668:
140:
43:
3001:
647:. When a word is abbreviated to more than a single letter and was originally spelled with lower case letters then there is no need for capitalization. However, when abbreviating a phrase where only the first letter of each word is taken, then all letters should be capitalized, as in YTD for
1656:
are also often colloquially syllabically abbreviated, as in NorCal (Northern
California), CenCal (Central California), and SoCal (Southern California). Additionally, in the context of Los Angeles, the syllabic abbreviation SoHo (Southern Hollywood) refers to the southern portion of the
454:, so that "not much space is wasted". The standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included a growth in the use of such abbreviations. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, sequences like
560:
Widespread use of electronic communication through mobile phones and the
Internet during the 1990s led to a marked rise in colloquial abbreviation. This was due largely to increasing popularity of textual communication services such as instant and text messaging. The original
1123:
In Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in
European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter for note-taking. Most of these deal with writing and publishing. A few longer abbreviations use this as well.
332:
writing. In Roman inscriptions, "Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context. (For example,
1767:(Young Communists' League), the contractions in Newspeak are supposed to have a political function by virtue of their abbreviated structure itself: nice sounding and easily pronounceable, their purpose is to mask all ideological content from the speaker.
627:
In modern
English, there are multiple conventions for abbreviation, and there is controversy as to which should be used. One generally accepted rule is to be consistent in a body of work. To this end, publishers may express their preferences in a
1002:, writing about style in academic writings, allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". For example, "DVDs" and "URLs" and "Ph.D.'s", while the
2036:
Syllabic abbreviations are very common in
Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian languages. They are often used as names of organizations. Historically, popularization of abbreviations was a way to simplify mass-education in 1920s (see
556:
Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. This question is considered below.
1910:
With the
National Socialist German Workers' Party gaining power came a frenzy of government reorganisation, and with it a series of entirely new syllabic abbreviations. The single national police force amalgamated from the
690:
says a period is used for both of these shortened forms, but recommends against this practice: advising it only for end-shortened words and lower-case initialisms; not for middle-shortened words and upper-case initialisms.
2147:
Malaysian abbreviation often uses letters from each word, while
Indonesia usually uses syllables; although some cases do not follow the style. For example, general elections in Malaysian Malay often shortened into PRU
2790:
1506:
Some titles, such as "Reverend" and "Honourable", are spelt out when preceded by "the", rather than as "Rev." or "Hon." respectively. This is true for most
British publications, and some in the United States.
482:
Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte
2397:
Modern text messaging is not affected by this issue although, behind the scenes, longer messages are carried in multiple 160-byte short messages in a chain. Characters not in GSM 03.38 require two bytes.
937:
Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered the vocabulary as generic words are no longer written with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are
1509:
A repeatedly used abbreviation should be spelt out for identification on its first occurrence in a written or spoken passage. Abbreviations likely to be unfamiliar to many readers should be avoided.
1994:
Syllabic abbreviations are not only used in politics, however. Many business names, trademarks, and service marks from across
Germany are created on the same pattern: for a few examples, there is
1664:
Partially syllabic abbreviations are preferred by the US Navy, as they increase readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence
925:"; initials within persons' names (such as "George R. Smith"); and "St." within persons' names when the person prefers it (such as "Emily R. St. Clair") (but not in city names such as
280:). When initialism is used as the preferred term, acronym refers more specifically to when the abbreviation is pronounced as a word rather than as separate letters; examples include
1746:
2304:
1775:
2738:
Do not use full points in abbreviations, or spaces between initials, including those in proper names: IMF, mph, eg, 4am, M&S, No 10, AN Wilson, WH Smith, etc.
1342:
1485:
When abbreviating scientific units, no space is added between the number and unit (100mph, 100m, 10cm, 10°C). (This is contrary to the SI standard; see below.)
2926:
317:
In early times, abbreviations may have been common due to the effort involved in writing (many inscriptions were carved in stone) or to provide secrecy via
2327:
2217:
859:
advises that periods should not be used with abbreviations on road signs, except for cardinal directions as part of a destination name. (For example,
856:
686:, a word shortened by dropping letters from the end terminates with a period, whereas a word shorted by dropping letters from the middle does not.
659:. However, see the following section regarding abbreviations that have become common vocabulary: these are no longer written with capital letters.
679:
A period (a.k.a. full stop) is sometimes used to signify abbreviation, but opinion is divided as to when and if this convention is best practice.
2137:
1533:(SI) manual the word "symbol" is used consistently to define the shorthand used to represent the various SI units of measure. The manual also
2985:
2949:
2859:
2759:
2678:
2377:
2309:
1555:
No periods should follow the symbol unless the syntax of the sentence demands otherwise (for example a full stop at the end of a sentence).
