337:
replaced by the pidgin. From the social aspect, some of the
Aboriginal people became functioning members in the colony’s working class because of their knowledge of the land and labour. In addition, with the information provided by the Aboriginal people, the settlers found building materials, and they built residences in water-rich and fertile areas. In the settlement, Aboriginal people offered assistance with chopping wood, fishing and tracking escaped convicts. With the help of the Aboriginal people, the settlers built permanent sites of residence, and the Aboriginal people gained irreplaceable positions in the
328:
well-respected person in both the colonial and
Aboriginal communities. The settlers needed Bennelong’s knowledge of Aboriginal culture, food, technology and the environment, while the Aboriginal people consulted him when they traded with the settlers. This privilege allowed him to become the head of the Aboriginal coterie, and he enjoyed social and material benefits from his friendship with Philip.
257:
could no longer provide food for the
Aboriginal people, and they became increasingly dependent on the settlers for imported goods. Some Aboriginal people started to offer services to the settlers, including guidance and knowledge about the environment. Thus, in exchange for resources, they played an
336:
From the linguistic aspect, Aboriginal people who acted as translators and guides in the Sydney area showed a notable ability to communicate with
English settlers using Port Jackson Pidgin English. Furthermore, the significance of learning Aboriginal vernacular language decreased and was eventually
204:
from the surrounding areas to escape deprivation at the hands of
European settlers. As the Aboriginal Australians who came to seek refuge at the Roper River Mission spoke different languages, there grew a need for a shared communication system to develop, and it was this that created the conditions
699:
Port
Jackson Pidgin English was the main means of communication between the settlers and the Aboriginal people in early colonial times. It provided a channel for intercultural communication. It is also important in terms of linguistics because it formed a basis for the development of Australian
544:
It is also intriguing to note that despite its borrowing of
English verbs, Port Jackson Pidgin English applies linguistic strategies that are different. Therefore, the use or meaning of verbs in Port Jackson Pidgin English cannot be presumed based solely on knowledge of English. In addition to
298:
between the two communities, he failed to learn about the
Aboriginal culture and history or maintain regular and friendly communication. Therefore, he made a plan to capture an Aboriginal person to learn English, help the settlers acquire the Aboriginal language and play as a cultural catalyst
327:
well after being captured by Philip. His language abilities not only allowed the settlers to gain more knowledge about the
Aboriginal language and culture but also accelerated the cross-cultural interactions between the two communities. Being able to speak two languages, Bennelong became a
244:
There are two major factors that facilitated the forming of Port
Jackson Pidgin English. The first is that environmental shifts occurred on the land. After the English settlers arrived at Port Jackson in January 1788, the lifestyles of the
293:
with Aboriginal people despite their hostility towards the settlers. He also controlled the convicts to prevent them from ‘taking advantage of or mistreating Aboriginal people’. However, due to the absence of a common
303:. He not only learned English and the culture of the settlers, but he also offered knowledge about the Aboriginal language for the settlers. He marked the starting point of a stable communication and accelerated the
691:
is an interrogative word that means 'when'. Interestingly, Port Jackson Pidgin English has borrowed considerably from English verbs and lexicon but only a small number from Aboriginal languages.
569:, which means 'If you like Aboriginal people, master, you give cornmeal; you give tomahawks and tobacco'. In that case, the verb's transitivity is marked by the suffix '-it'. In addition,
377:
sentence structure as English. The linguistic feature of Port Jackson Pidgin English observed in the 18th century was mainly lexical, and in the 19th century, the pidgin started to acquire
1008:
232:. By 1900 PJPE had developed into Northern Territory Pidgin English (NTPE) was widespread and well understood. Then by 1908 creolizing into Australian Kriol and by the mid-1980s,
989:
Simpson, J. (2000). "Camels as pidgin-carriers: Afghan cameleers as a vector for the spread of features of Australian Aboriginal Pidgins and Creoles". In J. Siegel (ed.).
