488:, not the fetal vessels. The underlying cause is often unknown. A small number of abruptions are caused by trauma that stretches the uterus. Because the placenta is less elastic than the uterus, it tears away when the uterine tissue stretches suddenly. When anatomical risk factors are present, the placenta does not attach in a place that provides adequate support, and it may not develop appropriately or be separated as it grows. Cocaine use during the third trimester has a 10% chance of causing abruption. Though the exact mechanism is not known, cocaine and tobacco cause systemic vasoconstriction, which can severely restrict the placental blood supply (hypoperfusion and ischemia), or otherwise disrupt the vasculature of the placenta, causing tissue necrosis, bleeding, and therefore abruption.
477:
55:
513:
2450:
643:
Although the risk of placental abruption cannot be eliminated, it can be reduced. Avoiding tobacco, alcohol and cocaine during pregnancy decreases the risk. Staying away from activities which have a high risk of physical trauma is also important. Women who have high blood pressure or who have had a
503:
The accumulating blood pushes between the layers of the decidua, pushing the uterine wall and placenta apart. When the placenta is separated, it is unable to exchange waste, nutrients, and oxygen, a necessary function for the fetus's survival. The fetus dies when it no longer receives enough oxygen
722:
In the
Western world, maternal deaths due to placental abruption are rare. The fetal prognosis is worse than the maternal prognosis; approximately 12% of fetuses affected by placental abruption die. 77% of fetuses that die from placental abruption die before birth; the remainder die due to
682:
Treatment depends on the amount of blood loss and the status of the fetus. If the fetus is less than 36 weeks, and neither mother or fetus are in any distress, then they may simply be monitored in hospital until a change in condition or fetal maturity whichever comes first.
803:
Placental abruption occurs in approximately 0.2–1% of all pregnancies. Though different causes change when abruption is most likely to occur, the majority of placental abruptions occur before 37 weeks gestation, and 12–14% occur before 32 weeks gestation.
455:
Risk factors for placental abruption include disease, trauma, history, anatomy, and exposure to substances. The risk of placental abruption increases sixfold after severe maternal trauma. Anatomical risk factors include uncommon uterine anatomy (e.g.
468:. Substances that increase risk of placental abruption include cocaine and tobacco when consumed during pregnancy, especially the third trimester. History of placental abruption or previous Caesarian section increases the risk by a factor of 2.3.
1758:
1655:
1640:
495:
develop throughout the pregnancy and lead to necrosis, inflammation, vascular problems, and ultimately, abruption. Because of this, most abruptions are caused by bleeding from the arterial supply, not the venous supply. Production of
361:
it is one of the most common causes of vaginal bleeding in the later part of pregnancy. Placental abruption is the reason for about 15% of infant deaths around the time of birth. The condition was described at least as early as 1664.
399:
A placental abruption caused by arterial bleeding at the center of the placenta leads to sudden development of severe symptoms and life-threatening conditions including fetal heart rate abnormalities, severe maternal hemorrhage, and
537:
has been found to be highly sensitive in depicting placental abruption, and may be considered if no ultrasound evidence of placental abruption is present, especially if the diagnosis of placental abruption would change management.
532:
but is not diagnostic for abruption. The diagnosis is one of exclusion, meaning other possible sources of vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain have to be ruled out in order to diagnose placental abruption. Of note, use of
718:
The prognosis of this complication depends on whether treatment is received by the patient, on the quality of treatment, and on the severity of the abruption. Outcomes for the baby also depend on the gestational age.
1751:
1744:
2455:
1255:
Ananth, CV; Savitz, DA; Williams, MA (August 1996). "Placental abruption and its association with hypertension and prolonged rupture of membranes: a methodologic review and meta-analysis".
759:
A severe case of shock may affect other organs, such as the liver, kidney, and pituitary gland. Diffuse cortical necrosis in the kidney is a serious and often fatal complication.
2009:
698:
unless there is fetal distress. Caesarean section carries an increased risk in cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The mother should be monitored for 7 days for
1347:
Ananth, C (1999). "Incidence of placental abruption in relation to cigarette smoking and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy: A meta-analysis of observational studies".
686:
Immediate delivery of the fetus may be indicated if the fetus is mature or if the fetus or mother is in distress. Blood volume replacement to maintain blood pressure and
2351:
1460:
Masselli, G; Brunelli, R; Di Tola, M; Anceschi, M; Gualdi, G (April 2011). "MR imaging in the evaluation of placental abruption: correlation with sonographic findings".
