Knowledge (XXG)

Agriculture in Australia

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601: 694: 892: 854: 45: 1026: 585: 643: 1367: 1141: 932:. By the mid-90s, there were 2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) of olives, and from 2000 to 2003 passed 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres). By 2014 (Ravetti and Edwards, 2014) there were 2000 plantations, covering over 35,000 hectares (86,000 acres), and producing 93,500 tonnes (92,000 long tons; 103,100 short tons) of olives. 3,000 tonnes (3,000 long tons; 3,300 short tons) were used as table olives and around 5–7,000 tonnes (4.9–6,889.4 long tons; 5.5–7,716.2 short tons) exported to the 172: 69: 33: 1339: 1070: 883:, head of the Australian Dairy Farmers Federation and the Australian Dairy Industry Council. Deregulation ultimately saw 13,000 Australian dairy farmers produce 10 billion litres of milk in comparison to the 5 billion litres of milk produced by 23,000 farmers prior to deregulation, a 30% reduction in farmers with a 55% rise in milk production. As the Australian dairy industry grows, feedlot systems are becoming more popular. 5281: 1353: 730: 5293: 846: 867: 714:, in the world. All states and territories of Australia support cattle breeding in a wide range of climates. Cattle production is a major industry that covers an area in excess of 200 million hectares. The Australian beef industry is dependent on export markets, with over 60% of Australian beef production exported, primarily to the 1241:
Drone technology, Self driver tractors, Online Marketplaces are recent and growing trends. There is little standardisation and no accreditation authorities, though the CSIRO and other independent organisations have evaluated individual developments, the lack of a coordinated approach and lead agency
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GM grains are widely grown in all states and territories in Australia with the exception of Tasmania, which is the last state to maintain a moratorium against GM. GM crops are regulated under a national scheme by the Gene Technology Regulator, through the Gene Technology Act 2000. As of 2022, there
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is mostly arid, the nation is a major agricultural producer and exporter, with over 325,300 people employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing as of February 2015. Agriculture and its closely related sectors earn $ 155 billion a year for a 12% share of GDP. Farmers and grazers own 135,997 farms,
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As of 2021, $ 2.3 billion worth of commodities were produced in Australia by the organic agriculture sector, representing approximately 3% of agricultural output. Australia leads the world with 35 million hectares certified organic, which is 8.8% of Australia's agricultural land and Australia now
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be used to help absorb nutrients around the GBR and other Australian shores, cultivation could also help feed a large part of the world. Even the Chinese, who could be considered far more advanced in seaweed cultivation, are interested in the future of Australian seaweeds. Lastly, the GBR itself,
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Although the Australian wine industry enjoyed a large period of growth during the 1990s, overplanting and oversupply led to a large drop in the value of wine, forcing out of business some winemakers, especially those on contracts to large wine-producing companies. At the time, the future for some
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The agricultural workforce was heavily reliant on international workers, and by the end of 2020, the pandemic resulted in a severe shortage of farm workers across the country. Much produce could not be picked, with losses estimated at $ 22 million, thanks to a backpacker workforce diminished from
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Animal welfare has caused public concern, with exports of live animals particularly scrutinised. The practice of exporting live animals has received strong public opposition (a petition carrying 200,000 signatures of people opposed to live export was tabled in parliament) and opposition from the
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In May, the Australian government proposed an independent investigation of the origin of COVID-19. Shortly afterwards, China placed large restrictions on their imports of a number of Australian agricultural products, as well as coal. Agriculture is one of Australia's most trade-exposed economic
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began, and Australian agriculture was heavily impacted by the resulting supply chain issues. The scarcity of freight space and disruption to Chinese New Year purchases was particularly painful, with China being Australia's largest export market and a particularly large buyer of live seafood.
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Meat exports were very significant in the development of Australian agriculture. By 1925, there were 54 export freezing works, capable of killing 6000 cattle and 90,000 sheep and lambs daily. Initially, the meat for British markets had to be frozen, but later beef could be exported chilled.
