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the mule, a deal to which the surprised chief readily agreed. The swap quelled the simmering Yemeni rebellion. Soon both armies were in their lines on the same bank of the
Guadalquivir. Abd al-Rahman had no banner, and so one was improvised by unwinding a green turban and binding it round the head of a spear. Subsequently, the turban and the spear became the banner and symbol of the Andalusian Umayyads. Abd al-Rahman led the charge toward al-Fihri's army. Al-Sumayl in turn advanced his cavalry out to meet the Umayyad threat. After a long and difficult fight "Abd ar-Rahman obtained a most complete victory, and the field was strewn with the bodies of the enemy.". Both al-Fihri and al-Sumayl managed to escape the field (probably) with parts of the army too. Abd al-Rahman triumphantly marched into the capital,
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naught to rely upon save his own wits and perseverance, he nonetheless humiliated his proud foes, exterminated rebels, organized cities, mobilized armies, secured his frontiers against the
Christians, founded a great empire and reunited under his scepter a realm that seemed already parcelled out among others. No man before him ever did such deeds. Mu'awiya rose to his stature through the support of Umar and Uthman, whose backing allowed him to overcome difficulties; Abd al-Malik, because of previous appointment; and the Commander of the Faithful through the struggle of his kin and the solidarity of his partisans. But Abd al-Rahman did it alone, with the support of none other than his own judgment, depending on no one but his own resolve.
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505:. As a result, Bedr and the Umayyad clients sent out feelers to their rivals, the Yemeni commanders. Although the Yemenis were not natural allies (the Umayyads are cousins of the Qaysid tribes), their interest was piqued. The emir Yusuf al-Fihri had proven himself unable to keep the powerful al-Sumayl in check and several Yemeni chieftains felt their future prospects were poor, whether in a Fihrid or Syrian-dominated Spain, so that they had a better chance of advancement if they hitched themselves to the glitter of the Umayyad name. Although the Umayyads did not have a historical presence in the region (no member of the Umayyad family was known to have ever set foot in
586:
also ate gluttonous amounts of food in full view of the
Umayyad lines. An attempt at negotiations soon followed in which it is likely that Abd al-Rahman was offered the hand of al-Fihri's daughter in marriage and great wealth. Abd al-Rahman, however, would settle for nothing less than control of the emirate, and an impasse was reached. Even before the fight began, dissension spread through some of Abd al-Rahman's lines. Specifically, the Yemeni Arabs were unhappy that the prince was mounted on a fine Spanish steed and that his mettle was untried in battle. The Yemenis observed significantly that such a fine horse would provide an excellent mount to escape from battle.
784:
promised, al-Husayn was awarded
Zaragoza with the expectation that he would always be a subordinate of Córdoba. However, within two years al-Husayn broke off relations with Abd al-Rahman and announced that Zaragoza would be an independent city-state. Once again Abd al-Rahman had to be concerned with developments in the Upper March. He was intent on keeping this important northern border city within the Umayyad fold. By 783 Abd al-Rahman's army advanced on Zaragoza. It appeared as though Abd al-Rahman wanted to make clear to this troublesome city that independence was out of the question. Included in the arsenal of Abd al-Rahman's army were thirty-six
598:. He reorganized his forces and set out for the capital Abd al-Rahman had usurped from him. Again Abd al-Rahman met al-Fihri with his army; this time negotiations were successful, although the terms were somewhat changed. In exchange for al-Fihri's life and wealth, he would be a prisoner and not allowed to leave the city limits of Córdoba. Al-Fihri would have to report once a day to Abd al-Rahman, as well as turn over some of his sons and daughters as hostages. For a while al-Fihri met the obligations of the one-sided truce, but he still had many people loyal to him—people who would have liked to see him back in power.
660:, if not for Abd al-Rahman's scattered family that managed to evade the Abbasids. Abd al-Rahman probably was quite happy to see his call answered by waves of Umayyad faithful and family. He was finally reacquainted with his son Sulayman, whom he last saw weeping on the banks of the Euphrates with his sisters. Abd al-Rahman's sisters were unable to make the long voyage to al-Andalus. Abd al-Rahman placed his family members in high offices across the land, as he felt he could trust them more than non-family. The Umayyad family would again grow large and prosperous over successive generations. One of these kinsmen,
696:"resolved on an audacious sally". Abd al-Rahman hand-picked 700 fighters from his army and led them to Carmona's main gate. There, he started a great fire and threw his scabbard into the flames. Abd al-Rahman told his men that time had come to go down fighting rather than die of hunger. The gate lifted and Abd al-Rahman's men fell upon the unsuspecting Abbasids, thoroughly routing them. Most of the Abbasid army was killed. The heads of the main Abbasid leaders were cut off, preserved in salt, identifying tags pinned to their ears, and then bundled together in a gruesome package and sent to the
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up with him on the coast. The tribesmen might have figured that they could hold Abd al-Rahman as hostage, and force him to buy his way out of Africa. He did indeed hand over some amount of dinars to the suddenly hostile local
Berbers. Just as Abd al-Rahman launched his boat, another group of Berbers arrived. They also tried to obtain a fee from him for leaving. One of the Berbers held on to Abd al-Rahman's vessel as it made for al-Andalus, and allegedly had his hand cut off by one of the boat's crew.