846:
370:
In the early stages of placental abruption, there may be no symptoms. When symptoms develop, they tend to develop suddenly. Common symptoms include:
265:
108:
753:
726:
Without any form of medical intervention, as often happens in many parts of the world, placental abruption has a high maternal mortality rate.
401:
1989:
1956:
1578:
1048:
404:(DIC). Those abruptions caused by venous bleeding at the periphery of the placenta develop more slowly and cause small amounts of bleeding,
480:
Gross pathology of a uterus which has been opened to show a placental abruption, with a hematoma separating the placenta from the uterus.
2477:
1198:
2004:
2407:
2262:
2189:
1884:
1007:
980:
2434:
2482:
2055:
1793:
1557:
Merriam, Audrey; D'Alton, Mary E. (2018-01-01), Copel, Joshua A.; D'Alton, Mary E.; Feltovich, Helen; Gratacós, Eduard (eds.),
553:
Asymptomatic. Diagnosis is made retrospectively by finding an organized blood clot or a depressed area on a delivered placenta.
405:
1417:
Klar, M; Michels, KB (September 2014). "Cesarean section and placental disorders in subsequent pregnancies--a meta-analysis".
1936:
762:
Placental abruption may cause bleeding through the uterine muscle and into the mother's abdominal cavity, a condition called
660:
1518:"Meta-analysis on the effect of aspirin use for prevention of preeclampsia on placental abruption and antepartum hemorrhage"
2138:
520:
Placental abruption is suspected when a pregnant mother has sudden localized abdominal pain with or without bleeding. The
2422:
2205:
2050:
1103:
249:
2218:
794:
The newborn infant may have learning issues at later development stages, often requiring professional pedagogical aid.
2329:
2128:
2102:
1838:
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1495:
534:
749:
The uterus may not contract properly after delivery so the mother may need medication to help her uterus contract.
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2356:
2274:
2174:
316:
1892:
1670:
2291:
2213:
1971:
476:
99:
484:
In the vast majority of cases, placental abruption is caused by the maternal vessels tearing away from the
2412:
2386:
2164:
1984:
1979:
1951:
1928:
1828:
1065:
347:
178:
1736:
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2371:
1823:
1558:
699:
2381:
2250:
2145:
1966:
1941:
1382:
Cressman, AM; Natekar, A; Kim, E; Koren, G; Bozzo, P (July 2014). "Cocaine abuse during pregnancy".
2417:
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2255:
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1999:
1813:
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54:
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2133:
2123:
1818:
1442:
1280:
948:
623:
79:
588:
Moderate and represents approximately 27% of all cases. Characteristics include the following:
2296:
2268:
2228:
2223:
2158:
2032:
1833:
1808:
1776:
1710:
1681:
1608:
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763:
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461:
457:
343:
261:
165:
92:
67:
611:
Severe and represents approximately 24% of all cases. Characteristics include the following:
2179:
2118:
1850:
1566:
1529:
1469:
1426:
1391:
1356:
1319:
1311:
1264:
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930:
648:
529:
393:
335:
331:
308:
281:
253:
191:
124:
84:
559:
Mild and represents approximately 48% of all cases. Characteristics include the following:
2334:
2301:
2090:
2075:
1855:
644:
previous placental abruption and want to conceive must be closely supervised by a doctor.
521:
409:
358:
354:
339:
277:
217:
183:
120:
1599:
Pitaphrom, A; Sukcharoen, N (October 2006). "Pregnancy outcomes in placental abruption".
451:
Maternal age: pregnant women who are younger than 20 or older than 35 are at greater risk
326:
may be recommended, while for more significant abruptions or those that occur near term,
702:. Excessive bleeding from uterus may necessitate hysterectomy. The mother may be given
2429:
2339:
2235:
2095:
2084:
2024:
1902:
1570:
1324:
1299:
769:
578:
512:
428:
273:
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257:
112:
88:
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2014:
1897:
1268:
935:
918:
671:
492:
296:
1446:
1284:
952:
2306:
2240:
743:
687:
572:
300:
157:
1300:"Study of Length of Umbilical Cord and Fetal Outcome: A Study of 1,000 Deliveries"
1081:
17:
1675:
2245:
1994:
1946:
1879:
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1845:
1721:
1705:
187:
151:
1724:
1534:
1517:
1154:
1137:
1865:
1772:
1315:
1138:"Analysis of 62 placental abruption cases: Risk factors and clinical outcomes"
707:
691:
597:
Maternal tachycardia with orthostatic changes in blood pressure and heart rate
525:
327:
312:
285:
245:
212:
205:
171:
128:
72:
1163:
342:
may be given to speed development of the baby's lungs. Treatment may require
291:
The cause of placental abruption is not entirely clear. Risk factors include
1909:
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1473:
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1403:
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1089:
944:
1430:
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1803:
497:
323:
237:
201:
28:
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Placental abruption may also result in death of the baby, or stillbirth.