1843:; much like acronyms in English, they have a distinctly modern connotation, although contrary to popular belief, many date back to before
2426:
2372:
478:. While this may seem trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time.
2579:
1436:
1097:, an apostrophe may be used in rare cases where clarity calls for it, for example when letters or symbols are referred to as objects.
1007:
2943:
2699:
2551:
2518:
2460:
1864:
1448:
126:
851:. There are some house styles, however—American ones included—that remove the periods from almost all abbreviations. For example:
687:
2332:
1541:
The conventions for upper and lower case letters must be observed—for example 1 MW (megawatts) is equal to 1,000,000
1338:
643:
If the original word was capitalized then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for
241:
2649:
2200:
form abbreviations similarly by using key
Chinese characters from a term or phrase. For example, in Japanese the term for the
1019:
states that the addition of an apostrophe is necessary when pluralizing all abbreviations, preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's".
2914:
2337:
1624:
64:
1983:, which may be rendered literally as "office of politics" or idiomatically as "political party steering committee", became
107:
2614:
1548:
No periods should be inserted between letters—for example "m.s" (which is an approximation of "m·s", which correctly uses
1534:
1530:
60:
31:
79:
2064:, or "Communist youth union") used Russian language syllabic abbreviations. In the modern Russian language, words like
1589:, and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter. Syllabic abbreviations should be distinguished from
1329:
1003:
970:
In the past, some initialisms were styled with a period after each letter and a space between each pair. For example,
1558:
The singular and plural versions of the symbol are identical—not all languages use the letter "s" to denote a plural.
86:
1944:
906:
240:
is an abbreviation consisting of the initial letter of a sequence of words without other punctuation. For example,
1022:
Forming a plural of an initialization without an apostrophe can also be used for a number, or a letter. Examples:
2069:
1518:
Writers often use shorthand to denote units of measure. Such shorthand can be an abbreviation, such as "in" for "
986:
There are multiple ways to pluralize an abbreviation. Sometimes this accomplished by adding an apostrophe and an
574:
573:, with which 10% or more of the words in a typical SMS message are abbreviated. More recently Twitter, a popular
2076:(from Ministerstvo obrazovaniya i nauki — Ministry of Education and Science) are still commonly used. In nearby
2804:
Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition 2009, subsection 3.2.7.g
667:
93:
3005:
2835:
2487:
The British Cyclopaedia of the Arts, Sciences, History, Geography, Literature, Natural History, and Biography
1435:
Acronyms are often referred to with only the first letter of the abbreviation capitalized. For instance, the
545:
linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. Likewise, a century earlier in
53:
3021:
2580:"The End of Short Cuts: The use of abbreviated English by the fellows of Merton College, Oxford 1483-1660"
1658:
276:
266:
256:
246:
569:
character set), for instance. This brevity gave rise to an informal abbreviation scheme sometimes called
75:
2292:
562:
168:
994:), as in "two PC's have broken screens". But, some find this confusing since the notation can indicate
2875:
2813:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), 5th Edition 2001, subsection 3.28
2366:
2285:
2273:
1690:
1370:
Social titles, e.g. Ms or Mr (though these would usually have not had periods—see above) Capt, Prof,
775:
508:
493:
312:
148:
2233:
910:
874:
2930:
2670:
2197:
2093:
1928:
1707:
1500:
1015:
167:, meaning "short") is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening,
1567:
A syllabic abbreviation is usually formed from the initial syllables of several words, such as
2981:
2939:
2910:
2855:
2765:
2755:
2723:
2715:
2695:
2674:
2644:
2557:
2547:
2524:
2514:
2491:
2466:
2456:
2418:
2257:
2245:
1006:
explicitly says, "do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation". Also, the
549:, a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with the globally popular term
2786:
2485:
2320:
1552:) is the symbol for "metres multiplied by seconds", but "ms" is the symbol for milliseconds.
1334:
804:
417:
2587:
1601:
Syllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English. Some UK government agencies such as
139:
2117:
1920:
1854:
1844:
1840:
1760:
995:
878:
406:
100:
1790:
In Albanian, syllabic acronyms are sometimes used for composing a person's name, such as
1367:, have completely done away with the use of periods in all abbreviations. These include:
1108:
However, the apostrophe can be dispensed with if the items are set in italics or quotes:
683:
1467:
which has made the full transition to an English word and is rarely capitalised at all).
807:, the period is usually included regardless of whether or not it is a contraction, e.g.
