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1275:, operating at relatively low speeds. The introduction of the steam turbine fundamentally changed the economics of central station operations. Steam turbines could be made in larger ratings than reciprocating engines, and generally had higher efficiency. The speed of steam turbines did not fluctuate cyclically during each revolution. This made parallel operation of AC generators feasible, and improved the stability of rotary converters for production of direct current for traction and industrial uses. Steam turbines ran at higher speed than reciprocating engines, not being limited by the allowable speed of a piston in a cylinder. This made them more compatible with AC generators with only two or four poles; no gearbox or belted speed increaser was needed between the engine and the generator. It was costly and ultimately impossible to provide a belt-drive between a low-speed engine and a high-speed generator in the very large ratings required for central station service.
1302:
483:
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1248:, who had become interested in the power transformer developed by Gaulard and Gibbs, began to develop his AC lighting system, using a transmission system with a 20:1 step up voltage with step-down. In 1890 Westinghouse and Stanley built a system to transmit power several miles to a mine in Colorado. A decision was taken to use AC for power transmission from the Niagara Power Project to Buffalo, New York. Proposals submitted by vendors in 1890 included DC and compressed air systems. A combination DC and compressed air system remained under consideration until late in the schedule. Despite the protestations of the Niagara commissioner
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development of electric grids: in India, Rao showed that linguistics-based regional politics—not techno-geographical considerations—led to the creation of two separate grids; in colonial
Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), Chikowero showed that electrification was racially based and served the white settler community while excluding Africans; and in Mandate Palestine, Shamir claimed that British electric concessions to a Zionist-owned company deepened the economic disparities between Arabs and Jews.
5123:
891:, Surrey, UK, in autumn 1881. The system was proposed after the town failed to reach an agreement on the rate charged by the gas company, so the town council decided to use electricity. The system lit up arc lamps on the main streets and incandescent lamps on a few side streets with hydroelectric power. By 1882 between 8 and 10 households were connected, with a total of 57 lights. The system was not a commercial success, and the town reverted to gas.
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1241:. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000 V) AC current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. On its completion in 1891 it was the first truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" with transformers for consumer use on each street. This basic system remains in use today around the world.
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the circuit inside the motor to create a rotating magnetic field. Multi-speed AC motors that have separately wired poles have long been available, the most common being two speed. Speed of these motors is changed by switching sets of poles on or off, which was done with a special motor starter for larger motors, or a simple multiple speed switch for fractional horsepower motors.
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1252:(Lord Kelvin) the decision was taken to build an AC system, which had been proposed by both Westinghouse and General Electric. In October 1893 Westinghouse was awarded the contract to provide the first three 5,000 hp, 250 rpm, 25 Hz, two phase generators. The hydro power plant went online in 1895, and it was the largest one until that date.
527:, matching the times when variable energy production is highest. With storage, energy produced in excess can be released when needed. Building additional capacity for wind and solar generation can help to ensure that enough electricity is produced even during poor weather; during optimal weather energy generation may have to be
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that
Parliament began to take this idea seriously, appointing him head of a Parliamentary Committee to address the problem. In 1916 Merz pointed out that the UK could use its small size to its advantage, by creating a dense distribution grid to feed its industries efficiently. His findings led to the
466:. As a result, in the long term it is a relatively resilient means of energy transmission. In the short term, because electricity must be supplied at the same moment it is consumed, it is somewhat unstable, compared to fuels that can be delivered and stored on-site. However, that can be mitigated by
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and reversible, air-source heat pumps are nearly identical, which in part explains why heat pump sales have surpassed gas furnace sales in the U.S. for the first time during a period of high inflation. With higher rates of inflation or lower PV capital costs, PV becomes a hedge against rising prices
256:
Most studies of electrification and electric grids focused on industrial core countries in Europe and the United States. Elsewhere, wired electricity was often carried on and through the circuits of colonial rule. Some historians and sociologists considered the interplay of colonial politics and the
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Central station electric power generating provided power more efficiently and at lower cost than small generators. The capital and operating cost per unit of power were also cheaper with central stations. The cost of electricity fell dramatically in the first decades of the twentieth century due to
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By the 1890s, single and poly-phase AC was undergoing rapid introduction. In the U.S. by 1902, 61% of generating capacity was AC, increasing to 95% in 1917. Despite the superiority of alternating current for most applications, a few existing DC systems continued to operate for several decades after
959:
The ratio of the average load to the peak load of a central station is called the load factor. For electric companies to increase profitability and lower rates, it was necessary to increase the load factor. The way this was eventually accomplished was through motor load. Motors are used more during
955:
One of the biggest problems facing the early power companies was the hourly variable demand. When lighting was practically the only use of electricity, demand was high during the first hours before the workday and the evening hours when demand peaked. As a consequence, most early electric companies
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were constructed for non-intermittent energy sources such as coal-fired power plants. As larger amounts of solar and wind energy are integrated into the grid, changes have to be made to the energy system to ensure that the supply of electricity is matched to demand. In 2019, these sources generated
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heating in rural areas and natural gas heating in cities. A 2023 study investigated: (1) a residential natural gas-based heating system and grid electricity, (2) a residential natural gas-based heating system with PV to serve the electric load, (3) a residential HP system with grid electricity, and
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and the
Japanese invasion in the early 20th century delayed electrification for decades. It was only after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 that the country was positioned to pursue widespread electrification. During the Mao years, while electricity became commonplace in
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introduced the first three-phase induction motor in 1890, a much more capable design that became the prototype used in Europe and the U.S. By 1895 GE and
Westinghouse both had AC motors on the market. With single phase current either a capacitor or coil (creating inductance) can be used on part of
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or combined heat and power (CHP). Most self-generated power became uneconomical as power prices fell. As late as the early 20th century, isolated power systems greatly outnumbered central stations. Cogeneration is still commonly practiced in many industries that use large amounts of both steam and
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developed a telegraph. In 1840 Wheatstone was using a magneto that he developed to power the telegraph. Wheatstone and Cooke made an important improvement in electrical generation by using a battery-powered electromagnet in place of a permanent magnet, which they patented in 1845. The self-excited
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Some cities in the United States have started prohibiting gas hookups for new houses, with state laws passed and under consideration to either require electrification or prohibit local requirements. The UK government is experimenting with electrification for home heating to meet its climate goals.
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alone will not be sufficient for the electrification of industrial heat. This because in several processes higher temperatures are required which cannot be achieved with these types of equipment. For example, for the production of ethylene via steam cracking temperatures as high as 900 °C are
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To be efficient steam engines needed to be several hundred horsepower. Steam engines and boilers also required operators and maintenance. For these reasons the smallest commercial steam engines were about 2 horsepower. This was above the need for many small shops. Also, a small steam engine and
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improved on the DC motor in 1884 by solving the problem of maintaining a constant speed with varying load and reducing sparking from the brushes. Sprague sold his motor through Edison Co. It is easy to vary speed with DC motors, which made them suited for a number of applications such as electric
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Before widespread power distribution from central stations, many factories, large hotels, apartment and office buildings had their own power generation. Often this was economically attractive because the exhaust steam could be used for building and industrial process heat, which today is known as
168:
Electric lighting is highly desirable. The light is much brighter than oil or gas lamps, and there is no soot. Although early electricity was very expensive compared to today, it was far cheaper and more convenient than oil or gas lighting. Electric lighting was so much safer than oil or gas that
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may be an option for larger vehicles which have not yet been widely electrified, such as long distance lorries. While electric vehicle technology is relatively mature in road transport, electric shipping and aviation are still early in their development, hence sustainable liquid fuels may have a
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One of the inventions most important to a class of highly skilled workers (engineers) would be a small motive power - ranging perhaps from the force of from half a man to that of two horses, which might commence as well as cease its action at a moment's notice, require no expense of time for its
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Steam turbines also had capital cost and operating advantages over reciprocating engines. The condensate from steam engines was contaminated with oil and could not be reused, while condensate from a turbine is clean and typically reused. Steam turbines were a fraction of the size and weight of
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Carbon arc lamps were started by making contact between two carbon electrodes, which were then separated to within a narrow gap. Because the carbon burned away, the gap had to be constantly readjusted. Several mechanisms were developed to regulate the arc. A common approach was to feed a carbon
367:, which demonstrates the additional value PV and HP technologies offer prosumers over comparably secure investment vehicles while making substantive reductions in carbon emissions." This approach can be improved by integrating a thermal battery into the heat pump+solar energy heating system.