57:
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740:. " army was enlisted to help the Muslim governors of Barcelona and Zaragoza against the Umayyad in Cordoba...." Essentially Charlemagne was being hired as a mercenary, even though he likely had other plans of acquiring the area for his own empire. After Charlemagne's columns arrived at the gates of Zaragoza, Sulayman got cold feet and refused to let the Franks into the city, after his subordinate,
541:, he was able to amass local support quickly. Waves of people made their way to Málaga to pay respect to the prince they thought was dead, including many of the aforementioned Syrians. One famous story that persisted through history related to a gift Abd al-Rahman was given while in Málaga. The gift was a beautiful young slave girl, but Abd al-Rahman humbly returned her to her previous master.
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with his army. The
Abbasid army was fast on their heels, and laid siege to Carmona for approximately two months. Abd al-Rahman must have sensed that time was against him as food and water became scarce, and his troops morale likely came into question. Finally Abd al-Rahman gathered his men as he was
651:
It is unclear whether Abd al-Rahman proclaimed himself caliph. There are documents in the archives of
Cordoba that state that this was his first act upon entering the city. However, historically he is recorded as Emir and not Caliph. Abd al-Rahman's 7th descendant, Abd al-Rahman III, would, however,
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Being the ever-wary politician, Abd al-Rahman acted quickly to regain Yemeni support, and rode to a Yemeni chief who was mounted on a mule named "Lightning". Abd al-Rahman averred that his horse proved difficult to ride and was wont to buck him out of the saddle. He offered to exchange his horse for
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The river was, for the first time in years, overflowing its banks, heralding the end of a long drought. Nevertheless, food was still scarce, and Abd al-Rahman's army suffered from hunger. In an attempt to demoralize Abd al-Rahman's troops, al-Fihri ensured that his troops not only were well fed, but
574:. An important detachment was sent by Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman to quash it, but his troops were annihilated. After the setback, al-Fihri turned his army back south to face the "pretender". The fight for the right to rule al-Andalus was about to begin. The two contingents met on opposite sides of the
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Bedr returned to Africa to tell Abd al-Rahman of the invitation of the
Umayyad clients in al-Andalus. Shortly thereafter, they set off with a small group of followers for Europe. When some local Berber tribesmen learned of Abd al-Rahman's intent to set sail for al-Andalus, they quickly rode to catch
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poignantly described Abd al-Rahman's reaction as he implored Yahya to keep going: "O brother! Come to me, come to me!" Yahya returned to the near shore, and was quickly dispatched by the horsemen. They cut off his head and left his body to rot. Al-Maqqari quotes earlier historians reporting that Abd
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Abd al-Rahman, Yahya, and Bedr quit the village, narrowly escaping the
Abbasid assassins. On the way south, Abbasid horsemen again caught up with the trio. Abd al-Rahman and his companions then threw themselves into the River Euphrates. The horsemen urged them to return, promising that no harm would
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had dispatched horsemen across the region to try to find the
Umayyad prince and kill him. The Abbasids were merciless with all Umayyads that they found. Abbasid agents closed in on Abd al-Rahman and his family while they were hiding in a small village. He left his young son with his sisters and fled
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Abd al-Rahman knew that one of his sons would one day inherit the rule of al-Andalus, but that it was a land torn by strife. In order to successfully rule in such a situation, Abd al-Rahman needed to create a reliable civil service and organize a standing army. He felt that he could not always rely
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Now Abd al-Rahman could deal with Sulayman and the city of Zaragoza without having to fight a massive Christian army. In 779 Abd al-Rahman offered Husayn, one of Sulayman's allies, the job of Zaragoza's governorship. The temptation was too much for al-Husayn, who murdered his colleague Sulayman. As
418:
But Ibn Habib soon changed his mind. He feared the presence of prominent Umayyad exiles in Ifriqiya, a family more illustrious than his own, might become a focal point for intrigue among local nobles against his own usurped powers. Around 755, believing he had discovered plots involving some of the
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Despite such a tremendous victory, Abd al-Rahman had to continuously put down rebellions in al-Andalus. Various Arab and Berber tribes fought each other for varying degrees of power, some cities tried to break away and form their own state, and even members of Abd al-Rahman's family tried to wrest
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of al-Andalus, made a bid for autonomy. Al-Fihri and al-Sumayl rode north to quash the rebellion. This might have been fortunate timing for Abd al-Rahman, since he was still getting a solid foothold in al-Andalus. By March 756, Abd al-Rahman and his growing following of Umayyad clients and Yemeni
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and the Syrian commander al-Sumayl pondered what to do about the new threat to their shaky hold on power. They decided to try to marry Abd al-Rahman into their family. If that did not work, then Abd al-Rahman would have to be killed. Abd al-Rahman was apparently sagacious enough to expect such a