594:
Moderate-to-severe uterine tenderness with possible tetanic contractions
2108:
667:
485:
304:
292:
1632:
1601:
Journal of the
Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet
383:
enlarged uterus (disproportionate to the gestational age of the fetus)
2112:
1644:
703:
652:
647:
The risk of placental abruption can be reduced by maintaining a good
500:
via massive bleeding causes the uterus to contract and leads to DIC.
353:
Placental abruption occurs in about 1 in 200 pregnancies. Along with
241:
1136:
Li, Yang; Tian, Yuan; Liu, Ning; Chen, Yang; Wu, Fuju (2019-03-01).
1070:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
524:
may be monitored because a rising fundus can indicate bleeding. An
2071:
2042:
1875:
919:"Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences"
656:
511:
62:
Drawing of internal and external bleeding from placental abruption
1740:
299:, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor),
742:
If the mother's blood loss cannot be controlled, an emergency
694:
levels may be needed. Vaginal birth is usually preferred over
788:
The baby may be deprived of oxygen and thus develop asphyxia.
2010:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1563:
Obstetric
Imaging: Fetal Diagnosis and Care (Second Edition)
674:
also appears effective at preventing placental abruption.
491:
In most cases, placental disease and abnormalities of the
1043:(24th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill education. 2014.
1199:"Placental abruption: Clinical features and diagnosis"
338:
is recommended. In those less than 36 weeks pregnant,
1622:
1105:
The
Journal of the Indiana State Medical Association
2400:
2320:
2204:
2068:
2041:
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1965:
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134:
98:
78:
66:
44:
39:
1516:Roberge, S; Bujold, E; Nicolaides, KH (May 2018).
1002:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 385.
752:The mother may develop a blood clotting disorder,
311:. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and supported by
2352:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
377:contractions that seem continuous and do not stop
847:"Abruptio Placentae - Gynecology and Obstetrics"
591:No vaginal bleeding to moderate vaginal bleeding
1230:"Placenta and Placental Problems | Doctor"
785:Preterm delivery (prior to 37 weeks gestation).
1142:Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
436:Prolonged rupture of membranes (>24 hours).
1752:
1522:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1304:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India
1250:
1248:
1246:
923:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
614:No vaginal bleeding to heavy vaginal bleeding
568:Normal maternal blood pressure and heart rate
330:may be recommended. If everything is stable,
8:
1384:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
841:
839:
837:
603:Hypofibrinogenemia (i.e., 50–250 mg/dL)
562:No vaginal bleeding to mild vaginal bleeding
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
396:, if it occurs, may be bright red or dark.
264:. Complications for the mother can include
1924:
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782:The baby may be born at a low birthweight.
53:
36:
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1323:
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964:
962:
934:
886:
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272:. Complications for the baby can include
1298:Balkawade NU, Shinde MA (October 2012).
1064:Hofmeyr, GJ; Qureshi, Z (October 2016).
670:before 16 weeks of pregnancy to prevent
475:
813:
266:disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
109:disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
1108:. The Association. 1956. p. 1564.
1066:"Preventing deaths due to haemorrhage"
754:disseminated intravascular coagulation
516:Ultrasound showing placental abruption
402:disseminated intravascular coagulation
1990:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
1957:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
7:
2056:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
999:Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology
975:. JP Medical Ltd. pp. 205–209.
735:A large loss of blood may require a
248:. It occurs most commonly around 25
972:Bedside Obstetrics & Gynecology
2005:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
1571:10.1016/b978-0-323-44548-1.00096-6
851:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
244:, in other words separates before
25:
2263:Pain management during childbirth
2190:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
1565:, Elsevier, pp. 426–429.e1,
1496:"Placental abruption: Prevention"
2449:
2448:
2435:Sexual activity during pregnancy
936:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2010.01030.x
723:complications of preterm birth.
412:(low levels of amniotic fluid).