2974:
2201:
1948:
1586:
1496:
898:
882:
711:
512:
489:
401:.)" Many frequent abbreviations consisted of more than one letter: for example COS for
325:
182:
An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word with a trailing period. For example:
275:
265:
255:
245:
3015:
2902:
1876:
1848:
1813:
Other such names which are used commonly in recent decades are GETOAR, composed from
1685:
1673:
1612:
1419:
1026:
999:
797:
251:
1951:, but also a repudiation of earlier turns of phrase in favour of neologisms such as
1747:
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1623:(South of Houston Street). This usage has spread into other American cities, giving
1039:
For units of measure, the same form is used for both singular and plural. Examples:
213:
is an abbreviation formed by replacing letters with an apostrophe. Examples include
2639:
2360:
2354:
1825:(representing the two main dialects of the Albanian language, Gegë and Toskë), and
1628:
1581:. It is a variant of the acronym. Syllabic abbreviations are usually written using
1363:
793:
570:
329:
2023:
1593:, which combine two words without necessarily taking whole syllables from each.
1590:
964:
When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used:
918:
881:, uses no periods in abbreviations or acronyms, with almost no exceptions. Thus
629:
431:
421:
318:
42:
2618:
2168:
mum). Another example is Ministry of Health in which Malaysian Malay uses KKM (
2898:
2561:
2279:
1779:
1653:
1582:
1549:
1499:
the double "l" is a separate sound: "Ll. George" for (British prime minister)
922:
172:
2769:
2727:
2528:
2495:
2470:
2213:
2348:
2342:
2298:
2129:
2046:
1986:
1523:
958:
727:
616:
566:
542:
1353:
Many British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation:
3000:
2261:
1387:
Abbreviations beyond three letters (full caps for all except initialisms);
206:. But sometimes the trailing period is not used for such shortened forms.
2121:
2056:
1771:
1681:
1671:
is used (in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6", while
1569:
759:
743:
296:
292:
890:
675:
a, showing American style of including the period even for contractions.
2314:
2077:
1934:
1895:. Along the same lines, the Swiss Federal Railways' Transit Police—the
1827:
1815:
1802:
1792:
1755:
1634:
1616:
426:
1357:
For the sake of convenience, many British publications, including the
17:
2876:"The Chicago Manual of Style, explained | University of Chicago News"
2038:
2019:
2007:
1666:
1495:
A doubled letter appears in abbreviations of some Welsh names, as in
913:, and hundreds of others contain no periods. The only exceptions are
894:
886:
546:
176:
998:. And, this style is deprecated by many style guides. For instance,
577:, began driving abbreviation use with 140 character message limits.
1482:. An initialism is also an acronym but is not pronounced as a word.
2791:
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
2373:
The abbreviations used in the 1913 edition of Webster's dictionary
2248:). Korean universities often follow the same conventions, such as
2221:
2097:
1954:
1831:—which is an alternative way used to describe all Albanian lands.
1821:
1638:
1615:
has various neighborhoods named by syllabic abbreviation, such as
1606:
1602:
1462:
1327:
Publications based in the U.S. tend to follow the style guides of
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
666:
159:
144:
138:
1770:
A more recent syllabic abbreviation has emerged with the disease
1995:
1925:, "order police"); the state KriPos together formed the "SiPo" (
1710:)—are described by Orwell as similar to real examples of German
1620:
1542:
1519:
1285:
581:
550:
285:
281:
2794:(7th ed.). University of Chicago Press. subsection 20.1.2.
2453:
New Hart's Rules: The handbook of style for writers and editors
2317: – Abbreviation consisting of initial letters of a phrase
565:
supported message lengths of 160 characters at most (using the
1358:
902:
271:
261:
36:
1337:. The U.S. government follows a style guide published by the
2823:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
2578:
Fletcher, John M.; Upton, Christopher A. (1 February 2004).
2084:(Belarus Telecommunication) and Belsat (Belarus Satellite).
1470:
Initialisms are always written in capitals; for example the
1075:
However, the same plurals may be rendered less formally as:
2854:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 638.
2615:"The Choctaw Expression 'Okeh' and the Americanism 'Okay'"
324:
Reduction of a word to a single letter was common in both
2224:
words is frequently used for universities: for instance,
1677:
would be "Commander, Naval Air Force (in the) Atlantic".
2028:, the nickname of its founder followed by his surname.
671:
Sign in New York City subway, reading "Penna." for Penn
2909:, pg. 53. New York City: Macmillan Publishers, 1993.
2754:(9th ed.). London: Profile Books. p. 117.
2357: – Acronym redundantly coupled with its word(s)
1053:
When an abbreviation contains more than one period,
966:
The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C.
815:. In some cases, periods are optional, as in either
2513:. Facts on file. Infobase Publishing. p. 261.
2305:
List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
2160:
mum) while Indonesian often shortened into pemilu (
2136:, "State Oil and Natural Gas Mining Company"), and
2128:, "National Petroleum"), its Indonesian equivalent
1318:
Conventions followed by publications and newspapers
635:Some controversies that arise are described below.
585:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2973:
2604:, Cambridge University Press, 2006, Vol. 2, p. 36.
