878:
869:
1192:
across their territory several times a year to exploit other seasonal food sources. In semi-arid areas, millet was harvested, stacked and threshed and the seeds stored for later use. In tropical areas the tops of yams were replanted. Flood argues that such practices are better classified as resource management than agriculture and that
Aboriginal societies did not develop the systematic cultivation of crops or permanent villages such as existed in the Torres Strait Islands. Elizabeth Williams has called the inhabitants of the more settled regions of the Murray valley "complex hunter gatherers".
1004:
appearance of the dingo does provide strong evidence for external contacts, the evidence overall is consistent with a complete lack of gene flow, and points to indigenous origins for the technological and linguistic changes. Gene flow across the island-dotted 150-kilometre (93 mi)-wide Torres Strait, is both geographically plausible and demonstrated by the data, although at this point it could not be determined from this study when within the last 10,000 years it may have occurred - newer analytical techniques have the potential to address such questions.
59:
1128:
coastal islands were incorporated into local economies. There was a proliferation of stone tool, plant processing and landscape modification technologies. Elaborate fish and eel traps involving channels up to three kilometres long were in use in western
Victoria from about 6,500 years ago. Semi-permanent collections of wooden huts on mounds also appeared in western Victoria, associated with a more systematic exploitation of new food sources in the wetlands.
4280:
1062:
693:, and if they arrived around 70,000 years ago, they could have crossed the water from Timor, when the sea level was low – but if they came later, around 50,000 years ago, a more likely route would be through the Moluccas to New Guinea. Given that the likely landfall regions have been under around 50 metres of water for the last 15,000 years, it is unlikely that the timing will ever be established with certainty.
475:
1417:). The inscriptions on the Jensen Bay coins identify a ruling Sultan of Kilwa, but it is unclear whether the ruler was from the 10th century or the 14th century. This discovery has been of interest to those historians who believe it likely that people made landfall in Australia or its offshore islands before the first generally accepted such discovery, by the Dutch sailor
984:(Philippines area) groups diverged from the Aboriginal about 36,000 years ago (and supporting evidence that these populations are descended from migrants taking an early "southern route" out of Africa, before other groups in the area), and also that the Indian and Australian populations mixed well before European contact, with this gene flow occurring during the Holocene (
931:
anthropological record between 5,000 years ago and 3,000 years ago, including the introduction of the dingo; the spread of the
Australian Small Tool tradition; the appearance of plant-processing technologies, especially complex detoxification of cycads; and the expansion of the Pama-Nyungan language over seven-eighths of Australia". Although previously linked to the
606:
3108:
Peter
Savolainen, Thomas Leitner, Alan N. Wilton, Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith, and Joakim Lundeberg (2004),"A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA"(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004 Aug 17;
1266:
creatures were not austere divinities, but fallible beings who happened to make the world and everything in it while going about their creaturely business. Traditional
Aboriginal culture effortlessly fuses areas of understanding which Europeans 'naturally' keep separate: ecology, cosmology, theology,
1164:
Aboriginal groups were semi-nomadic, generally ranging over a specific territory defined by natural features. Members of a group would enter the territory of another group through rights established by marriage and kinship or by invitation for specific purposes such as ceremonies and sharing abundant
1003:
technology, investigating their divergence times from Y chromosomes in other continents, including comparing the haplogroup C chromosomes. The authors concluded that, although this does not disprove the presence of any
Holocene gene flow or non-genetic influences from South Asia at that time, and the
1132:
they had ceased to eat fish and use bone tools. Coastal
Tasmanians switched from fish to abalone and crayfish and more Tasmanians moved to the interior. The Tasmanians built watercraft from reeds and bark and journeyed up to 10 kilometres offshore to visit islands and hunt for seals and muttonbirds.
1119:
About 19,000 years ago temperatures and sea levels began to rise. Tasmania became separated from the mainland some 14,000 years ago, and between 8,000 and 6,000 years ago thousands of islands in the Torres Strait and around the coast of
Australia were formed. Josephine Flood writes that the flooding
930:
A 2012 paper by Alan J. Redd et al. on the topic of migration from India around 4,000 years ago notes that the indicated influx period corresponds to the timing of various other changes, specifically mentioning "The divergence times reported here correspond with a series of changes in the
Australian
3051:
analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang
Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c,
2976:
Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Papuans as either an almost even mixture between East Asians and a lineage basal to West and East Asians occurred sometimes between 45
1562:
Malaspinas, A. S., Westaway, M. C., Muller, C., Sousa, V. C., Lao, O., Alves, I., Bergström, A., Athanasiadis, G., Cheng, J. Y., Crawford, J. E., Heupink, T. H., Macholdt, E., Peischl, S., Rasmussen, S., Schiffels, S., Subramanian, S., Wright, J. L., Albrechtsen, A., Barbieri, C., Dupanloup, I., et
1160:
Aboriginal society was egalitarian with no formal government or chiefs. Authority rested with elders who held extensive ritual knowledge gained over many years. Group decisions were generally made through the consensus of elders. The traditional economy was cooperative, with males generally hunting
1153:(sea cucumber). Trade and social relationships developed which were reflected in Aboriginal art, ceremonies and oral traditions. Aboriginal people adopted dugout canoes and metal harpoon heads from the Indonesians which allowed them to better hunt dugong and turtle off the coast and nearby islands.
1115:
The Aboriginal population was confronted with significant changes to climate and environment. About 30,000 years ago, sea levels began to fall, temperatures in the south-east of the continent dropped by as much as 9 degrees Celsius, and the interior of Australia became more arid. About 20,000 years
988:
4,230 years ago). The researchers had two theories for this: either some Indians had contact with people in Indonesia who eventually transferred those genes from India to Aboriginal Australians, or that a group of Indians migrated all the way from India to Australia and intermingled with the locals
1131:
Aboriginal Tasmanians were isolated from the mainland from about 14,000 years ago. As a result, they only possessed one quarter of the tools and equipment of the adjacent mainland and were without hafted axes, grinding technology, stone tipped weapons, spear throwers and the boomerang. By 3,700 BP
904:
was found to be genetically in between Basal-East-Asian and Australo-Papuans. The sample could be modeled as ~50% Papuan-related and ~50% Basal-East Asian-related (Andamanese Onge or Tianyuan). The authors concluded that Basal-East Asian ancestry was far more widespread and the peopling of Insular
582:
people first settled their islands around 4,000 years ago. Culturally and linguistically distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples, they were seafarers and obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas. Agriculture also developed on some islands and
1156:
Despite these interactions with neighbouring cultures, the basic structure of Aboriginal society was unchanged. Family groups were joined in bands and clans averaging about 25 people, each with a defined territory for foraging. Clans were attached to tribes or nations, associated with particular
1127:
Sea levels stabilised at around their current level about 6,500 years ago. Warmer weather, wetter conditions and the new coastlines led to significant changes in Aboriginal social and economic organisation. New coastal societies emerged around tidal reefs, estuaries and flooded river valleys, and
1191:
The extent to which some Aboriginal societies were agricultural is controversial. In the Lake Condah region of western Victoria the inhabitants built elaborate eel and fish traps and hundreds gathered in semi-permanent stone and bark huts during the eel season. However, these groups still moved
1123:
The warmer climate was associated with new technologies. Small back-bladed stone tools appeared 15–19 thousand years ago. Wooden javelins and boomerangs have been found dating from 10,000 years ago. Stone points for spears have been found dating from 5–7 thousand years ago. Spear throwers were
2936:
Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya it is reasonable to describe Papuans as either an almost even mixture between East-Eurasians and a lineage basal to West and East-Eurasians which occurred sometimes between 45 and 38kya, or as a sister lineage of
1140:
Around 4,000 years ago the first phase of occupation of the Torres Strait Islands began. By 2,500 years ago more of the islands were occupied and a distinctive Torres Strait Island maritime culture emerged. Agriculture also developed on some islands and by 700 years ago villages appeared.