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Deng
Xiaoping, who became China's paramount leader in 1978, initiated a rural electrification drive as part of a broader modernization effort. By the late 1990s, electricity had become ubiquitious in regional areas. The very last remote villages in China were connected to the grid in 2015.
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in New York, which began operating in
September 1882. The station had six 200 horsepower Edison dynamos, each powered by a separate steam engine. It was located in a business and commercial district and supplied 110 volt direct current to 85 customers with 400 lamps. By 1884 Pearl Street was
514:
There are various ways to make the electricity system more flexible. In many places, wind and solar production are complementary on a daily and a season scale: There is more wind during the night and in winter, when solar energy production is low. Linking distant geographical regions through
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in 1879 in the US. Edison’s lamp was more successful than Swan’s because Edison used a thinner filament, giving it higher resistance and thus conducting much less current. Edison began commercial production of carbon filament bulbs in 1880. Swan's light began commercial production in 1881.
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in 1885. The idea was that two out-of-phase, but synchronized, currents might be used to produce two magnetic fields that could be combined to produce a rotating field without any need for switching or for moving parts. Other inventors were the
American engineers Charles S. Bradley and
248:
In the U.S. from 1870 to 1880 each man-hour was provided with .55 hp. In 1950 each man-hour was provided with 5 hp, or a 2.8% annual increase, declining to 1.5% from 1930 to 1950. The period of electrification of factories and households from 1900 to 1940, was one of high
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The improvements in electrical generation technology in the 19th century increased its efficiency and reliability greatly. The first magnetos only converted a few percent of mechanical energy to electricity. By the end of the 19th century the highest efficiencies were over 90%.
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With the realization of long distance power transmission it was possible to interconnect different central stations to balance loads and improve load factors. Interconnection became increasingly desirable as electrification grew rapidly in the early years of the 20th century.
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and the improved load factor after the introduction of AC motors. As electricity prices fell, usage increased dramatically and central stations were scaled up to enormous sizes, creating significant economies of scale. For the historical cost see Ayres-Warr (2002) Fig. 7.
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comparably rated reciprocating steam engine. Steam turbines can operate for years with almost no wear. Reciprocating steam engines required high maintenance. Steam turbines can be manufactured with capacities far larger than any steam engines ever made, giving important
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is that the higher the temperature of the steam entering an engine, the higher the efficiency. The introduction of steam turbines motivated a series of improvements in temperatures and pressures. The resulting increased conversion efficiency lowered electricity prices.
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Jerez, Sonia; Tobin, Isabelle; Turco, Marco; MarĂa LĂłpez-Romero, Jose; Montávez, Juan Pedro; JimĂ©nez-Guerrero, Pedro; Vautard, Robert (2018). "Resilience of the combined wind-plus-solar power production in Europe to climate change: a focus on the supply intermittence".
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Many power requirements were less than that of a horse. Shop machines, such as woodworking lathes, were often powered with a one- or two-man crank. Household sewing machines were powered with a foot treadle; however, factory sewing machines were steam-powered from a
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went into this business in 1882 when he set up a shop in London designing various electrical devices. Ferranti believed in the success of alternating current power distribution early on, and was one of the few experts in this system in the UK. With the help of
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in 1901, and by 1912 had developed into the largest integrated power system in Europe. In 1905 he tried to influence
Parliament to unify the variety of voltages and frequencies in the country's electricity supply industry, but it was not until
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The electrification of households in Europe and North
America began in the early 20th century in major cities and in areas served by electric railways and increased rapidly until about 1930 when 70% of households were electrified in the U.S.
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Electricity is a "sticky" form of energy, in that it tends to stay in the continent or island where it is produced. It is also multi-sourced; if one source suffers a shortage, electricity can be produced from other sources, including
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Within weeks, a parliamentary committee recommended passage of the landmark 1882 Electric
Lighting Act, which allowed the licensing of persons, companies or local authorities to supply electricity for any public or private purposes.
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in London and was a great novelty at the time. These arc lamps and designs similar to it, powered by large magnetos, were first installed on English lighthouses in the mid 1850s, but the technology suffered power limitations.
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and encourages the adoption of heat pumps by also locking in both electricity and heating cost growth. The study concludes: "The real internal rate of return for such prosumer technologies is 20x greater than a long-term
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The efficiency of steam prime movers in converting the heat energy of fuel into mechanical work was a critical factor in the economic operation of steam central generating stations. Early projects used reciprocating
425:
not only reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, it also flattens the electric demand curve by eliminating the extreme summer peak electric supply requirements. However, heat pumps and
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1097:. The three poles are each connected to a separate wire. Each wire carries current 120 degrees apart in phase. Arrows show the resulting magnetic force vectors. Three phase current is used in commerce and industry.
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Electric motors were several times more efficient than small steam engines because central station generation was more efficient than small steam engines and because line shafts and belts had high friction losses.
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132:) are used. It may also apply to changing industrial processes such as smelting, melting, separating or refining from coal or coke heating, or to chemical processes to some type of electric process such as
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improved the generator to allow better air cooling and made other mechanical improvements. Compound winding, which gave more stable voltage with load, improved the operating characteristics of generators.
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Vast gains in electrification were seen in the 1970s and 1980s—from 49% of the world's population in 1970 to 76% in 1990. By the early 2010s, 81–83% of the world's population had access to electricity.
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While electrification of cities and homes has existed since the late 19th century, about 840 million people (mostly in Africa) had no access to grid electricity in 2017, down from 1.2 billion in 2010.
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soon became the most favored option. The main advantages of AC were that it could be transformed to high voltage to reduce transmission losses and that AC motors could easily run at constant speeds.
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daytime and many run continuously. Electric street railways were ideal for load balancing. Many electric railways generated their own power and also sold power and operated distribution systems.
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electrode by gravity and maintain the gap with a pair of electromagnets, one of which retracted the upper carbon after the arc was started and the second controlled a brake on the gravity feed.
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Electric motors were more efficient than human or animal power. The conversion efficiency for animal feed to work is between 4 and 5% compared to over 30% for electricity generated using coal.
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Ceramic and Induction heating for cooktops as well as industrial applications (for instance steam crackers) are examples of technologies that can be used to transition away from natural gas.
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345:. Switching to these energy sources requires that end uses, such as transport and heating, be electrified for the world's energy systems to be sustainable. In the U.S. and Canada the use of
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and William Staite. The lamp used a magneto-electric generator and had a self-regulating mechanism to control the gap between the two carbon rods. Their light was used to light up the
557:
Energy storage helps overcome barriers for intermittent renewable energy, and is therefore an important aspect of a sustainable energy system. The most commonly used storage method is
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and recycling. Batteries typically store electricity for short periods; research is ongoing into technology with sufficient capacity to last through seasons. Pumped hydro storage and
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It is easier to sustainably produce electricity than it is to sustainably produce liquid fuels. Therefore, adoption of electric vehicles is a way to make transport more sustainable.
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Chikowero, Moses (2007) “Subalternating Currents: Electrification and Power Politics in Bulawayo, Colonial Zimbabwe, 1894–1939.” Journal of Southern African Studies 33(2), 287–306
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The power density of boilers was increased by using forced combustion air and by using compressed air to feed pulverized coal. Also, coal handling was mechanized and automated.
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design and urban planning will be needed to ensure cooling needs are met in a sustainable way. Similarly, many households in the developing and developed world suffer from
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652:. When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact
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in 1880 published a paper that identified the rotating magnetic field principle and that of a two-phase AC system of currents to produce it. In 1886, English engineer
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in 1884, where it was adopted for an electric lighting system. Many of their designs were adapted to the particular laws governing electrical distribution in the UK.
4713:(Maximum turbine size grew to about 200 MW in the 1920s and again to about 1000 MW in 1960. Significant increases in efficiency accompanied each increase in scale.)
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In the United States it became a national objective after the power crisis during the summer of 1918 in the midst of World War I to consolidate supply. In 1934 the
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in London in 1882. Equipped with 1000 incandescent lightbulbs that replaced the older gas lighting, the station lit up Holborn Circus including the offices of the
577:, a politically unstable region. More diverse geographical sourcing may ensure the stability of the supply-chain and their environmental impacts can be reduced by
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941:. By 1890 there were 1000 central stations in operation. The 1902 census listed 3,620 central stations. By 1925 half of power was provided by central stations.
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boiler cost about $ 7,000 while an old blind horse that could develop 1/2 horsepower cost $ 20 or less. Machinery to use horses for power cost $ 300 or less.