2282: – Word consisting of two words put together
2134:Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Negara
1680:Syllabic abbreviations are a prominent feature of
1390:Words seldom abbreviated with lower case letters (
553:generally credited as a remnant of its influence.
511:period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, the
2369: – Abbreviation consisting of three letters
2363: – Abbreviated slang used in text messaging
2301: – Group of letters pronounced as if a word
2096:; examples abound in organization names such as
1535:defines the way in which units should be written
291:Initialisms, contractions and crasis share some
2380: – Names and aliases of Unicode characters
2295: – Reduction of a word to one of its parts
2196:East Asian languages whose writing systems use
1943:, "secret state police"). The new order of the
1776:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
1609:(Office of Telecommunications) use this style.
480:
337:can be an abbreviation for many words, such as
2345: – Recent term that is gaining acceptance
1839:Syllabic abbreviations were and are common in
1343:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2602:The Cambridge History of the English Language
2276: – Abbreviations used in music notation.
2120:, abbreviations are common; examples include
1933:, "security police"); and there was also the
1087:New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors
1085:The DTs (This is the recommended form in the
921:, Number), to avoid confusion with the word "
8:
2927:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
2837:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
2116:In Southeast Asian languages, especially in
2068:(from Rossiysky selskokhozyaystvenny bank —
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1952:
1938:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1874:
1868:
1852:
1010:specifically says, "without an apostrophe".
416:Abbreviations were frequently used in early
2180:alaysia), compared to Indonesian Kemenkes (
1345:sets the style for abbreviations of units.
497:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
162:
2328:List of business and finance abbreviations
1965:("state security", the secret police) and
1774:(Corona Virus Disease 2019) caused by the
1605:(Office of Communications) and the former
1430:Scientific units (see Measurements below).
800:, disallow periods for all abbreviations.
2774:Do not use full stops in abbreviations...
2694:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
2673:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
2218:Japanese abbreviated and contracted words
1796:—an abbreviation from his original name (
1694:. The political contractions of Newspeak—
857:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
430:used many abbreviations, for example the
299:functions, and are connected by the term
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2690:Allen, Robert, ed. (2008). "Full stop".
2264:" originated as a Chinese abbreviation.
2106:Fondo Nacional de Financimiento Forestal
1376:Two-letter abbreviations for countries (
1126:
693:
599:"Meaning of the abbreviation."
2573:
2571:
2446:
2444:
2410:
2390:
2104:("Mexican Petroleums") or Fonafifo for
2014:, the name of its founder, followed by
2002:, the name of its founder, followed by
1917:of the various states became the OrPo (
1800:) a famous Albanian poet and writer—or
1545:and 1,000,000,000 mW (milliwatts).
1522:" or can be a symbol such as "km" for "
792:Some British style guides, such as for
584:, abbreviations can be annotated using
499:Registrum Annalium Collegii Mertonensis
2932:The International System of Units (SI)
2716:"Guardian and Observer style guide: A"
2484:Partington, Charles Frederick (1838).
1947:in the east brought about a conscious
1873:(variously capitalised), and likewise
1627:, San Francisco (South of Market) and
1514:Measurements: abbreviations or symbols
2617:. Jim Fay. 2007-09-13. Archived from
2546:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2490:. Wm. S. Orr and Company. p. 5.
2378:Unicode alias names and abbreviations
2212:(国連). (Such abbreviations are called
2092:Syllabic abbreviations are common in
7:
2692:Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage
2509:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (2004).
2310:List of abbreviations in photography
2236:) and is used similarly in Chinese:
2108:(National Forestry Financing Fund).
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2825:, 6th Edition 2010, subsection 4.29
2542:Gelderen, Elly van (2014). "4 1.".
2044:Leninist organisations such as the
2018:, the town of its head office; and
2840:, Three Rivers Press, 1999, p. 24.
2429:from the original on 29 March 2018
2062:Kommunisticheskii Soyuz Molodyozhi
1867:of any German police force, begat
1778:(itself frequently abbreviated to
1631:(Lower Downtown), amongst others.
1619:(Triangle below Canal Street) and
1472:"British Broadcasting Corporation"
1437:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1013:However, the 1999 style guide for
1008:American Psychological Association
27:Shortened form of a word or phrase
25:
2907:The Elements of Technical Writing
2544:A History of the English Language
2423:Latin is Simple Online Dictionary
2144:, "Ministry of Transportation").
1865:Criminal Investigation Department
1810:), another famous Albanian poet.
1637:-based electric service provider
1449:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
534:) for promotional reasons, as in
2999:
2652:from the original on 12 May 2008
2511:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome
2220:). The syllabic abbreviation of
871:all follow this recommendation.)