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The falcon of Quraysh is Abd al-Rahman, who escaped by his cunning the spearheads of the lances and the blades of the swords, who after wandering solitary through the deserts of Asia and Africa, had the boldness to seek his fortune without an army, in lands unknown to him beyond the sea. Having
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were contingents of old Umayyad clients, numbering perhaps 500, and Abd al-Rahman believed he might tug on old loyalties and get them to receive him. Bedr was dispatched across the straits to make contact. Bedr managed to line up three Syrian commanders—Ubayd Allah ibn Uthman and Abd Allah ibn
691:). Much of the surrounding area of Beja capitulated to al-Ala, and in fact rallied under the Abbasid banners against Abd al-Rahman. Abd al-Rahman had to act quickly. The Abbasid contingent was vastly superior in size, said to have numbered 7,000 men. The emir quickly made for the redoubt of
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chieftain friendly to their plight. Ibn Habib dispatched spies to look for the Umayyad prince. When Ibn Habib's soldiers entered the camp, the Berber chieftain's wife Tekfah hid Abd al-Rahman under her personal belongings to help him go unnoticed. Once they were gone, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr
744:, had successfully defeated and captured Abd al-Rahman's most trusted general, Thalaba Ibn Ubayd. It is possible that he realized that Charlemagne would want to usurp power from him. After capturing Sulayman, Charlemagne's force eventually headed back to France via a narrow pass in the
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family, had long sought to carve out Ifriqiya as a private dominion for himself. At first, he sought an understanding with the Abbasids, but when they refused his terms and demanded his submission, Ibn Habib broke openly with the Abbasids and invited the remnants of the
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Al-Fihri eventually did make another bid for power. He quit Córdoba and quickly started gathering supporters. While at large, al-Fihri managed to gather an army allegedly numbering 20,000. It is doubtful, however, that his troops were "regular" soldiers, but rather a
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in central al-Andalus; once there, he was promptly killed. Al-Fihri's head was sent to Córdoba, where Abd al-Rahman had it nailed to a bridge. With this act, Abd al-Rahman proclaimed himself the emir of al-Andalus. However, in order to take over southern
704:. Upon receiving the evidence of al-Ala's defeat in al-Andalus, al-Mansur is said to have gasped, "God be praised for placing a sea between us!" Al-Mansur hated, and yet apparently respected Abd al-Rahman to such a degree that he dubbed him the "Hawk of
874:
Christians more often converted to Islam than Jews although there were converted Jews among the new followers of Islam. There was a great deal of freedom of interaction among the groups: for example, Sarah, the granddaughter of the Visigoth king
341:
in 748–750. Abd al-Rahman and a small part of his family fled Damascus, where the center of Umayyad power had been; people moving with him included his brother Yahya, his four-year-old son Sulayman, and some of his sisters, as well as his Greek
1844:
Chronicle of Alfonso III: Wolf, K. B. (trans) (1999) Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain (Liverpool University Press, 2nd ed.), 16, p. 171, and Barrau-Dihigo, L. (1989) Historia politica del reino Asturiano (718–910) (Gijón), p.
664:, persuaded Abd al-Rahman in 757 to drop the name of the Abbasid caliph from the Friday prayers (a traditional recognition of sovereignty in medieval Islam), and became one of his top generals and his governor in
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before) and there were grave concerns about young Abd al-Rahman's inexperience, several of the lower-ranking Yemeni commanders felt they had little to lose and much to gain, and agreed to support the prince.
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plot. In order to help speed his ascension to power, he was prepared to take advantage of the feuds and dissensions. However, before anything could be done, trouble broke out in northern al-Andalus.
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were breached under a torrent of ordnance from the Umayyad lines. Abd al-Rahman's warriors spilled into the city's streets, quickly thwarting al-Husayn's desires for independence.
895:. Abd al-Rahman's progeny would continue to rule al-Andalus in the name of the house of Umayya for several generations, with the zenith of their power coming during the reign of
961:
Sulayman (745–800), Governor of Toledo. Exiled after he refused to accept his brother Hisham's rule. Returned to challenge his nephew in 796, captured and executed in 800.
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as governor of Africa (whose title gave him dominion over the province of al-Andalus). It was al-Ala who headed the Abbasid army that landed in al-Andalus, possibly near
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took up the chase, and after a series of small fights, managed to defeat al-Fihri's army. Al-Fihri himself managed to escape to the former Visigoth capital of
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was practiced. Abd al-Rahman continued to allow Jews and Christians and other monotheistic religions to retain and practice their faiths, in exchange for the
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itself; However, Abd al-Rahman always managed to stay one step ahead, and crushed all opposition; as he always dealt severely with dissidents in al-Andalus.
