1246:
1442:
1341:
314:
1447:
275:
Smith, Norval (1994). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Jacque Arends, Pieter
Muysken & Norval Smith (ed.).
1391:
1176:
1411:
484:
369:
892:
997:
796:
138:
1044:
840:
1361:
801:
307:
82:
1094:
1056:
1396:
1049:
869:
686:
507:
148:
772:
762:
360:
327:
323:
228:
178:
73:
English-based pidgins that became stable contact languages, and which have some documentation, include the following:
1356:
1071:
929:
340:
143:
87:
1336:
862:
820:
791:
723:
691:
300:
188:
77:
153:
1061:
1015:
914:
887:
852:
747:
618:
193:
123:
1273:
1106:
924:
899:
118:
113:
108:
103:
1188:
1166:
970:
667:
636:
514:
92:
34:
1386:
1306:
1171:
1066:
779:
713:
467:
457:
452:
198:
168:
128:
38:
1379:
292:
808:
701:
641:
519:
492:
409:
251:
1406:
1236:
1228:
1126:
1089:
975:
960:
835:
825:
752:
591:
1296:
1263:
1198:
1181:
1036:
857:
404:
394:
256:
133:
1301:
1286:
1258:
1218:
1010:
992:
947:
696:
472:
436:
213:
1421:
1374:
1326:
1253:
1161:
1151:
1146:
1136:
982:
955:
813:
733:
678:
576:
558:
545:
382:
377:
182:
59:
1291:
1193:
1131:
1101:
1084:
909:
784:
605:
581:
553:
524:
497:
462:
349:
261:
234:
158:
67:
1366:
1281:
1241:
1141:
965:
718:
623:
613:
529:
331:
97:
63:
30:
1436:
1416:
1331:
987:
904:
845:
757:
708:
586:
568:
17:
919:
767:
646:
830:
387:
239:
223:
203:
172:
163:
45:
414:
218:
1351:
1346:
1156:
502:
429:
424:
207:
419:
399:
55:
296:
284:
29:"Pidgin English" redirects here. For the 2011 novel, see
54:
is a non-specific name used to refer to any of the many
1319:
1272:
1227:
1207:
1119:
1035:
1028:
946:
878:
732:
677:
666:
659:
604:
567:
544:
483:
445:
368:
359:
348:
339:
210:, Belizean Kitchen Spanish, ABC Islands Spanglish)
308:
8:
1342:Comparison of American and British English
1211:
1032:
740:
674:
663:
365:
356:
345:
315:
301:
293:
7:
1412:Non-native pronunciations of English
25:
1443:English-based pidgins and creoles
206:/Ingléspañol (including dialects
1448:Lists of Indo-European languages
139:Liberian Interior Pidgin English
1362:English-based creole languages
83:Native American Pidgin English
37:. For pigeons of England, see
1:
1402:List of English-based pidgins
62:. Pidgins that are spoken as
1397:Linguistic purism in English
498:London & Thames Estuary
229:West African Pidgin English
179:Port Jackson Pidgin English
1464:
1357:English as a lingua franca
154:New Zealand Pidgin English
144:Micronesian Pidgin English
88:Cameroonian Pidgin English
43:
33:. For the 2007 album, see
28:
1337:Broad and general accents
1247:regional and occupational
1214:
1080:
1006:
743:
632:
189:Queensland Kanaka English
78:Aboriginal Pidgin English
194:Samoan Plantation Pidgin
124:Samoan Plantation Pidgin
44:Not to be confused with
164:Papua New Guinea Pidgin
119:Japanese Pidgin English
114:Japanese Bamboo English
109:Hawaiian Pidgin English
104:Ghanaian Pidgin English
58:languages derived from
515:Received Pronunciation
93:Chinese Pidgin English
35:Pigeon English (album)
709:Multicultural Toronto
252:English-based creoles
199:Solomon Islands Pijin
169:Papuan Pidgin English
129:Korean Bamboo English
39:List of pigeon breeds
870:Western Pennsylvania
231:(multiple varieties)
149:Nauru Pidgin English
18:English-based pidgin
1407:Mid-Atlantic accent
998:Trinidad and Tobago
277:Pidgins and Creoles
257:Macaronic languages
219:Thai Pidgin English
930:Pennsylvania Dutch
285:"American Italian"
134:Kru Pidgin English
1430:
1429:
1315:
1314:
1115:
1114:
1024:
1023:
942:
941:
938:
937:
863:Pacific Northwest
724:Standard Canadian
655:
654:
600:
599:
540:
539:
279:. John Benjamins.