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Rao, Y. Srinivasa (2010) “Electricity, Politics and Regional Economic Imbalance in Madras Presidency, 1900–1947.” Economic and Political Weekly 45(23), 59–66
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It was in the 1880s that the technology was commercially developed for large scale electricity generation and transmission. In 1882 the British inventor and
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R. E. B. Crompton developed a more sophisticated design in 1878 which gave a much brighter and steadier light than the Yablochkov candle. In 1878, he formed
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suggested a means of converting current from Pixii's magneto to DC using a rocking switch. Later segmented commutators were used to produce direct current.
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the load factor increased from 19.3% in 1884 to 29.4% in 1908. By 1929, the load factor around the world was greater than 50%, mainly due to motor load.
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Hunt, Julian D.; Byers, Edward; Wada, Yoshihide; Parkinson, Simon; Gernaat, David E. H. J.; Langan, Simon; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Riahi, Keywan (2020).
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of importance along with gas, water, and telephone companies and thereby were given outlined restrictions and regulatory oversight of their operations.
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had numerous inventors; however, the most successful early bulbs were those that used a carbon filament sealed in a high vacuum. These were invented by
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1960:
Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council (1986).
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By the mid-1880s, other electric companies were establishing central power stations and distributing electricity, including Crompton & Co. and the
498:. The stored potential energy is later converted to electricity that is added to the power grid, even when the original energy source is not available.
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of 1918, which in turn created the Electricity Supply Bill of 1919. The bill was the first step towards an integrated electricity system in the UK.
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required. Hence, drastically new processes are required. Nevertheless, power-to-heat is expected to be the first step in the electrification of the
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motor aided by a commutator on June 28, 1879, to the Physical Society of London. Nearly identical to Baily’s apparatus, French electrical engineer
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Electrification and economic growth are highly correlated. In economics, the efficiency of electrical generation has been shown to correlate with
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cities, rural areas were largely neglected. At the time of Mao's death in 1976, 25% of Chinese households still lacked access to electricity.
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that generated 7.5 kW (10 hp) of electricity. The invention of Parsons's steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible.
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812:. Its advantage lay in the fact that it did not require the use of a mechanical regulator like its predecessors. It was first exhibited at the
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1233:. He designed the building, the generating plant and the distribution system. It was built at the Stowage, a site to the west of the mouth of
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The society's lecture theatre was the first public room to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Sir Joseph Swan on October 20, 1880.
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that electrification became widespread in rural regions, with the Soviet rural electrification drive largely completed by the early 1970s.
2427:"Electrification of residential heating, cooling and hot water: Load smoothing using onsite photovoltaics, heat pump and thermal batteries"
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482:
1212:. They were able to overcome the problem of starting up the AC motor by using a rotating magnetic field produced by a poly-phase current.
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and began to manufacture, sell and install the Crompton lamp. His concern was one of the first electrical engineering firms in the world.
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were widely introduced in English central stations by 1894; the first electric supply company in the world to generate electricity using
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906:. The supply was a direct current at 110 V; due to power loss in the copper wires, this amounted to 100 V for the customer.
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with carbon electrodes. However, it was not used to any great extent until a practical means of generating electricity was developed.
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The first person to conceive of a rotating magnetic field was Walter Baily who gave a workable demonstration of his battery-operated
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2346:"Can grid-tied solar photovoltaics lead to residential heating electrification? A techno-economic case study in the midwestern U.S."
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In the Soviet Union, as in the United States, rural electrification progressed more slowly than in urban areas. It wasn't until the
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Mazer, A. (2007). Electric Power Planning for Regulated and Deregulated Markets. John, Wiley, and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. 313pgs.
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Peng, W & Pan, J, 2006, Rural Electrification in China: History and Institution, China and World Economy, Vol 14, No. 1, p 77
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magnetic field dynamo did away with the battery to power electromagnets. This type of dynamo was made by several people in 1866.
31:
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improved the magneto by using a wire wound horseshoe, with the extra coils of conductor generating more current, but it was AC.
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2302:"Economics of Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic Systems Coupled to Heat Pumps: The Case of Northern Climates of the U.S. and Canada"
785:(candelas) – and released a lot of heat, and they were a fire hazard, all of which made them inappropriate for lighting homes.
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in 1832. The crucial advance that this represented over the motor demonstrated by Michael Faraday was the incorporation of a
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2474:"Thermal storage integrated into air-source heat pumps to leverage building electrification: A systematic literature review"
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The electrification of particular sectors of the economy, particularly out of context, is called by modified terms such as
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The first U.S. turbines were two De Leval units at Edison Co. in New York in 1895. The first U.S. Parsons turbine was at
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531:. The final mismatch may be covered by using dispatchable energy sources such as hydropower, bioenergy, or natural gas.
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as, for example, a wire moving through a magnetic field. Faraday built the first electromagnetic generator, called the
51:
and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source. In the context of
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ca. 1814 giving the cost of two old blind horses used to power a mill at $ 20 and $ 14. A good dray horse cost $ 165.
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64:
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1298:, set up in 1894. Within Parsons's lifetime, the generating capacity of a unit was scaled up by about 10,000 times.
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leased space to small shops. These building supplied power to the tenants from a steam engine through line shafts.
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2245:"Decarbonizing rural residential buildings in cold climates: A techno-economic analysis of heating electrification"
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power, such as pulp and paper, chemicals and refining. The continued use of private electric generators is called
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Steam turbines could be built to operate on higher pressure and temperature steam. A fundamental principle of
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street railways, machine tools and certain other industrial applications where speed control was desirable.
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3420:"To batteries and beyond: With seasonal storage potential, hydrogen offers 'a different ballgame entirely'"
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Agutu, Churchill; Egli, Florian; Williams, Nathaniel J.; Schmidt, Tobias S.; Steffen, Bjarne (2022-06-09).
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2861:"BASF, SABIC and Linde join forces to realize the world's first electrically heated steam cracker furnace"
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The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist
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A large fraction of the world population cannot afford sufficient cooling for their homes. In addition to
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60:
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2219:"Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $ 1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report"
1229:. In 1887 the London Electric Supply Corporation hired Ferranti for the design of their power station at
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5720:
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4921:
2811:"Dozens Of US Cities Are Banning Natural Gas Hookups In New Buildings — #CancelGas #ElectrifyEverything"
2677:"A global perspective on domestic energy deprivation: Overcoming the energy poverty–fuel poverty binary"
2041:
Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press
1573:
1515:
1226:
1124:
1003:
950:
863:, Gateshead, was the world's first to have working light bulbs installed. The Lit & Phil Library in
358:(4) a residential HP+PV system. It found that under typical inflation conditions, the lifecycle cost of
102:
52:
1760:
Unskilled labor made approximately $ 1.25 per 10- to 12-hour day. Hunter and Bryant cite a letter from
1394:
The more significant Electricity (Supply) Act of 1926, led to the setting up of the National Grid. The
3312:"A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage"
3134:
3038:"A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage"
2473:
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213:. Dogs were sometimes used on machines such as a treadmill, which could be adapted to churn butter.
133:
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requires large capacity; it has been implemented in some high-latitude regions for household heat.
566:
467:
2940:"Comparison of solar and wind power generation impact on net load across a utility balancing area"
2585:
2527:
Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Farfan, Javier; Sadovskaia, Kristina; Aghahosseini, Arman; et al. (2019).
506:
sources that supply electricity intermittently depending on the weather and the time of day. Most
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5629:
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635:
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137:
113:
68:
4731:
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power
1747:
1370:
30:
This article is about the process of changing something to use electricity. For other uses, see
2243:
Padovani, Filippo; Sommerfeldt, Nelson; Longobardi, Francesca; Pearce, Joshua M. (2021-11-01).
1006:. This allowed Sturgeon's motor to be the first capable of providing continuous rotary motion.
519:
allows for further cancelling out of variability. Energy demand can be shifted in time through
6370:
6353:
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6119:
6003:
5809:
5562:
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4133:
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3924:
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3477:
3400:
3382:
3353:"Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage"
3333:
3254:
3154:
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2965:
2955:
2706:
2657:
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2501:
2446:
2374:
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2164:
2083:"Closing Sub-Saharan Africa's Electricity Access Gap: Why Cities Must Be Part of the Solution"
2004:
1967:
1670:
1610:
1086:
832:
801:
754:
Yablochkov's demonstration of his brilliant arc lights at the 1878 Paris Exposition along the
723:
664:
discovered the operating principle of electromagnetic generators. The principle, later called
448:
432:
427:
270:
80:
2472:
Ermel, Conrado; Bianchi, Marcus V. A.; Cardoso, Ana Paula; Schneider, Paulo S. (2022-10-01).