863:. Possibly because of tribute taxes, "the bulk of the country's population must have become Muslim". However, other scholars have argued that though 80% of
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to take refuge in his dominions. Abd al-Rahman was only one of several surviving Umayyad family members to make their way to Ifriqiya at this time.
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with Yahya. Accounts vary, but Bedr likely escaped with Abd al-Rahman. Some histories indicate that Bedr met up with Abd al-Rahman at a later date.
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al-Rahman was so overcome with fear that from the far shore he ran until exhaustion overcame him. Only he and Bedr were left to face the unknown.
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619:, al-Fihri's general, al-Sumayl, had to be dealt with, and he was garroted in Córdoba's jail. Still, most of central and northern al-Andalus (
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without violence. He managed to break the rebellion attempt in Zaragoza, but just about that time the Cordovan governor received news of a
386:. Abd al-Rahman had to keep a low profile as he traveled. It may be assumed that he intended to go at least as far as northwestern Africa (
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Khalid, both originally of Damascus, and Yusuf ibn Bukht of Qinnasrin. The trio approached the Syrian arch-commander al-Sumayl (then in
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475:" tribal stock—was locked in a contest with his vizier (and son-in-law) al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Kilabi, the head of the "Syrians"—the
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537:, al-Andalus, Abd al-Rahman was greeted by clients Abu Uthman and Ibn Khalid and an escort of 300 cavalry. During his brief time in
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By 763 Abd al-Rahman had to get back to the business of war. Al-Andalus had been invaded by an Abbasid army. Far away in
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Abd al-Rahman died c. 788 in Córdoba, and was supposedly buried under the site of the Mezquita. Abd al-Rahman's alleged
772:
2489:
1086:, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain (2002)
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942:, according to Abd el-Wahid Merrakechi when reciting his ancestry. Abd al-Rahman's mother was a member of the Nafza
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679:, had long been planning to depose the Umayyad who dared to call himself emir of al-Andalus. Al-Mansur installed
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879:, married a Muslim man and bore two sons who were later counted among the ranks of the highest Arab nobility.
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take up the title of caliph. In the meantime, a call went out through the Muslim world that al-Andalus was a
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423:, Ibn Habib turned against them. At the time, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr were keeping a low profile, staying in
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1628:. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), pp. 33–35. Glick based this work on a prior scholar's work (
459:) and racial tensions between the Arabs and Berbers. At that moment, the nominal ruler of al-Andalus, emir
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1031:(one of the greatest of the Umayyad caliphs), but again no. They asked who it was, and al-Mansur replied:
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as well as slaves from other areas. The total number of soldiers under his command was nearly 40,000.
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News of the prince's arrival spread like wildfire throughout the peninsula. During this time, emir
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957:. Abd al-Rahman was the father of several sons, but the identity of their mother(s) is not clear:
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Abd al-Rahman did much work to improve al-Andalus' infrastructure. He also built the world-famous
443:, where Abd al-Rahman could not have been sure whether or not he would be welcomed. Following the
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1468:. Edited by David R. Blanks and Michael Frassetto. (New York, Saint Martin's Press, 1999), p. 56
833:) to 786–787 (170 AH). It was expanded multiple times by his successors up to the 10th century.
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come to them; and Yahya, perhaps from fear of drowning, turned back. The 17th-century historian
71:
1693:
1684:
56:
17:
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2579:
2238:
2218:
2079:
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1912:
1787:
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501:) to get his consent, but al-Sumayl refused, fearing Abd al-Rahman would try to make himself
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Zaragoza proved to be a most difficult city to reign over for not only Abd al-Rahman, but
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Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (1992). "The Great Mosque of Córdoba". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).
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Abd al-Rahman I was able to forge a new Umayyad dynasty by standing successfully against
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by his Umayyad predecessors. The journey across Egypt would prove perilous. At the time,
1027:(founder of the Umayyad Caliphate), but the Caliph again denied it. Then they suggested
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After barely escaping with their lives, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr continued south through
1477:"Historia de Espnña antigua y media", Vols. 1 & 23; Luis Suárez Fernández, 1976;
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Jayyusi, Salma Khadra; Marín, Manuela (1994). "The Political History of Al-Andalus".
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406:) and a former Umayyad vassal. The ambitious Ibn Habib, a member of the illustrious
1955:
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1809:"Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn al-Qutiyah; The Reign of the Emir Hisham"
760:). Charlemagne was also attacked by Sulayman's relatives, who had freed Sulayman.
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woman named Hulal. She is said to have been very beautiful and was the mother of
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Western Views of Islam in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Perception and Other
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on the local populace in providing a loyal army; and therefore bought a massive
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1019:, foremost of the Quraysh). The obsequious courtiers naturally replied "You, O
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of men from various parts of al-Andalus. Abd al-Rahman's appointed governor in
268:, and his establishment of a government in Iberia represented a break with the
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829:(the present-day cathedral of Córdoba), which took place from 785 to 786 (169
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1632:). On page 33 of this book, Glick writes that Bulliet said "that the rate of
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Al-Andalus: Estructura antropológica de una sociedad islámica en Occidente
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once asked his courtiers who deserved the exalted title of "Falcon of the
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Safi, L. (1995) "Leadership and Subordination: An Islamic Perspective".