41:
2955:from the original on 2021-06-04
2584:The Simplified Spelling Society
2333:List of classical abbreviations
2208:(国際連合) is often abbreviated to
1490:Miscellaneous and general rules
1339:U.S. Government Printing Office
1119:Dot the 'i's and cross the 't's
1061:after the final one. Examples:
420:. Manuscripts of copies of the
52:needs additional citations for
2852:Garner's Modern American Usage
2338:List of medieval abbreviations
1641:is a syllabic abbreviation of
974:, but today this is typically
1:
1537:, the principal rules being:
1531:International System of Units
1104:Dot the i's and cross the t's
688:Fowler's Modern English Usage
32:Abbreviation (disambiguation)
2834:Siegal, AM., Connolly, WG.,
1720:
1684:, the fictional language of
1585:, sometimes starting with a
623:Style conventions in English
530:was often used (in the form
175:(which includes acronym) or
2640:"What does "OK" stand for?"
2455:. Oxford University Press.
2216:(略語) in Japanese; see also
1753:(Communist International),
1713:
1330:The Chicago Manual of Style
1004:Modern Language Association
3038:
2192:Chinese and Japanese kanji
1945:German Democratic Republic
1725:in the 20th century. Like
1718:and Russian contractions (
1417:). A notable exception is
526:('the'). In modern times,
310:
29:
2351: – Number-based word
2070:Russian Agricultural Bank
1808:Aleksander Stavre Drenova
1782:, partly an initialism).
1049:1 min or 45 min
615:to reveal its meaning by
575:social networking service
194:is sometimes abbreviated
2419:"brevis/breve, brevis M"
2132:(from its original name
1901:—are abbreviated as the
143:Example of 15th-century
2972:Orwell, George (1949).
2142:Kementerian Perhubungan
2052:Communist International
1161:following line or page
1101:The x's of the equation
1057:recommends putting the
1046:1 ft or 16 ft
1043:1 lb or 20 lb
186:is usually abbreviated
2980:. Secker and Warburg.
2850:Garner, Bryan (2009).
2750:The Economist (2005).
2260:. The English phrase "
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1939:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1875:
1869:
1863:but idiomatically the
1853:
1798:Millosh Gjergj Nikolla
1439:can be abbreviated as
1130:Singular abbreviation
676:
505:
498:
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
163:
151:
2293:Clipping (morphology)
1940:Geheime Staatspolizei
1739:Geheime Staatspolizei
1702:(Ministry of Truth),
1698:(English Socialism),
1563:Syllabic abbreviation
1245:opus (plural: opera)
670:
653:printed circuit board
541:During the growth of
149:scribal abbreviations
147:manuscript text with
142:
3008:at Wikimedia Commons
2976:Nineteen Eighty-Four
2590:on October 15, 2007.
2451:Ritter, R M (2005).
2367:Three-letter acronym
2286:List of portmanteaus
2274:Abbreviation (music)
2112:Malay and Indonesian
1847:, if not the end of
1691:Nineteen Eighty-Four
1136:Plural abbreviation
917:(an abbreviation of
776:The Right Honourable
657:for your information
509:Early Modern English
494:University of Oxford
313:Scribal abbreviation
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2234:University of Tokyo
2102:Petróleos Mexicanos
2025:Adolf "Adi" Dassler
1731:Nationalsozialismus
1688:'s dystopian novel
1425:"Mr F. W. de Klerk"
1035:Mind your Ps and Qs
617:hovering the cursor
458:were replaced with
303:in loose parlance.
2671:Txtng: the Gr8 Db8
2252:(홍대) as short for
2198:Chinese characters
2126:Petroliam Nasional
1929:Sicherheitspolizei
1887:uniform department
1708:Ministry of Plenty
1501:David Lloyd George
1474:is abbreviated to
1016:The New York Times
677:
456:⟨er⟩
152:
3004:Media related to
2987:978-0-452-28423-4
2880:news.uchicago.edu
2861:978-0-19-538275-4
2787:Turabian, Kate L.
2761:978-1-84765-030-6
2679:978-0-19-954490-5
2645:The Straight Dope
2258:Hongik University
2246:Peking University
1883:protection police
1315:
1314:
1116:s of the equation
790:
789:
536:Y Olde Tea Shoppe
532:⟨y⟩
528:⟨Þ⟩
460:⟨ɔ⟩
405:and COSS for its
335:⟨A⟩
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3029:
3003:
2992:
2991:
2979:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2938:(8th ed.),
2937:
2923:
2917:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2847:
2841:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2681:
2669:Crystal, David.