156:
Electrification was called "the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th Century" by the
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1900:
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84:
38:
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4668:
4315:"A marriage took place last week that wedded two technologies possibly 120 years too late"
4314:
1504:
1349:
1291:
1200:
1055:
977:
895:
767:
745:
722:, was made by Z.T. Gramme, who sold many of these machines in the 1870s. British engineer
696:
661:
562:
507:
495:
236:
184:
91:
4912:
2835:
2628:"Improving the SDG energy poverty targets: Residential cooling needs in the Global South"
2497:
1071:
Alternating current technology was rooted in Faraday's 1830–31 discovery that a changing
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1940:
1896:
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5481:
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5302:
5284:
5055:
5035:
5000:
4900:
4129:
3395:
3352:
2561:
2529:"Radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps"
2528:
1740:
1533:
1333:
1234:
1178:
1174:
1143:
1072:
1061:
1029:
989:
956:
did not provide daytime service, with two-thirds providing no daytime service in 1897.
809:
719:
640:
619:
540:
76:
4887:
2051:
1904:
656:, through the external circuit, and back into the center of the disk through the axle.
265:
6451:
6359:
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1848:
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868:
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673:
418:
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and cannot heat their houses enough. Existing heating practices are often polluting.
399:
350:
342:
141:
17:
2977:
6332:
5730:
5489:
5403:
5322:
4038:
2369:
2345:
1606:
A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements That Transformed Our Lives
1366:
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1021:
972:
771:
763:
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582:
453:
403:
250:
145:
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269:
World map showing the percentage of the population in each country with access to
4803:
4754:
3473:
561:, which requires locations with large differences in height and access to water.
5915:
5910:
5875:
5738:
5338:
4693:
Transforming the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations and Their Consequences
2626:
Mastrucci, Alessio; Byers, Edward; Pachauri, Shonali; Rao, Narasimha D. (2019).
1562:
1511:
1500:, established in 1935 brought electrification to the underserviced rural areas.
1383:
1185:
1170:
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1139:
1047:
848:
782:
609:
578:
359:
169:
some companies were able to pay for the electricity with the insurance savings.
48:
3821:
3377:
3328:
3311:
3249:
3224:
3054:
3037:
2701:
2676:
2552:
2425:
Li, Yuanyuan; Rosengarten, Gary; Stanley, Cameron; Mojiri, Ahmad (2022-12-10).
1961:
1666:
329:
Electrified transport and renewable energy are key parts of investment for the
6074:
6059:
5885:
5865:
4636:"Three lessons from China's effort to bring electricity to 1.4 billion people"
4516:
The Greatest Century That Ever Was: 25 Miraculous Trends of the last 100 Years
3150:
2951:
2442:
2160:
1840:
1544:
1318:
1188:) system for the distribution of electrical power, for which he was granted a
1113:
built an AC motor by expanding upon the induction-repulsion principle and his
1025:
1017:
524:
210:
178:
72:
3481:
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3337:
3258:
3158:
3063:
2710:
2661:
2505:
2450:
2378:
2327:
2278:
2168:
1674:
788:
In the 1850s, many of these problems were solved by the arc lamp invented by
486:
Energy from sunlight, wind or other renewable energy sources is converted to
192:
management and be of modest cost both in original cost and in daily expense.
6343:
6289:
5743:
5408:
5131:
4135:
Evolving Technology and Market Structure: Studies in Schumpeterian Economics
1698:"Procurement launched for largest rail electrification project in the world"
1604:
1548:
1181:
1114:
888:
781:
Arc lamps of the time had very intense light output – in the range of 4,000
585:
with capacity for multi-month usage has been implemented in some locations.
417:). The IEA estimates that heat pumps currently provide only 5% of space and
410:
346:
129:
4930:
3404:
2570:
2231:
Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards.
196:
4392:
887:
The first central station providing public power is believed to be one at
6136:
4515:
2725:
1643:"Accounting for finance in electrification models for sub-Saharan Africa"
1230:
1094:
993:
860:
817:
692:. Faraday's first electromagnetic generator produced a small DC voltage.
4239:"The History of Electrification: List of important early power stations"
3135:"A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments"
1225:
The first AC power station was built by the English electrical engineer
871:
was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity.
644:
Faraday disk, the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet
6109:
5232:
3920:
Wizard: the life and times of Nikola Tesla : biography of a genius
2318:
2301:
1128:
938:
934:
354:
3882:
Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Volume 1
2969:
2939:
2787:"Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries"
894:
The first large scale central distribution supply plant was opened at
5773:
2401:"Chart: Americans bought more heat pumps than gas furnaces last year"
1283:
1189:
689:
685:
570:
337:
Clean energy is mostly generated in the form of electricity, such as
2142:"From ac¸aı´ to access: distributed electrification in rural Brazil"
913:
The first large scale central power station in America was Edison's
672:
generated in an electrical conductor that is subjected to a varying
963:
The load factor adjusted upward by the turn of the 20th century—at
4832:
3765:
3763:
3761:
1496:
Rural areas were electrified first in Europe, and in the U.S. the
1407:
1353:
1300:
1278:
The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by British engineer
1155:
1150:
was demonstrated in London in 1881, and attracted the interest of
1085:
878:
749:
639:
544:
481:
452:
324:
264:
195:
5424:
1955:
1953:
1822:"From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspective on Electrification"
1403:
770:
in 1802 upon discovering that electricity could produce a light
5428:
4934:
4759:(paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
4394:
Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research
2586:"Hydrogen takes a back seat to electric for passenger vehicles"
2190:"Population growth erodes sustainable energy gains - UN report"
1402:
and established the first synchronised AC grid, running at 132
1135:
to pioneer AC power technology including an early transformer.
511:
8.5% of worldwide electricity, a share that has grown rapidly.
3197:
1432:
398:, which requires electrification and additional power demand,
4907:
20190809 The Truth of Lightning 01 (Japanese)2-An`s Safe Zone
3980:. Cambridge University Press. 13 February 2003. p. 258.
3003:"Introduction to System Integration of Renewables – Analysis"
4913:
20190809 The Truth of Lightning 02 (English)2-An`s Safe Zone
4901:
20190809 The Truth of Lightning 01 (English)2-An`s Safe Zone
4525:(Report). The Cato Institute. p. 20 Fig. 16. No. 364.
3585:
A Measure for Greatness: A Short Biography of Edward Weston
3117:
2613:
1966:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 16, 40.
867:, was the first public room lit by electric light, and the
4756:
Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine
421:
requirements globally, but could provide over 90%. Use of
409:
A key sustainable solution to heating is electrification (
4825:
Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology
3282:"Cobalt can be sourced responsibly, and it's time to act"
2944:
2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)
2890:"Our Electric Future — The American, A Magazine of Ideas"
4827:. Cambridge, MA, USA and London, England: The MIT Press.
3957:
Polyphase electric currents and alternate-current motors
596:. High upfront costs form a barrier for implementation.
37:"Electrify" redirects here. For the song by Jakwob, see
6314:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
3078:"Wind & Solar Share in Electricity Production Data"
1881:"Exergy, Power and Work in the U. S. Economy 1900-1998"
1457:
3806:
Gee, William (2004). "Sturgeon, William (1783–1850)".
3225:"Sustainability perspectives on lithium-ion batteries"
2757:"5 Things You Should Know about Geothermal Heat Pumps"
1169:, Ferranti pioneered the first AC power generator and
4697:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p.
4612:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave"
4587:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave"
4553:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave"
3193:"The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete"
2344:
Sommerfeldt, Nelson; Pearce, Joshua M. (2023-04-15).
435:
with an expected large-scale implementation by 2025.
3647:"Alexander Armstrong in appeal to save Lit and Phil"
2001:
Productivity in the United States: Trends and Cycles
160:, and it continues in both rich and poor countries.
6303:
6240:
6012:
5939:
5848:
5800:
5772:
5729:
5683:
5650:
5523:
5480:
5294:
5197:
5130:
4968:
4514:Moore, Stephen; Simon, Julian (December 15, 1999).
3448:Alva, Guruprasad; Lin, Yaxue; Fang, Guiyin (2018).
1410:. This started operating as a national system, the
4728:
2761:Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
2003:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 97.
1874:
1872:
1739:
2149:International Journal of Energy Sector Management
758:triggered a steep sell off of gas utility stocks.
618:The earliest commercial uses of electricity were
614:Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
59:, electrification refers to the build-out of the
1296:Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company
27:Process of changing something to use electricity
3450:"An overview of thermal energy storage systems"
2300:Pearce, Joshua M.; Sommerfeldt, Nelson (2021).
688:disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe
630:Development of magnetos, dynamos and generators
6338:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
3612:. R. R. Donnelley & sons company. p.
1927:
1925:
1358:Construction workers raising power lines, 1920
1131:collaborated with the distinguished physicist
5440:
4946:
4138:. University of Michigan Press. p. 138.
3280:Baumann-Pauly, Dorothée (16 September 2020).
1879:Ayres, R. U.; Ayres, L. W.; Warr, B. (2003).
1446:The examples and perspective in this section
1294:was Parsons's own electricity supply company
71:, electrification refers to the build-out of
8:
4805:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology
4362:
4278:
4266:
4193:
4169:
4116:
3816:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3793:
3781:
3769:
3752:
3740:
2675:Bouzarovski, Stefan; Petrova, Saska (2015).
1802:
1777:
820:was installed along the half mile length of
216:In the late 19th century specially designed
4871:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3229:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
1603:Constable, George; Somerville, Bob (2003).
1060:Although the first power stations supplied
918:supplying 508 customers with 10,164 lamps.
875:Central power stations and isolated systems
824:, Place du Theatre Francais and around the
87:and the switch of end-uses to electricity.
6409:
5447:
5433:
5425:
4953:
4939:
4931:
4727:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991).
3697:Burgess, Michael. "Richard D'Oyly Carte",
2892:. American.com. 2009-06-15. Archived from
1815:
1813:
1811:
1464:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
648:created a magnetic field through the disk
592:is typically not as convenient as burning
6349:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
4208:"June 3, 1889: Power Flows Long-distance"
3394:
3376:
3327:
3248:
3053:
2700:
2651:
2560:
2368:
2317:
2268:
2052:"Access to electricity (% of population)"
1480:Learn how and when to remove this message
569:, are also deployed widely. They contain
6377:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
5046:Environmentally healthy community design
3679:History in pictures - The Lit & Phil
3316:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
3042:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1934:"Two Paradigms of Production and Growth"
1256:AC became the standard for new systems.
816:and was heavily promoted by Gramme. The
4861:from the original on 23 September 2020.
4735:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
4427:"Kelvin to Weir, and on to GB SYS 2005"
4063:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3813:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3808:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3609:Electricity at the Columbian Exposition
2155:(1). Emerald Group Publishing: 90–117.
1989:<Available as free .pdf download>
1595:
1282:, whose first model was connected to a
1154:. They also exhibited the invention in
5947:Corporate environmental responsibility
4864:
4664:
4653:
4181:
3710:
3632:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3133:Koohi-Fayegh, S.; Rosen, M.A. (2020).
3128:
3126:
3031:
3029:
3027:
2062:from the original on 16 September 2017
1609:. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.
883:Electricity grid simple- North America
386:larger role to play in these sectors.
315:Electrification for sustainable energy
4838:Renewables 2020: Global Status Report
4532:from the original on October 12, 2012
3105:
2339:
2337:
7:
6320:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
4797:from the original on 22 August 2021.
4014:"Nikola Tesla The Electrical Genius"
3899:from the original on 25 January 2021
3724:"History of public supply in the UK"
3310:Herib, Blanco; André, Faaij (2018).
3036:Blanco, Herib; Faaij, André (2018).
2681:Energy Research & Social Science
2498:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118975
2229:from the original on June 28, 2024.
1016:Manufacturing was transitioned from
804:) was developed by Russian engineer
4079:Hughes, Thomas Parke (March 1993).
3994:from the original on 14 August 2021
3923:. Citadel Press. 1998. p. 24.
3867:
3507:"Early Applications of Electricity"
1725:
800:The first successful arc lamp (the
718:The first practical generator, the
5962:Environmental full-cost accounting
5183:waste-water treatment technologies
3645:Glover, Andrew (8 February 2011).
2767:from the original on 15 April 2021
2225:. Bloomberg NEF. 30 January 2024.
1419:Public Utility Holding Company Act
1373:consulting partnership, built the
231:Economic impact of electrification
25:
5896:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
5168:agricultural wastewater treatment
4439:from the original on 4 March 2009
2736:from the original on 3 March 2021
1570:- Plugs, voltages and frequencies
1421:recognized electric utilities as
496:higher-elevation water reservoirs
349:(HP) is economic if powered with
261:Current extent of electrification
6408:
6397:
6396:
6366:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
5121:
4886:
4425:Shaw, Alan (29 September 2005).
3118:International Energy Agency 2020
2755:Mueller, Mike (August 1, 2017).
2614:International Energy Agency 2020
1932:Robert U. Ayres; Benjamin Warr.
1547:
1437:
945:Load factor and isolated systems
927:Thomson-Houston Electric Company
517:long-distance transmission lines
478:Managing variable energy sources
32:Electrification (disambiguation)
5952:Corporate social responsibility
5881:Ocean thermal energy conversion
5820:Community-supported agriculture
5505:Human impact on the environment
5249:List of energy storage projects
5173:industrial wastewater treatment
5026:Environmental impact assessment
4996:Environmental impact assessment
4783:. International Energy Agency.
4465:from the original on 2016-04-12
4461:. North Northumberland Online.
4407:from the original on 2017-10-18
4249:from the original on 2018-08-25
4220:from the original on 2017-07-01
4152:from the original on 2018-05-05
4099:from the original on 2020-10-30
4045:from the original on 2013-10-17
4039:"AC Power History and Timeline"
3937:from the original on 2021-08-16
3850:from the original on 2013-05-16
3488:from the original on 2021-07-17
3430:from the original on 2021-01-18
3418:Balaraman, Kavya (2020-10-12).
3292:from the original on 2020-11-26
3205:from the original on 2021-01-11
3173:from the original on 2021-07-17
3088:from the original on 2019-07-19
3013:from the original on 2020-05-15
2984:from the original on 2020-02-22
2871:from the original on 2021-09-24
2842:from the original on 2021-08-18
2817:from the original on 2021-08-09
2596:from the original on 2020-09-20
2200:from the original on 2014-11-10
2122:from the original on 2013-05-31
2093:from the original on 2019-12-19
2081:Odarno, Lily (14 August 2019).
1980:from the original on 2014-06-07
1911:from the original on 2015-09-09
1623:from the original on 2012-04-04
598:Seasonal thermal energy storage
559:pumped-storage hydroelectricity
490:for storage in devices such as
158:National Academy of Engineering
6192:Socially responsible marketing
4610:Fresne, Patrick (2024-07-25).
4585:Fresne, Patrick (2024-07-25).
4551:Fresne, Patrick (2024-07-25).
4432:. Royal Society of Edinburgh.
4313:Forbes, Ross (17 April 1997).
3977:Innovation as a Social Process
3606:Barrett, John Patrick (1894).
3582:Woodbury, David Oakes (1949).
2724:Abergel, Thibaut (June 2020).
2370:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120838
2196:. Thomson Reuters Foundation.
1963:Electricity in Economic Growth
1820:Devine Jr., Warren D. (1983).
1742:Technology Science and History
1527:Historical cost of electricity
1093:rotating magnetic field of an
984:Direct current electric motors
237:Mass production § history
47:is the process of powering by
1:
6383:Sustainable Development Goals
6187:Socially responsible business
4891:The dictionary definition of
4380:. Babcock & Wilcox. 1913.
4132:; Mark Perlman, eds. (1990).
2653:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.01.015
2270:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111284
1905:10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00089-0
1746:. London: Heinemann. p.
1510:In China, the turmoil of the
1498:Rural Electric Administration
164:Benefits of electric lighting
4721:General and cited references
4377:Steam-its generation and use
3830:UK public library membership
3688:BBC. Retrieved 8 August 2011
3474:10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.037
2938:Lave, M.; Ellis, A. (2016).
1696:Hakimian, Rob (2022-06-10).
1579:Renewable energy development
1568:Mains electricity by country
1210:Friedrich August Haselwander
1208:, and the German technician
148:or electrolytic separating.
6212:Sustainability organization
5997:Standards and certification
5588:Social return on investment
5031:Environmental impact design
4775:International Energy Agency
4206:A. Madrigal (Mar 6, 2010).
3223:Babbitt, Callie W. (2020).
2763:. US Department of Energy.
2478:Applied Thermal Engineering
1829:Journal of Economic History
1738:Cardwell, D. S. L. (1972).
