).
2491:
2487:
2474:
2470:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:, p. 168).
2325:
2321:
2317:, p. 168).
2312:
2308:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2285:, p. 104).
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2235:, p. 359).
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2143:
2134:
2121:
2117:
2113:, p. 372).
2109:
2105:
2097:
2090:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1934:, p. 473).
1930:
1926:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1824:
1820:, p. 118).
1811:
1807:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1765:on 4 March 2016
1757:
1756:
1752:
1740:Lucia Signori,
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1682:
1600:
1534:
1524:
1497:Pope Eugene III
1489:
1479:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1353:
1345:Ferrante Aporti
1337:
1291:
1165:
1125:
1070:
1010:
949:
905:
900:
862:
763:
684:St. Bartholomew
666:
656:
594:Pope Eugene III
576:
430:
414:arch-chancellor
404:, located near
288:
248:
227:
225:Locum ad Leones
221:
199:, in the Lower
77:
75:
71:
68:
63:
60:
58:
56:
55:
46:
34:
32:Abbazia di Leno
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4117:
4115:
4107:
4106:
4104:Leno, Lombardy
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4058:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3998:Music of Milan
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3871:Dukes of Milan
3866:Duchy of Milan
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3730:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3666:
3655:
3646:
3640:
3627:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3584:. Vol. 2.
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3526:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3489:
3463:
3451:
3447:Zaccaria (1767
3439:
3419:
3402:
3385:
3368:
3358:Andrea Breda,
3351:
3334:
3312:
3295:
3278:
3276:, p. 97).
3261:
3259:, p. 99).
3244:
3218:
3198:
3181:
3161:
3139:
3122:
3096:
3079:
3069:Andrea Breda,
3057:
3047:Andrea Breda,
3033:
3012:
2995:
2985:Andrea Breda,
2978:
2958:
2948:Andrea Breda,
2938:
2926:
2922:, p. 275.
2910:
2900:Andrea Breda,
2888:
2857:
2847:Andrea Breda,
2840:
2830:Andrea Breda,
2823:
2813:Andrea Breda,
2806:
2789:
2772:
2762:Andrea Breda,
2755:
2745:Andrea Breda,
2738:
2726:
2693:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2626:
2609:
2605:Zaccaria (1767
2597:
2585:
2573:
2569:Zaccaria (1767
2561:
2526:
2522:Zaccaria (1767
2514:
2510:Zaccaria (1767
2502:
2485:
2468:
2451:
2447:Zaccaria (1767
2439:
2437:, p. 44).
2435:Zaccaria (1767
2427:
2425:, p. 43).
2423:Zaccaria (1767
2415:
2403:
2399:Zaccaria (1767
2391:
2387:Zaccaria (1767
2379:
2377:, p. 36).
2375:Zaccaria (1767
2367:
2355:
2353:, p. 35).
2351:Zaccaria (1767
2343:
2331:
2327:Archetti (2007
2319:
2315:Archetti (2007
2306:
2302:, p. 167.
2287:
2270:
2258:
2249:
2237:
2217:
2213:Zaccaria (1767
2205:
2193:
2191:, p. 29).
2189:Zaccaria (1767
2181:
2166:
2164:, p. 31).
2154:
2132:
2122:Andrea Breda,
2115:
2111:Guerrini (1947
2103:
2088:
2071:
2067:Zaccaria (1767
2059:
2047:
2035:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1992:, p. 12.)
1982:
1980:, p. 35).
1965:
1953:
1936:
1924:
1922:, p. 34).
1904:
1900:Bonaglia (1985
1892:
1875:
1863:
1861:, p. 35),
1851:
1849:, p. 30).