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Australian farmers and their spokesman have always considered that life on the land is inherently more virtuous, more healthy, more important and more productive than living in the towns and cities. The farmers complained that something was wrong with an electoral system which produced
761:) beef cattle are often reared on smaller properties as part of a mixed farming or grazing operation, but some properties do specialise in producing cattle. The southern calves are typically reared on pasture and sold as weaners, yearlings or steers at about two years old or older. 650:
In 2005, McDonald's Australia Ltd announced it would no longer source all its potatoes for fries from Tasmanian producers and announced a new deal with New Zealand suppliers. Subsequently, Vegetable and Potato Growers Australia (Ltd.) launched a political campaign advocating
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Climate change has damaged farming productivity, reducing broadacre farm profits by an average of 22% since 2000. In 2023, the Department of Agriculture published a National Statement on Climate Change and Agriculture, exploring resilience in the agriculture sector.
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Australian wine producers seemed uncertain, but by 2015 a national study showed that the industry had recovered and the combined output of grape growing and winemaking were major contributors to the Australian economy's gross output while the associated industry of
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Domestic milk markets were heavily regulated until the 1980s, particularly for milk used for domestic fresh milk sales. This protected smaller producers in the northern states who produced exclusively for their local markets. The Kerin Plan (named after politician
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9,076 million compared to A$ 9,618 million in 2000–01. The gross value of irrigated agricultural production represents around a quarter (23%) of the gross value of agricultural commodities produced in Australia in 2004–05, on less than 1% of agricultural land.
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Water management is a major issue in Australia. The nation is struggling with over-allocation issues and increasing variability. Effectively governing such issues has proven to be problematic. Public institutions responsible for water management include the
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had also expanded. A follow-up report from 2019 demonstrated further consolidation, by which stage wine had become Australia's fifth-largest agricultural export industry, with domestic and international sales contributing AU$ 45.5 billion to gross output.
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Australia has seen a major increase in foreign ownership of agriculture in the 2010s. According to a report in 2020, it was found that the amount of Australian agricultural land in foreign ownership, increased slightly from 13.4 to 13.8 percent.
2195: 600: 1012:. The Australian wool industry was worth $ 3.6 billion in 2022. The total number of sheep is estimated to be 75 million. In the late 1980s, the sheep flock was 180 million. Only 5% of Australia's wool clip is processed onshore. The 65:. The success of Australia in becoming a major agricultural power despite the odds is facilitated by its policies of long-term visions and promotion of agricultural reforms that greatly increased the country's agricultural industry. 1294: 693: 1214:, a procedure used to prevent the animals from becoming fly blown with maggots. In 2004, due to the worldwide attention, AWI proposed to phase out the practice by the end of year 2010; this promise was retracted in 2009. 891: 853: 5256: 5261: 44: 1016:
produces fine wool and was first introduced to Australia in 1797, with the breed being well-suited to the Australian environment. By the 1870s Australia had become the world's greatest wool-growing nation.
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Because of Australia's large deserts and irregular rainfall, irrigation is necessary for agriculture in some parts of the country. The total gross value of irrigated agricultural production in 2004-05 was
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The fisheries in Australia is a very large scale industry. Australia produces many species of fish, including farmed, sustainable and intensive, and wild caught such as tuna and other schooling fish.
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Adults employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries as a percentage of the adult population in Australia based upon the 2011 census, divided geographically by statistical local area
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In 2022, the Labor Party committed to ending live exports of sheep, if elected. In 2023, they commenced the process, however, it is not likely to be completed within the government's first term.
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poll found that 87% of respondents were against the Federal Government allowing foreign companies to buy Australian agricultural land a 6% points higher than a similar survey four years ago.
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These responsibilities were merged into a single agricultural department in 1956. Since the merger, the department responsible for agriculture has been renamed and re-structured many times:
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have been variously described as hunter-gatherer-cultivators and proto-farmers, as there is evidence that farming activities were undertaken prior to the arrival of Europeans, including
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A 2022 ABC's Vote Compass Poll found that 88% of Australians want tighter controls on foreign ownership of farm land, which is an increase from Compass poll results in 2013 and 2016.
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A density-equalising map of organic agriculture in Australia based on certified organic hectares. Australia accounts for more than half of the world's certified organic hectares.
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Of the 12,191 GL of water consumed by agriculture in 2004–05, dairy farming accounted for 18% (2,276 GL), pasture 16% (1,928 GL), cotton 15% (1,822 GL) and sugar 10% (1,269 GL).