406:intrauterine growth restriction
1937:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
661:pregnancy-induced hypertension
433:Premature rupture of membranes
262:dangerously low blood pressure
93:dangerously low blood pressure
1:
2139:Prelabor rupture of membranes
1419:Journal of Perinatal Medicine
1396:10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30543-0
1361:10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00408-6
1082:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.05.004
917:Tikkanen, M (February 2011).
2418:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2069:Maternal care related to the
2051:Gestational thrombocytopenia
1498:. MayoClinic.com. 2012-01-10
1269:10.1016/0029-7844(96)00088-9
2219:Cephalopelvic disproportion
1349:Obstetrics & Gynecology
659:patterns and correction of
617:Very painful tetanic uterus
389:decreased fetal heart rate.
374:sudden-onset abdominal pain
138:24 to 26 weeks of pregnancy
2499:
2478:Health issues in pregnancy
2330:Breastfeeding difficulties
2129:Constriction ring syndrome
2103:Braxton Hicks contractions
1559:"96 - Placental Abruption"
1535:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.238
1232:. Patient.info. 2011-03-18
1155:10.1016/j.tjog.2019.01.010
626:(i.e., <150 mg/dL)
535:magnetic resonance imaging
504:and nutrients to survive.
26:
2443:
2367:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
2357:Pubic symphysis diastasis
1316:10.1007/s13224-012-0194-0
1257:Obstetrics and Gynecology
996:Gibbs, Ronald S. (2008).
317:complication of pregnancy
240:separates early from the
61:
52:
1893:Gestational hypertension
690:replacement to maintain
528:may be used to rule out
386:decreased fetal movement
334:may be tried, otherwise
315:. It is classified as a
27:Not to be confused with
2292:Umbilical cord prolapse
2214:Amniotic fluid embolism
1972:dermatoses of pregnancy
1474:10.1148/radiol.10101547
252:. Symptoms may include
2483:Placentation disorders
2408:Concomitant conditions
2387:Postpartum thyroiditis
2165:Circumvallate placenta
1985:Impetigo herpetiformis
1980:Gestational pemphigoid
1952:Hyperemesis gravidarum
1885:hypertensive disorders
969:Saxena, Richa (2014).
565:Slightly tender uterus
517:
481:
348:emergency hysterectomy
179:Differential diagnosis
2377:Postpartum infections
2372:Postpartum depression
1431:10.1515/jpm-2013-0199
746:may become necessary.
700:postpartum hemorrhage
515:
479:
322:For small abruption,
2382:Postpartum psychosis
2251:Obstetrical bleeding
2146:Obstetrical bleeding
1967:Integumentary system
1942:Gestational diabetes
1921:related to pregnancy
1919:Other, predominantly
424:Chronic hypertension
227:~0.7% of pregnancies
2362:Postpartum bleeding
2185:Placental abruption
2170:Monochorionic twins
2000:Prurigo gestationis
1041:Williams obstetrics
546:Based on severity:
234:Placental abruption
170:Based on symptoms,
40:Placental abruption
2392:Puerperal mastitis
2347:Breast engorgement
2134:Monoamniotic twins
2124:Chorionic hematoma
1697:External resources
624:Hypofibrinogenemia
518:
482:
448:Multiple pregnancy
366:Signs and symptoms
307:use, and previous
303:during pregnancy,
250:weeks of pregnancy
48:Abruptio placentae
18:Abruptio placentae
2465:
2464:
2423:Thyroid disorders
2413:Diabetes mellitus
2297:Uterine inversion
2229:Shoulder dystocia
2224:Obstructed labour
2200:
2199:
2064:
2063:
2033:Chorea gravidarum
1809:Ectopic pregnancy
1734:
1733:
1580:978-0-323-44548-1
1050:978-0-07-179893-8
764:Couvelaire uterus
737:blood transfusion
696:Caesarean section
651:including taking
462:uterine synechiae
458:bicornuate uterus
344:blood transfusion
231:
230:
166:Diagnostic method
160:, prior abruption
34:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2490:
2452:
2451:
2287:Postmature birth
2275:Placenta accreta
2180:Placenta praevia
2175:Placenta accreta
2119:Chorioamnionitis
1929:Digestive system
1925:
1851:Fetal resorption
1839:Rudimentary horn
1796:abortive outcome
1790:
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914:
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858:
843:
530:placenta praevia
394:Vaginal bleeding
380:vaginal bleeding
336:cesarean section
332:vaginal delivery
309:cesarean section
282:preterm delivery
254:vaginal bleeding
192:chorioamnionitis
125:preterm delivery
85:Vaginal bleeding
57:
37:
21:
2498:
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2493:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2439:
2396:
2340:Cracked nipples
2335:Low milk supply
2316:
2302:Uterine rupture
2196:
2091:Oligohydramnios
2076:amniotic cavity
2070:
2060:
2037:
2019:
1970:
1961:
1920:
1914:
1883:
1870:
1856:Molar pregnancy
1795:
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641:
544:
510:
493:spiral arteries
486:decidua basalis
474:
472:Pathophysiology
418:
410:oligohydramnios
368:
359:uterine rupture
355:placenta previa
340:corticosteroids
278:low birthweight
218:Corticosteroids
184:Placenta previa
121:low birthweight
115:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2430:Maternal death
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2236:Fetal distress
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2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:Polyhydramnios
2093:
2085:amniotic fluid
2080:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2025:Nervous system
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1903:HELLP syndrome
1895:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:Pregnancy with
1787:
1781:
1780:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1667:
1652:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:Classification
1619:
1618:
1607:(10): 1572–8.
