446:, which would have ended the war but allowed Italy to control large areas of Ethiopia. Mussolini agreed to consider the plan to buy time for fear of oil sanctions against Italy, but he had no intention of accepting it. The plan caused an outcry and heavy public criticism in the United Kingdom and France when the plan was leaked to the media. Hoare and Laval were accused of betraying the Abyssinians, and both resigned. The pact was dropped, but the perception spread that the United Kingdom and France were not serious about the League's principles. The war continued, and Mussolini turned to the German dictator,
428:
in Geneva. Mackenzie King's opposition to
Riddell's "Canadian initiative" was motivated by domestic politics since Mussolini was widely admired in Catholic Quebec, especially by its nationalistic intelligentsia, and Mackenzie King's Liberal Party had just won the majority of the seats in Quebec in the 1935 election. Mackenzie King was terrified of the possibility of Canada taking the lead in imposing oil sanctions against Italy would cause the Liberals to lose their seats in Quebec in the next election. Thus, no more was heard of the "Canadian initiative".
4457:
33:
533:
461:. The French were now so desperate to get Italian support against German aggression directly on their border that they would not take any further action with sanctions. Since France was prepared to give Abyssinia to Mussolini, his troops were able to continue their war relatively unchallenged by the rest of Europe.
194:
aggression on a fellow member of the League – the very type of aggression that the League was created to prevent: but many of us do not find it matters very much. The League has not yet called on us; but there are already plenty of voices busy finding pretexts for us to shuffle out of the whole thing.
201:
Europe has at its disposal sanctions that Italy could not defy, provided we have the courage to use them. But instead of that the
English Press, with a few honourable exceptions, has been taken up with nauseating discussion of our own interests. Later on, one gathers, we shall be very firm with Italy
197:
It is not our duty to defend
Abyssinia single-handed – no-one has suggested it; but it is our duty, if covenants mean anything whatsoever, to oppose this piece of brigandage at Geneva, and after. It is our duty to be concerting with whatever Powers retain some decency, particularly the United States,
427:
in pressing for oil sanctions against Italy. Riddell, who had acted on his own, was promptly disavowed by
Mackenzie King, who characteristically announced that it was absolutely untrue that he made a decision, he had made no decision about anything and he had never heard of the "Canadian initiative"
302:
On 8 March, Ethiopia again requested arbitration and noted the
Italian military build-up. Three days later, Italy and Ethiopia agreed on a neutral zone in the Ogaden. On 17 March, in response to the continued Italian build-up, Ethiopia again appealed to the League for help. On 22 March, the Italians
151:
and
Ethiopia, an Anglo–Ethiopian boundary commission arrived at Walwal. The commission was confronted by a newly-arrived Italian force. The British members of the boundary commission protested but withdrew to avoid an international incident. The Ethiopian members of the boundary commission, however,
866:
p. 184: "these first incidents, following on that at Walwal, were accidental in character, while the others were for the most part not serious and not at all uncommon in the region in which they took place. In the circumstances, the
Commission is of the opinion that there are no grounds for finding
159:
Neither side did anything to avoid confrontation; the
Ethiopians repeatedly menaced the Italian garrison with the threat of an armed attack, and the Italians sent two planes over the Ethiopian camp. One of them fired a short machine-gun burst, which no one on the ground noticed, after the pilot saw
317:
to try to broker a peace agreement. The attempt was unsuccessful, and it became clear that
Mussolini was intent on conquest. On 25 July, the United Kingdom imposed an embargo on arms sales to both Italy and Ethiopia. Many historians believe that the embargo was a response to Italy's decree that it
205:
If this is to be the way of our world, why make treaties at all? Let us at least have the courage of our cynicism. Let us have done with covenants, since they no longer serve to deceive anybody. Let us have done with the League, since "collective security" means simply the security of those strong
193:
Twenty-one years ago, when the consequences of honouring our obligations were far more menacing, we were indignant enough at the suggestion that treaties were, after all, only "scraps of paper." But geography plays strange tricks with justice. Italy is breaking at least three solemn pledges in her
155:
From the 5th of
December to the 7th, for reasons which have never been clearly determined, there was a skirmish between the garrison of Somalis, who were in Italian service, and a force of armed Ethiopians. According to the Italians, the Ethiopians attacked the Somalis with rifle and machine-gun
343:
On 4 September, the League met again and exonerated Italy and Ethiopia of any culpability in the Walwal incident on the ground that each nation had believed Walwal to be in its own territorial borders. On 10 September, Laval, Eden and even Hoare agreed on limitations to sanctions against Italy.