1753: 1300: 808:(AA Co) manages a cattle herd of more than 585,000 herd. Heytesbury Beef Pty Ltd owns and manages over 200,000 herd of cattle across eight stations spanning the East Kimberley, 4374: 1318: 5251: 1312: 1276: 5266: 3095: 5063: 3283: 1385: 5241: 99:, and large scale pastoral activities involving the grazing of beef cattle and sheep for wool and mutton). An indicator of the viability of agriculture in the state of 2869: 5073: 5053: 4255: 3128: 1282: 1270: 4755: 1162:
are four GM crops approved to be grown in Australia: cotton, safflower, carnations and canola. In particular, 99.5% of cotton growers in Australia use GM cotton.
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200,000 to 52,000. The shortage lingered through 2021, with skilled labour also in short supply, leading to calls to double Australia's skilled migrant uptake.
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will cause decreased precipitation over much of Australia and that this will exacerbate existing challenges to water availability and quality for agriculture.
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settlement, there were no cattle in Australia. The present herd consists principally of British and European breeds (Bos taurus) in the southern regions, with
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Australia's main crops were contrasting in preferred climate: sugar cane (typical of tropical countries), wheat and barley (typical of cold countries).
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breeds predominate along with their crosses. They were introduced to combine the resistance to cattle ticks and greater tolerance to hot weather.
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Pty Limited (NAPCO) is now one of Australia's largest beef cattle producers, with a herd of over 180,000 cattle and fourteen cattle stations in
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Olives have been grown in Australia since the early 1800s. Olive trees were planted by the warden of the self-funded penal settlement on
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because of the delicate corals, has lent itself to utilising seaweed/algae purposely as a nutrient reduction tool in the form of algae.
809: 3582: 3004: 1923: 1079: 964:. China's olive oil consumption is increasing, and Chinese investors have begun to buy Australian olive farms. Olive cultivars include 5218: 5203: 4971: 4748: 4708: 3839: 3819: 2916: 2650: 1675: 5319: 4783: 4250: 4151: 4051: 3971: 3905: 2705: 2059: 1957: 1503: 793: 2483: 1787: 3352: 4891: 3978: 3915: 3900: 3733: 2098: 1592:
Wickins, Peter (1987). "Pastoral proficiency in nineteenth century South Africa and Australia: A case of cultural determinism?".
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Faull, Margaret L. (2014). "Indigenous Australian land management before the European settlement in 1788: a review article".
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losing 30% of its vineyards. Grapes around the country were affected by smoke, with the smell affecting the wine produced.
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The shorelines, especially the Great Barrier Reef, are providing motivation to help the continent by using seaweed (
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Farming is the most dangerous occupation in Australia. 55 farmers died while working in 2022. Accidents involving
785: 3723: 3703: 3042: 1000:, Sevillano, UC13A6, and Verdale. Manzanillo, Azapa, Nab Tamri and South Australian Verdale produce table olives. 879:) began the process of deregulation in 1986. The final price supports were removed in 2000 with the assistance of 5236: 5182: 5083: 4991: 4595: 4552: 4500: 4399: 4245: 4213: 4129: 4119: 4087: 3767: 2837:"Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 1083: 5136: 5116: 5068: 4975: 4510: 4495: 4178: 4139: 3966: 37: 3592: 2970: 842:, which revealed that horse and kangaroo meat had been both exported overseas and sold domestically as beef. 5141: 4966: 4660: 4535: 4515: 4490: 4470: 4223: 4193: 4018: 3895: 3824: 3743: 2679: 2515: 2457: 2409: 1251: 1064: 820: 762: 642: 140: 58: 4996: 4936: 4901: 4808: 4567: 4545: 4520: 4485: 4465: 4429: 4267: 4238: 4228: 4203: 4166: 4097: 3934: 3829: 3642: 3622: 3612: 3602: 3563: 3540: 2556: 1395: 1366: 1254:
in 1901, individual state governments bore responsibility for agriculture. As part of the federation, the
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is the largest agricultural enterprise in Australia, and it is the second largest beef exporter, behind
3214:"Few fence-sitters when it comes to foreign ownership of Australian farmland, Vote Compass data shows" 2765: 5172: 5101: 5078: 5012: 4931: 4896: 4764: 4694: 4665: 4587: 4424: 4394: 4330: 4285: 3998: 3993: 3961: 3946: 3802: 3632: 3436: 2710: 2651:"Wool has had its ups and downs over 75 years of ABC Rural reporting, but COVID-19 is simply 'weird'" 2590: 2383: 1728:"New lost crop register reveals million-dollar figure the worker shortage is costing Aussie farmers" 183:
for export and domestic consumption. Australia's production in the first five years was as follows:
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from their homelands which radically changed the dominant practices. After some initial failures,
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parliamentarians who spent money beautifying vampire-cities instead of developing the interior.