289:, took to establish communication with Aboriginal people. After fixing a permanent settlement site at Port Jackson, Philip gave official orders for establishing a stable
624:(how, why etc.) at the beginning of sentences or a questioning tone because the pidgin lacks the initial question word 'do'. For example, the English translation of
565:
from an Aboriginal language. Another interesting aspect to explore in the verbs in Port Jackson Pidgin English is transitivity. For example, in the sentence
892:
Sandefur, J. (1986). Kriol of North Australia: a language coming of age. Darwin, Australia: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch
880:
Clements, J. (2003). PROCESSES OF LANGUAGE CONTACT: STUDIES FROM AUSTRALIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC. Jeff Siegel (Ed.). Saint-Laurent, Canada: Fides, 2000.
628:
is 'Do you hear, master?' In that case, 'do' has no matching word in the pidgin. Instead, the interrogative voice is expressed by an interrogative tone.
524:
The pronouns in Port Jackson Pidgin English have considerable similarity to those of English. For example, the pronoun for the first-person singular is
557:, coming from 'sit down', means "stay". Another way is to create verbs originating from an Aboriginal language]]. For example, the verb for "dance" is
667:
stability. Lexical items borrowed from English are combined with other items from Aboriginal languages to form a pidgin compound. For example,
867:
967:
Mühlhäusler, P.; McGregor, W. B. (1996). "Post-contact languages of Western Australia". In S. A. Wurm; P. Mühlhäusler; D. T. Tryon (eds.).
903:
Smith, Norval (1994). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Jacque Arends; Pieter Muysken; Norval Smith (eds.).
266:
to communicate with the settlers. In this way, Port Jackson Pidgin English started forming at the point of contact between English and the
889:
Meakins, F. & O’Shannessy, C. (2016). Loss and renewal: Australian languages since colonisation. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.
898:
Troy, J. (1994). Melaleuka: A history and description of New South Wales Pidgin. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University.
253:
area changed significantly. The environment was devastated as the settlers cleared the ground for settlement. As a result, the local
173:
652:
267:
210:
106:
819:
246:
606:
374:
370:
316:
290:
180:
carried it west and north as they expanded across Australia. It subsequently died out in most of the country, but was
433:
and single morphemes that are from English in the pidgin. For example, the word that is used to refer to convicts is
570:
349:
Port Jackson Pidgin English has a relatively complete linguistic structure, including a borrowed lexicon and set of
549:, retrieved from 'take', there are two more ways by which verbs are created. The first is the borrowing of English
497:
664:
394:
390:
338:
426:
895:
Smith, W. (1933). Pidgin English in Hawaii. American Speech, 8(1), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.2307/3181813
886:
Kouwenberg, S., & Singler, J. (2008). The handbook of Pidgin and Creole studies. Wiley-Blackwell Pub.
430:
201:
56:
958:
Mühlhäusler, P. (1991). "Overview of the pidgin and creole languages of Australia". In S. Romaine (ed.).
469:
221:
Port Jackson Pidgin English was established as the need for communication between Aboriginal people and
836:
679:, means 'Aboriginal woman'. Replicate morphemes are used to emphasise a word’s meaning. For instance,
177:
81:
683:
means 'great devil'. Interrogatives and quantifiers are also borrowed from English. In the pidgin,
594:
286:
222:
937:
648:
621:
582:
536:. It is obvious that those words are retrieved respectively from the English 'I', 'me' and 'we'.
516:
from both languages, it is unique from specific numbers, which are borrowed solely from English.
477:
189:
205:
for Port Jackson Pidgin English to become fleshed out into a full language, Kriol, based on the
863:
815:
976:
Sandefur, J.; Sandefur, J. (1980). "Pidgin and Creole in the Kimberleys, Western Australia".
929:
883:
Holmes, J. (2013). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (4th ed.). Taylor and Francis.
814:. Australia: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch. pp. 30–33.
304:
278:
borrowing were present in the communication between the Aboriginal people and the settlers.