209:
This jungle-law may have ruled between nations in the past; the time is rapidly approaching when either it ends or else the world. If the League cannot enforce one law for weak and strong, black and white, sooner or later we are finished. And if we flinch every time a test arises, we shall have
375:
establishes himself in an area known as consular territory with a guard of about ninety men, for whom he claims jurisdictional immunity. This is an obvious abuse of consular privileges. The abuse is all the greater that the consul's duties, apart from the supplying of information of a military
186:
Last Saturday's leading article on "Abyssinia: Our Duty" is welcome indeed after the advice liberally offered to the Emperor of Abyssinia by some sections of the English Press, urging him to submit to Italy, not because the Italian blackmail is just, but because it would be so inconvenient for
483:. As a result, six nations did not recognize Italy's occupation in 1937: China, New Zealand, the Soviet Union, Spain, Mexico and the United States. Italian control of Ethiopia was never total because of continued guerrilla activity, which the British would later use to their advantage during
306:
Between 20 and 21 May, the League held a special session to discuss the crisis in Ethiopia. On 25 May, a League council resolved that it would meet if no fifth arbitrator had been selected by 25 June or if a settlement had not been reached by 25 August. On 19 June, Ethiopia requested neutral
339:
On 12 August, Ethiopia pleaded for the arms embargo to be lifted. On 16 August, France and the United Kingdom offered Italy large concessions in Ethiopia to try to avert war, but Italy rejected the offers. On 22 August, the United Kingdom reaffirmed its commitment to the arms embargo.
143:
garrison stationed there (comprising about 60 soldiers) to withdraw from the area. The Somali NCO leading the garrison refused to withdraw and alerted Captain Cimmaruta, the commander of the garrison of Uarder, 20 kilometres (12 mi) away, what had happened.
236:
for arbitration of the dispute arising from the Walwal incident. However, the League's response was inconclusive. A subsequent analysis by an arbitration committee of the League of Nations absolved both parties of any culpability from all events.
303:
yielded to pressure from the League to submit to arbitration on the dispute arising from the Walwal incident but continued to mobilise its troops in the region. On 11 May, Ethiopia again protested the ongoing Italian mobilisation.
228:
of Ethiopia protested the Italian aggression at Walwal. On 8 December, Italy demanded an apology for Ethiopian aggression, and on 11 December, it followed up that demand with another for financial and strategic compensation.
418:
on Italy. The sanctions were limited, however, since they did not prohibit the provision of several vital materials, such as oil, and were not carried out by all members of the League. The Canadian delegate to the League,
435:, which was generally indifferent to the League's weak sanctions, increased its exports to Italy, and the United Kingdom and France did not take any serious action against Italy, such as blocking Italian access to the
336:
On 26 July, the League confirmed that no fifth member of the arbitration panel had been selected. On 3 August, the League prevented arbitration talks from being held on the sovereignty of Walwal.
156:
fire. According to the Ethiopians, the Italians attacked them and were supported by two tanks and three aircraft. In the end, approximately 107 Ethiopians and 50 Italians and Somalis were killed.
3028:
423:, suggested for the League to add steel and oil to the sanctions, which caused the world press to speak of the "Canadian initiative" and of the bold decision taken by Canadian Prime Minister
2374:
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129:, well beyond the 21-league limit. The fort was in a boundary zone between the nations, which was not well defined, and is now about 130 km (81 mi) inside Ethiopia.
2299:
1915:
464:
Haile Selassie was forced into exile on 2 May. All of the sanctions that had been put in place by the League were dropped after the Italian capture of the Ethiopian capital,
299:, the Italian colonies that bordered Ethiopia to the northeast and the southeast respectively. There was little international protest in response to the military build-up.
1325:
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character, take the form of assembling stocks of arms, which constitute a threat to the peace of the country, whether from the internal or the international point of view.
