403:
270:
365:. With his position in Palestine endangered, in need of money, and encouraged by the continued instability in Fustat, al-Hasan resolved to return to Egypt. Without facing any opposition, al-Hasan made a triumphal entrance into Fustat on 28 November, accompanied by Ibn al-Furat. He was immediately recognized as the regent and co-ruler of the young emir, and took up residence in the palace. Three days later he imprisoned Ibn al-Furat and a number of his associates, and imposed fines so heavy on them that Ibn al-Furat was forced to sell some of his properties to pay them.
376:. Given the international situation at the time, this could only mean the Fatimids. Fatimid agents had for years operated more or less openly in Fustat, and had created an extensive network of contacts among the common people and the elites alike. This "intensive period of psychological and political preparation" (Thierry Bianquis) was decisive in undermining the will to resist and preparing the way for military conquest. During the crisis of 968–969, letters from civilian as well as military leaders in Fustat were sent to the Fatimid caliph
369:
his energy and resources on trying to hold the
Ikhshidid domains in Palestine and Syria. On 24 February 969 he abandoned Fustat, taking with him many provincial governors and administrative officials, as well as some of the best Ikhshidid troops under Shamul. Fustat was left in a complete power vacuum: Ibn al-Furat, who had been set free before al-Hasan's departure, formally resumed his duties, but lacked any support among the remaining notables, who, on the other hand, were unable to put forward any candidate to replace him.
288:, as emir. Ibn al-Furat, by virtue of his office, was the leader of the civilian bureaucratic faction. In alliance with the commander-in-chief Shamul, Ibn al-Furat seemed set to secure the role of regent over the under-age ruler, while as the husband of an Ikhshidid princess, he could hope to possibly place his own son, Ahmad, on the throne. Nevertheless, the new regime was unstable: Ibn al-Furat lacked a power-base outside the bureaucracy, Fatimid agents stirred up trouble among the
368:
Al-Hasan moved one step further to the throne when he married his cousin Fatima, a daughter of al-Ikhshid, on 1 January 969. In almost complete control of the regime, al-Hasan nevertheless despaired of his ability to restore order to Egypt. Instead, he chose to leave the country to its fate and focus
345:
pilgrimage to Mecca, a key demand of the religious class. This impasse led to a growing willingness to accept any solution, even a foreign intervention. The
Fatimid agents in Fustat, led by the merchant Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Nasr, worked to exploit the situation, win the support, or at least passive
329:
Abu Ja'far Muslim gathered the highest officials and military commanders in his home, and effected a reconciliation with Ibn al-Furat, by having him appear before them dressed in the formal costume of Kafur; moved by the sight, Ibn al-Furat's rivals agreed to support him. Ibn al-Furat then led the
414:
Jawhar was anxious to ensure an orderly transition of power, keep the administration running, and avoid the impression of a foreign, forcible take-over of Egypt. As a result, he kept the
Ikhshidid officials in place. Among others, Ibn al-Furat was kept in his post. He was not entirely trusted,
80:
in April 968, Ibn al-Furat was left as one of the most powerful leaders in the country. His lack of support outside the bureaucracy and his inability to restore orderly administration and security in a country plagued by years of famine and external attacks, mean that his position was weak and
89:. Ibn al-Furat remained vizier merely because no-one could agree on his replacement; faced with the impasse, the Egyptian elites, influenced by long and persistent Fatimid propaganda, began to accept and even seek the prospect of a Fatimid takeover of the country. During the
361:, an older cousin of the emir and governor of Palestine, for help. Al-Hasan was facing problems of his own: a Qarmatian army had invaded the Ikhshidid territories, defeated al-Hasan, and forced him to agree to the payment of a heavy tribute of 300,000
171:
Ibn al-Furat was known for his piety and strict moral principles, which he imposed on his relatives, and which earned him the support of the religious circles. His piety was also expressed through his cultivation of the
219:, writes, Ibn al-Furat "left behind him the reputation of a generous patron of poets and scholars but also that of an eccentric who had acquired a collection of snakes and scorpions which terrified his neighbours".
354:, while some of Ibn al-Furat's rivals were encouraged to defect to the Fatimids; most prominent among them being Ibn Killis, who provided the Fatimids with valuable information on the situation in Egypt.
1014:
437:) in favour of his rival Ibn Killis. Following the death of Ibn Killis in 991, he was again offered the post of vizier, but resigned after a few months. He died in 1001.