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2586:. Archived from
2575:
2566:
2565:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2415:
2398:
2395:
2321:List of acronyms
2254:Hongik Daehakgyo
1990:
1982:
1980:politisches Büro
1976:
1970:
1964:
1962:Staatssicherheit
1958:
1942:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1906:
1900:
1898:Transportpolizei
1894:
1880:
1872:
1858:
1335:Associated Press
1209:law (job title)
1127:
993:
916:
879:medical journals
861:"Northwest Blvd"
805:American English
694:
614:
613:
610:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
503:
501:
473:
465:
461:
457:
449:
441:
437:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
336:
278:
268:
258:
248:
166:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3012:
3011:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2762:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2732:
2730:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2595:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2521:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2270:
2194:
2118:Malay languages
2114:
2090:
2034:
1921:Ordnungspolizei
1914:Schutzpolizeien
1861:criminal police
1855:Kriminalpolizei
1837:
1788:
1761:collective farm
1599:
1565:
1516:
1492:
1351:
1325:
1320:
1032:The roaring 20s
996:possessive case
991:
984:
914:
877:, used in many
665:
641:
625:
611:
608:
605:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
504:
487:
471:
463:
459:
455:
447:
439:
435:
334:
315:
309:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3035:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2964:
2944:
2918:
2891:
2867:
2860:
2842:
2827:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2778:
2760:
2742:
2722:. 2021-04-30.
2707:
2700:
2682:
2662:
2631:
2606:
2593:
2567:
2552:
2534:
2519:
2501:
2476:
2461:
2440:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2202:United Nations
2193:
2190:
2113:
2110:
2089:
2086:
2066:Rosselkhozbank
2033:
2030:
1949:denazification
1836:
1833:
1787:
1784:
1661:neighborhood.
1598:
1595:
1587:capital letter
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1546:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1468:
1459:(compare with
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1403:
1388:
1385:
1374:
1350:
1349:United Kingdom
1347:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:Runs batted in
983:
980:
935:
934:
872:
865:"W. Jefferson"
849:United Nations
837:European Union
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
740:
739:
736:
733:
730:
724:
723:
720:
717:
714:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
664:
661:
640:
639:Capitalization
637:
624:
621:
490:Merton College
485:
308:
305:
277:/ˌbiː.biːˈsiː/
135:
134:
76:"Abbreviation"
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3034:
3023:
3022:Abbreviations
3020:
3019:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2968:
2965:
2951:
2947:
2945:92-822-2213-6
2941:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:Robert W. Bly
2900:
2895:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2701:9780191727078
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2621:on 2010-12-24
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2553:9789027270436
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:9780816074822
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2462:9780198610410
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2404:
2394:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:Běijīng Dàxué
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:Tōkyō daigaku
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:kokusai rengō
2203:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:, RusAg) and
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:Theo Albrecht
1997:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1977:. The phrase
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:Schutzpolizei
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1849:the Great War
1846:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:George Orwell
1683:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:COMNAVAIRLANT
1670:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1645:and (Thomas)
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:New York City
1610:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:International
1572:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1423:which writes
1422:
1421:
1420:The Economist
1416:
1412:
1411:"GB Whiteley"
1408:
1407:"FW de Klerk"
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:, instead of
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1323:United States
1322:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:horse height
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1093:According to
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:Kate Turabian
997:
989:
981:
979:
977:
973:
968:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
932:
928:
924:
920:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:United States
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
798:The Economist
795:
785:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
695:
692:
689:
685:
682:According to
680:
674:
669:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
638:
636:
633:
631:
622:
620:
618:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
558:
554:
552:
548:
544:
539:
521:
518:was used for
514:
510:
500:
495:
491:
484:
479:
477:
469:
453:
445:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
398:
392:
390:
384:
382:
376:
374:
368:
366:
360:
358:
352:
350:
344:
342:
331:
327:
322:
320:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
273:
269:
263:
259:
253:
249:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
150:
146:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3006:Abbreviation
2975:
2967:
2957:, retrieved
2931:
2921:
2906:
2894:
2883:. Retrieved
2879:
2870:
2851:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2731:. Retrieved
2720:The Guardian
2719:
2710:
2691:
2685:
2665:
2654:. Retrieved
2643:
2634:
2623:. Retrieved
2619:the original
2609:
2601:
2596:
2588:the original
2583:
2543:
2537:
2510:
2504:
2486:
2479:
2452:
2431:. Retrieved
2422:
2413:
2393:
2361:SMS language
2355:RAS syndrome
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2080:, there are
2073:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2024:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1974:Volkspolizei
1909:
1886:
1882:
1860:
1859:, literally
1838:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1652:Sections of
1651:
1646:
1643:Commonwealth
1642:
1633:
1629:LoDo, Denver
1611:
1600:
1591:portmanteaus
1578:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1528:
1517:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1364:The Guardian
1362:
1352:
1328:
1326:
1294:ss. (or §§)
1133:Word/phrase
1122:
1113:
1107:
1095:Hart's Rules
1094:
1092:
1086:
1074:
1058:
1055:Hart's Rules
1054:
1052:
1038:
1021:
1014:
1012:
987:
985:
975:
971:
969:
965:
963:
936:
930:
926:
868:
864:
860:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
802:
794:The Guardian
791:
786:R——t Hon...