959:
technology, with the use of smaller tools. Human contact has thus been inferred, and genetic data of two kinds have been proposed to support a gene flow from India to Australia: firstly, signs of South Asian components in Aboriginal Australian genomes, reported on the basis of genome-wide
1148:
was introduced about 4,000 years ago. Shell fish hooks appeared in Australia about 1,200 years ago and were probably introduced from the Torres Strait or by Polynesian seafarers. From the mid-1660s fishing vessels from Indonesia regularly visited the north coast of Australia in search of
935:
of India, recent testing of the mitochondrial DNA of dingoes shows a closer connection to the dogs of Eastern Asia and North America, suggesting an introduction as a result of the Austronesian expansion from Southern China to Timor over the last 5,000 years. A 2007 finding of kangaroo
2670:
The re-excavation of Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen) has provided evidence for the human occupation of the Australian Western Desert to before 47,830 cal. BP (modelled median age). This new sequence is 20,000 years older than the previous known age for occupation at this
3185:
Bergström, Anders; Nagle, Nano; Chen, Yuan; McCarthy, Shane; Pollard, Martin O.; Ayub, Qasim; Wilcox, Stephen; Wilcox, Leah; Oorschot, Roland A.H. van; McAllister, Peter; Williams, Lesley; Xue, Yali; Mitchell, R. John; Tyler-Smith, Chris (21 March 2016).
889:, and gave rise to Aboriginal Australians, Papuans, the Andamanese, the AASI, as well as East/Southeast Asians, although Papuans may have also received some gene flow from an earlier group (xOoA), around 2%, next to additional archaic admixture in the
1094:
The direct cause of the mass extinctions is uncertain: it may have been fire, hunting, climate change or a combination of all or any of these factors. The degree of human agency in these extinctions is still a matter of discussion. With no large
916:, argues that the assumption of a single origin is tied into ethnic solidarity, and multiple entry was suppressed because it could be used to justify white seizure of Aboriginal lands, but this hypothesis is not supported by scientific studies.
896:
According to one study, Papuans could have either formed from a mixture between an East Eurasian lineage and lineage basal to West and East Asians, or as a sister lineage of East Asians with or without a minor basal OoA or xOoA contribution.
3258:
609:
The map shows the probable extent of land and water at the time of the last glacial maximum and when the sea level was probably more than 150 m lower than today; it illustrates the formidable sea obstacle that migrants would have
1380:
people, who, according to the myths, were in Australia in the earliest times, before the Macassans. The Baijini have been variously interpreted by modern researchers as a different group of presumably South East Asian people, such as
2937:
East-Eurasians with or without a minor basal OoA or xOoA contribution. We here chose to parsimoniously describe Papuans as a simple sister group of Tianyuan, cautioning that this may be just one out of six equifinal possibilities.
621:
There is considerable discussion among archaeologists as to the route taken by the first migrants to Australia, widely taken to be ancestors of the modern Aboriginal peoples. Migration took place during the closing stages of the
524:
in 1788, which marks the start of consistent written documentation of Australia. This period has been variously estimated, with most evidence suggesting that it goes back between 50,000 and 65,000 years. This era is referred as
747:
suburb of Sydney, numerous Aboriginal stone tools were found in Cranebrook Terraces gravel sediments having dates of 45,000 to 50,000 years BP. This would mean that there was human settlement in Sydney earlier than thought.
872:
PCA calculated on present-day and ancient individuals from eastern Eurasia and Oceania. PC1 (23,8%) distinguish East-Eurasians and Australo-Melanesians, while PC2 (6,3%) differentiates East-Eurasians along a North to South
881:
Principal component analysis (PCA) of ancient and modern day individuals from worldwide populations. Oceanians (Aboriginal Australians and Papuans) are most differentiated from both East-Eurasians and West-Eurasians.
998:
by Anders Bergström et al. excluded the Y chromosome as providing evidence for recent gene flow from India into Australia. The study authors sequenced 13 Aboriginal Australian Y chromosomes using recent advances in
2950:
Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Papuans as either an almost even mixture between
1937:
1103:
vegetation down and rapidly recycle soil nutrients with their dung, fuel build-up became more rapid and fires burned hotter, further changing the landscape. Against this theory is the evidence that in fact careful
1120:
and loss of land as coastlines receded might have led to greater emphasis on territorial boundaries separating groups, stronger clan identity, and the development of the Rainbow Serpent and other mythologies.
1577:
666:. Nevertheless, the sea still presented a major obstacle so it is theorised that these ancestral people reached Australia by island hopping. Two routes have been proposed. One follows an island chain between
790:
4905:
705:(formerly known as Malakunanja II) fossils and a rock shelter have been dated to around 65,000 years old, although a study in 2020 suggests that human habitation at the site was more recent. According to
3420:
Rowan, John; Faith, J. T. (2019). "The Paleoecological Impact of Grazing and Browsing: Consequences of the Late Quaternary Large Herbivore Extinctions". In Gordon, Iain J.; Prins, Herbert H. T. (eds.).
1806:
678:
has suggested an alternative theory, involving accidental colonisation as a result of tsunamis. The journey still required sea travel, however, making them some of the world's earliest mariners.
2989:
Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (2021).
701:
The minimum widely accepted time-frame for the arrival of humans in Australia is placed at least 48,000 years ago. Many sites dating from this time period have been excavated. In Arnhem Land
2953:
Asians and a lineage basal to West and East Asians occurred sometimes between 45 and 38kya, or as a sister lineage of East Asians with or without a minor basal OoA or xOoA contribution.
1292:
had encounters with various visitors for many thousands of years. People and traded goods moved freely between Australia and New Guinea up to and even after the eventual flooding of the
1243:"They developed steepling thought-structures – intellectual edifices so comprehensive that every creature and plant had its place within it. They travelled light, but they were walking
857:
sees the new model as a starting point for collaboration with Aboriginal people to help uncover their history. The new models suggest that the first people may have first landed in the
1073:, species significantly larger than humans, disappeared, and many of the smaller species disappeared too. All told, about 60 different vertebrates became extinct, including the genus
877:
4058:
1258:
These dramatic narratives identified the recurrent and therefore the timeless and the significant within the fleeting and the idiosyncratic. They were also very human, charged with
544:
and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia. It is uncertain how many waves of immigration may have contributed to these ancestors of modern Aboriginal Australians. The
1255:
were elevated into drama by the development of multiple and multi-level narratives: narratives which made the intricate relationships between these observed phenomena memorable.
1161:
large game while females gathered local staples such as small animals, shellfish, vegetables, fruits, seeds and nuts. Food was shared within groups and exchanged across groups.
4922:
1929:
973:
908:
It is unknown how many populations settled in Australia prior to European colonisation. Both "trihybrid" and single-origin hypotheses have received extensive discussion.
3410:
Roberts, R.G., Flannery, T et al. (2001) "New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: continent wide extinction about 46,000 years ago" (Science, Vol. 292, 8 June 2001).