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are more commonly used in stud cattle breeding in Australia, but may be used in other herds.
4778: 4722: 4156: 3017: 2892:"Focus on livestock tracing intensifies under new strategy to protect agricultural industry" 2783: 2773: 1970: 1931: 1601: 1566: 1531: 1372: 1358: 813: 104: 62: 4948: 2766:"Is there Public Desire for a Federal Takeover of Water Resource Management in Australia?" 2748:
Rae Wear, "Countrymindedness Revisited," (Australian Political Science Association, 1990)
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Shaw, John H., "Collins Australian Encyclopedia", William Collins Pty Ltd., Sydney, 1984,
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Margetts, D. E. (2007). "National competition policy and the Australian dairy industry".
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have been known to destroy fences and eat cattle feed, sometimes in problematic numbers.
2943:"Farmer reports more than 1,000 kangaroos on property as numbers 'boom' across Victoria" 1794: 1125:, however, much of this is methane of biological origin, rather than from fossil fuels. 1051:, from the 1920s to the 1970s, promulgated its version of agrarianism, which it called " 5036: 5031: 4981: 4600: 3342: 1175: 1111: 941: 824: 789: 777: 687: 491: 96: 3512: 1818: 5313: 2621:"Wool industry explores domestic processing to reduce supply chain and trade 'risks'" 2129: 2078: 1578: 1543: 933: 715: 707: 652: 589: 470:(1.66 million tons). In the same year, the country also produced 1.2 million tons of 156: 1110:, the federal government agency for scientific research in Australia, forecast that 3018:"Review Of Tasmania's Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Moratorium FINAL REPORT" 2305: 2074: 1605: 1535: 3284:"Australia to phase out live sheep export amid opposition from peak farmers body" 3184:"Foreign farmland ownership poll finds almost nine out of 10 Australians opposed" 2778: 1952:
Beattie, William A., Beef Cattle Breeding & Management, Popular Books, 1990,
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Economic Contribution of the Australian Wine Sector 2019. Report 19 August 2019.
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An 80-stand rotary dairy that is fully computerised and records milk production.
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Australian Grape and Wine Authority, 2016. pp. 1, 12-14. Accessible online at
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Economic Contribution of the Australian Wine Sector. Report: 18 December 2015.
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covering 61% of Australia's landmass. Across the country, there is a mix of
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The number of pigs slaughtered (thousands) monthly in Australia since 1972
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dominated in the 19th century and, in the first half of the 20th century,
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had additional responsibilities for sugar agreements, as well as cotton.
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was created to help develop the agricultural industry. The newly created
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zone (cropping (principally winter crops), and the grazing of sheep (for
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Australian wool and sheepskin quarterly exports ($ Millions) since 1969.
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Development of agricultural output of Australia in 2015 US$ since 1961
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Organic Agriculture in Australia: Attaining the Global Majority (51%)
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At the turn of the millennium, Australia produced a large variety of
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increased in its popularity, driven by technological changes like
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Fair dinkum! Hinch calls 'pointy-head Tasmanian' campaign doomed
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The decline in farm employment (thousands of persons) since 1959
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Wahlquist, Calla; Press, Australian Associated (3 March 2023).
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restricts developments and risks Australia's competitiveness.
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In 2022, new regulations for chicken welfare were introduced.
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Chinese investment in WA olive farm a boost for local workers
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Australian cereals quarterly exports ($ Millions) since 1969.
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accounts for more than half (51%) of the world's certified
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Australian meat quarterly exports ($ Millions) since 1969.