780:mid and end
760:The Reverend
744:The Reverend
684:Hart's Rules
681:
678:
672:
656:
655:and FYI for
652:
649:year-to-date
648:
644:
642:
634:
626:
604:abbreviation
579:
559:
555:
543:philological
540:
519:
506:
481:
475:
467:
451:
443:
425:
415:
410:
409:etc. plural
402:
394:
386:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
323:
316:
301:abbreviation
300:
290:
267:/ˌaɪ.biːˈɛm/
257:/ˌjuː.ɛsˈeɪ/
247:/ˌɛf.biːˈaɪ/
237:
233:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
208:
203:
199:
195:
192:abbreviation
191:
187:
183:
181:
156:abbreviation
155:
153:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2752:Style guide
2172:ementerian
2074:Minobrnauki
2012:Hans Riegel
1279:literature
1231:manuscript
1181:literature
1153:typography
1139:Discipline
703:Short form
700:Shortening
630:style guide
432:Tironian et
422:Old English
319:obfuscation
211:contraction
169:contraction
2959:2021-12-16
2915:0020130856
2899:Gary Blake
2885:2024-06-23
2733:2023-04-22
2656:2008-05-12
2625:2008-05-12
2600:Lass, R.,
2562:1097127034
2405:References
2280:Blend word
2082:Beltelecom
1780:SARS-CoV-2
1704:Miniplenty
1654:California
1583:lower case
1550:middle dot
972:U. S.
869:"PED XING"
697:Full form
651:, PCB for
488:Warden of
476:exacerbate
407:nominative
311:See also:
234:initialism
173:initialism
87:newspapers
2770:236346040
2728:0261-3077
2529:882540013
2496:551503698
2471:225098030
2349:Numeronym
2343:Neologism
2299:Gramogram
2240:(北大) for
2228:(東大) for
2188:ehatan).
2176:esihatan
2130:Pertamina
2047:Comintern
1987:Politbüro
1751:Comintern
1743:politburo
1659:Hollywood
1524:kilometre
1415:"Park JS"
1071:The d.t.s
875:AMA style
855:The U.S.
728:Professor
645:Leviticus
567:GSM 03.38
472:exacɔbate
3016:Category
2950:archived
2929:(2006),
2650:Archived
2433:29 March
2427:Archived
2268:See also
2138:Kemenhub
2122:Petronas
2057:Komsomol
2004:discount
1889:) begat
1786:Albanian
1772:COVID-19
1765:Komsomol
1700:Minitrue
1682:Newspeak
1570:Interpol
1478:, never
1333:and the
1291:section
1203:Justice
1068:M.Phil.s
927:St Louis
783:Rt Hon.
738:Prof...
522:, as in
486:—
483:mydsomɔ.
462:, as in
411:consules
381:Aurelius
297:phonetic
293:semantic
184:etcetera
117:May 2008
2315:Acronym
2262:Gung ho
2250:Hongdae
2244:(北京大学,
2232:(東京大学,
2214:ryakugo
2210:kokuren
2184:terian
2152:ilihan
2094:Spanish
2088:Spanish
2078:Belarus
2032:Russian
2022:, from
2010:, from
1998:, from
1935:Gestapo
1828:Arbanon
1816:Gegeria
1803:ASDRENI
1793:Migjeni
1763:), and
1756:kolkhoz
1735:Gestapo
1635:Chicago
1617:Tribeca
1597:English
1529:In the
1405:Names (
1305:volume
1284:s. (or
1273:quarto
931:St Paul
770:Rev——d
754:Rev...
706:Source
673:sylvani
663:Periods
571:Textese
507:In the
502:, 1503.
427:Beowulf
418:English
307:History
238:acronym
204:abbrev.
101:scholar
2984:
2942:
2913:
2858:
2768:
2758:
2726:
2698:
2677:
2560:
2550:
2527:
2517:
2494:
2469:
2459:
2140:(from
2054:) and
2039:Likbez
2020:Adidas
2008:Haribo
1892:SchuPo
1841:German
1835:German
1733:) and
1696:Ingsoc
1667:DESRON
1647:Edison
1579:police
1457:"SARS"
1453:"Sars"
1447:, and
1445:"NATO"
1441:"Nato"
1396:"p.r."
1382:"U.S."
1380:, not
1341:. The
1311:notes
1297:notes
1265:notes
1251:notes
1237:notes
1223:notes
1175:folio
1167:notes
1147:didot
1082:MPhils
1065:Ph.D.s
1029:, RBIs
982:Plural
957:, and
919:Numero
895:et al.