168:, and their son Muzahim, originally held as a hostage in the Ikhshidid court, had become a senior commander in the Ikhshidid army and also married an Ikhshidid princess.
307:
Ibn al-Furat was quickly confronted with his inability to impose his authority: the military chiefs withheld the revenue due to the central treasury from their fiefs (
135:) and had gone on to become one of the two major factions within the Abbasid administrative elite in the first decades of the 10th century. Ibn al-Furat's father was
158:
Ibn al-Furat himself became tied to the
Ikhshidid dynasty by his marriage to an Ikhshidid princess, while his sister had married the one-time Abbasid generalissimo (
284:
After Kafur's death in April 968, the various factions initially agreed on a pact to share power under the nominal rule of al-Ikhshid's eleven-year-old grandson,
807:(1972). "La prise de pouvoir par les Fatimides en Égypte (357‑363/968‑974)" [The Seizure of Power by the Fatimids in Egypt (357–363/968–974)].
1004:
228:
313:), and were soon emulated by the regional fiscal officials. To find money, the vizier was thus forced to impose fines on other high officials, 4,500
346:
acceptance, of the elites and the common people alike. Dissension was sown among the elites in order to prevent any rapprochement between the
889:
419:
in
September 971, Jawhar had him placed under constant surveillance, and to avoid a defection, gave him a residence in the new capital of
236:
372:
Faced with this impasse, the
Egyptian elites were left only "with the choice of seeking outside intervention", in the words of historian
341:
Nevertheless, the situation remained difficult: financial problems persisted, and Ibn al-Furat remained unable to restore the overland
325:
rioted, and on 29 August 968, the mutinous troops sacked his own palace, forcing Ibn al-Furat to go into hiding. A few days later, the
358:
82:
28:
994:
910:
844:
416:
247:
857:
The Rise of the
Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE
57:. A highly educated man renowned for his strict piety and knowledge of traditions about the early Islamic times, he served as
865:
85:
in
November 968, but released and restored to his office when Hasan suddenly abandoned Egypt in February 969 and returned to
285:
261:, the strongman who, after having long served as the power being the throne, became emir in his own right from 966 to 968.
190:, and purchased a plot of land in the latter city where he intended to be buried. This in turn gave him the backing of the
1019:
152:
1009:
441:
394:
arrived in Egypt in June 969, all Ibn al-Furat could do was to supervise the negotiations for surrender with Jawhar.
17:
945:
338:, the grandmother of the young emir, thus implicitly disavowing any designs of placing his own son on the throne.
321:, and 10,000 dinars on the Christian Ibrahim ibn Marwan, secretary of al-Ikhshid's sons. Left unpaid, the Turkish
377:
101:
90:
402:
999:
198:, a close personal friend. He was also esteemed for his deep knowledge about traditions concerning the Prophet
269:
93:
in June 969, Ibn al-Furat offered no resistance and merely supervised negotiations with the
Fatimid general
932:
445:
165:
989:
318:
195:
136:
100:
Jawhar kept Ibn al-Furat in office as head of the administration, but he was dismissed after Caliph
984:
81:
constantly challenged by other factions, especially the military. He was deposed and imprisoned by
77:
881:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
407:
335:
86:
373:
963:
920:
906:
885:
861:
840:
816:
258:
216:
140:
117:
70:
832:
955:
828:
804:
391:
273:
Gold dinar in the name of the last Ikhshidid ruler, Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad, minted in 968/9 in
94:
875:
387:) in Ifriqiya, where preparations for a new invasion of Egypt were already in full swing.
38:
113:
112:
Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Furat was born in 921, the scion of a bureaucratic dynasty, the
50:
940:
936:
148:
125:
66:
978:
959:
928:
426:
Ja'far continued in office for under Jawhar, but was dismissed by the Fatimid caliph
331:
278:
160:
54:
924:
212:
427:
900:
879:
855:
301:
292:
in Syria, the army was divided into mutually antagonistic factions (chiefly the
227:
Ibn al-Furat became vizier in 946, succeeding his father's old political rival,
362:
314:
62:
967:
820:
232:
215:, came from Baghdad to consult with him. As the historian of the vizierate,
208:
300:, recruited by Kafur), and the treasury was empty due to a series of low
199:
69:
from 946 until the end of the dynasty in 969, and continued serving the
289:
139:(died 938), who had held several posts in the fiscal ministries of the
121:
204:
187:
174:
144:
58:
420:
401:
274:
268:
183:
116:, that had occupied senior posts in the fiscal bureaucracy of the
837:
The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
342:
309:
179:
49:, like his father before him, was a member of the bureaucratic
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
860:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: BRILL.
839:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119.
671:
669:
620:
618:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
357:
Amidst this chaos, some in the ruling circles turned to
147:
for a few months in 932 and in 937, before retiring to
557:
555:
700:
698:
696:
231:. Ibn al-Furat held the post continuously under the
18:
Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Fadl ibn al-Furat
833:"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969"
334:, before going to pay his respects to the widow of
1015:10th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
8:
455:) in 1014/5, but executed after a few days.
444:was appointed vizier by the Fatimid caliph
178:: every year he sent gifts of money to the
946:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
194:in Egypt, and especially of their leader,
35:Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Fadl ibn al-Furat
954:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 767–768.
304:that had caused an unprecedented famine.
764:
752:
728:
716:
687:
675:
660:
648:
636:
624:
609:
597:
573:
481:
788:
585:
522:
493:
463:
265:Crisis of the Ikhshidid regime, 968–969
229:Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali al-Madhara'i
776:
740:
561:
534:
7:
884:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
704:
546:
406:Gold dinar of al-Mu'izz, minted in
296:, recruited by al-Ikhshid, and the
42:
902:State and Society in Fatimid Egypt
83:al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Tughj
25:
43:أبو الفضل جعفر بن الفضل بن الفرات
1005:Viziers of the Fatimid Caliphate
960:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0322
450:
432:
382:
252:
241:
130:
29:Al-Fadl ibn Ja'far ibn al-Furat
1:
415:however: when the Qarmatians
153:Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid
390:When the Fatimid army under
835:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
423:, then under construction.
286:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali
45:; 921 - 1001), also called
1036:
124:since the reign of Caliph
26:
104:arrived in Egypt in 973.
91:Fatimid conquest of Egypt
995:10th-century Arab people
359:al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah
27:Not to be confused with
854:Brett, Michael (2001).
211:of the time, the Iraqi
76:Following the death of
809:Annales islamologiques
411:
378:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
281:
202:, so that the leading
102:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
405:
272:
151:, ruled since 935 by
1020:10th-century regents
899:Lev, Yaacov (1991).
779:, pp. 306, 332.
743:, pp. 300, 303.
257:), as well as under
143:, and had served as
137:al-Fadl ibn al-Furat
108:Family and character
1010:Ikhshidid officials
731:, pp. 118–119.
600:, pp. 117–118.
588:, pp. 315–316.
537:, pp. 218–219.
525:, pp. 767–768.
639:, pp. 59, 62.
576:, pp. 58, 62.
412:
398:Under the Fatimids
336:Ali ibn al-Ikhshid
282:
166:Muhammad ibn Ra'iq
905:. Leiden: Brill.
891:978-0-582-40525-7
829:Bianquis, Thierry
805:Bianquis, Thierry
755:, pp. 80–81.
719:, pp. 65–66.
663:, pp. 63–64.
651:, pp. 62–63.
612:, pp. 61–62.
549:, pp. 12–13.
319:Ya'qub ibn Killis
259:Abu al-Misk Kafur
217:Dominique Sourdel
196:Abu Ja'far Muslim
141:Abbasid Caliphate
118:Abbasid Caliphate
71:Fatimid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
1027:
971:
916:
895:
871:
850:
824:
792:
786:
780:
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768:
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732:
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485:
479:
454:
452:
436:
434:
386:
384:
256:
254:
245:
243:
134:
132:
78:Abu'l-Misk Kafur
44:
21:
1035:
1034:
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1024:
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974:
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623:
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584:
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572:
568:
560:
553:
545:
541:
533:
529:
521:
500:
492:
488:
480:
465:
461:
453: 996–1021
449:
431:
400:
381:
267:
251:
240:
225:
129:
110:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
977:
976:
973:
972:
925:"Ibn al-Furāt"
917:
911:
896:
890:
872:
866:
851:
845:
825:
799:
796:
794:
793:
791:, p. 327.
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
709:
692:
680:
665:
653:
641:
629:
614:
602:
590:
578:
566:
564:, p. 298.
551:
539:
527:
498:
496:, p. 768.
486:
462:
460:
457:
435: 953–975
399:
396:
385: 953–975
266:
263:
255: 961–966
244: 946–961
224:
221:
133: 892–902
109:
106:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
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1008:
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1001:
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996:
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988:
986:
983:
982:
980:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
947:
942:
938:
934:
933:Ménage, V. L.