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is logarithmic, and may be illustrated graphically by a logistic curve".
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The fall of the caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in conflict
1000:"), bestowed on him by one of his greatest enemies, the Abbasid caliph
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914:, and other Muslim Spaniards. His legacy started a new chapter for the
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348:(freedman or client), Bedr. The family fled from Damascus to the River
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257:, which continued for nearly three centuries (including the succeeding
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1303:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
1692:. Vol. I: A–Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago. 2010. pp.
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with whom he found refuge after the murder of his family in 750.
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As was common during the years of Islamic expansion from Arabia,
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525:, in September 755; however, his landing site was unconfirmed.
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In 755, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr reached modern-day Morocco near
1574:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Córdoba".
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power from him. During a large revolt, dissidents marched on
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Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
1328:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: a political history of al-Andalus
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as well. In the year 777–778, several notable men including
352:. All along the way the path was filled with danger, as the
1210:, Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1934, Vol. 8, p. 372
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Omar (died before 758), captured in battle and executed by
918:
ensuring their survival and culminating in the new Umayyad
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from 724 to 743. He was twenty when his family, the ruling
1831:
Cherbonneau, M. A. (trans.) 'Chronique d'Ibn-el Kouthya',
1743:
Cherbonneau, M. A. (trans.) 'Chronique d'Ibn-el Kouthya',
1732:
Histoire des Almohades d'Abd el-Wahid Merrakechi (Algiers)
891:
was his choice for successor, and would later be known as
1553:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 12.
1375:(1st ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. p. 32.
1047:
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula
485:
or military regiments of Syria, mostly of north Arabian
1602:. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1965), p. 33
1576:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1425:. (Edinburgh; Edinburgh University Press, 1965), p. 32
871:, it did not truly occur until near the 10th century.
276:
in Damascus in 750. He was also known by the surnames
1264:
for the majority of the preceding information, 58–61.
264:
Abd al-Rahman was a member of the Umayyad dynasty in
241:; 7 March 731 – 30 September 788), commonly known as
1626:
Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages
1436:
Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages
1023:!", but the Caliph denied this. Then they suggested
447:
of the 740s, the province was in a crisis, with the
236:
2678:
2644:
2588:
2525:
2518:
2392:
2227:
2172:
2078:
1510:. (Zaragoza; Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza, 1998), p. 14
594:. Danger was not far behind, as al-Fihri planned a
206:
198:
188:
176:
156:
148:
123:
110:
106:
96:
85:
77:
69:
34:
1683:
635:'s supporters until 779 (submission of Zaragoza).
1231:when detailing Abd al-Rahman's flight from Syria.
1453:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
1410:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
1397:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
1341:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
1258:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
1245:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
1221:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
467:family and a favorite of the old Arab settlers (
1856:The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences
1784:The History of Mohammedan dynasties in Spain VI
1239:
1237:
1033:
439:. Their next step would be to cross the sea to
1124:
2366:
2038:
1600:Islamic Surveys 4: A History of Islamic Spain
1578:. Oxford University Press. pp. 505–508.
1423:Islamic Surveys 4: A History of Islamic Spain
249:, ruling from 756 to 788. He established the
8:
1615:. (New York: St Martin’s Press), 1968. p. 71
1497:. (New York. St Martin’s Press), 1968. p. 68
1359:. (New York. St Martin’s Press), 1968. p. 66
988:In his lifetime, Abd al-Rahman was known as
37:
1835:5th series Tome VIII (Paris, 1856), p. 475.
1747:5th series Tome VIII (Paris, 1856), p. 456.
647:A 19th century depiction of Abd al Rahman I
2522:
2373:
2359:
2351:
2045:
2031:
2023:
1946:
1903:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1786:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 234–235.
1716:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1143:. Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
992:("the Entrant"), but he was also known as
708:" (the Umayyads were from a branch of the
390:), the land of his mother, which had been
31:
1272:
1270:
1645:Marianne Barrucand & Achim Bednorz.
1508:Historia de Zaragoza: Zaragoza Musulmana
756:rebels (this disaster inspired the epic
245:, was the founder and first emir of the
1911:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 81–82.
1782:al-Makkari, Ahmed ibn Mohammed (2010).
1526:. Oxford University Press. p. 75.
1223:, 96. Al-Maqqari quotes from historian
1099:
748:, where his rearguard was wiped out by
1709:
821:, begun by Abd al Rahman I in 785–786.