4528:
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2012:
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would view arms sales to Ethiopia as an act of unfriendliness toward Italy, but other observers believe that the United Kingdom was protecting its economic interests in
1989:
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546:
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439:. Even Italy's use of chemical weapons and other actions that violated international norms did little to change the League's passive approach to the situation.
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enough to be secure. And then, if we perish in the chaos for which the world is heading, it will at least be without having canted to our last breath.
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and essentially gave Italy a free hand in dealing with Ethiopia. In exchange, France hoped for Italian support against Germany.
3949:
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1814:
1683:
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1752:
1471:
1376:
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106:
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61:
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On 10 February 1935, Mussolini mobilised two divisions. On 23 February, Mussolini began to send large numbers of troops to
4395:
4328:
3541:
3492:
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2852:
2613:
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1001:
Corthorn, Paul Steven. "The British Labour Party and the League of Nations 1933–5" (PhD disst. Durham University, 1999).
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1835:
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Fronczak, Joseph. "Local People’s Global Politics: A Transnational History of the Hands Off Ethiopia Movement of 1935"
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1922:
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On 7 October in what would come to be known as the "Riddell Incident", the League of Nations declared Italy to be the
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1936:
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1536:
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132:
On 29 September 1934, Italy and Abyssinia released a joint statement renouncing any aggression against each other.
88:
358:
and unanimously authorised the imposition of sanctions against Italy if it continued its policy towards Ethiopia.
4538:
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4132:
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3834:
3694:
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3404:
3194:
2627:
1694:
1348:
1022:
Kent, Peter G. "Between Rome and London: Pius XI, the Catholic Church, and the Abyssinian Crisis of 1935–1936".
4513:
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2176:
1899:
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266:
79:, but they were never fully applied. Italy ignored the sanctions, quit the League, made special deals with the
1080:
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3107:
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launched offensive actions against the isolated Italian colony. On 5 May 1941, exactly five years after the
372:
1145:
Strang, G. Bruce. "'The Worst of all Worlds:' Oil Sanctions and Italy's Invasion of Abyssinia, 1935–1936".
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Ethiopia never officially surrendered and pleaded for help from foreign nations, such as Haile Selassie's
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1198:
391:
On 3 October 1935, shortly after the League had exonerated both parties in the Walwal incident, Italian
364:
On 7 November, the Irish Free State passed the League of Nations Bill, which placed sanctions on Italy.
84:
1844:
160:
Captain Cimmaruta in the midst of the Ethiopians and thought that he had been taken prisoner by them.
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4155:
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3763:
3733:
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1522:
458:
53:
190:
We might be called on to do more than lip-service to the League; and how extravagant would that be!
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1952:
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100:
68:
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37:
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Hitler began reversing the Treaty of Versailles, such as by the Rhineland remilitarisation.
442:
In late December 1935, Hoare of the United Kingdom and Laval of France proposed the secret
4344:
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355:
4351:
3887:
3813:
1858:
1717:
520:
Britain and France looked weaker still as seen by Germany, Italy and the United States.
225:
80:
4492:
4162:
2080:
1929:
1768:
1185:
1032:
487:. However, by 1940, Italy had the complete control of three quarters of the country.
432:
139:(Ethiopian military-political commanders) arrived near Walwal and formally asked the
121:
coast (approximately 118.3 km ). In 1930, Italy built a fort at the Walwal
114:
468:, on 5 May 1936. Ethiopia was then merged with the other Italian colonies to become
32:
4461:
4265:
2558:
2463:
2094:
1457:
1221:
538:
495:
The end of the AOI came quickly during World War II. In early 1941, as part of the
484:
447:
392:
314:
244:
691:
The Italian Army in North Africa: A Poor Fighting Force or Doomed by Circumstance
202:
about the water of Lake Tana. Meanwhile, Ethiopian blood is a cheaper commodity.
17:
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4086:
3748:
2417:
2238:
2223:
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465:
361:
On 28 September, Ethiopia began to mobilize its large but poorly-equipped army.
319:
3455:
3208:
3187:
2073:
1406:
1334:
708:
528:
436:
411:
514:
The Hoare-Laval Pact showed distrust of Britain and France toward the League.