2615:
1598:
1385:
visitors to Australia who may have visited Arnhem Land before the Macassans, as a mythological reflection of the experiences of some Yolŋu people who have travelled to
927:
differences are being studied to find possible answers, but there is still insufficient evidence to distinguish a "wave invasion model" from a "single settlement" one.
5303:
3380:
Clarke, Robin L. (1983), "Pollen and Charcoal Evidence for the Effects of Aboriginal Burning on Vegetation in Australia" (Archaeology in Oceania, Vol. 18, No. 1983).
2974:
Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Afri, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "
2948:
Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Afri, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "
1704:
1574:
1541:
5729:
4803:
2934:
Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Africa, Vallini et al. 2022 (April 4, 2022) Quote: "
1782:
1743:
868:
3346:
1276:
Aboriginal people have no cultural memory of living anywhere outside Australia. Nevertheless, the people living along the northern coastline of Australia, in the
503:
771:
in WA at around 50,000 years (20,000 years earlier than previously thought), and it was shown that human habitation had been continuous at the site since then.
4808:
1906:
1165:
seasonal foods. As all natural features of the land were created by ancestral beings, a group's particular country provided physical and spiritual nourishment.
2869:
2398:"Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date"
2183:"Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date"
1622:"Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date"
5073:
2614:
McDonald, Josephine; Reynen, Wendy; Petchey, Fiona; Ditchfield, Kane; Byrne, Chae; Vannieuwenhuyse, Dorcas; Leopold, Matthias; Veth, Peter (September 2018).
352:
1803:
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1450:
243:
163:
91:
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Wroe, S. & Field, J. (2006) "A review of the evidence of the human role in the extinction of Australian megafauna and an alternative explanation" (
4576:
313:
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resulted in decreases of sea levels by more than 100 metres in Australasia. People appear to have arrived by sea during a period of glaciation, when
614:
The earliest evidence of humans in Australia has been variously estimated, with most scholars, as at 2023, dating it between 50,000 and 65,000 years
1225:
were widely practised as a means of birth control or dealing with deformities, injuries or illness which might impair the functioning of the group.
119:
5519:
3119:
Alan J. Redd; June Roberts-Thomson; Tatiana Karafet; Michael Bamshad; Lynn B. Jorde; J.M. Naidu; Bruce Walsh; Michael F. Hammer (16 April 2002).
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languages and country. At the time of European contact there were about 600 tribes or nations and 250 distinct languages with various dialects.
563:
with diverse economies and societies. There were about 600 tribes or nations and 250 languages with various dialects. Certain groups engaged in
5485:
5420:
5395:
5369:
4850:
4660:
4468:
4382:
3793:
Berndt, R.M & C.H. The World of the First Australians; Aboriginal traditional life, past and present" (Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra).
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2714:
248:
96:
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4266:
4192:
4148:
4123:
4098:
3879:
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2312:
2250:"Gerard Rennick says there's no archaeological evidence to prove Indigenous Australians have been here for 60,000 years. What are the facts?"
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1508:
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4397:
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114:
109:
104:
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Behaviour was governed by strict rules regarding responsibilities to and from uncles, aunts, brothers and sisters as well as in-laws. The
529:
rather than history because knowledge of this time period does not derive from written documentation. However, some argue that Indigenous
1026:. There is evidence of the deliberate use of fire to shape the Australian environment 46,000 years ago. One explanation being the use by
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4428:
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2792:
1065:
The shoreline of Tasmania and Victoria about 14,000 years ago, as sea levels were rising, showing some of the human archaeological sites
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441:
178:
143:
1218:. Female initiation often involved purification through smoke or bathing, and sometimes scarification or the removal of finger joints.
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5256:
4387:
4367:
3949:"Aboriginal-Makassan interactions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in northern Australia and contemporary sea rights claims"
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1881:
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1434:
596:
376:
293:
2685:"Rock-art of the Western Desert and Pilbara: Pigment dates provide new perspectives on the role of art in the Australian arid zone"
2441:
2226:
2049:
Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). "The past 50,000 years: an archaeological view". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
1665:
717:) 49,000-45,000 years ago from both the east (clockwise, along the coast, from northern Australia) and the west (anti-clockwise).
559:
At the time of first European contact, estimates of the Aboriginal population range from 300,000 to one million. They were complex
1188:. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land.
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4463:
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318:
298:
253:
233:
213:
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data from a pool of Aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, island Southeast Asians and Indians. It found that the New Guinea and
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4692:
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4407:
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183:
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Genomic insights into the human population history of Australia and New Guinea, University of Cambridge, Bergström et al. 2018
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173:
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over 2500 years ago, and cultural interactions continued via this route with the Aboriginal people of northeast Australia.
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as a tool to drive game, to produce a green flush of new growth to attract animals, and to open up impenetrable forest. In
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C∗, with the most recent common ancestor around 5,000 years ago. The first type of evidence comes from a 2013 study by the
5203:
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4838:
4709:
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4458:
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2021:
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ago, New Guinea and Tasmania were connected to the Australian continent, which was more than a quarter larger than today.
489:
303:
238:
228:
188:
3738:
Gammage, Bill (October 2011). The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia. Allen & Unwin. pp. 281–304.
2011:
Gammage, Bill (October 2011). The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia. Allen & Unwin. pp. 281–304.
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1413:
of east Africa. Only one such coin had ever previously been found outside east Africa (unearthed during an excavation in
1079:(very large marsupial herbivores that looked rather like hippos), several large flightless birds, carnivorous kangaroos,
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436:
281:
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4957:
4915:
4910:
4857:
4604:
4571:
4499:
208:
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Dixon says "There were around 600 distinct tribes in Australia, speaking between them about 200 different languages."
1898:
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5592:
5023:
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364:
218:
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521:
308:
223:
148:
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Harold Koch, p. 23, "An overview of Australian traditional languages" in Gerhard Leitner, Ian G. Malcolm (eds),
2595:
Pierce, R. H.; Barbetti, Mike (2014). "A 38,000-year-old archaeological site at Upper Swan, Western Australia".
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4890:
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is perhaps the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia. The oldest human remains found are at
2710:"Serpents Glen (Karnatukul): New Histories for Deep time Attachment to Country in Australia's Western Desert"
1397:
In 1944, a small number of copper coins with Arabic inscriptions were discovered on a beach in Jensen Bay on
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5063:
5038:
5018:
4771:
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Pugach, Irina; Delfin, Frederick; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen; Kayser, Manfred; Stoneking, Mark (29 January 2013).
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1000:
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690:
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572:
198:
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1930:"Friday essay: traps, rites and kurrajong twine – the incredible ingenuity of Indigenous fishing knowledge"
1267:
social morality, art, comedy, tragedy – the observed and the richly imagined fused into a seamless whole."
1228:
Some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander groups also practised ritual cannibalism in rare circumstances.
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reached Australia about 4,000 years ago, and around the same time there were changes in language, with the
5557:
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5115:
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5013:
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168:
63:
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5528:
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4746:
4731:
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and 38kya, or as a sister lineage of East Asians with or without a minor basal OoA or xOoA contribution.
2870:"Almost all living people outside of Africa trace back to a single migration more than 50,000 years ago"
1369:
people in Australian Aboriginal communities and vice versa, as a result of intermarriage and migration.