214:Solombala-English
16:(Redirected from
1455:
1327:English language
1212:
1033:
1016:Falkland Islands
915:General American
888:African-American
741:
675:
664:
366:
357:
346:
317:
310:
303:
294:
288:
280:
183:Australian Kriol
21:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1311:
1268:
1223:
1203:
1111:
1107:Solomon Islands
1076:
1020:
1002:
934:
925:New York Latino
900:American Indian
880:
874:
735:
728:
669:
651:
637:Channel Islands
628:
596:
563:
536:
479:
441:
351:
335:
321:
291:
283:
274:
270:
262:World Englishes
248:
235:Vanuatu Bislama
171:(distinct from
159:Nigerian Pidgin
64:first languages
49:
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1367:Englishisation
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1274:Southeast Asia
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:South Atlantic
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
979:
978:
971:Cayman Islands
968:
963:
958:
952:
950:
944:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
896:
895:
884:
882:
881:ethno-cultural
876:
875:
873:
872:
867:
866:
865:
860:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
818:
817:
816:
806:
805:
804:
799:
789:
788:
787:
777:
776:
775:
770:
765:
760:
750:
744:
738:
730:
729:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
705:
704:
699:
689:
683:
681:
672:
661:
657:
656:
653:
652:
650:
649:
644:
639:
633:
630:
629:
627:
626:
621:
616:
610:
608:
602:
601:
598:
597:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
571:
565:
564:
562:
561:
556:
550:
548:
542:
541:
538:
537:
535:
534:
533:
532:
527:
517:
512:
511:
510:
505:
495:
489:
487:
481:
480:
478:
477:
476:
475:
473:Stoke-on-Trent
470:
465:
455:
449:
447:
443:
442:
440:
439:
434:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
407:
402:
397:
392:
391:
390:
380:
374:
372:
363:
354:
343:
337:
336:
332:Modern English
322:
320:
319:
312:
305:
297:
290:
289:
281:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
259:
254:
247:
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
226:
221:
216:
211:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:(ancestral to
176:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
98:Butler English
95:
90:
85:
80:
52:Pidgin English
31:Pigeon English
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1460:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:International
1385:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:Torres Strait
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
949:
945:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
885:
883:
877:
871:
868:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:
815:
812:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:North-Central
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
786:
783:
782:
781:
780:New York City
778:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
742:
739:
737:
731:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:Ottawa Valley
712:
710:
707:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
682:
680:
676:
673:
671:
665:
662:
658:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
631:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
609:
607:
603:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
572:
570:
566:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
549:
547:
543:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
516:
513:
509:
508:Multicultural
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
488:
486:
482:
474:
471:
469:
468:Black Country
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:West Midlands
456:
454:
453:East Midlands
451:
450:
448:
444:
438:
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
389:
386:
385:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
373:
371:
367:
364:
362:
358:
355:
353:
347:
344:
342:
338:
333:
329:
325:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
299:
298:
295:
286:
282:
278:
273:
272:
267:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
245:
241:
238:
236:
233:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
209:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
1401:
1172:South Africa
1167:Sierra Leone
920:Miami Latino
809:Philadelphia
797:Inland North
702:Newfoundland
520:West Country
334:by continent
276:
72:
51:
50:
26:
1297:Philippines
1090:New Zealand
976:Bay Islands
956:The Bahamas
879:Social and
836:New Orleans
753:New England
647:Isle of Man
592:Port Talbot
493:East Anglia
410:Northumbria
1437:Categories
1237:Bangladesh
1229:South Asia
1182:Cape Flats
1132:The Gambia
1057:Aboriginal
893:vernacular
858:California
831:High Tider
826:Appalachia
687:Aboriginal
619:South-West
463:Birmingham
420:Sunderland
405:Manchester
395:Lancashire
268:References
1302:Singapore
1264:Sri Lanka
1219:Hong Kong
1045:variation
1037:Australia
948:Caribbean
814:Baltimore
697:Lunenburg
642:Gibraltar
559:Highlands
437:Yorkshire
400:Liverpool
240:Franglish
224:Tok Pisin
204:Spanglish
173:Tok Pisin
46:Pig Latin
1422:Standard
1392:Learning
1380:Nerrière
1371:Globish
1287:Malaysia
1259:Pakistan
1199:Zimbabwe
1127:Cameroon
961:Barbados
692:Atlantic
660:Americas
577:Abercraf
546:Scotland
525:Cornwall
446:Midlands
430:Teesside
425:Tyneside
415:Pitmatic
378:Cheshire
324:Dialects
246:See also
1352:Engrish
1347:E-Prime
1320:Related
1307:Vietnam
1292:Myanmar
1162:Nigeria
1157:Namibia
1147:Liberia
1029:Oceania
1011:Bermuda
983:Jamaica
910:Chicano
748:Midland
734:United
670:America
606:Ireland
582:Cardiff
554:Glasgow
503:Cockney
383:Cumbria
361:England
352:Britain
328:accents
287:. 2009.
208:Llanito
100:(India)
68:creoles
66:become
60:English
1375:Gogate
1282:Brunei
1194:Uganda
1177:accent
1152:Malawi
1120:Africa
1095:accent
1050:accent
993:Samaná
966:Bequia
785:accent
758:Boston
736:States
719:Quebec
679:Canada
668:North
624:Ulster
614:Dublin
530:Dorset
388:Barrow
350:Great
341:Europe
56:pidgin
1417:Plain
1332:Basic
1254:Nepal
1242:India
1142:Kenya
1137:Ghana
1102:Palau
1062:South
905:Cajun
846:Texas
841:Older
821:South
792:North
768:Maine
587:Gower
569:Wales
485:South
370:North
1208:Asia
1085:Fiji
1072:West
988:Saba
853:West
773:West
763:East
326:and
330:of
1439::
70:.
316:e
309:t
302:v
185:)
175:)
48:.
41:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.