1460:, discuss the issue on the
1309:linked directly to a dynamo
1184:, invented the three-wire (
1162:Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti
1052:Electric power transmission
923:Swan Electric Light Company
331:renewable energy transition
152:Benefits of electrification
67:systems. In the context of
65:electric power distribution
6484:
5637:Systemic change resistance
5389:High-performance buildings
3885:. Springer. 6 March 2009.
3378:10.1038/s41467-020-14555-y
3329:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062
3250:10.1007/s10098-020-01890-3
3055:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062
2702:10.1016/j.erss.2015.06.007
2584:Miller, Joe (2020-09-09).
2553:10.1038/s41467-019-08855-1
1999:Kendrick, John W. (1980).
1667:10.1038/s41560-022-01041-6
1398:standardised the nation's
1375:Neptune Bank Power Station
1347:
1315:Westinghouse Air Brake Co.
1263:
1214:Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
1127:, working for the company
1045:
1039:
987:
948:
851:in 1878 in Britain and by
743:
633:
607:
604:History of electrification
538:
446:
374:
318:
234:
200:Threshing machine in 1881.
176:
36:
29:
6392:
5815:Climate-smart agriculture
5462:
5384:Heat recovery ventilation
5369:Environmental remediation
5119:
4986:Climate smart agriculture
4780:World Energy Outlook 2020
4484:"Lighting by electricity"
3588:. McGraw-Hill. p. 83
3151:10.1016/j.est.2019.101047
3139:Journal of Energy Storage
2952:10.1109/PVSC.2016.7749939
2443:10.1016/j.est.2022.105873
2431:Journal of Energy Storage
2161:10.1108/17506220810859114
2087:World Resources Institute
1841:10.1017/S0022050700029673
1429:Household electrification
1396:Central Electricity Board
504:variable renewable energy
371:Transport electrification
118:transport electrification
98:household electrification
5957:Environmental accounting
5706:Sustainable architecture
5696:Environmental technology
5374:Glass in green buildings
5318:sustainable architecture
4962:Environmental technology
4459:"Survey of Belford 1995"
4363:Hunter & Bryant 1991
4281:, pp. 253, Note 18.
4279:Hunter & Bryant 1991
4267:Hunter & Bryant 1991
4194:Hunter & Bryant 1991
4170:Hunter & Bryant 1991
4117:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3794:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3784:, pp. 212, Note 53.
3782:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3770:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3753:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3741:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3701:, January 1975, pp. 7–11
2140:Hisham Zerriffi (2008).
1803:Hunter & Bryant 1991
1778:Hunter & Bryant 1991
1199:invented a polyphase AC
845:incandescent light bulbs
839:Incandescent light bulbs
814:Paris Exposition of 1878
708:William Fothergill Cooke
660:In the years 1831–1832,
521:energy demand management
423:ground source heat pumps
413:, or the less efficient
5830:Sustainable agriculture
4674:CS1 maint: url-status (
553:to store thermal energy
390:Heating electrification
353:(PV) devices to offset
126:heating electrification
109:railway electrification
93:factory electrification
6373:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
6242:Sustainable management
6227:Urban drainage systems
5967:Environmental planning
5931:Water recycling shower
5921:Tidal stream generator
5716:Sustainable industries
5675:Sustainable population
5660:Demographic transition
5642:Tragedy of the commons
5364:Environmental movement
5061:Sustainability science
5051:Public interest design
4976:Appropriate technology
4823:Nye, David E. (1990).
4391:Jerome, Harry (1934).
4319:wiki-north-east.co.uk/
3960:. Spon. 1895. p.
3822:10.1093/ref:odnb/26748
2946:. pp. 1837–1842.
2116:worldenergyoutlook.org
1359:
1310:
1098:
1064:, the distribution of
884:
759:
657:
590:thermal energy storage
554:
499:
472:distributed generation
458:
365:certificate of deposit
334:
304:
243:technological progress
201:
194:
61:electricity generation
6265:Humanistic capitalism
6080:Environmental finance
5721:Sustainable packaging
5243:hydrogen technologies
5157:Solid waste treatment
4922:Rural electrification
4844:. REN21 Secretariat.
4808:. London: Routledge.
4751:Hills, Richard Leslie
4689:Smil, Vaclav (2006).
3357:Nature Communications
2533:Nature Communications
2112:"IEA - Energy Access"
1574:Renewable electricity
1357:
1307:Parsons steam turbine
1304:
1227:Sebastian de Ferranti
1195:The Italian inventor
1125:Sebastian de Ferranti
1089:
1020:and belt drive using
951:Continuous production
882:
753:
643:
567:lithium-ion batteries
548:
485:
456:
328:
319:Further information:
268:
253:and economic growth.
199:
189:
112:. In the context of
103:rural electrification
53:history of technology
18:Access to electricity
6232:Urban infrastructure
5926:Water heat recycling
5749:Conservation biology
5593:Steady-state economy
5568:Micro-sustainability
5553:Ecological footprint
5510:Planetary boundaries
5414:Water heat recycling
5344:Efficient energy use
5334:Conservation biology
5271:Sustainable lighting
5207:Efficient energy use
5021:Environmental Design
4991:Environmental design
4802:McNeil, Ian (1990).
4243:edisontechcenter.org
2632:Energy and Buildings
2249:Energy and Buildings
1532:the introduction of
1458:improve this section
1448:may not represent a
915:Pearl Street Station
134:electric arc furnace
57:economic development
6333:Earth Summit (1992)
5987:Metrics and indices
5840:Sustainable fishery
5759:Holocene extinction
5578:Product stewardship
5548:Earth Overshoot Day
5399:Nature conservation
5394:Land rehabilitation
5349:Energy conservation
5238:carbon-neutral fuel
5146:dispersion modeling
4616:Gold and Revolution
4591:Gold and Revolution
4557:Gold and Revolution
4346:"The Steam Turbine"
4343:Parsons, Charles A.
4296:Birr Castle Demesne
4292:"The Steam Turbine"
4196:, pp. 285–286.
3796:, pp. 283–284.
3772:, pp. 276–279.
3657:on 15 February 2011
3635:, pp. 366–368.
3572:, pp. 360–365.
3466:2018Ene...144..341A
3369:2020NatCo..11..947H
3241:2020CTEP...22.1213B
2925:2018EGUGA..2015424J
2836:"Heat in Buildings"
2693:2015ERSS...10...31B
2644:2019EneBu.186..405M
2545:2019NatCo..10.1077B
2490:2022AppTE.21518975E
2361:2023ApEn..33620838S
2261:2021EneBu.25011284P
1897:2003Ene....28..219A
1659:2022NatEn...7..631A
1379:Newcastle upon Tyne
1371:Merz & McLellan
1280:Sir Charles Parsons
1246:George Westinghouse
1122:electrical engineer
1066:alternating current
1042:Alternating current
1036:Alternating current
900:General Post Office
682:homopolar generator
670:electromotive force
573:, which is largely
565:, and specifically
502:Solar and wind are
468:grid energy storage
457:Hybrid Power System
79:to accommodate the
6468:Energy development
5792:Sustainable energy
5754:Endangered species
5711:Sustainable design
5625:Consumer behaviour
5217:Energy development
5199:Sustainable energy
5188:water purification
5152:Industrial ecology
4924:with water power.
4488:The National Trust
2407:. 10 February 2023
2319:10.3390/en14040834
2058:. The World Bank.
1702:New Civil Engineer
1400:electricity supply
1360:
1327:economies of scale
1311:
1239:East India Company
1099:
904:City Temple church
885:
833:Crompton & Co.
760:
712:Charles Wheatstone
701:André-Marie Ampère
658:
636:Electric generator
555:
500:
492:electric batteries
459:
351:solar photovoltaic
335:
321:Sustainable energy
305:
202:
173:Pre-electric power
138:electric induction
114:sustainable energy
69:sustainable energy
6445:
6444:
6371:Earth Summit 2002
6354:Lisbon Principles
6326:Our Common Future
6004:Sustainable yield
5810:Civic agriculture
5563:Green consumption
5500:Global governance
5422:
5421:
5259:commercialization
4851:978-3-948393-00-7
4790:978-92-64-44923-7
4708:978-0-19-516875-4
4082:Networks of Power
3828:(Subscription or
2961:978-1-5090-2724-8
2791:www.aiche-cep.com
2010:978-0-8018-2289-6
1780:, pp. 29–30.