311:the heartland of the Umayyad Caliphate
238:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muʿāwiya ibn Hishām
1730:Fagnan, E. (trans. & ed.) (1893)
734:Sulayman ibn Yokdan al-Arabi al-Kelbi
451:torn by tribal dissensions among the
219:Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham
7:
1660:"Abd al-Rahman III | Umayyad caliph"
1550:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
1140:An Introduction to Arabic Literature
398:was the semi-autonomous governor of
1734:("Abd el-Wahid Merrakechi"), p. 50.
1089:Andrea Pancini, L'immigrante (2016)
226:
38:
1295:Abd-ar-Rahman s.v. Abd-ar-Rahman I
974:(757–17 Apr 796), Emir of Cordoba.
846:consisting mainly of Berbers from
788:. Zaragoza's famous white granite
25:
1988:Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
1872:Lévi-Provençal, Évariste (1960).
1647:Moorish Architecture in Andalusia
633:Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
553:, an important trade city on the
419:more prominent Umayyad exiles in
2163:
1277:
949:Abd al-Rahman married a Spanish
662:Abd al-Malik ibn Umar ibn Marwan
461:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
396:Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri
325:tribe, and thus the grandson of
313:, the son of the Umayyad prince
90:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
55:
1451:Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari,
1408:Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari,
1395:Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari,
1339:Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari,
1256:Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari,
1243:Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari,
1219:Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari.
489:tribes—who had arrived in 742.
471:), mostly of south Arabian or "
432:immediately set off westwards.
27:Emir of Córdoba from 756 to 788
18:Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya
2741:8th-century monarchs in Europe
1761:. Barcelona: Barral Editores.
1007:According to the chroniclers,
675:, the current Abbasid caliph,
578:, just outside the capital of
521:in al-Andalus, to the east of
227:عبد الرحمن إبن معاوية إبن هشام
1:
2306:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
2292:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
1523:Andalucia: A Cultural History
930:Abd al-Rahman was the son of
81:14 May 756 – 30 September 788
1464:Jo Ann Hoeppner Moran Cruz.
773:Grandes Chroniques de France
1506:José Luis Corral Lafuente.
813:hall, with its distinctive
724:Problems in the Upper March
700:, who was on pilgrimage at
237:
92:(as governor of al-Andalus)
2757:
1939:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1440:Princeton University Press
1167:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
582:on the plains of Musarah.
317:and his concubine Raha, a
301:Abd al-Rahman was born in
127:30 September 788 (aged 57)
2415:al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman
2337:
2161:
2060:
2011:
2002:
1984:
1949:
1813:Routledge & CRC Press
1649:. (London: Taschen, 2002)
1260:. Again al-Maqqari cited
1021:Commander of the Faithful
427:, at the camp of a Nafza
363:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari
337:, were overthrown by the
54:
45:
2510:Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman
2323:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
2299:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
1933:"Abd-er-Rahman I."
777:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
517:Abd al-Rahman landed at
152:Several; including Hulal
2736:8th-century Arab people
2285:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir
1690:Encyclopædia Britannica
1664:Encyclopædia Britannica
1300:Encyclopædia Britannica
1029:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
827:Great Mosque of Córdoba
819:Great Mosque of Córdoba
775:, A romanticization of
463:—another member of the
327:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
274:overthrown the Umayyads
64:coin of Abd al-Rahman I
2495:Abu'l-Khattar al-Husam
2460:Muhammad ibn Abd Allah
1996:Governor of Al-Andalus
1613:Makers of Arab History
1495:Makers of Arab History
1369:Kennedy, Hugh (1996).
1357:Makers of Arab History
1038:
822:
780:
648:
2575:Abdallah ibn Muhammad
2445:Hudhaifa ibn al-Ahwas
1757:Guichard, P. (1976).
1204:Arnold Joseph Toynbee
1194:, Brill, 1994, p. 111
1170:. Brill. p. 19.
1137:Allen, Roger (2000).
1067:Abd al-Malik ibn Umar
808:
766:
646:
39:عبد الرحمن إبن معاوية
2455:al-Haytham ibn Ubayd
2450:Uthman ibn Abi Nis'a
2274:Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti
1961:Cadet branch of the
1598:W. Montgomery Watt.
1421:W. Montgomery Watt.
1115:, Vol. 2 p. 69, 2013
1062:Caliphate of Córdoba
996:("The Falcon of the
966:Fruela I of Asturias
922:by his descendants.
920:Caliphate of Cordoba
742:al-Husayn ibn Yahiya
562:, were able to take
297:Flight from Damascus
259:Caliphate of Córdoba
2670:Al-Qasim ibn Hammud
2660:Al-Qasim ibn Hammud
2435:Udhra ibn Abd Allah
2080:Caliphs of Damascus
1634:conversion to Islam
1520:Gill, John (2008).
1125:Lévi-Provençal 1960
1108:Al-Bayan al-Mughrib
855:religious tolerance
767:An illustration of
656:for friends of the
315:Mu'awiya ibn Hisham
280:("the Immigrant"),
193:Mu'awiya ibn Hisham
2538:Al-Ala ibn Mughith
2490:Thalaba ibn Salama
2475:Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj
2229:Caliphs of Córdoba
1886:Lévi-Provençal, E.