1304:
642:
were joined to the continent of Australia. The continental coastline extended much further out into the
388:
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1042:
forest, open forest became grassland and fire-tolerant species became more predominant: in particular,
2472:
58:
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1633:
794:
781:, was inhabited at least 40,000 years ago. The oldest known site is Wareen Cave, dated to this time.
429:
258:
67:
44:
5597:
5587:
5577:
5567:
5163:
5105:
4937:
4900:
4630:
2396:
Williams, Martin A. J.; Spooner, Nigel A.; McDonnell, Kathryn; O'Connell, James F. (January 2021).
2181:
Williams, Martin A. J.; Spooner, Nigel A.; McDonnell, Kathryn; O'Connell, James F. (January 2021).
1620:
Williams, Martin A. J.; Spooner, Nigel A.; McDonnell, Kathryn; O'Connell, James F. (January 2021).
1563:
al., Willerslev, E. (2016). A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia. Nature, 538(7624), 207–214.
1347:
1289:
1285:
838:
768:
659:
424:
412:
405:
393:
357:
276:
1022:
indicates that fire was already a significant part of the Australian landscape over 100,000 years
536:
Human habitation of the Australian continent began with the migration of the ancestors of today's
5673:
5552:
5381:
5265:
5223:
5198:
5183:
5173:
5168:
5158:
5125:
5028:
4932:
4536:
4531:
4115:
3840:
3448:
3340:
3164:
2844:
2741:
2616:"Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen): A new chronology for the oldest site in Australia's Western Desert"
2577:
2433:
2218:
2163:
1985:
1657:
1461:
1406:
1207:
1105:
1013:
909:
720:
564:
553:
5455:
5436:
5400:
5336:
5153:
4895:
4262:
4237:
4209:
4188:
4168:
4144:
4119:
4094:
4029:
3978:
3875:
3832:
3824:
3756:
3711:
3653:
3628:
3604:
3504:
3438:
3328:
3318:
3295:
3229:
3156:
3038:
3020:
2917:
2836:
2733:
2657:
2540:
2484:
2476:
2425:
2376:
2350:
2329:
2308:
2210:
2155:
2088:
2054:
2029:
1877:
1843:
1772:
1733:
1694:
1688:
1649:
1531:
1525:
1504:
1398:
862:
854:
706:
417:
381:
369:
1766:
1727:
1299:
However, trade and intercourse between the separated lands continued across the newly formed
5270:
4704:
3816:
3430:
3285:
3275:
3219:
3209:
3146:
3134:
3028:
3012:
2995:
2907:
2828:
2723:
2647:
2637:
2569:
2528:
2417:
2300:
2202:
2145:
2137:
2120:
1977:
1641:
1496:
858:
675:
479:
193:
1144:
On the Australian mainland, some innovations were imported from neighbouring cultures. The
885:
Phylogenetic data suggests that an early Eastern Eurasian lineage trifurcated somewhere in
4288:
4279:
3192:
3125:
2468:
Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
1810:
1581:
1571:
1418:
1410:
1361:
and items such as tobacco and tobacco pipes, Macassan words in Aboriginal languages (e.g.
1248:
1236:
1027:
994:
850:
822:
714:
631:
560:
1500:
1389:
with the Macassans and came back, or, in more fringe views, even as visitors from China.
845:. The routes, dubbed "superhighways" by the authors, are similar to current highways and
791:
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage
4284:
3874:(1. ed. publ. in Great Britain ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Longman. p. 16.
3271:
3205:
3142:
3008:
2633:
2413:
2397:
2198:
2182:
2133:
1637:
1621:
1490:
1311:
affording intermediary stopping points. The islands were settled by different seafaring
5450:
5148:
4180:
3930:
3290:
3253:
3224:
3187:
3033:
2990:
2652:
2573:
1690:
Climate, Clothing, and Agriculture in Prehistory: Linking Evidence, Causes, and Effects
1402:
1327:
1232:
1215:
1203:, with restrictions on intermarrying dictated by the moiety an individual belonged to.
1061:
1023:
901:
830:
806:
732:
710:
627:
615:
530:
4162:
3151:
3120:
2324:
Ron Laidlaw "Aboriginal Society before European settlement" in Tim Gurry (ed.) (1984)
5723:
5475:
4223:
4176:
4158:
3934:
3820:
3452:
3121:"Gene Flow from the Indian Subcontinent to Australia: Evidence from the Y Chromosome"
3069:
2848:
2814:
2745:
2684:
2560:
Stockton, Eugene D.; Nanson, Gerald C. (April 2004). "Cranebrook Terrace Revisited".
2536:
2466:
2437:
2222:
2167:
1989:
1661:
1358:
1331:
1300:
1185:
818:
802:
756:
663:
626:, when sea levels were much lower than they are today. Repeated episodes of extended
520:
is the period between the first human habitation of the Australian continent and the
3844:
2785:"Researchers demystify the secrets of ancient Aboriginal migration across Australia"
17:
3168:
2694:
2665:
1455:
1211:
1035:
965:
834:
568:
1768:
Archaeological Dimension of World Heritage: From Prevention to Social Implications
4252:
4227:
4203:
4134:
4109:
2642:
865:
about 60,000 years ago, and had settled across the continent within 6,000 years.
5350:
5218:
5078:
4087:
Between the Murray and the Sea. Aboriginal Archaeology in Southeastern Australia
3434:
2895:
1373:
1312:
1308:
1293:
1281:
1222:
1100:
1039:
932:
846:
826:
778:
655:
651:
623:
549:
541:
3958:(1). Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies: 6–7
3259:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3016:
2832:
2815:"Landscape rules predict optimal superhighways for the first peopling of Sahul"
2051:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
1968:
Williams, Elizabeth (2015). "Complex hunter-gatherers: a view from Australia".
793:
has mapped the likely migration routes of the peoples as they moved across the
3983:. Volume 8 of Human relations area files: Murngin. F. W. Cheshire. p. 34.
3239:
3214:
3093:
The Fabrication of Aboriginal History, Volume One: Van Diemen's Land 1803-1847
1981:
1467:
1366:
1343:
1303:, whose 150 km-wide channel remained readily navigable with the chain of
1150:
1075:
1043:
977:
969:
956:
886:
814:
760:
728:
702:
686:
635:
545:
526:
3828:
3332:
3024:
2921:
2737:
2429:
2214:
1653:
4338:
4233:
3280:
2912:
2372:
1444:
1263:
1096:
1087:
1070:
1055:
1019:
810:
643:
575:. The extent to which some groups engaged in agriculture is controversial.
153:
3299:
3233:
3160:
3042:
2840:
2661:
2159:
3836:
3804:
3254:"Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia"
801:, but back then part of the mainland. The modelling is based on data from
5281:
3805:"RituaL mutilation. Subincision of the penis among Australian Aborigines"
3671:
The habitat of Australia's aboriginal languages: past, present and future
2620:
1386:
1339:
1259:
1206:
Male initiation usually occurred at puberty and the rites often included
941:
905:
Southeast Asia and Oceania was more complex than previously anticipated.
798:
774:
736:
667:
639:
5497:
4136:
Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory
2896:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia"
2581:
2141:
605:
5321:
4254:
A place for strangers: towards a history of Australian Aboriginal being
3048:
2150:
1377:
1200:
1173:
1051:
981:
944:
suggested that this genetic expansion may have been a two-way process.
3478:
Gammage, Bill (2011), "The Biggest Estate of Earth" (Allen and Unwin).