1490:
1489:
1482:
1389:Williamson Report
1237:once used by the
1221:AC power stations
1140:power transformer
859:Swan's house, in
843:Various forms of
822:Avenue de l'Opéra
802:Yablochkov candle
756:Avenue de l'Opéra
735:Electric lighting
668:, is based on an
464:renewable sources
449:Energy resilience
443:Energy resilience
433:chemical industry
428:resistive heating
383:Hydrogen vehicles
271:mains electricity
122:electric vehicles
81:energy transition
16:(Redirected from
6475:
6412:
6411:
6400:
6399:
6344:Agenda 21 (1992)
6315:
6280:Natural resource
6167:Organic movement
6142:Impact investing
5861:Hydroelectricity
5835:Sustainable diet
5787:Renewable energy
5782:Carbon footprint
5764:Invasive species
5701:Natural building
5652:World population
5613:Marketing myopia
5573:Over-consumption
5543:Circular economy
5538:Anti-consumerism
5495:Environmentalism
5449:
5442:
5435:
5426:
5359:Energy recycling
5280:electric vehicle
5254:Renewable energy
5228:alternative fuel
5178:sewage treatment
5162:Waste management
5125:
5016:Energy recycling
5011:Electric vehicle
4981:Clean technology
4955:
4948:
4941:
4932:
4927:
4890:
4876:
4870:
4862:
4860:
4843:
4828:
4819:
4798:
4770:
4746:
4734:
4714:
4712:
4696:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4520:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4490:. Archived from
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4431:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4399:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4348:. Archived from
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4302:on May 13, 2010.
4298:. Archived from
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4076:
4070:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4016:. Archived from
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3726:. Archived from
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3695:
3689:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3653:. Archived from
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3380:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3286:SWI swissinfo.ch
3277:
3271:
3270:
3252:
3235:(6): 1213–1214.
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3130:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3033:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2813:. 9 March 2021.
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2372:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2272:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2171:. Archived from
2146:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1939:. Archived from
1938:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1851:. Archived from
1826:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1762:Benjamin Latrobe
1758:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1600:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1292:turbo generators
1288:Parsons turbines
1197:Galileo Ferraris
1148:John Dixon Gibbs
1077:electric current
1010:Frank J. Sprague
1000:William Sturgeon
826:Place de l'Opéra
810:Gramme generator
806:Pavel Yablochkov
794:National Gallery
706:Around 1838-40,
549:Construction of
508:electrical grids
488:potential energy
400:passive building
396:air conditioning
377:Electric vehicle
339:renewable energy
301:
295:
289:
283:
277:
116:, terms such as
85:renewable energy
39:Electrify (song)
21:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6458:Electrification
6448:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6388:
6313:
6305:
6304:Agreements and
6299:
6236:
6040:Climate finance
6008:
5935:
5891:Reclaimed water
5844:
5796:
5768:
5725:
5679:
5665:Family planning
5646:
5519:
5476:
5458:
5453:
5423:
5418:
5379:Green computing
5354:Energy recovery
5290:
5222:Energy recovery
5212:Electrification
5193:
5139:Air pollution (
5126:
5117:
4964:
4959:
4925:
4894:electrification
4883:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4841:
4831:
4822:
4816:
4801:
4791:
4773:
4767:
4749:
4743:
4726:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4709:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4662:
4652:
4645:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4595:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4523:Policy Analysis
4518:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4468:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4252:
4250:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4223:
4221:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4155:
4153:
4146:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4093:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4067:Hopkinson, John
4061:
4057:
4048:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4023:
4021:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3988:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3931:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3692:
3677:
3673:
3660:
3658:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3295:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3035:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3014:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2962:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2590:Financial Times
2583:
2582:
2578:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1878:
1877:
1870:
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1824:
1819:
1818:
1809:
1801:
1784:
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1755:
1737:
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1715:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1640:
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1635:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1529:
1486:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1352:
1350:Electrical grid
1346:
1344:Electrical grid
1268:
1262:
1250:William Thomson
1223:
1201:induction motor
1058:
1056:War of currents
1044:
1038:
1030:electric motors
996:
988:Main articles:
986:
978:microgeneration
953:
947:
902:and the famous
896:Holborn Viaduct
877:
841:
768:carbon arc lamp
748:
746:Carbon arc lamp
742:
737:
724:R.E.B. Crompton
697:Hippolyte Pixii
662:Michael Faraday
638:
632:
616:
606:
543:
537:
523:and the use of
480:
451:
445:
415:electric heater
392:
379:
373:
323:
317:
303:
299:
297:
293:
291:
287:
285:
281:
279:
275:
263:
239:
233:
218:power buildings
185:Charles Babbage
181:
175:
166:
154:
45:Electrification
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6481:
6479:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6463:Electric power
6460:
6450:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6406:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6380:
6379:(Rio+20, 2012)
6374:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6330:
6322:
6317:
6309:
6307:
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6298:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
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6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6125:Infrastructure
6122:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6055:Eco-capitalism
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5972:Sustainability
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5940:Accountability
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5598:Sustainability
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5533:Anthropization
5529:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5456:Sustainability
5454:
5452:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5285:hybrid vehicle
5282:
5276:Transportation
5273:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5058:
5056:Sustainability
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5036:Green building
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5001:Eco-innovation
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4918:Zambesi Rapids
4915:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4882:
4881:External links
4879:
4878:
4877:
4850:
4829:
4820:
4814:
4799:
4789:
4771:
4765:
4747:
4741:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4707:
4681:
4642:. 24 July 2017
4640:Dialogue Earth
4627:
4602:
4577:
4568:
4543:
4506:
4497:
4494:on 2011-06-29.
4475:
4450:
4417:
4383:
4367:
4365:, p. 336.
4355:
4352:on 2011-01-14.
4334:
4305:
4283:
4271:
4269:, p. 221.
4259:
4230:
4198:
4186:
4184:, p. 383.
4174:
4172:, p. 250.
4162:
4144:
4130:Arnold Heertje
4121:
4119:, p. 248.
4109:
4091:
4071:
4069:by T. H. Beare
4055:
4030:
4005:
3986:
3967:
3947:
3929:
3910:
3891:
3872:
3870:, p. 195.
3860:
3835:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3757:
3755:, p. 242.
3745:
3743:, p. 191.
3733:
3730:on 2010-12-01.
3715:
3713:, p. 369.
3703:
3690:
3684:2012-07-19 at
3671:
3637:
3625:
3598:
3574:
3562:
3560:, p. 360.
3550:
3548:, p. 359.
3538:
3523:
3498:
3440:
3410:
3343:
3302:
3272:
3215:
3191:Katz, Cheryl.
3183:
3122:
3120:, p. 109.
3110:
3108:, p. 177.
3098:
3069:
3023:
2994:
2960:
2930:
2906:
2881:
2852:
2827:
2802:
2778:
2747:
2716:
2667:
2618:
2616:, p. 139.
2606:
2576:
2519:
2464:
2417:
2392:
2349:Applied Energy
2333:
2292:
2235:
2210:
2181:
2178:on 2015-06-10.
2132:
2103:
2073:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2009:
1991:
1972:
1949:
1946:on 2013-05-02.
1921:
1891:(3): 219–273.
1868:
1807:
1782:
1770:
1753:
1730:
1713:
1688:
1653:(7): 631–641.
1633:
1615:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1542:
1539:
1534:steam turbines
1528:
1525:
1488:
1487:
1452:of the subject
1450:worldwide view
1445:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1348:Main article:
1345:
1342:
1334:thermodynamics
1264:Main article:
1261:
1260:Steam turbines
1258:
1235:Deptford Creek
1222:
1219:
1175:John Hopkinson
1144:Lucien Gaulard
1075:can induce an
1073:magnetic field
1062:direct current
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
990:Electric motor
985:
982:
946:
943:
933:in the US and
876:
873:
840:
837:
790:William Petrie
744:Main article:
741:
738:
736:
733:
720:Gramme machine
634:Main article:
631:
628:
620:electroplating
605:
602:
575:mined in Congo
541:Energy storage
539:Main article:
536:
535:Energy storage
533:
479:
476:
447:Main article:
444:
441:
391:
388:
375:Main article:
372:
369:
316:
313:
298:
292:
286:
280:
278: 80%–100%
274:
273:, as of 2017.
262:
259:
235:Main article:
232:
229:
177:Main article:
174:
171:
165:
162:
153:
150:
128:(referring to
120:(referring to
77:energy storage
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6480:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6360:Earth Charter
6358:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6250:Environmental
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6182:Refurbishment
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6172:Organizations
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6085:Green economy
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6070:Eco-socialism
6068:
6066:
6065:Eco-investing
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6050:Disinvestment
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5871:Marine energy
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5825:Cultured meat
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5583:Simple living
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5445:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5328:New Classical
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:refurbishment
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:Sustainable (
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Green vehicle
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Ecotechnology
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4897:at Wiktionary
4896:
4895:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4815:0-415-14792-1
4811:
4807:
4806:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4766:0-521-45834-X
4762:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4742:0-262-08198-9
4738:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4670:
4657:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4603:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4578:
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4092:9780801846144
4088:
4085:. JHU Press.