259:
233:
206:
185:
488:
The numbers in Port Jackson Pidgin English are largely borrowed from English. For example,
258:
important role in the settlers’ community. As they were being increasingly exposed to the
169:
73:
17:
969:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
417:
that nominalises nouns, which is retrieved from the English word 'fellow'. For example,
354:
147:
1002:
610:
590:
263:
550:
513:
229:
226:
181:
282:
193:
480:
possessive form in the pidgin, which is retrieved from the English word 'my'.
457:
609:
sentence structure of English. However, there are subtle differences in how
366:
300:
254:
140:
121:
46:
991:
Processes of Language Contact: Studies from Australia and the South Pacific
437:, which literally means 'government man', a compound word that consists of
862:. Germany: Berlin ; Boston : De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 7–11.
614:
398:
295:
920:
Hall, Robert A. Jr. (July 1945). "Notes on Australian Pidgin English".
687:, which can be retrieved from the English word "plenty", means "many".
660:
358:
324:
275:
197:
941:
447:. It literally means "by and by" though its actual meaning is "later".
656:
414:
378:
362:
320:
271:
250:
165:
782:
Melaleuka : a history and description of New South Wales pidgin
933:
468:
respectively originate from the English words 'that' and 'these'.
299:
between the two communities. The person the settlers captured was
659:(also called a 'pre-pidgin') with a mixed lexicon and only basic
274:
features, including language mixing, language simplification and
620:
In the pidgin, the interrogative voice is expressed by using an
350:
860:
Loss and Renewal : Australian Languages Since Colonisation
784:. Australia: Australian National University. pp. 3–308.
567:
Yu laik blakfela massa yu gibit konmil yu gibit mogo and mok
270:. Linguistic evidence supports this summation, showing that
962:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–173.
577:
means "I will make known what he is doing". In that case,
225:
arose. Its first records of existence date to 1788 in the
953:. London, New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 62–64.
460:
are present in Port Jackson Pidgin English. For example,
425:
means 'that one'. The second and the third morphemes are
236:
had at least four generations of mother tongue speakers.
168:
that originated in the region of Sydney and Newcastle in
508:, which means 'little' in the Aboriginal language, and
635:
put at the initial place of a sentence. For instance,
631:
The expression of a statement's negation has the word
397:
are attested in Port Jackson Pidgin English, but most
281:
The second factor was the actions the governor of the
978:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Newsletter
573:
and aspect are attested in the pidgin. For instance,
500:
are formulated by different strategies. For example,
262:, the Aboriginal people began acquiring English as a
837:"Northern Territory Pidgin English: A Lexical Study"
655:, pointed out that Port Jackson Pidgin English is a
353:, largely from English. It also contains different
138:
119:
114:
100:
70:
62:
52:
42:
32:
812:Kriol of North Australia: a language coming of age
993:. Saint Laurent, Quebec: Fides. pp. 195–244.
951:The Languages of the Kimberley, Western Australia
401:are free. Three examples of bound morphemes are
200:, where missionaries provided a safe place for
1009:English-based pidgins and creoles of Australia
445:. An example of a single morpheme is 'baimbai
8:
605:Port Jackson Pidgin English shares the same
319:. He soon came to play a major role in the
532:, and that for the first-person plural is
315:Bennelong was an important figure in this
29:
545:directly borrowing from English, such as
928:(3). Language, Vol. 19, No. 3: 263–267.
496:comes from 'one'. However, non-specific
709:
311:Bennelong as the communication catalyst
797:Kriol- An Australian Language Resource
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512:from English . As the word contains
25:
492:comes from 'many thousand', and
213:spoken by those at the mission.
653:Australian Agricultural Company
421:means "Aboriginal people', and
107:South Australian Pidgin English
27:English-based Australian pidgin
835:Harris, John W. (1988-01-01).
332:Influences on both communities
162:New South Wales Pidgin English
1:
639:means 'We do not want food'.
307:between the two communities.