2421:
2206:
1645:
1564:
1231:
Describing prehistoric Aboriginal culture and society during her 1999
556:
in New South Wales, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago.
4307:
4229:
Djanggawul: An Aboriginal Religious Cult of North-Eastern Arnhem Land
4051:"Were the African coins found in Australia from a wrecked Arab dhow?"
1252:
1047:
724:
3719:, Records of the Western Australian Museum 086–092 (2011) Supplement
3401:
Gammage, Bill (2011) "The Biggest Estate on Earth (Allen and Unwin).
2728:
2709:
1262:
significance but with pathos, and with humour, too – after all, the
1382:
1323:
1244:
1181:
1145:
1060:
948:
890:
876:
867:
671:
647:
646:, and Australia and New Guinea formed a single landmass (known as
604:
1823:
McCalman, Janet; Kipen, Rebecca (2013). "Population and health".
1350:
to trade with the Chinese since at least the early 18th century.
1296:
by rising sea levels, which was completed about 6,000 years ago.
670:
and New Guinea and the other reaches North Western Australia via
5326:
1729:
The Bone Readers: Science and Politics in Human Origins Research
1414:
1334:) have fished off the coast of Australia for hundreds of years.
937:
751:
Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation at the upper
5501:
5285:
4311:
2111:
Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; et al. (19 July 2017).
1376:
have preserved accounts of the trepang-catching, rice-growing
912:, known for his belief that Aboriginal pre-history has become
3315:
The ocean of churn: how the Indian Ocean shaped human history
2813:
Crabtree, S. A.; White, D. A.; et al. (29 April 2021).
2113:"Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago"
2991:"Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea"
1353:
There was a high degree of cultural exchange, evidenced in
2347:
First Footprints - the epic story of the first Australians
2272:
2270:
1726:
Tuniz, Claudio; Gillespie, Richard; Jones, Cheryl (2016).
1032:
The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia
3501:
The Flooded Earth. Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps
2053:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35.
689:
writes that the first wave may have been prompted by the
683:
First Footprints: The Epic Story of the First Australians
3673:. Says that some 250 distinct languages present in 1788.
1106:
seasonal fires from Aboriginal land management practices
900:
A Holocene hunter-gatherer sample (Leang_Panninge) from
4205:
Australian Dreaming: 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History
3977:
Berndt, Ronald Murray; Berndt, Catherine Helen (1954).
3809:
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
1124:
probably developed more recently than 6,500 years ago.
829:, and it is intended to compare the modelling with the
3660:
Estimates 200 languages and over 600 dialects in 1788.
3362:"Research shows ancient Indian migration to Australia"
3068:. Keith Windschuttle (The Sydney Line). Archived from
2248:
McCutchan, Ellen; Campbell, David (8 September 2023).
1199:
observed by many communities included a division into
1069:
The changes to the fauna were even more dramatic: the
1342:
regularly visited the coast of northern Australia to
4287: by Anders Bergström et al. available under the
3188:"Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes"
1899:"How Aboriginal burning changed Australia's climate"
5639:
5616:
5535:
5435:
5380:
5335:
5134:
4995:
4877:
4824:
4617:
4585:
4481:
4416:
4349:
4111:
Triumph of the Nomads: History of Ancient Australia
2502:"Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years"
2307:, Batavia Online Publishing: Canberra, pp. 70–103.
1813:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 January 2002.
739:, stone tools and possible ancient campfires. Near
2328:Heinemann Educational Australia, Richmond, p. 40.
1447:, Aboriginal mythology about Australian prehistory
974:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
27:Period of human habitation of Australia up to 1788
2305:Beyond the Frontier: Explorations in Ethnohistory
1176:framework developed in Aboriginal Australia, the
1018:Archaeological evidence from ash deposits in the
735:, it was found that some Aboriginal peoples used
3753:Farmers or Hunter-Gatherers? The Dark Emu Debate
3180:
3178:
2758:
2085:Deep Time Dreaming: Uncovering Ancient Australia
2026:Farmers or Hunter-Gatherers? The Dark Emu Debate
1409:. These coins were later identified as from the
1008:Advent of fire farming and megafauna extinctions
597:History of Indigenous Australians § Origins
3713:Revisiting the 'Neolithic Problem' in Australia
3682:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 27, 189–91, 194–97
3594:
3592:
3755:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing.
3648:in Witold Tulasiewicz, Joseph I. Zajda (eds),
3064:Windschuttle, Keith; Gillin, Tim (June 2002).
2028:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing.
1085:, a five-metre snake, a five-metre lizard and
755:by about 40,000 years ago. A 2018 study using
5513:
5297:
4323:
3537:
3535:
3486:
3484:
3104:
3102:
2106:
2104:
1112:like those seen since European colonisation.
497:
8:
3577:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). pp. 39–41
3568:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). pp. 34–35
3541:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). pp. 36–38
3490:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). pp. 29–32
1976:(232). Cambridge University Press: 310–321.
1825:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 1
777:, which was connected to the continent by a
1842:. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. pp. 30–35.
1693:. Cambridge University Press. p. 237.
1530:. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 111–.
1357:, the introduction of technologies such as
5520:
5506:
5498:
5304:
5290:
5282:
5001:
4883:
4623:
4487:
4355:
4330:
4316:
4308:
3652:, James Nicholas Publishers, Albert Park,
3345:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3066:"The extinction of the Australian pygmies"
1595:"When did modern humans get to Australia?"
1451:European maritime exploration of Australia
1235:, Australian historian and anthropologist
1038:claims that dense forest became more open
593:Early human migrations § Near Oceania
504:
490:
31:
3289:
3279:
3223:
3213:
3150:
3032:
2911:
2727:
2651:
2641:
2288:
2276:
2149:
1471:, a 2006 film about Australian prehistory
955:spreading over most of the mainland, and
3550:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). p. 32
3980:Arnhem Land: its history and its people
3784:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 25–27, 146
3729:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 25–27, 146
3603:. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. p. 12.
3317:. Gurgaon, Haryana, India. p. 59.
2002:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 25–27, 146
1897:Wyrwoll, Karl-Heinz (11 January 2012).
1876:. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. p. 12.
1481:
964:data; and secondly, the existence of a
797:to its southern reaches of what is now
723:suggests that they lived in and around
43:
37:This article is part of a series on the
5730:Australian Aboriginal cultural history
3993:
3586:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 21–22, 37
3423:The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing II
3338:
2900:Human Population Genetics and Genomics
2715:Bulletin of the History of Archaeology
1862:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 21–22, 37
1527:Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World
1365:for white person), and descendants of
759:dated evidence of human habitation at
533:should be accorded an equal status.
4005:
3894:
3857:
3646:Language Politics and Minority Rights
3425:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 239.
3389:
2770:
1940:from the original on 11 February 2024
1492:Rethinking Oral History and Tradition
601:Aboriginal Australians § Origins
7:
3650:Language awareness in the curriculum
3627:, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
1804:"1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2002"
1785:from the original on 3 December 2023
1746:from the original on 3 December 2023
1707:from the original on 3 December 2023
1544:from the original on 3 December 2023
709:research, Aboriginal people reached
204:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
3775:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 239–40
3700:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 163–69
3691:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 161–62
3529:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 233–35
3520:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 232–33
3360:MacDonald, Anna (15 January 2013).
2894:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022).