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In 2018, Australia was the world's largest producer of
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There are three main zones: the high rainfall zone of
3378:. Australian Wool Growers Association. Archived from 2406:"Nutrient cycling in the Great Barrier Reef Aquarium" 1863:
Wine Australia, 2019. pp. i-iii.Accessible online at
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Effects of global warming on agriculture in Australia
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New reference reveals facts about Australian farming
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Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
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USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 45. 1417:"finder.com.au 2015 Careers in Australia Report" 458:(3.9 million tons), the 9th largest producer of 454:(1.2 million tons), the 5th largest producer of 83:and a narrow coastal zone (used principally for 3151:"Foreign Ownership of Agricultural Land Report" 2965: 2963: 2890:Stanley, Michelle; Varischetti (13 July 2023). 1878:"How bushfires have hit Australia's winemakers" 1202:In 2006, animal rights organisations including 622:are produced on a large scale in Australia for 115:Agriculture in Australia has a lively history. 1788:"Independent Assessment of the Sugar Industry" 1652:(2). ABARE economical: 438 and 439. June 2006. 831:being the most common. In northern Australia, 4749: 3775: 3548: 1307:Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 1008:Australia is the world's largest producer of 8: 3119:"How much Aussie farmland is foreign owned?" 2835:Preston, B.L.; Jones, R.N. (February 2006). 2079:Dairy deregulation rolls on despite protests 3528:Agricultural industry strength in Australia 2808: 2806: 2511:"China Feeds Rush for Australian Olive Oil" 2489:. Town and Country Farmer. March–April 2016 1859:Gillespie and Clarke. "Executive Summary." 1289:Department of Primary Industries and Energy 1210:wool, as a protest against the practice of 4756: 4742: 4734: 4453: 4335: 4075: 3939: 3807: 3782: 3768: 3760: 3555: 3541: 3533: 2969:Paull, John & Hennig, Benjamin (2018) 2737:Modern Australia in Documents: 1901 – 1939 1073:Australia's major water drainage divisions 185: 3043:"Office of the Gene Technology Regulator" 2787: 2777: 2166:"SA develops a taste for feedlot systems" 1924:"Agriculture - Beef Industry - Australia" 1825:, Louise Saunders. Accessed 9 August 2011 1594:South African Journal of Economic History 2971:Maps of Organic Agriculture in Australia 2619:Prendergast, Joanna (22 November 2022). 2099:"Deregulation: a star turn in milky way" 1068: 838:In 1981, the industry was shaken by the 31: 3159:. Australian Government. 23 June 2020. 2868:Department of Agriculture (July 2023). 2814:"Drought drives down water consumption" 1930:. Australian Government. Archived from 1407: 1086:, Australia's largest river catchment. 1082:, which manages water resources in the 849:Prime lamb competition, New South Wales 669:List of Australian wine grape varieties 3425: 3423: 2759: 2757: 2614: 2612: 2579: 2577: 2230:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2223: 2146: 2135: 1481: 1470: 1256:Department of Commerce and Agriculture 1123:Australia's total greenhouse emissions 3131:from the original on 28 December 2020 2562:. Australian Plants. 1 September 2017 2529:Sinclair, Hannah (1 September 2017). 7: 5292: 3518:The History Trust of South Australia 3374:Wilkinson, Peter (8 November 2004). 3355:from the original on 10 January 2007 3182:Schwartz, Dominique (20 June 2016). 2973:, Journal of Organics. 5 (1): 29–39. 2557:"A guide to Olive Variety Selection" 2537:. Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) 1971:"Cattle farms lure Australian women" 1876:Williams, David (16 February 2020). 1663:Australia production in 2018, by FAO 1415:Hutchison, Michelle (18 June 2015). 1021:Issues facing Australian agriculture 840:Australian meat substitution scandal 682:Wine producers were impacted by the 27:Overview of agriculture in Australia 3442:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3401:McNaughton, Jane (20 August 2022). 3343:"Pink angers Australian government" 3117:Tracey, Mollie (28 December 2020). 2716:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2659:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2629:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2596:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2361:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2333:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1993:"North Australian Pastoral Company" 1850:Gillespie and Clarke (2015), p. 11. 