1847:Guerrini (1988
1839:
1822:
1812:Andrea Breda,
1805:
1788:
1784:Malvezzi (1732
1776:
1750:
1733:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Leno, Lombardy
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:Pietro Foscari
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1441:
1430:
1427:
1417:
1414: 840β869
1407:
1404: 815β840
1397:
1390: 800β815
1383:
1377: 796β800
1370:
1364: 790β796
1357:
1352:
1351:Regular abbots
1349:
1336:
1333:
1290:
1287:
1283:Via Francigena
1225:religious vows
1204:, instructing
1164:
1161:
1124:
1121:
1069:
1066:
1009:
1006:
948:
945:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:St. Benedict.
861:
858:
762:
759:
755:Pietro Foscari
694:delegated the
654:
629:Lombard League
575:
572:
497:curtis Bonzaga
429:
426:
410:imperial abbey
296:duke of Tuscia
287:
284:
223:
222:
220:
217:
179:Badia leonense
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
147:Administration
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
124:
122:Groundbreaking
118:
117:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
90:
86:
85:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
30:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4116:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3682:
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1079:("Old Abbey")
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23:
4056:Architecture
3940:Politics and
3780:Upper Mantua
3670:
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3650:
3631:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3517:
3510:Bibliography
3498:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3466:
3459:Aporti (2004
3454:
3442:
3430:
3410:
3405:
3393:
3388:
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3342:
3337:
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3298:
3286:
3281:
3269:
3264:
3252:
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:the original
3221:
3209:
3189:
3184:
3172:
3152:
3130:
3125:
3115:November 30,
3113:. Retrieved
3109:the original
3099:
3087:
3082:
3070:
3048:
3003:
3002:Paolo Piva,
2998:
2986:
2981:
2969:
2968:Paolo Piva,
2949:
2929:
2913:
2901:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:the original
2870:
2860:
2848:
2843:
2831:
2826:
2814:
2809:
2797:
2792:
2780:
2775:
2763:
2758:
2746:
2741:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2713:the original
2684:. Retrieved
2680:the original
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2629:
2617:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2545:the original
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2062:
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2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1895:
1883:
1878:
1871:Aporti (2004
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1825:
1813:
1808:
1796:
1791:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:the original
1753:
1741:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1710:
1696:Benedictines
1520:Pellegrino (
1366:), from the
1338:
1308:
1300:
1251:
1242:
1221:pueri oblati
1220:
1218:
1214:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1158:
1138:
1133:
1129:ReichklΓΆster
1128:
1126:
1108:pueri oblati
1106:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1046:
1023:
1019:
1008:Third church
990:
978:
966:
918:
914:
903:First church
892:
888:
872:
854:
849:
847:
834:gold florins
811:
795:
779:
743:
723:
708:
700:
680:
668:
661:
650:
640:
633:
617:feudal lords
612:
610:
591:
581:in commendam
579:
577:
556:
540:
532:
519:
516:Sylvester II
509:
496:
491:area to the
458:
452:
437:
422:
390:Christianity
375:
340:
324:
289:
280:
272:commendation
269:
256:Montecassino
249:
243:
238:
236:
231:
229:
224:
190:Lombard king
178:
174:
172:
134:11th century
116:Architecture
31:
3029:Breda (2007
2934:Breda (2007
2162:Zoppè (1988
1654:(1690β1706)
1359:Lantperto (
1341:chronotaxis
1210:xenodochium
1201:scriptorium
1150:Papal bulls
1102:scriptorium
1030:quadrilobed
727:Serenissima
688:St. Anthony
530:and monks.
477:Adalbert II
473:Berengar II
444:Carolingian
416:to Emperor
386:Charlemagne
347:Virgin Mary
316:Papal State
264:Middle Ages
252:monasticism
183:Benedictine
126:8th century
76: /
4078:Categories
4031:Categories
3942:government
3737:and places
3664:. Venezia.