2793:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2444:from the original on 4 October 2023
2229:from the original on 4 October 2023
1958:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 239–40
1668:from the original on 4 October 2023
1601:from the original on 17 August 2020
1565:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18299
1489:Mahuika, Nepia (14 November 2019).
1180:is a sacred era in which ancestral
789:A 2021 study by researchers at the
3559:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 79–80
2683:McDonald, Jo; Veth, Peter (2008).
2574:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2004.tb00560.x
2254:ABC News Australia, RMIT factcheck
1501:10.1093/oso/9780190681685.001.0001
1355:Aboriginal rock and bark paintings
1108:reduced fuel loads, and prevented
25:
4302:Timeline of pre-contact Australia
4021:Science and civilisation in China
3935:"Inside the Contact Zone: Part 1"
3623:R. M. W. Dixon, p. 18,
3427:Springer International Publishing
3238:An open access article under the
2533:A Very Short History of the World
1909:from the original on 15 July 2023
1435:Australian Aboriginal sacred site
833:of Aboriginal peoples, including
4283: This article incorporates
4278:
4061:from the original on 6 July 2013
4049:Jonathan Gornall (29 May 2013).
3821:10.1097/00000433-198309000-00009
3469:, Vol. 25, No. 21-22, Nov 2006).
2369:Archaeology of Ancient Australia
1771:. Springer Science. p. 41.
583:villages appeared by the 1300s.
473:
57:
3870:Rubinstein, William D. (2004).
3503:, Basic Books, New York, 2010,
2087:. Black Inc. pp. 288–289.
1247:, and walking encyclopedias of
1170:Australian Aboriginal mythology
5548:Federated States of Micronesia
1928:Clark, Anna (31 August 2023).
727:for at least 30,000 years. In
1:
3956:Australian Aboriginal Studies
3152:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00789-3
2783:Morse, Dana (30 April 2021).
2690:Australian Aboriginal Studies
1524:Oppenheimer, Stephen (2013).
985:
843:the many Aboriginal languages
753:Swan River, Western Australia
650:), connected by an extensive
5410:
3091:Windschuttle, Keith (2002).
2708:McDonald, Jo (2 July 2020).
2643:10.1371/journal.pone.0202511
1458:caves, destroyed in May 2020
1393:Possible link to east Africa
1251:. Detailed observations of
953:Pama-Nyungan language family
4164:The Prehistory of Australia
3909:"Cannibals and Colonialism"
3435:10.1007/978-3-030-25865-8_3
3133:(8). Orlando, Florida, US:
2693:(2008/1): 4–21 – via
2349:; Allen & Unwin; 2013;
1372:The myths of the people of
968:(male) lineage, designated
841:and linguistic features of
97:European exploration (land)
5756:
5461:Settlement of the Americas
4259:Cambridge University Press
4141:Cambridge University Press
4108:Blainey, Geoffrey (1976).
4026:Cambridge University Press
3625:The Languages of Australia
3467:Quaternary Science Reviews
3052:Supplementary Figs. 7–11).
3017:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6
2833:10.1038/s41562-021-01106-8
1011:
785:Migration routes and waves
590:
462:List of years in Australia
92:European exploration (sea)
5319:
5236:
5004:
4886:
4700:Intelligence and security
4626:
4490:
4358:
4202:Isaacs, Jennifer (2006).
4133:Lourandos, Harry (1997).
3907:Biber, Katherine (2005).
3215:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028
2507:The Sydney Morning Herald
2083:Griffiths, Billy (2018).
1982:10.1017/S0003598X00052182
1838:Flood, Josephine (2019).
1765:Castillo, Alicia (2015).
1732:. Routledge. p. 43.
1272:Contact outside Australia
992:However, a 2016 study in
920:Changes c. 4000 years ago
522:colonisation of Australia
5694:Northern Mariana Islands
5471:Western hunter-gatherers
4018:Needham, Joseph (1971).
3947:Russell, Denise (2004).
3919:(4) – via AustLii.
3751:; Walshe, Keryn (2021).
3599:Broome, Richard (2019).
3313:Sanyal, Sanjeev (2016).
2759:Veth & O'Connor 2013
2326:The European Occupation.
2073:Flood (2019). pp. 198-99
2024:; Walshe, Keryn (2021).
1872:Broome, Richard (2019).
1840:The Original Australians
763:(Serpent's Glen) in the
5659:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5466:Ancient North Eurasians
4185:Prehistory of Australia
4091:Sydney University Press
4085:Frankel, David (2017).
3803:Pounder, D. J. (1983).
3281:10.1073/pnas.1211927110
2913:10.47248/hpgg2202010001
2500:Macey, Richard (2007).
2473:Oxford University Press
2367:Hiscock, Peter (2008).
1809:16 January 2022 at the
1570:3 December 2023 at the
1317:Torres Strait Islanders
630:during the Pleistocene
573:semi-permanent shelters
518:prehistory of Australia
5529:Prehistory of Oceania
5313:Early human migrations
5094:Indigenous Australians
4595:States and territories
3601:Aboriginal Australians
3499:Peter D. Ward, p. 30,
2820:Nature Human Behaviour
2597:Archaeology in Oceania
2562:Archaeology in Oceania
1874:Aboriginal Australians
1687:Gilligan, Ian (2018).
1440:Australian archaeology
1269:
1136:Culture and technology
1082:Wonambi naracoortensis
1066:
940:on the pariah dogs of
882:
874:
611:
580:Torres Strait Islander
538:Aboriginal Australians
5740:Prehistory by country
5735:Prehistory of Oceania
5642:and other territories
4388:Territorial evolution
4187:. Allen & Unwin.
3913:Australian Law Review
3710:White, Peter (2006),
3644:Kerry Mallan, p. 53,
3109:101(33): 12387–12390.
1597:. Australian Museum.
1326:" fishermen from the
1315:cultures such as the
1305:Torres Strait Islands
1241:
1184:spirit beings formed
1064:
1012:Further information:
880:
871:
608:
4834:Cabinet of Australia
4809:Government ministers
4577:World Heritage Sites
4383:European exploration
4251:Swain, Tony (1993).
1580:15 June 2022 at the
837:stories, as well as
795:Australian continent
480:Australia portal
79:Timeline and periods
68:Kakadu National Park
18:Aboriginal Australia
4906:Gross state product
3872:Genocide: a history
3272:2013PNAS..110.1803P
3206:2016CBio...26..809B
3143:2002CBio...12..673R
3009:2021Natur.596..543C
2634:2018PLoSO..1302511M
2463:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
2414:2021Gearc..36...92W
2199:2021Gearc..36...92W
2142:10.1038/nature22968
2134:2017Natur.547..306C
1638:2021Gearc..36...92W
1286:Gulf of Carpentaria
839:Australian rock art
769:Little Sandy Desert
660:Gulf of Carpentaria
66:rock painting from
5382:Middle Paleolithic
5224:Australian studies
5159:Australian English
4968:Telecommunications
4804:Government leaders
4747:Political ideology
4116:Palgrave Macmillan
3937:, 5 December 1999.
3897:, pp. 142–43.
3860:, p. 181-183.
3429:. pp. 61–79.
3392:, pp. 229–30.