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
912:90-04-09344-3
908:
904:
903:
897:
893:
887:
883:
882:
877:
876:Kennedy, Hugh
873:
869:
863:
859:
858:
852:
848:
846:0-521-47137-0
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:(in French).
810:
806:
802:
801:
797:
790:
785:
782:
778:
773:
770:
767:, p. 84.
766:
765:Bianquis 1972
761:
758:
754:
753:Bianquis 1972
749:
746:
742:
737:
734:
730:
729:Bianquis 1998
725:
722:
718:
717:Bianquis 1972
713:
710:
707:, p. 14.
706:
701:
699:
697:
693:
690:, p. 65.
689:
688:Bianquis 1972
684:
681:
678:, p. 64.
677:
676:Bianquis 1972
672:
670:
666:
662:
661:Bianquis 1972
657:
654:
650:
649:Bianquis 1972
645:
642:
638:
637:Bianquis 1972
633:
630:
627:, p. 62.
626:
625:Bianquis 1972
621:
619:
615:
611:
610:Bianquis 1972
606:
603:
599:
598:Bianquis 1998
594:
591:
587:
582:
579:
575:
574:Bianquis 1972
570:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
536:
531:
528:
524:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
490:
487:
484:, p. 58.
483:
482:Bianquis 1972
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
464:
458:
456:
447:
443:
438:
429:
424:
422:
418:
417:invaded Egypt
409:
404:
397:
395:
393:
388:
379:
375:
370:
366:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
344:
339:
337:
333:
332:Friday prayer
328:
324:
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161:amir al-umara
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84:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
30:
19:
1000:Banu'l-Furat
951:
944:
901:
880:
856:
836:
812:
808:
789:Kennedy 2004
784:
772:
760:
748:
736:
724:
712:
683:
656:
644:
632:
605:
593:
586:Kennedy 2004
581:
569:
542:
530:
523:Sourdel 1971
494:Sourdel 1971
489:
439:
425:
413:
408:al-Mansuriya
389:
371:
367:
356:
351:
347:
340:
326:
322:
308:
306:
297:
293:
283:
226:
213:al-Daraqutni
203:
191:
182:families of
173:
170:
159:
157:
114:Banu'l-Furat
111:
99:
75:
73:after that.
53:family from
51:Banu'l-Furat
46:
34:
33:
990:1001 deaths
950:Volume III:
941:Schacht, J.
937:Pellat, Ch.
921:Sourdel, D.
442:Abu'l-Abbas
363:gold dinars
348:Ikhshidiyya
315:gold dinars
302:Nile floods
294:Ikhshidiyya
126:al-Mu'tadid
47:Ibn Hinzaba
985:921 births
979:Categories
867:9004117415
815:: 49–108.
777:Brett 2001
741:Brett 2001
562:Brett 2001
535:Brett 2001
459:References
374:Yaacov Lev
63:Ikhshidids
968:495469525
929:Lewis, B.
821:0570-1716
428:al-Mu'izz
352:Kafuriyya
298:Kafuriyya
279:Palestine
233:Ikhshidid
87:Palestine
943:(eds.).
923:(1971).
878:(2004).
831:(1998).
705:Lev 1991
547:Lev 1991
446:al-Hakim
440:His son
410:in 954/5
350:and the
200:Muhammad
798:Sources
323:ghilman
290:Bedouin
209:scholar
122:Baghdad
61:of the
966:
952:H–Iram
939:&
909:
888:
864:
843:
819:
392:Jawhar
327:sharif
246:) and
237:Unujur
235:emirs
223:Career
205:hadith
192:ashraf
188:Medina
175:ashraf
145:vizier
95:Jawhar
59:vizier
39:Arabic
927:. In
421:Cairo
275:Ramla
184:Mecca
149:Egypt
67:Egypt
964:OCLC
907:ISBN
886:ISBN
862:ISBN
841:ISBN
817:ISSN
343:Hajj
310:iqta
186:and
180:Alid
55:Iraq
956:doi
317:on
248:Ali
120:at
65:of
981::
962:.
948:.
935:;
931:;
813:XI
695:^
668:^
617:^
554:^
501:^
466:^
451:r.
433:r.
383:r.
277:,
253:r.
242:r.
164:)
155:.
131:r.
97:.
41::
970:.
958::
915:.
894:.
870:.
849:.
823:.
448:(
430:(
380:(
250:(
239:(
128:(
37:(
31:.
20:)
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