1702:References
1691:Desiderius
1530:Giovanni (
1424: 869
1394:Sabbioneta
1325:bas-relief
1323:worked in
1052:above the
1034:presbytery
994:baptistery
929:triapsidal
921:presbytery
803:tabernacle
791:prelatures
739:papal bull
719:Charles IV
560:Acquanegra
499:, today's
465:Gottolengo
455:Hungarians
398:Sabbioneta
193:Desiderius
139:Demolished
64:10Β°13β²16β³E
61:45Β°22β²03β³N
3965:Education
3735:Provinces
3617:cite book
3501:. Torino.
1769:20 August
1561:Humiliati
1485:Tedaldo (
1464:Conrad II
1409:Remigio (
1399:Ritaldo (
1372:Amfrido (
1279:Lunigiana
1263:Comacchio
1062:prothyrum
1028:by large
981:hemicycle
822:Barbarigo
613:dominatus
598:Adrian VI
574:Decadence
442:from the
439:Theotokos
406:Constance
402:Reichenau
370:Reichenau
332:Lake Como
232:ad Leones
131:Completed
3851:Lombards
3844:Insubres
3839:Insubria
3727:Lombardy
3611:. Asola.
3482:16 April
3476:Archived
3474:. 1993.
2881:14 March
2686:June 23,
2554:June 25,
1726:14 March
1680:See also
1580:, first
1445:Otto III
1316:cornices
1312:capitals
1086:cloister
937:Sirmione
883:georadar
818:Morosini
807:crucifix
733:and the
711:Visconti
692:Holy See
655:β
566:and the
543:cathedra
536:Cluniacs
520:libertas
512:Otto III
493:Brescian
447:stuccoes
428:Splendor
418:Louis II
349:and the
310:and the
239:leonense
201:Brescian
97:Lombardy
89:Location
4042:Portals
3978:Cuisine
3970:culture
3832:History
3802:Sondrio
3760:Cremona
3750:Brescia
3745:Bergamo
3237:26 June
2719:26 June
1438:Gonzaga
1419:Magno (
1321:lunette
1304:Brescia
1271:Brescia
1246:Ostiano
1228:monks.
1206:oblates
1198:in the
1196:codices
1154:enclave
1142:prelate
1050:lunette
974:chancel
826:Querini
782:Foscari
761:The end
587:Gambara
503:in the
501:Gonzaga
483:to the
469:Gambara
436:Virgin
394:Mantuan
328:consort
312:Marches
300:Ratchis
292:Aistulf
286:Origins
219:History
153:Diocese
99:, Italy
3807:Varese
3775:Mantua
3724:
3677:
3638:
3524:
1559:. The
1329:stucco
1267:Verona
1237:Arcola
1186:curtes
1134:curtes
1054:lintel
1002:Verona
824:, and
715:Prague
637:tithes
564:Chiese
528:chrism
489:Modena
460:curtis
382:Franks
345:, the
343:Savior
308:Emilia
304:Franks
298:, and
4068:Italy
3797:Pavia
3787:Milan
3765:Lecco
2548:(PDF)
2541:(PDF)
1557:Ghedi
1542:Parma
1275:Pavia
1255:Oglio
1181:tithe
1146:mitre
1113:codex
1042:crypt
1026:naves
985:choir
941:crypt
925:altar
621:Ghedi
568:Oglio
396:, of
378:Italy
320:North
209:abbey
177:, or
4005:Flag
3983:Wine
3770:Lodi
3755:Como
3675:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3623:link
3522:ISBN
3484:2018
3239:2012
3117:2012
2883:2022
2721:2012
2688:2012
2556:2012
1771:2010
1728:2022
1434:Atto
1339:The
1273:and
1191:Leno
1058:Leno
1038:apse
970:nave
923:and
735:pope
731:doge
686:and
475:and
197:Leno
173:The
142:1783
93:Leno
3967:and
3433:in
3413:in
3396:in
3379:in
3362:in
3345:in
3328:in
3306:in
3289:in
3272:in
3255:in
3212:in
3192:in
3175:in
3155:in
3133:in
3090:in
3073:in
3051:in
3006:in
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