3718:
3123:
2920:
2731:
2522:
2477:
1494:
1131:
Post Jr, Gaines. "The Machinery of British Policy in the Ethiopian Crisis".
454:
330:
310:
From 23 to 24 June, the United Kingdom tried to quell the crisis by sending
1998:
1982:
1710:
274:
265:
On 7 January 1935, a meeting between Laval and Mussolini resulted in the
118:
1017:
403:, which prompted Ethiopia to declare war on Italy and thus started the
292:
285:
278:
1109:
Shinn, David Hamilton, Ofcansky, Thomas P., and Prouty, Chris (2004).
2599:
140:
126:
91:. The crisis is generally regarded as having discredited the League.
57:
135:
On 22 November 1934, a force of 1,000 Ethiopian militia with three
87:
and ultimately annexed and occupied Abyssinia after it had won the
2787:
1077:
The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War
122:
31:
667:
magazine, 110 Ethiopians were killed and 30 Italians were killed.
652:
According to Mockler, 107 Ethiopians were killed and 40 wounded.
326:, which allowed Italy further unhindered access to East Africa.
259:
1194:
1190:
333:
to discuss arbitration. By 9 July, the discussions had failed.
347:
On 25 September, Ethiopia again asked for neutral observers.
867:
any international responsibility for these minor incidents."
277:), redefined the official status of Italians in French-held
147:
The next day, in the course of surveying the border between
371:
At places where there is not a single Italian national, a
167:
367:
The League of Nations had described Ethiopia as follows:
929:
927:
925:
923:
510:
There were also major impacts on the League of Nations:
322:. The United Kingdom also cleared its warships from the
1852:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
56:
in 1935 that originated in a dispute over the town of
977:
Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations
882:"Eoin O'Duffy's Blueshirts and the Abyssinian crisis"
608:
4220:
3948:
3789:
3614:
3373:
3225:
3163:
3067:
3058:
2939:
2665:
2575:
2416:
2119:
2110:
1868:
1693:
1546:
1308:
1301:
1038:. London: University of California Press. pp.
329:On 25 June, Italian and Ethiopian officials met in
1031:
987:. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 160 pages.
937:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1999 p.175.
240:Shortly after Ethiopia's initial appeal, French
60:, which then turned into a conflict between the
758:
756:
754:
752:
1094:. Westminster, MD: Osprey. pp. 48 pages.
875:
873:
851:"Yearbook of the International Law Commission"
507:, Emperor Haile Selassie entered Addis Ababa.
453:In March 1936, Hitler marched troops into the
1206:
288:were killed by Ethiopian forces near Walwal.
164:International response and subsequent actions
8:
1123:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
572:Freedom of the press in the Kingdom of Italy
312:Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
232:On 3 January 1935, Ethiopia appealed to the
1092:The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935–1936
826:"Historical Timeline of the Abyssinian War"
547:Timeline of the Second Italo–Abyssinian War
3064:
2116:
1305:
1213:
1199:
1191:
71:(then commonly known as "Abyssinia"). The
481:7 June 1936, address to League of Nations
414:and started the slow process of imposing
4529:Military history of the Ethiopian Empire
678:
587:
40:, the land at the centre of the crisis.
3045:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
1116:
4534:Diplomatic crises of the 20th century
3916:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3348:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
2994:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
2950:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2048:Rape during the occupation of Germany
917:, Penguin Books, April 1938, pp.46–47
7:
3038:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2063:Rape during the liberation of France
950:, London: Routledge, 2000 p.128-129.
684:
682:
636:; also variously transliterated as
457:, which had been prohibited by the
3264:German invasion of the Netherlands
1537:Weather events during World War II
1169:. 31 December 1934. Archived from
913:, 1935, 1601. Quoted G.T.Garratt,
911:League of Nations Official Journal
880:McMahon, Cian (12 February 2013).
75:ruled against Italy and voted for
25:
4499:Ethiopia–Italy military relations
3895:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
1111:Historical dictionary of Ethiopia
824:Happywanderer (5 November 2015).
505:Italians had captured his capital
4455:
1061:. New York: Olive Branch Press.
531:
1113:. Scarecrow Press. p. 633.
254:met with the Italian dictator,
109:stated that the border between
4142:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
1845:Territorial changes of Germany
1753:Indonesian National Revolution
552:Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of 1928
173:"Treaties or scraps of paper?"
107:Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of 1928
1:
4524:Political history of Ethiopia
3542:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3493:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3257:German invasion of Luxembourg
1631:Mediterranean and Middle East
198:what measures may be needed.
48:, also known in Italy as the
3449:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3138:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
2449:Independent State of Croatia
1133:International History Review
1024:International History Review
935:A Military History of Canada
354:supported the initiative of
284:On 25 January, five Italian
269:, which gave Italy parts of
27:International crisis in 1935
4433:End of World War II in Asia
4273:Western invasion of Germany
3780:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
3757:Second Battle of El Alamein
3327:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3299:Battle of the Mediterranean
3152:Italian invasion of Albania
1319:Air warfare of World War II
689:Zapotoczny, Walter (2018).
609:
567:Second Italo–Abyssinian War
557:Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1929
425:William Lyon Mackenzie King
387:Second Italo–Abyssinian War
242:Minister of Foreign Affairs
4560:
4359:Naval bombardment of Japan
3727:First Battle of El Alamein
3646:Battle of Christmas Island
3591:Japanese invasion of Burma
3355:Italian invasion of Greece
3271:German invasion of Belgium
3243:German invasion of Denmark
3216:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
3085:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1342:Comparative military ranks
1138:Potter, Pitman B. (1938).
1030:Marcus, Harold G. (1994).
726:. Mondadori. p. 267.
693:. Oxford: Fonthill Media.
405:Second Italo–Ethiopian War
384:
187:ourselves if he resisted.
98:
89:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
4448:
4280:Bratislava–Brno offensive
4211:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
3835:Allied invasion of Sicily
3695:Aleutian Islands campaign
3667:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3605:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3500:Second Battle of Changsha
3405:German invasion of Greece
3250:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
1585:North and Central Pacific
1228:
1142:. W.S. Hein & Company
1057:Mockler, Anthony (2002).
961:GCSE Modern World History
782:The Rape of Ethiopia 1936
722:Domenico Quirico (2002).
598:
474:Africa Orientale Italiana
117:from and parallel to the
3872:Allied invasion of Italy
3849:Solomon Islands campaign
3598:Third Battle of Changsha
3195:First Battle of Changsha
3101:Second Sino-Japanese War
2034:German military brothels
1900:United States war crimes
1147:Diplomacy and Statecraft
915:Mussolini's Roman Empire
421:Walter Alexander Riddell
267:Franco-Italian Agreement
4519:Modern history of Italy
4294:Second Guangxi campaign
4149:Philippines (1944–1945)
3653:Battle of the Coral Sea
3556:Fall of the Philippines
3202:Battle of South Guangxi
3108:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2507:Italian Social Republic
1140:The Wal Wal Arbitration
1090:Nicolle, David (1997).
3879:Armistice of Cassibile
3681:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3632:Battle of the Java Sea
3535:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3435:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3428:Battle of South Shanxi
3398:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3181:Battle of the Atlantic
2795:Korean Liberation Army
2501:(until September 1943)
2458:(until September 1944)
2436:(until September 1944)
985:Rape of Ethiopia, 1936
633:
618:
378:
41:
4043:Second Battle of Guam
3939:Bengal famine of 1943
3909:Second Battle of Kiev
3865:Battle of the Dnieper
3570:Battle of Wake Island
3442:East African campaign
3384:Battle of South Henan
3029:atrocities by Germans
2802:Korean Volunteer Army
1776:Occupation of Germany
1530:Music in World War II
1186:Ethiopia 1935 to 1936
1149:19.2 (2008): 210–235.
1059:Haile Sellassie's war
1034:A History of Ethiopia
1026:11#2 (1989): 252–271.
983:Barker, A.J. (1971).
830:The Abyssinian Crisis
562:Munich Crisis of 1938
497:East African Campaign
369:
350:On 27 September, the
35:
4329:Surrender of Germany
3807:Battle of West Hubei
3764:Guadalcanal campaign
3734:Battle of Stalingrad
3660:Battle of Madagascar
2427:Albania protectorate
2214:(formerly Swaziland)
1923:Wehrmacht war crimes
1739:Expulsion of Germans
1523:Art and World War II
1421:British contribution
1370:Governments in exile
1135:1#4 (1979): 522–541.