1834:Gillespie, Rob and Michael Clarke. 1701:"Dollar's decline a mixed blessing" 1038:Historian F.K. Crowley finds that: 36:Climate map of Australia, based on 18:History of agriculture in Australia 3163:from the original on 15 April 2021 2649:Becker, Joshua (7 December 2020). 2460:The remarkable story of the Helena 1928:Australian Natural Resources Atlas 684:2019–20 Australian bushfire season 25: 3430:Francis, Annabel (29 July 2023). 3194:from the original on 21 June 2016 1909:Country Leader, 31 January 2011, 1674:Pollard, Emma (3 February 2020). 794:North Australian Pastoral Company 646:Potato farming in rural Victoria. 189:Commodity (in millions of AUD$ ) 5291: 5280: 5279: 3098:from the original on 9 July 2020 1752:May, Natasha (20 October 2021). 1726:Bolton, Meg (11 December 2020). 1365: 1351: 1337: 3501:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2941:Hynninen, Eden (12 July 2023). 1260:Department of Trade and Customs 1191:Australian live export industry 1185:Animal welfare and live exports 1121:Agriculture contributes 13% of 816:regions in Northern Australia. 806:Australian Agricultural Company 788:is the world's largest working 5028:Australian Securities Exchange 3583:Federated States of Micronesia 2584:Taylor, Tegan (3 April 2018). 2431:Newton, John (13 March 2012). 2164:Lush, Deanna (24 April 2003). 1606:10.1080/10113436.1987.10417136 1283:Department of Primary Industry 1271:Department of Primary Industry 1229:accounted for 20 per cent and 1080:Murray–Darling Basin Authority 103:is whether the land is within 1: 3086:Kemp, Daniel (23 June 2020). 1536:10.1080/00664677.2020.1861538 1460:Pratley, Jim; Rowell, Lewis. 87:and beef production); wheat, 5267:Australia–United Kingdom FTA 4871:Australian Capital Territory 3316:Cooper, Lucy (3 June 2022). 3065:"Genetically Modified Crops" 2779:10.1016/j.watres.2023.120861 2684:National Museum of Australia 2484:"Olive growing in Australia" 2251:Life on Australian Seashores 1969:Mercer, Phil (9 June 2008). 1571:10.1080/01433768.2014.981396 926:St Helena Island, Queensland 5242:Australia–United States FTA 5132:National Electricity Market 2103:Australian Financial Review 2052:Kings of the Cattle Country 2033:"Heytesbury Cattle Company" 1911:Farm Facts: Beef is bullish 1793:. p. 5. Archived from 1467:. Charles Sturt University. 1233:for 14 per cent of deaths. 5336: 4987:Minerals Resource Rent Tax 3156:Australian Taxation Office 1786:Hildebrand, Clive (2002). 1196:RSPCA because of cruelty. 1188: 1062: 786:South Australia, Australia 662: 554: 5275: 5257:Trans-Pacific Partnership 5237:Australia–New Zealand FTA 5183:Social class in Australia 4992:Passenger Movement Charge 4688: 4456: 4338: 4152:Intelligence and security 4078: 3942: 3810: 2680:"Merino sheep introduced" 2437:The Sydney Morning Herald 2203:www.dairyaustralia.com.au 1450:Retrieved 30 January 2011 1313:Department of Agriculture 1301:Department of Agriculture 1277:Department of Agriculture 557:Australia–China trade war 534:(138 thousand tons) etc. 5320:Agriculture in Australia 5117:Energy efficiency rating 4972:Goods & Services Tax 3734:Northern Mariana Islands 3467:www.thefarmerslot.com.au 2704:Lee, Tim (9 July 2022). 1866:. Accessed 7 March 2020. 1841:. Accessed 7 March 2020. 462:(33.5 million tons) and 5262:Indonesia–Australia FTA 3699:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3564:Agriculture in Oceania 3496:Agricultural Statistics 2516:The Wall Street Journal 2306:"Seaweed as Human Food" 2037:heytesburycattle.com.au 1621:Diet for a large planet 1252:Federation of Australia 1065:Irrigation in Australia 763:Artificial insemination 745:In southern Australia ( 737:offered for sale at an 450:(9.2 million tons) and 141:agricultural technology 4809:Snowy Mountains Scheme 4784:Banking crisis of 1893 4546:Indigenous Australians 4047:States and territories 2408:. 1988. Archived from 2145:Cite journal requires 2050:Austin, Nigel (1986). 1646:Australian Commodities 1480:Cite journal requires 1396:Gardening in Australia 1237:Information Technology 1206:promoted a boycott of 1166:Foreign land ownership 1145: 1074: 1030: 896: 871: 858: 850: 742: 698: 647: 605: 597: 588:Sunflower crop on the 474:, 1.1 million tons of 176: 117:Aboriginal Australians 76: 49: 41: 3840:Territorial evolution 3677:and other territories 2464:. Treetops Plantation 2266:"Australian Seaweeds" 2245:Davey, Keith (2000). 2054:. Sydney: Bay Books. 1619:Otter, Chris (2020). 