1591:
1579:
1549:
1528:(5): 483–489.
1508:
1487:
1452:
1409:
1374:
1339:
1310:(5): 520–525.
1290:
1242:
1214:
1177:
1148:(2): 223–226.
1111:
1095:
1056:
1049:
1015:
1008:
988:
981:
958:
864:
853:. October 2017
812:
811:
809:
806:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:Maternal death
767:
760:
757:
750:
747:
740:
731:
728:
715:
712:
679:
676:
640:
637:
636:
635:
634:
633:
630:
627:
621:
620:Maternal shock
618:
615:
606:
605:
604:
601:
600:Fetal distress
598:
595:
592:
583:
582:
581:
579:fetal distress
575:
569:
566:
563:
554:
543:
542:Classification
540:
509:
506:
473:
470:
453:
452:
449:
446:
443:
442:Polyhydramnios
440:
437:
434:
431:
429:umbilical cord
425:
422:
417:
414:
391:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
367:
364:
274:fetal distress
270:kidney failure
258:abdominal pain
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
199:
195:
194:
181:
175:
174:
168:
162:
161:
154:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
113:kidney failure
102:
96:
95:
89:abdominal pain
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2495:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2312:Uterine atony
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Preterm birth
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2015:Stretch marks
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:Pre-eclampsia
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:Pathology of
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:(1): 222–30.
1467:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:(5): 571–83.
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:(7): 628–31.
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:(2): 309–18.
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:9780781769372
1005:
1001:
1000:
992:
989:
984:
982:9789351521037
978:
974:
973:
965:
963:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
865:
852:
848:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
814:
807:
805:
798:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
780:
776:
771:
768:
765:
761:
758:
755:
751:
748:
745:
741:
738:
734:
733:
729:
727:
724:
720:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
677:
675:
673:
672:pre-eclampsia
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
638:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
612:
610:
607:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
589:
587:
584:
580:
576:
574:
570:
567:
564:
561:
560:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:
547:
541:
539:
536:
531:
527:
523:
514:
507:
505:
501:
499:
494:
489:
487:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
450:
447:
444:
441:
439:Thrombophilia
438:
435:
432:
430:
426:
423:
421:Pre-eclampsia
420:
419:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
397:
395:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
371:
365:
363:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:pre-eclampsia
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
226:
222:
219:
216:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
101:
100:Complications
97:
94:
90:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
2454:
2447:
2307:Vasa praevia
2267:
2241:Locked twins
2184:
2157:
2107:
2083:
1829:Interstitial
1715:
1704:
1680:
1669:
1654:
1639:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1584:, retrieved
1562:
1552:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1500:. Retrieved
1490:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1355:(4): 622–8.
1352:
1348:
1342:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1260:
1256:
1234:. Retrieved
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1145:
1141:
1104:
1098:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1040:
998:
991:
971:
929:(2): 140–9.