151: New South Wales Pidgin
971:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
323:and integrated into the new
317:cross-cultural communication
291:cross-cultural communication
575:ai meikit no wot hi/it baut
158:Port Jackson Pidgin English
90:Port Jackson Pidgin English
33:Port Jackson Pidgin English
1025:
858:Meakins, Felicity (2016).
671:, literally consisting of
472:also exist. For instance,
413:. The first morpheme is a
211:Australian language groups
651:, a company agent of the
339:social division of labour
37:
18:Aboriginal Pidgin English
949:McGregor, W. B. (2004).
663:, but it exhibits great
429:markers. There are also
209:and the eight different
810:John, Sandefur (1986).
589:, which marks both the
456:There is evidence that
780:Troy, Jakelin (1994).
470:Possessive determiners
202:Indigenous Australians
57:Aboriginal Australians
38:New South Wales Pidgin
960:Language in Australia
622:interrogative pronoun
478:first-person singular
172:in the early days of
164:was an English-based
795:Sharpe, Margaret C.
268:Aboriginal languages
82:English-based pidgin
905:Pidgins and Creoles
607:subject–verb–object
595:imperfective aspect
375:subject–verb–object
341:within the colony.
841:English World-Wide
601:Sentence structure
583:present continuous
373:and uses the same
240:Historical factors
190:Northern Territory
907:. John Benjamins.
869:978-1-5015-0103-6
637:bail wi want pata
247:Aboriginal people
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
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994:
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561:, which is from
553:. For instance,
305:language contact
260:English language
223:English settlers
207:English language
186:Australian Kriol
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133:
124:
76:
30:
21:
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170:New South Wales
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799:. p. 178.
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613:sentences and
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476:indicates the
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391:free morphemes
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649:Robert Dawson
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591:present tense
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551:phrasal verbs
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264:lingua franca
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695:Significance
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626:yu hia massa
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371:prepositions
357:, including
355:word classes
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243:
230:penal colony
227:Port Jackson
220:
174:colonisation
161:
157:
156:
139:
127:
89:
498:quantifiers
490:menitausand
458:determiners
452:Determiners
381:stability.
379:syntactical
283:First Fleet
196:Mission in
194:Roper River
821:0868923273
704:References
681:debildebil
502:oranjibita
435:gabamenman
385:Morphology
367:adjectives
647:Although
399:morphemes
301:Bennelong
255:ecosystem
182:creolised
141:Glottolog
122:ISO 639-3
66:1780-1900
53:Ethnicity
47:Australia
1003:Category
984:: 31–37.
922:Language
615:negation
593:and the
585:form of
563:garabara
559:koroberi
520:Pronouns
419:blakfela
359:pronouns
296:language
184:forming
178:Stockmen
148:news1234
101:Dialects
700:Kriol.
669:blakjin
661:grammar
643:Lexicon
581:is the
555:sitdaun
484:Numbers
439:gabamen
423:datfela
363:adverbs
345:Grammar
325:society
276:lexicon
249:in the
217:History
198:Ngukurr
192:at the
188:in the
86:Pacific
942:409833
940:
866:
818:
685:plenti
657:jargon
510:bit of
506:narang
415:suffix
321:colony
272:pidgin
251:Sydney
166:pidgin
43:Region
938:JSTOR
673:black
571:tense
540:Verbs
403:-fela
389:Both
351:verbs
234:Kriol
864:ISBN
847:(1).
816:ISBN
675:and
633:bail
579:baut
547:teik
474:main
464:and
441:and
409:and
393:and
369:and
128:None
930:doi
689:Wen
677:gin
528:or
494:wan
466:diz
462:dat
443:man
411:-it
407:-im
160:or
132:mis
63:Era
1005::
982:14
980:.
936:.
926:19
924:.
843:.
839:.
712:^
597:.
587:do
534:wi
530:mi
526:ai
405:,
365:,
361:,
285:,
176:.
944:.
932::
872:.
845:9
824:.
134:)
130:(
20:)
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