867:, and
839:, and
735:Prof.
712:Doctor
547:Boston
468:master
446:, and
403:consul
393:, and
349:amicus
227:little
200:abbrv.
177:crasis
164:brevis
158:(from
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
18:Abrev.
2953:(PDF)
2936:(PDF)
2385:Notes
2256:, or
2238:Běidà
2226:Tōdai
2222:kanji
2182:Kemen
2164:ihan
2162:pemil
2124:(for
2098:Pemex
1955:Stasi
1904:TraPo
1870:KriPo
1822:Tosks
1639:ComEd
1607:Oftel
1603:Ofcom
1543:watts
1497:Welsh
1480:"Bbc"
1476:"BBC"
1463:laser
1398:, or
1372:etc.;
1259:page
1248:opp.
1217:line
1189:hand
959:scuba
955:snafu
951:laser
947:lidar
943:radar
939:sonar
767:Revd
751:Rev.
722:D——r
606:</
593:title
513:thorn
464:mastɔ
452:since
440:&
438:) or
424:poem
389:aurum
373:Aulus
357:annus
330:Roman
326:Greek
202:, or
196:abbr.
160:Latin
145:Latin
108:JSTOR
94:books
2982:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2911:ISBN
2901:and
2856:ISBN
2766:OCLC
2756:ISBN
2724:ISSN
2696:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2558:OCLC
2548:ISBN
2525:OCLC
2515:ISBN
2492:OCLC
2467:OCLC
2457:ISBN
2435:2018
2156:aya
2100:for
2016:Bonn
1996:Aldi
1971:for
1968:VoPo
1959:for
1845:1933
1727:Nazi
1721:q.v.
1714:q.v.
1625:SoMa
1621:SoHo
1520:inch
1400:"pr"
1392:"PR"
1378:"US"
1361:and
1308:vv.
1276:Qq.
1262:pp.
1242:op.
1234:MSS
1220:ll.
1206:JJ.
1192:hh.
1178:Ff.
1164:ff.
1150:dd.
1112:The
1079:PhDs
847:for
845:U.N.
835:for
833:E.U.
823:for
821:U.S.
813:Mrs.
796:and
764:mid
748:end
732:end
716:mid
612:>
609:abbr
602:>
590:abbr
587:<
582:HTML
474:for
470:and
466:for
450:for
442:for
397:avus
341:ager
328:and
295:and
286:NASA
284:and
282:SWAT
225:for
223:li'l
221:and
219:I am
217:for
190:and
188:etc.
80:news
2186:Kes
2041:).
1885:or
1749:),
1741:),
1526:".
1455:or
1451:as
1443:or
1359:BBC
1302:v.
1270:Q.
1256:p.
1228:MS
1214:l.
1200:J.
1186:h.
1172:F.
1158:f.
1144:d.
929:or
915:No.
911:ICU
907:MRI
843:or
831:or
819:or
811:or
809:Dr.
803:In
719:Dr
580:In
563:SMS
496:in
444:and
272:BBC
270:),
262:IBM
260:),
252:USA
250:),
242:FBI
236:or
232:An
215:I'm
154:An
63:by
3018::
2948:,
2905:,
2878:.
2772:.
2764:.
2736:.
2718:.
2648:.
2642:.
2582:.
2570:^
2556:.
2523:.
2465:.
2443:^
2425:.
2421:.
2204:,
2006:;
1991:.
1907:.
1851:.
1819:+
1649:.
1577:+
1573:=
1413:,
1409:,
1384:);
1288:)
1089:.)
992:'s
978:.
976:US
961:.
953:,
949:,
945:,
941:,
933:).
923:No
909:,
905:,
903:Mr
901:,
899:Dr
897:,
893:,
891:vs
889:,
887:ie
885:,
883:eg
863:,
841:UN
829:EU
827:,
817:US
632:.
619:.
551:OK
538:.
520:th
492:,
413:.
385:,
377:,
369:,
365:as
361:,
353:,
345:,
321:.
288:.
229:.
209:A
198:,
179:.
171:,
2990:.
2888:.
2864:.
2704:.
2659:.
2628:.
2564:.
2531:.
2498:.
2473:.
2437:.
2178:M
2174:K
2170:K
2166:u
2158:u
2154:r
2150:p
2148:(
2060:(
2050:(
1937:(
1881:(
1806:(
1759:(
1745:(
1737:(
1729:(
1723:)
1716:)
1712:(
1706:(
1669:6
1503:.
1465:"
1461:"
1427:.
1402:)
1286:§
1114:x
1059:s
990:(
988:s
596:=
524:Þ
516:Þ
448:y
436:⁊
434:(
274:(
264:(
254:(
244:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