1524:Anthropological Forum 1446:11 March 2011 at the 1143: 1072: 1028: 894: 869: 856: 848: 732: 696: 645: 603: 587: 530:(181 thousand tons), 526:(224 thousand tons), 522:(255 thousand tons), 518:(268 thousand tons), 514:(278 thousand tons), 510:(284 thousand tons), 506:(317 thousand tons), 502:(373 thousand tons), 498:(377 thousand tons), 494:(378 thousand tons), 490:(386 thousand tons), 486:(387 thousand tons), 482:(635 thousand tons), 174: 71: 47: 38:Köppen classification 35: 5173:Poverty in Australia 4765:Economy of Australia 4286:Cabinet of Australia 4261:Government ministers 4029:World Heritage Sites 3835:European exploration 3382:on 24 September 2006 3351:. 20 December 2006. 3263:on 23 September 2014 3236:AnimalsAustralia.org 2264:Guiry, M.D. (2015). 2247:"Nutrient Absorbers" 2084:28 July 2016 at the 1157:Genetic modification 1102:Environmental issues 1084:Murray–Darling basin 75:beef cows and calves 5252:Japan–Australia FTA 5247:China–Australia FTA 5232:Australia–Korea FTA 5227:Australia–Chile FTA 5188:Wealth in Australia 5168:Income in Australia 5151:Economic conditions 5047:Regulatory agencies 5006:Banking and Finance 4794:Four pillars policy 4358:Gross state product 3513:SA History - Goyder 3003:Paull, John (2019) 2849:on 25 February 2009 2433:"A Hardy evergreen" 2412:on 20 December 2019 2176:on 13 December 2014 2170:stockjournal.com.au 1151:organic agriculture 913:seaweed cultivation 5074:Corporations power 5023:Official cash rate 4927:Telecommunications 4676:Australian studies 4611:Australian English 4420:Telecommunications 4256:Government leaders 4199:Political ideology 2212:on 9 December 2014 1515:Keen, Ian (2021). 1345:Agriculture portal 1146: 1075: 1031: 976:, Jumbo Kalamata, 897: 872: 859: 851: 802:Northern Territory 782:Anna Creek Station 757:and south-western 743: 699: 648: 606: 598: 542:Late in 2019, the 177: 133:hunting, gathering 77: 50: 42: 5307: 5306: 5127:Green electricity 4856:Western Australia 4825:Australian dollar 4731: 4730: 4684: 4683: 4506:Human trafficking 4443: 4442: 4325: 4324: 4125:Foreign relations 4065: 4064: 3929: 3928: 3876:Asian Australians 3757: 3756: 3749:Wallis and Futuna 3694:Clipperton Island 3652:Associated states 3524:of Goyder's Line. 3463:"The Farmers Lot" 2336:. 13 January 2015 2021:on 29 March 2007. 1934:on 22 August 2011 1800:on 29 August 2017 1630:978-0-226-69710-9 1559:Landscape History 1246:Public governance 1128:Although native, 1053:countrymindedness 814:Barkly Tablelands 759:Western Australia 624:human consumption 544:COVID-19 pandemic 433: 432: 16:(Redirected from 5327: 5295: 5294: 5283: 5282: 5219:Trade agreements 5122:Geothermal power 5018:Financial system 4799:Great Depression 4789:Economic history 4779:Australian pound 4758: 4751: 4744: 4735: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4573:Waste management 4454: 4375:Household income 4336: 4298:Governor-General 4108:Electoral system 4076: 3940: 3808: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3761: 3739:Pitcairn Islands 3709:French Polynesia 3689:Christmas Island 3618:Papua New Guinea 3598:Marshall Islands 3571:Sovereign states 3557: 3550: 3543: 3534: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3259:. Archived from 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3008: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2980: 2974: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2848: 2841: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2781: 2761: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2739:(1973) pp 77-78. 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2488: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2270:The Seaweed Site 2261: 2255: 2254: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2211: 2205:. 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4875: 4861:South Australia 4841:New South Wales 4834:State economies 4829: 4813: 4767: 4762: 4732: 4727: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4680: 4641:Public holidays 4582: 4526:Life expectancy 4439: 4321: 4272: 4061: 4033: 4019:Protected areas 3925: 3864: 3797: 3788: 3758: 3753: 3676: 3670: 3653: 3647: 3628:Solomon Islands 3566: 3561: 3491:Farm Facts 2011 3487: 3482: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2921:Climate Council 2915: 2914: 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budget 4117: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3952:Climate change 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3881:Constitutional 3878: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3729:Norfolk Island 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3684:American Samoa 3680: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3654:of New Zealand 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3493: 3486: 3485:External links 3483: 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Crowley, 2728: 2696: 2671: 2641: 2608: 2573: 2548: 2521: 2500: 2475: 2449: 2423: 2397: 2375: 2364:. 8 March 2015 2347: 2319: 2297: 2286:. 