1685:"'Abd ar-Rahman I"
1330:. London: Longman.
1326:H. Kennedy (1996)
1208:A study of history
1084:Maria Rosa Menocal
1052:Abbasid Revolution
823:
801:Construction works
781:
769:The Song of Roland
649:
576:River Guadalquivir
339:Abbasid Revolution
247:Emirate of Córdoba
138:Emirate of Cordoba
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2596:Abd al-Rahman III
2580:Abd al-Rahman III
2500:Tuwaba ibn Salama
2430:Anbasa ibn Suhaym
2420:al-Samh ibn Malik
2382:Umayyad governors
2348:
2347:
2239:Abd al-Rahman III
2219:Abd al-Rahman III
2021:
2020:
2012:Succeeded by
2000:
1874:"ʿAbd al- Raḥmān"
1833:Journal Asiatique
1745:Journal Asiatique
1712:cite encyclopedia
1703:978-1-59339-837-8
1624:Thomas F. Glick.
1611:Philip K. Hitti.
1533:978-0-19-970451-4
1493:Philip K. Hitti.
1434:Thomas F. Glick.
1190:Peter C. Scales,
1177:978-90-04-09599-1
1150:978-0-521-77657-8
1127:, pp. 81–82.
897:Abd al-Rahman III
815:two-tiered arches
758:Chanson de Roland
681:al-Ala ibn-Mugith
492:Among the Syrian
479:, drawn from the
402:(roughly, modern
235:
216:
215:
118:Umayyad Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
2748:
2721:Emirs of Córdoba
2636:Abd al-Rahman IV
2560:Abd ar-Rahman II
2523:
2440:Yahya ibn Salama
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2279:Abd al-Rahman IV
2199:Abd ar-Rahman II
2174:Emirs of Córdoba
2167:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
1991:
1985:Preceded by
1980:
1973:
1951:Abd al-Rahman I
1947:
1943:
1935:
1920:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1305:
1304:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1104:
796:Legacy and death
533:Upon landing in
457:Qays–Yemeni feud
449:Muslim community
392:partly conquered
382:, and then into
284:("the Falcon of
240:
230:
228:
116:Damascus, Syria
59:
41:
40:
32:
21:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2700:
2686:Abd al-Rahman V
2679:Umayyad caliphs
2674:
2640:
2589:Umayyad caliphs
2584:
2533:Abd al-Rahman I
2514:
2410:Ayyub ibn Habib
2400:Musa ibn Nusayr
2388:
2379:
2349:
2344:
2333:
2312:Abd al-Rahman V
2231:
2223:
2184:Abd al-Rahman I
2176:
2168:
2159:
2082:
2074:
2056:
2054:Umayyad dynasty
2051:
2017:
2008:
2005:Emir of Córdoba
1990:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1930:
1927:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1815:
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1801:
1794:
1781:
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1776:
1769:
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1755:
1751:
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1738:
1729:
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1682:
1681:
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1668:
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1619:
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1606:
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1586:
1573:
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1568:
1561:
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1534:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1492:
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1476:
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1459:
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1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:Philip K. Hitti
1351:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1308:
1293:, ed. (1911). "
1289:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1235:
1218:
1214:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1080:
1078:Further reading
1072:Sara al-Qutiyya
1043:
986:
928:
916:Umayyad Dynasty
885:
839:
837:Social dynamics
803:
798:
790:defensive walls
726:
687:(in modern-day
658:house of Umayya
641:
531:
529:Fight for power
413:Umayyad dynasty
372:
321:woman from the
299:
294:
251:Umayyad dynasty
243:Abd al-Rahman I
169:
165:
163:
128:
115:
72:Emir of Córdoba
65:
36:
35:Abd al-Rahman I
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2682:
2680:
2676:
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2673:
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2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Ali ibn Hammud
2651:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
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2608:
2603:
2598:
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2516:
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2502:
2497:
2492:
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2485:Balj ibn Bishr
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2019:
2018:
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2010:
2001:
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1981:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1925:External links
1923:
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1921:
1882:Kramers, J. H.
1878:Gibb, H. A. R.
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1807:James, David.
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1438:. (Princeton,
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2691:Muhammad III
2532:
2480:Abd al-Malik
2470:Abd al-Malik
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2317:Muhammad III
2304:
2297:
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2110:Abd al-Malik
2003:
1993:
1992:
1976:
1969:
1964:Banu Quraish
1962:
1956:Banu Umayyah
1954:
1937:
1908:
1901:
1866:Bibliography
1855:
1850:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1802:
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1667:. Retrieved
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1343:. pp. 65–68.