1462:Lake Mungo remains
1407:Northern Territory
1208:penile subincision
1067:
1014:Fire-stick farming
976:using large-scale
910:Keith Windschuttle
887:eastern South Asia
883:
875:
721:Radiocarbon dating
612:
565:fire-stick farming
377:Northern Territory
287:Chinese Australian
277:African Australian
244:Telecommunications
164:Capital punishment
5717:
5716:
5709:Wallis and Futuna
5617:Associated states
5495:
5494:
5456:Ancient Beringian
5437:Upper Paleolithic
5406:archaic admixture
5401:Coastal migration
5351:Neanderthal range
5337:Lower Paleolithic
5279:
5278:
5232:
5231:
5054:Human trafficking
4991:
4990:
4873:
4872:
4673:Foreign relations
4613:
4612:
4477:
4476:
4424:Asian Australians
4304:Australian Museum
4268:978-0-521-44691-4
4224:Berndt, Ronald M.
4194:978-1-86448-950-7
4169:Thames and Hudson
4150:978-0-521-35946-7
4125:978-1-349-02423-0
4100:978-1-7433-2552-0
3929:Inga Clendinnen,
3881:978-0-582-50601-5
3633:978-1-108-01785-5
3509:978-0-465-00949-7
3444:978-3-030-25864-1
3240:CC BY 4.0 license
3003:(7873): 543–547.
2827:(10): 1303–1313.
2761:, pp. 19–23.
2546:978-0-14-300559-9
2529:Blainey, Geoffrey
2422:10.1002/gea.21822
2382:978-0-415-33811-0
2355:978 1 74331 493 7
2313:978-0-9872141-4-0
2207:10.1002/gea.21822
2128:(7663): 306–310.
2060:978-1-107-01153-3
1778:978-1-4939-0283-5
1739:978-1-3154-1888-9
1700:978-1-1084-7008-7
1646:10.1002/gea.21822
1537:978-1-7803-3753-1
1510:978-0-19-068168-5
1399:Marchinbar Island
863:Western Australia
855:Monash University
707:mitochondrial DNA
681:In the 2013 book
514:
513:
447:
446:
437:Western Australia
299:Jewish Australian
294:Indigenous people
48:
16:(Redirected from
5747:
5699:Pitcairn Islands
5669:French Polynesia
5654:Christmas Island
5583:Papua New Guinea
5563:Marshall Islands
5536:Sovereign states
5522:
5515:
5508:
5499:
5396:Out of Africa II
5306:
5299:
5292:
5283:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5121:Waste management
5002:
4923:Household income
4884:
4846:Governor-General
4656:Electoral system
4624:
4488:
4356:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4309:
4282:
4272:
4247:
4219:
4198:
4172:
4154:
4129:
4104:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3953:
3944:
3938:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3667:
3661:
3642:
3636:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3596:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3336:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3266:(5): 1803–1808.
3249:
3243:
3237:
3227:
3217:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3154:
3135:Elsevier Science
3116:
3110:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3095:. Macleay Press.
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3036:
2986:
2980:
2972:
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2926:
2925:
2915:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2731:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2655:
2645:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2497:
2491:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2364:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2301:Rupert Gerritsen
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2153:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1934:The Conversation
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1903:The Conversation
1894:
1888:
1887:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1590:
1584:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1486:
1344:fish for trepang
1028:hunter-gatherers
987:
859:Kimberley region
823:geomorphologists
691:eruption of Toba
676:Rupert Gerritsen
561:hunter-gatherers
548:rock shelter in
506:
499:
492:
478:
477:
476:
337:
336:
282:Asian Australian
194:Eureka Rebellion
80:
61:
51:
46:
38:
32:
21:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5641:
5635:
5618:
5612:
5593:Solomon Islands
5531:
5526:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5431:
5430:
5376:
5375:
5346:Out of Africa I
5331:
5315:
5310:
5280:
5275:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5228:
5189:Public holidays
5130:
5074:Life expectancy
4987:
4869:
4820:
4609:
4581:
4567:Protected areas
4473:
4412:
4345:
4336:
4298:
4275:
4269:
4250:
4244:
4222:
4216:
4208:. New Holland.
4201:
4195:
4181:Kamminga, Johan
4175:
4159:Mulvaney, D. J.
4157:
4151:
4132:
4126:
4107:
4101:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4028:. p. 538.
4024:. Vol. 4.
4017:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3928:
3924:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3668:
3664:
3643:
3639:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3576:
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3567:
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3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3460:
3445:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3337:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3193:Current Biology
3184:
3183:
3176:
3126:Current Biology
3118:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3072:on 29 July 2013
3063:
3062:
3058:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2929:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2874:www.science.org
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2729:10.5334/bha-624
2707:
2706:
2702:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2628:(9). e0202511.
2613:
2612:
2608:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2527:
2526:
2522:
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2180:
2179:
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2115:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1811:Wayback Machine
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1779:
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1763:
1759:
1749:
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1740:
1725:
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1701:
1686:
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1681:
1671:
1669:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1582:Wayback Machine
1572:Wayback Machine
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1431:
1419:Willem Janszoon
1411:Kilwa Sultanate
1395:
1274:
1249:natural history
1237:Inga Clendinnen
1197:kinship systems
1138:
1016:
1010:
1001:gene sequencing
995:Current Biology
922:
861:in what is now
851:Lynette Russell
807:anthropologists
787:
765:Carnarvon Range
715:South Australia
699:
697:Dating of sites
603:
589:
510:
474:
472:
467:
466:
457:
449:
448:
401:South Australia
365:New South Wales
341:State/Territory
334:
326:
325:
272:
264:
263:
134:
126:
125:
124:
82:
78:
70:
49:
45:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5753:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5722:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5689:Norfolk Island
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5649:American Samoa
5645:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5619:of New Zealand
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5451:Mammoth steppe
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5367:
5361:Southeast Asia
5358:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5286:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
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5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4983:Welfare system
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4958:Superannuation
4955:
4953:Stock exchange
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4916:Public housing
4911:Home ownership
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4858:Prime Minister
4855:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4816:Shadow Cabinet
4813:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4796:
4794:Public Service
4791:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4675:
4670:
4668:Federal budget
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4500:Climate change
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:Constitutional
4426:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4296:External links
4294:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4248:
4242:
4220:
4214:
4199:
4193:
4177:Mulvaney, John
4173:
4155:
4149:
4130:
4124:
4105:
4099:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4041:
4034:
4010:
4008:, p. 170.
3998:
3986:
3969:
3939:
3931:Boyer Lectures
3922:
3899:
3887:
3880:
3862:
3850:
3815:(3): 227–229.
3795:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3761:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3675:
3662:
3637:
3616:
3609:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3492:
3480:
3471:
3458:
3443:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3382:
3373:
3352:
3323:
3305:
3244:
3200:(6): 809–813.
3174:
3111:
3098:
3083:
3056:
2981:
2967:
2958:
2941:
2927:
2886:
2861:
2805:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2700:
2675:
2606:
2587:
2552:
2545:
2520:
2492:
2455:
2402:Geoarchaeology
2388:
2381:
2359:
2338:
2317:
2293:
2289:Lourandos 1997
2281:
2277:Lourandos 1997
2266:
2240:
2187:Geoarchaeology
2173:
2100:
2093:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2041:
2034:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1960:
1951:
1920:
1889:
1882:
1864:
1855:
1848:
1830:
1827:. p. 294.
1815:
1796:
1777:
1757:
1738:
1718:
1699:
1679:
1626:Geoarchaeology
1612:
1585:
1555:
1536:
1516:
1509:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1403:Wessel Islands
1401:, part of the
1394:
1391:
1359:dug-out canoes
1273:
1270:
1216:tooth avulsion
1137:
1134:
1009:
1006:
921:
918:
902:South Sulawesi
849:in Australia.