24 June 2014 2275: 2256: 2237: 2187: 2156: 2147:|journal= 2116: 2090: 2067: 2060: 2042: 2024: 2002: 1984: 1961: 1945: 1915: 1902: 1868: 1852: 1843: 1827: 1811: 1778: 1744: 1718: 1692: 1666: 1655: 1636: 1629: 1611: 1584: 1549: 1507: 1491: 1482:|journal= 1452: 1433: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1362: 1348: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1222: 1219: 1189:Main article: 1186: 1183: 1176:Lowy Institute 1167: 1164: 1158: 1155: 1137: 1134: 1112:climate change 1103: 1100: 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1045: 1044: 1035: 1032: 1022: 1019: 1005: 1002: 942:European Union 921: 918: 904: 901: 888: 885: 863: 860: 825:Aberdeen Angus 810:Victoria River 790:cattle station 703: 700: 688:Adelaide Hills 660: 657: 639: 636: 628:livestock feed 581: 578: 576: 573: 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5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5069:Corporate law 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4907:Manufacturing 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804:Privatisation 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 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4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4189:National debt 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3724:New Caledonia 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3704:Easter Island 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3381: 3377: 3376:"In the News" 3370: 3367: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3275: 3262: 3258: 3257:"Live Export" 3252: 3249: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3220:. 5 May 2022. 3219: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3175: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3097: 3093: 3092:Agri Investor 3089: 3082: 3079: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2642: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2536: 2534: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2504: 2501: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2463: 2461: 2453: 2450: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2238: 2233: 2227: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2105:. 4 July 2000 2104: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2061:1-86256-066-8 2057: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1972: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1958:0-7301-0040-5 1955: 1949: 1946: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1913:, Rural Press 1912: 1906: 1903: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1796: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1745: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1719: 1707:. 15 May 2012 1706: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504:0-00-217315-8 1501: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1474: 1463: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1422: 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MESA. 1895:19 July 1771:20 July 1737:20 July 1685:20 July 1426:2 April 1174:A 2016 986:Leccino 774:Top End 772:In the 739:auction 686:, with 620:legumes 609:Cereals 520:lentils 472:sorghum 369:Poultry 153:canning 137:fishing 121:tilling 111:History 5197:Unions 5094:Energy 4912:Mining 4723:Portal 4616:Cinema 4558:Racism 4531:People 4390:Mining 4353:Energy 4348:Dollar 4093:Courts 4083:Asylum 4057:Cities 4024:Rivers 3972:issues 3793:  3719:Hawaii 3638:Tuvalu 3520:has a 3294:  3067:. 2022 3045:. 2022 3023:. 2019 2386:. 1988 2308:. 2015 2216:22 May 2128:  2058:  2011:"AACo" 1977:9 June 1956:  1888:  1764:  1627:  1577:  1542:  1502:  1323:2022– 1208:Merino 1014:Merino 998:Picual 962:Greece 940:, the 920:Olives 804:. The 792:. The 735:cattle 712:Brazil 508:carrot 500:banana 492:orange 488:tomato 476:potato 448:barley 429:1,037 407:1,425 404:1,327 385:1,416 382:1,358 363:1,744 360:1,240 347:Barley 341:2,187 338:2,196 319:2,601 316:2,490 297:2,795 285:2,333 271:3,268 268:3,808 249:5,905 246:4,320 227:7,082 218:5,849 210:Cattle 4942:Ports 4702:Index 4651:Sport 4646:Radio 4636:Music 4626:Dance 4578:Women 4481:Crime 4385:Media 4251:Women 3989:Fauna 3984:Flora 3633:Tonga 3623:Samoa 3613:Palau 3603:Nauru 3504:page. 3021:(PDF) 2847:(PDF) 2840:(PDF) 2560:(PDF) 2487:(PDF) 2210:(PDF) 2199:(PDF) 2126:S2CID 1973:. 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Index

History of agriculture in Australia

Köppen classification

Australia
irrigation
dry-land farming

Murray Grey
Tasmania
dairying
sheep
wool
fertile soils
South Australia
Goyder's Line
Aboriginal Australians
tilling
planting
irrigating
hunting, gathering
fishing
agricultural technology
wool
dairying
canning
refrigeration

primary products
Cattle

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