814:Quirico. pp. 268–271
634:Incidente di Ual Ual
459:Treaty of Versailles
221:On 6 December 1934,
113:and Ethiopia was 21
54:international crisis
4419:Potsdam Declaration
4308:Italy (Spring 1945)
4071:Liberation of Paris
3528:Siege of Sevastopol
2539:(until August 1944)
2442:Wang Jingwei regime
2264:from September 1943
2224:from September 1944
2162:from September 1944
2022:Romanian war crimes
2013:Persecution of Jews
1999:Croatian war crimes
1969:Japanese war crimes
1783:Occupation of Japan
1732:First Indochina War
1444:Military production
1356:Declarations of war
1173:on 25 November 2010
946:Kallias, Aristotle
724:Lo Squadrons Bianco
470:Italian East Africa
450:, for an alliance.
179:The Daily Telegraph
4412:Surrender of Japan
4245:Battle of Iwo Jima
4094:Belgrade offensive
3507:Siege of Leningrad
3391:Battle of Shanggao
3320:British Somaliland
3285:Dunkirk evacuation
3236:Norwegian campaign
3174:Invasion of Poland
3001:Japanese prisoners
1962:Italian war crimes
1893:British war crimes
1808:Soviet occupations
1592:South-West Pacific
1479:Allied cooperation
1437:Military equipment
1075:Mulder, Nicholas.
1010:Diplomatic History
416:economic sanctions
401:declaration of war
381:War and occupation
352:British Parliament
297:Italian Somaliland
152:stayed at Walwal.
149:British Somaliland
111:Italian Somaliland
77:economic sanctions
42:
4544:League of Nations
4509:Conflicts in 1934
4486:
4485:
4444:
4443:
4287:Battle of Okinawa
4186:Burma (1944–1945)
4020:Mariana and Palau
3800:Tunisian campaign
3625:Fall of Singapore
3549:Fall of Hong Kong
3292:Battle of Britain
3145:Operation Himmler
3054:
3053:
2718:Dutch East Indies
2354:Southern Rhodesia
2106:
2105:
2006:Genocide of Serbs
1909:German war crimes
1886:Soviet war crimes
1879:Allied war crimes
1725:Division of Korea
1704:Chinese Civil War
1502:Strategic bombing
1414:Manhattan Project
1101:978-1-85532-692-7
1068:978-1-56656-473-1
1018:10.1093/dh/dht127
994:978-0-345-02462-6
805:, "Provocations".
619:La crisi abissina
610:ābīsīnīya k’ewisi
607:
324:Mediterranean Sea
271:French Somaliland
249:Foreign Secretary
234:League of Nations
219:
218:
177:To the Editor of
73:League of Nations
18:Abyssinian crisis
16:(Redirected from
4551:
4539:Combat incidents
4504:1934 in Ethiopia
4479:
4472:
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4462:World portal
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4310:
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4296:
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3697:
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3688:Battle of Midway
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3674:Battle of Gazala
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3577:Malayan campaign
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2024:
2015:
2008:
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1992:
1985:
1978:
1976:Nanjing Massacre
1971:
1964:
1955:
1953:Nuremberg trials
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975:Baer, George W.