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1016:
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994:Saqr Quraish
993:
989:
987:
948:
940:Abd al-Malik
929:
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889:favorite son
886:
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848:North Africa
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282:Saqr Quraysh
281:
277:
263:
242:
218:
217:
46:
29:
2626:Sulayman II
2616:Sulayman II
2611:Muhammad II
2601:Al-Hakam II
2519:Independent
2405:Abd al-Aziz
2254:Muhammad II
2244:Al-Hakam II
2140:Al-Walid II
2100:Mu'awiya II
2065:Family tree
1898:Pellat, Ch.
1890:Schacht, J.
904:Charlemagne
738:Charlemagne
604:hodge-podge
555:Upper March
370:Exile years
211:Sunni Islam
114:7 March 731
86:Predecessor
2731:788 deaths
2726:731 births
2715:Categories
2696:Hisham III
2631:al-Mu'ayti
2570:al-Mundhir
2565:Muhammad I
2555:al-Hakam I
2386:al-Andalus
2339:indicates
2329:Hisham III
2232:(929–1031)
2209:al-Mundhir
2204:Muhammad I
2194:Al-Hakam I
2115:Al-Walid I
2090:Mu'awiya I
1858:, pp. 2-12
1818:2022-06-01
1768:8421120166
1669:2017-10-13
1560:0870996371
1262:Ibn Hayyan
1225:Ibn Hayyan
1113:Ibn Idhari
1094:References
1057:al-Andalus
865:al-Andalus
654:safe haven
507:al-Andalus
441:al-Andalus
272:, who had
255:al-Andalus
134:Al-Andalus
2621:Hisham II
2606:Hisham II
2393:Dependent
2264:Hisham II
2249:Hisham II
2177:(756–929)
2155:Marwan II
2145:Yazid III
2083:(661–750)
1917:495469456
1907:Volume I:
1894:Lewis, B.
1009:al-Mansur
1002:al-Mansur
990:al Dakhil
938:, son of
934:, son of
811:hypostyle
771:from the
677:al-Mansur
629:Barcelona
519:Almuñécar
469:baladiyun
376:Palestine
350:Euphrates
292:Biography
278:al-Dakhil
232:romanized
97:Successor
2646:Hammudid
2550:Hisham I
2343:usurpers
2341:Hammudid
2269:Sulayman
2259:Sulayman
2214:Abdullah
2189:Hisham I
2130:Yazid II
2120:Sulayman
2105:Marwan I
2015:Hisham I
2009:756–788
1900:(eds.).
1442:), p. 38
1247:, p. 60.
1229:Muktabis
1041:See also
1025:Mu'awiya
978:Abdallah
972:Hisham I
951:Sephardi
932:Mu'awiya
908:Abbasids
893:Hisham I
746:Pyrenees
689:Portugal
625:Zaragoza
572:Pamplona
551:Zaragoza
546:al-Fihri
499:Zaragoza
477:shamiyun
421:Kairouan
400:Ifriqiya
354:Abbasids
335:Umayyads
307:Damascus
270:Abbasids
266:Damascus
207:Religion
171:Abdullah
167:Hisham I
162:Sulayman
101:Hisham I
2648:caliphs
2150:Ibrahim
2095:Yazid I
1942:. 1921.
1630:Bulliet
1455:, p. 85
1412:. p. 82
1399:, p. 81
1288::
1013:Quraysh
998:Quraish
984:Legends
944:Berbers
912:Berbers
877:Wittiza
718:Córdoba
706:Quraysh
693:Carmona
673:Baghdad
666:Seville
608:Sevilla
592:Córdoba
580:Córdoba
564:Sevilla
425:Kabylie
404:Tunisia
388:Maghreb
305:, near
303:Palmyra
286:Quraysh
234::
183:Umayyad
178:Dynasty
149:Consort
130:Qurtuba
2135:Hisham
1975:
1915:
1896:&
1790:
1765:
1700:
1582:
1557:
1530:
1481:
1379:
1282:
1174:
1147:
955:Hisham
936:Hisham
926:Family
910:, the
906:, the
754:Gascon
750:Basque
621:Toledo
617:Iberia
612:Toledo
568:Basque
539:Málaga
535:Torrox
523:Málaga
487:Qaysid
473:Yemeni
465:Fihrid
429:Berber
408:Fihrid
378:, the
331:caliph
319:Berber
223:Arabic
199:Mother
189:Father
62:Dirham
2070:Media
1977:Died:
1970:Born:
1876:. In
883:Death
869:Islam
860:jizya
702:Mecca
560:junds
494:junds
482:junds
455:(the
453:Arabs
437:Ceuta
384:Egypt
380:Sinai
345:mawla
323:Nafza
158:Issue
142:Spain
78:Reign
2125:Umar
1913:OCLC
1845:134.
1788:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1718:link
1698:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1145:ISBN
809:The
752:and
685:Beja
639:Rule
503:emir
288:").
202:Raha
164:Omar
124:Died
111:Born
70:1st
48:Emir
2384:of
1994:as
1979:788
1972:730
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