926:
922:
855:. Retrieved
850:
802:
799:Epidemiology
744:hysterectomy
725:
721:
717:
688:blood plasma
685:
681:
665:
646:
642:
629:Coagulopathy
608:
585:
573:coagulopathy
556:
550:
545:
519:
502:
490:
483:
454:
416:Risk factors
398:
392:
369:
352:
321:
290:
236:is when the
233:
232:
158:preeclampsia
152:Risk factors
116:
104:
2246:Nuchal cord
1995:Linea nigra
1947:Hepatitis E
1880:proteinuria
1861:Miscarriage
1846:Embryo loss
1824:Heterotopic
1706:MedlinePlus
708:Rh negative
632:Fetal death
445:Multiparity
188:bloody show
135:Usual onset
45:Other names
2472:Categories
2256:Postpartum
2151:Antepartum
1866:Stillbirth
1777:puerperium
1775:, and the
1773:childbirth
1682:DiseasesDB
1586:2020-12-10
1502:2012-10-23
1236:2012-10-23
1208:2016-06-04
857:9 December
808:References
706:if she is
692:fibrinogen
678:Management
655:, regular
639:Prevention
526:ultrasound
313:ultrasound
286:stillbirth
246:childbirth
213:Medication
172:ultrasound
129:stillbirth
73:Obstetrics
2322:Puerperal
1910:Eclampsia
1814:Abdominal
1785:Pregnancy
1769:pregnancy
1717:eMedicine
1462:Radiology
1164:1028-4559
1076:: 68–82.
714:Prognosis
508:Diagnosis
466:leiomyoma
224:Frequency
198:Treatment
156:Smoking,
68:Specialty
2456:Category
2269:placenta
2159:placenta
1819:Cervical
1804:Abortion
1725:emerg/12
1613:17128829
1544:29305829
1482:21330568
1447:21151164
1439:24566357
1404:25184982
1369:10214847
1334:24082551
1285:21246925
1172:30910143
1090:27450867
953:10871832
945:21241259
609:Class 3:
586:Class 2:
557:Class 1:
551:Class 0:
498:thrombin
328:delivery
324:bed rest
256:, lower
238:placenta
206:delivery
202:Bed rest
80:Symptoms
29:Abruptio
2109:chorion
1834:Ovarian
1676:D000037
1325:3526711
1277:8692522
668:aspirin
666:Use of
305:cocaine
293:smoking
146:Unclear
2113:amnion
1711:000901
1611:
1577:
1542:
1480:
1445:
1437:
1402:
1367:
1332:
1322:
1283:
1275:
1170:
1162:
1088:
1047:
1006:
979:
951:
943:
730:Mother
704:Rhogam
653:folate
522:fundus
464:, and
427:Short
408:, and
301:trauma
284:, and
260:, and
242:uterus
143:Causes
105:Mother
87:, low
2401:Other
2206:Labor
2072:fetus
2043:Blood
1882:, and
1876:Edema
1722:med/6
1665:641.2
1443:S2CID
1281:S2CID
949:S2CID
657:sleep
2074:and
1671:MeSH
1660:9-CM
1609:PMID
1575:ISBN
1540:PMID
1478:PMID
1435:PMID
1400:PMID
1365:PMID
1330:PMID
1273:PMID
1168:PMID
1160:ISSN
1086:PMID
1045:ISBN
1004:ISBN
977:ISBN
941:PMID
859:2017
777:Baby
649:diet
357:and
268:and
117:Baby
1656:ICD
1650:O45
1641:ICD
1567:doi
1530:doi
1526:218
1470:doi
1466:259
1427:doi
1392:doi
1357:doi
1320:PMC
1312:doi
1265:doi
1150:doi
1078:doi
931:doi
577:No
571:No
460:),
346:or
2474::
2111:/
1878:,
1771:,
1720::
1709::
1687:40
1685::
1674::
1663::
1648::
1645:10
1605:89
1603:.
1573:,
1561:,
1538:.
1524:.
1520:.
1476:.
1464:.
1441:.
1433:.
1423:42
1421:.
1398:.
1388:36
1386:.
1363:.
1353:93
1351:.
1328:.
1318:.
1308:62
1306:.
1302:.
1279:.
1271:.
1261:88
1259:.
1245:^
1217:^
1201:.
1180:^
1166:.
1158:.
1146:58
1144:.
1140:.
1114:^
1084:.
1074:36
1072:.
1068:.
1018:^
961:^
947:.
939:.
927:90
925:.
921:.
867:^
849:.
816:^
710:.
663:.
350:.
319:.
295:,
288:.
280:,
276:,
204:,
190:,
186:,
127:,
123:,
119::
111:,
107::
91:,
1969:/
1760:e
1753:t
1746:v
1658:-
1643:-
1633:D
1615:.
1569::
1546:.
1532::
1505:.
1484:.
1472::
1449:.
1429::
1406:.
1394::
1371:.
1359::
1336:.
1314::
1287:.
1267::
1239:.
1211:.
1174:.
1152::
1092:.
1080::
1053:.
1012:.
985:.
955:.
933::
861:.
772:.
766:.
756:.
739:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