831:oral histories
819:climatologists
803:archaeologists
786:
783:
733:Western Sydney
711:Eyre Peninsula
698:
695:
588:
585:
531:oral tradition
512:
511:
509:
508:
501:
494:
486:
483:
482:
469:
468:
465:
464:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
433:
432:
427:
421:
420:
415:
409:
408:
403:
397:
396:
391:
385:
384:
379:
373:
372:
367:
361:
360:
355:
349:
348:
343:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
322:
321:
316:
306:
301:
296:
291:
290:
289:
279:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
251:
249:Rail transport
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
209:Historiography
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
83:
76:
75:
72:
71:
62:
54:
53:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5752:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5684:New Caledonia
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:Easter Island
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5511:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5476:Younger Dryas
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Ethnic groups
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:Manufacturing
4926:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:Republicanism
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:National debt
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4215:9781741102581
4211:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4035:0-521-07060-0
4031:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3996:, p. 55.
3995:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3970:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3762:9780522877854
3758:
3754:
3750:
3749:Sutton, Peter
3744:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3658:1-875408-21-5
3655:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3610:9781760528218
3606:
3602:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3324:9789386057617
3320:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2773:, p. 86.
2772:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2537:Penguin Books
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:9780199812776
2486:
2482:
2481:9780199812790
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:(1): 92–108.
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2334:0-85859-250-9
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2291:, p. 81.
2290:
2285:
2282:
2279:, p. 80.
2278:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:(1): 92–108.
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2094:9781760640446
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2035:9780522877854
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:Sutton, Peter
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1883:9781760528218
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1849:9781760527075
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1680:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:(1): 92–108.
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1600:
1596:
1593:Dorey, Fran.
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:press release
1573:
1569:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:traders from
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:Spice Islands
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:Torres Strait
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:Boyer Lecture
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:Abortion and
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:According to
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1058:and grasses.
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1002:
997:
996:
990:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
934:
928:
926:
925:Human genomic
919:
917:
915:
911:
906:
903:
898:
894:
892:
888:
879:
870:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:archaeobotany
754:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:Torres Strait
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
617:
607:
602:
598:
594:
586:
584:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
523:
519:
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
488:
487:
485:
484:
481:
471:
470:
463:
460:
459:
453:
452:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
330:
329:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
268:
267:
260:
259:Unfree labour
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
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5144:Architecture
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5084:Demographics
5049:Homelessness
4948:Reserve Bank
4762:Conservatism
4710:Constitution
4678:Human rights
4636:Constitution
4587:Subdivisions
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169:Civil rights
149:Antisemitism
120:1945–present
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5486:Philippines
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5421:Philippines
5370:Philippines
5219:Anglosphere
5059:Immigration
5024:Citizenship
4891:Agriculture
4777:Nationalism
4720:Enforcement
4693:Transgender
4527:Earthquakes
4515:Environment
4449:Immigration
4378:Archaeology
3994:Berndt 2005
3137:: 673–677.
2906:(1): 1–32.
2357:; pp. 25-26
2151:2440/107043
1374:Arnhem Land
1294:land bridge
1282:Arnhem Land
1239:explained:
1223:infanticide
1101:understorey
1040:sclerophyll
933:pariah dogs
914:politicised
815:geneticists
779:land bridge
745:far western
656:Arafura Sea
654:across the
652:land bridge
624:Pleistocene
550:Arnhem Land
319:Transgender
214:Immigration
144:Agriculture
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5724:Categories
5330:dispersals
5209:Television
5179:Literature
5064:Irreligion
5044:Healthcare
5039:Euthanasia
5019:Censorship
4826:Government
4772:Liberalism
4742:Parliament
4454:Indigenous
4444:Federation
4434:Diplomatic
4408:Since 1945
4373:Prehistory
4243:041533022X
4167:. London:
4006:Swain 1993
3895:Flood 2019
3858:Flood 2019
3390:Flood 2019
3076:2 November
2771:Flood 2019
2448:16 October
2371:. London:
2233:16 October
1944:1 November
1913:1 November
1672:16 October
1476:References
1468:Ten Canoes
1313:Melanesian
1212:depilation
1097:herbivores
1076:Diprotodon
1044:eucalyptus
989:directly.
978:genotyping
970:haplogroup
957:stone tool
811:ecologists
761:Karnatukul
729:Parramatta
703:Madjedbebe
687:Scott Cane
636:New Guinea
628:glaciation
591:See also:
554:Lake Mungo
546:Madjedbebe
527:prehistory
389:Queensland
199:Federation
87:Prehistory
64:Aboriginal
5543:Australia
5411:Australia
5116:Squatting
5069:Languages
5034:Education
5014:Aged care
4978:Transport
4787:Socialism
4767:Far-right
4757:Christian
4752:Anarchism
4715:Judiciary
4651:Donations
4646:Elections
4557:Mountains
4505:Continent
4483:Geography
4403:1901–1945
4398:1851–1900
4393:1788–1850
4339:Australia
4289:CC BY 4.0
4234:Routledge
4226:(2005) .
3829:0195-7910
3453:210622244
3341:cite book
3333:990782127
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2879:19 August
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2746:225577563
2738:2047-6930
2438:225321249
2430:0883-6353
2373:Routledge
2223:225321249
2215:0883-6353
2168:205257212
1990:162146349
1970:Antiquity
1662:225321249
1654:0883-6353
1605:21 August
1445:Dreamtime
1290:Cape York
1278:Kimberley
1264:Dreamtime
1110:wildfires
1088:Meiolania
1071:megafauna
1056:casuarina
1020:Coral Sea
893:region.
644:Timor Sea
430:Melbourne
333:By region
189:Economics
184:Diplomacy
154:Anzac Day
115:1901–1945
110:1851–1900
105:1788–1850
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5558:Kiribati
5266:Category
5111:Religion
5009:Abortion
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4732:Monarchy
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4600:Capitals
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4417:By topic
4363:Timeline
4343:articles
4291:license.
4183:(1999).
4161:(1969).
4059:Archived
3845:45293571
3367:ABC News
3300:23319617
3234:26923783
3161:11967156
3043:34433944
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2789:ABC News
2662:30231025
2621:PLOS ONE
2582:40387277
2531:(2004).
2465:(2020),
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2227:Archived
2160:28726833
1938:Archived
1907:Archived
1807:Archived
1783:Archived
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1666:Archived
1599:Archived
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1568:Archived
1542:Archived
1429:See also
1387:Sulawesi
1340:Sulawesi
1336:Macassan
1201:moieties
1178:Dreaming
1172:and the
942:Thailand
835:Dreaming
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775:Tasmania
737:charcoal
668:Sulawesi
640:Tasmania
456:See also
425:Victoria
413:Tasmania
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394:Brisbane
358:Canberra
314:Marriage
271:By group
254:Religion
234:Monarchy
229:Military
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5169:Cuisine
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4997:Society
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4879:Economy
4661:Parties
4562:Regions
4552:Islands
4547:Geology
4542:Forests
4510:Deserts
4495:Climate
4469:Railway
4351:History
4065:24 June
3962:6 April
3837:6637950
3291:3562786
3268:Bibcode
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3202:Bibcode
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1634:Bibcode
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587:Arrival
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5365:Burma
5250:Index
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5174:Dance
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4532:Flora
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