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444:Hoare-Laval Pact
397:invaded Ethiopia
256:Benito Mussolini
168:
101:Ual-Ual Incident
69:Ethiopian Empire
65:Kingdom of Italy
46:Abyssinia Crisis
38:Ethiopian Empire
21:
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4514:Interwar period
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4064:Eastern Romania
4062:
4057:Warsaw Uprising
4055:
4050:Tannenberg Line
4048:
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4036:Western Ukraine
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3828:Battle of Kursk
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3639:St Nazaire Raid
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3421:Anglo-Iraqi War
3419:
3412:Battle of Crete
3410:
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3341:Eastern Romania
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2902:Western Ukraine
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2846:Northeast China
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2545:Slovak Republic
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2516:Empire of Japan
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2039:
2032:
2028:Sexual violence
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2020:
2011:
2004:
1997:
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1981:
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1746:Greek Civil War
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1430:Military awards
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970:Further reading
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886:History Ireland
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771:Quirico. p. 272
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746:Quirico. p. 271
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356:Konni Zilliacus
166:
125:in the eastern
103:
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95:Walwal incident
50:Walwal incident
28:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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4389:South Sakhalin
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3814:Battle of Attu
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3486:Battle of Kiev
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3141:
3134:
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3112:
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3032:
3025:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2997:
2990:
2989:
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2985:United Kingdom
2981:
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2422:
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2414:
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2387:
2386:
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2382:British Empire
2375:United Kingdom
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2191:Czechoslovakia
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2088:Rape of Manila
2084:
2077:
2070:
2059:
2044:
2037:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2009:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1859:United Nations
1855:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1779:
1772:
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1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1718:Decolonization
1714:
1707:
1699:
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1690:
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1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
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1410:
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1394:
1391:United Kingdom
1387:
1373:
1366:
1359:
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1338:
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1314:
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1229:
1226:
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1220:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1161:"Provocations"
1155:
1154:External links
1152:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1106:
1100:
1087:
1073:
1067:
1054:
1048:
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993:
980:
971:
968:
966:
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952:
939:
919:
903:
869:
842:
816:
807:
795:
793:Mockler, p.46.
786:
773:
764:
748:
739:
732:
714:
699:
677:
676:
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669:
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489:
385:Main article:
382:
379:
226:Haile Selassie
217:
216:
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165:
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99:Main article:
96:
93:
81:United Kingdom
26:
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3:
2:
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4396:Kuril Islands
4393:
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4163:Syrmian Front
4160:
4157:
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4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4130:
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4126:
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4110:
4109:Market Garden
4105:
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4004:
3999:
3996:
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3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
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3969:
3968:Monte Cassino
3965:
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3808:
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3372:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:Baltic states
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:United States
2975:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:Quốc dân Đảng
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
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2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:Liechtenstein
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2566:Collaboration
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:United States
2388:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:Comfort women
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065: /
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054: /
2053:
2050: /
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:Camp brothels
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:The Holocaust
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:forced labour
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:Marshall Plan
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1622:Eastern Front
1619:
1616:
1615:Western Front
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:Puppet states
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:Naval history
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:United States
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:online review
1082:
1079:(2022) ch 8;
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1049:0-520-22479-5
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
981:
978:
974:
973:
969:
962:
956:
953:
949:
943:
940:
936:
930:
928:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
904:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
870:
852:
846:
843:
831:
827:
820:
817:
811:
808:
804:
799:
796:
790:
787:
783:
777:
774:
768:
765:
762:Shinn, p. 392
759:
757:
755:
753:
749:
743:
740:
735:
733:88-04-50691-1
729:
725:
718:
715:
710:
706:
702:
700:9781781556740
696:
692:
685:
683:
679:
673:
672:
666:
665:
661:According to
658:
655:
649:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:
620:
616:
611:
605:
596:
591:
588:
582:
581:
577:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
529:
524:
519:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
506:
502:
501:Allied forces
498:
490:
488:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
433:United States
429:
426:
422:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
395:from Eritrea
394:
388:
380:
377:
374:
368:
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2340:Sierra Leone
2293:Newfoundland
2112:Participants
2095:Marocchinate
1799:
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1638:North Africa
1599:Indian Ocean
1458:Nazi plunder
1349:Cryptography
1222:World War II
1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
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2642:Switzerland
2586:Afghanistan
2530:Philippines
2398:Puerto Rico
2314:Philippines
2300:New Zealand
2286:Netherlands
2239:Free France
1990:Prosecution
1791:Osoaviakhim
1661:West Africa
1645:East Africa
1292:Conferences
963:2001, p 252
896:16 November
476:, or AOI).
466:Addis Ababa
320:East Africa
307:observers.
4493:Categories
4301:West Hunan
4134:Pointblank
3470:Silver Fox
3456:Summer War
3209:Winter War
3188:Phoney War
2969:Azerbaijan
2930:Yugoslavia
2825:Luxembourg
2667:Resistance
2407:Yugoslavia
2272:Luxembourg
2074:Sook Ching
1870:War crimes
1472:Technology
1465:Opposition
1407:Lend-Lease
1384:Australian
1377:Home front
1335:Blitzkrieg
1285:Casualties
1276:Commanders
1248:Operations
959:Ben Walsh
835:14 January
709:1053859776
437:Suez Canal
399:without a
4366:Manchuria
4252:Indochina
4028:Bagration
3479:Lithuania
3124:Anschluss
2921:Viet Minh
2818:Lithuania
2760:Hong Kong
2523:Manchukuo
2478:Azad Hind
2137:Australia
1937:Aftermath
1800:Paperclip
1695:Aftermath
1495:Total war
1363:Diplomacy
1326:In Europe
1177:3 January
1119:cite book
1083:also see
784:. Pg. 17.
674:Citations
604:romanized
599:አቢሲኒያ ቀውስ
583:Footnotes
491:Aftermath
455:Rhineland
412:aggressor
331:The Hague
137:fitaurari
52:, was an
36:A map of
4477:Category
4426:document
4336:document
4193:Ardennes
4177:Budapest
4125:Crossbow
4003:Overlord
3842:Smolensk
3060:Timeline
2895:Slovakia
2881:Thailand
2732:Ethiopia
2697:Bulgaria
2621:Portugal
2552:Thailand
2434:Bulgaria
2212:Eswatini
2205:Ethiopia
2158:Bulgaria
1983:Unit 731
1944:Response
1761:Keelhaul
1711:Cold War
1684:Americas
1675:timeline
1668:Atlantic
1548:Theaters
1012:(2014):
780:Barker.
525:See also
275:Djibouti
119:Banaadir
67:and the
4403:Shumshu
4170:Hungary
4117:Estonia
4101:Lapland
4079:Dragoon
4012:Neptune
3994:Ichi-Go
3960:Tempest
3902:Changde
3857:Cottage
3749:Jubilee
3465:Finland
3363:Compass
3069:Prelude
3022:Finland
2908:Vietnam
2874:Romania
2746:Germany
2725:Estonia
2711:Denmark
2690:Belgium
2683:Austria
2676:Albania
2607:Ireland
2593:Andorra
2577:Neutral
2537:Romania
2471:Hungary
2456:Finland
2328:Romania
2220:Finland
2198:Denmark
2144:Belgium
2130:Algeria
1836:Romania
1822:Hungary
1578:Pacific
1302:General
1256:Leaders
1241:Battles
1234:Outline
1081:excerpt
979:(1976).
892:(2): 36
860:22 July
642:Walwaal
630:Italian
615:Italian
606::
595:Amharic
293:Eritrea
286:askaris
279:Tunisia
223:Emperor
115:leagues
4380:Debate
4352:Taipei
4345:Borneo
3923:Tarawa
3117:Europe
3078:Africa
2867:Poland
2853:Norway
2832:Malaya
2811:Latvia
2753:Greece
2739:France
2635:Sweden
2600:Bhutan
2321:Poland
2307:Norway
2279:Mexico
2246:Greece
2232:France
2170:Canada
2151:Brazil
2121:Allies
2067:Serbia
2056:Poland
1829:Poland
1815:Baltic
1608:Europe
1310:Topics
1262:Allied
1098:
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991:
856:. 1978
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638:Welwel
373:consul
141:Dubats
127:Ogaden
85:France
58:Walwal
4156:Leyte
3986:Narva
3972:Anzio
3930:Makin
3888:Burma
3772:Torch
3741:Rzhev
3702:Kiska
2788:Korea
2774:Japan
2767:Italy
2649:Tibet
2628:Spain
2499:Italy
2260:Italy
2253:India
2177:China
2052:Japan
1652:Italy
1564:China
1516:Women
854:(PDF)
578:Notes
273:(now
258:, in
183:Sir,
123:oasis
4222:1945
3950:1944
3791:1943
3719:Blue
3709:Attu
3616:1942
3375:1941
3227:1940
3165:1939
3094:Asia
2941:POWs
2781:Jews
2492:Iraq
2418:Axis
2368:Tuva
2184:Cuba
1269:Axis
1179:2010
1166:Time
1125:link
1096:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1044:ISBN
989:ISBN
898:2017
862:2010
837:2019
803:Time
728:ISBN
705:OCLC
695:ISBN
664:Time
431:The
295:and
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105:The
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