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4083:
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4064:
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4020:on 2015-09-09
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3987:9780521533126
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3892:9783540688310
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3686:archive.today
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3370:
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3354:
3347:
3344:
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3335:
3330:
3325:
3322:: 1049–1086.
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
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3140:
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3129:
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3123:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3048:: 1049–1086.
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2907:
2896:on 2014-08-25
2895:
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2698:
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2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1973:0-309-03677-1
1969:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1858:on 2019-04-12
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
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1714:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:Nature Energy
1644:
1637:
1634:
1622:
1618:
1616:0-309-08908-5
1612:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1555:Energy portal
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1481:
1473:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1412:National Grid
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1356:
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1341:
1338:
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1322:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1273:steam engines
1267:
1266:Steam turbine
1259:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1244:In the U.S.,
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:developed by
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:Elihu Thomson
1108:
1107:Marcel Deprez
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:steam engines
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
995:
991:
983:
981:
979:
974:
968:
966:
961:
957:
952:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
916:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
881:
874:
872:
870:
869:Savoy Theatre
866:
862:
857:
854:
853:Thomas Edison
850:
846:
838:
836:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
795:
791:
786:
784:
779:
775:
773:
769:
766:invented the
765:
757:
752:
747:
739:
734:
732:
728:
725:
721:
716:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
695:Around 1832,
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:magnetic flux
671:
667:
666:Faraday's law
663:
655:
651:
647:
642:
637:
629:
627:
625:
621:
615:
611:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
552:
547:
542:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
509:
505:
497:
493:
489:
484:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
455:
450:
442:
440:
436:
434:
429:
424:
420:
419:water heating
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
389:
387:
384:
378:
370:
368:
366:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:nuclear power
340:
332:
327:
322:
314:
312:
308:
296: 20%–40%
290: 40%–60%
284: 60%–80%
272:
267:
260:
258:
254:
252:
246:
244:
238:
230:
228:
225:
221:
219:
214:
212:
206:
198:
193:
188:
186:
180:
172:
170:
163:
161:
159:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6401:
6325:
6090:Construction
6013:Applications
5731:Biodiversity
5490:Anthropocene
5404:Permaculture
5323:New Urbanism
5295:Conservation
5211:
5087:food systems
5072:architecture
4893:
4837:
4824:
4804:
4779:
4755:
4730:
4692:
4684:
4644:. Retrieved
4639:
4630:
4619:. Retrieved
4615:
4605:
4594:. Retrieved
4590:
4580:
4571:
4560:. Retrieved
4556:
4546:
4534:. Retrieved
4522:
4509:
4500:
4492:the original
4478:
4467:. Retrieved
4453:
4441:. Retrieved
4420:
4409:. Retrieved
4393:
4386:
4376:
4370:
4358:
4350:the original
4337:
4326:. Retrieved
4318:
4308:
4300:the original
4295:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4251:. Retrieved
4242:
4233:
4222:. Retrieved
4211:
4201:
4189:
4177:
4165:
4154:. Retrieved
4134:
4124:
4112:
4101:. Retrieved
4081:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4047:. Retrieved
4033:
4022:. Retrieved
4018:the original
4008:
3996:. Retrieved
3976:
3970:
3956:
3950:
3939:. Retrieved
3919:
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3881:
3875:
3863:
3852:. Retrieved
3838:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3748:
3736:
3728:the original
3718:
3706:
3699:The Savoyard
3698:
3693:
3674:
3666:
3659:. Retrieved
3655:the original
3650:
3640:
3628:
3617:. Retrieved
3608:
3601:
3590:. Retrieved
3584:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3515:. Retrieved
3513:. 2015-09-14
3510:
3501:
3490:. Retrieved
3457:
3453:
3443:
3432:. Retrieved
3424:Utility Dive
3423:
3413:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3294:. Retrieved
3285:
3275:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3207:. Retrieved
3196:
3186:
3175:. Retrieved
3142:
3138:
3113:
3101:
3090:. Retrieved
3081:
3072:
3045:
3041:
3015:. Retrieved
3006:
2997:
2986:. Retrieved
2943:
2933:
2916:
2909:
2898:. Retrieved
2894:the original
2884:
2873:. Retrieved
2865:www.basf.com
2864:
2855:
2844:. Retrieved
2830:
2819:. Retrieved
2805:
2794:. Retrieved
2790:
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2760:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2729:
2726:"Heat Pumps"
2719:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2609:
2598:. Retrieved
2589:
2579:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:Canary Media
2404:
2395:
2352:
2348:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2213:
2202:. Retrieved
2193:
2184:
2173:the original
2152:
2148:
2135:
2124:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2095:. Retrieved
2086:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2000:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1962:
1941:the original
1913:. Retrieved
1888:
1884:
1860:. Retrieved
1853:the original
1832:
1828:
1773:
1766:John Stevens
1756:
1741:
1733:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
1691:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1625:. Retrieved
1605:
1598:
1530:
1521:
1509:
1505:Brezhnev era
1502:
1495:
1491:
1476:
1467:
1447:
1423:public goods
1416:
1393:
1367:Charles Merz
1365:
1361:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1312:
1277:
1269:
1254:
1243:
1224:
1206:Nikola Tesla
1194:
1160:
1152:Westinghouse
1137:
1119:
1100:
1070:
1059:
1015:
1008:
997:
973:cogeneration
969:
965:Pearl Street
962:
958:
954:
931:Westinghouse
920:
912:
908:
893:
886:
858:
842:
830:
799:
787:
780:
776:
764:Humphry Davy
761:
740:Arc lighting
729:
717:
705:
694:
680:, a type of
678:Faraday disk
659:
653:
649:
645:
617:
594:fossil fuels
588:As of 2018,
587:
583:power-to-gas
556:
513:
501:
460:
437:
408:
404:fuel poverty
393:
380:
336:
309:
306:
255:
251:productivity
247:
242:
240:
226:
222:
217:
215:
207:
203:
190:
182:
167:
155:
146:electrolysis
144:heating, or
125:
117:
107:
101:
97:
92:
89:
44:
43:
6306:conferences
6177:Procurement
6120:Development
6020:Advertising
5982:Measurement
5916:Tidal power
5911:Small hydro
5876:Micro hydro
5739:Biosecurity
5691:Appropriate
5620:Sustainable
5603:Advertising
5525:Consumption
5515:Development
5339:Ecoforestry
5097:procurement
5082:development
5067:agriculture
4926:(in French)
4323:The Journal
4182:McNeil 1990
3844:"DC Motors"
3711:McNeil 1990
3651:The Journal
3633:McNeil 1990
3570:McNeil 1990
3558:McNeil 1990
3546:McNeil 1990
3536:, p. .
3534:McNeil 1990
3460:: 341–378.
2638:: 405–415.
2539:(1): 1077.
1805:, p. .
1728:, p. .
1563:GOELRO plan
1512:Warlord Era
1414:, in 1938.
1384:World War I
1186:three-phase
1171:transformer
1167:Lord Kelvin
1133:Lord Kelvin
1091:Three-phase
1048:Transformer
1026:water power
925:in the UK,
849:Joseph Swan
783:candlepower
610:Electricity
579:downcycling
525:smart grids
360:natural gas
302: 0–20%
73:super grids
49:electricity
6452:Categories
6197:Sanitation
6152:Livelihood
6075:Ecovillage
6060:Eco-cities
5977:Accounting
5886:Pico hydro
5866:Hydropower
5684:Technology
5482:Principles
5308:insulation
5301:Building (
5264:transition
5107:technology
5092:industries
4665:|url=
4621:2024-08-10
4596:2024-08-10
4562:2024-08-10
4469:2013-10-06
4411:2018-03-09
4328:2009-01-02
4253:2019-01-30
4224:2019-01-30
4156:2016-05-18
4145:0472101927
4103:2016-05-18
4049:2013-10-06
4024:2013-10-06
3998:25 October
3941:2020-10-25
3903:25 October
3854:2013-10-06
3832:required.)
3661:8 February
3619:2009-01-04
3592:2009-01-04
3517:2023-11-16
3492:2021-05-21
3434:2021-01-10
3363:(1): 947.
3296:2021-04-10
3209:2021-01-10
3177:2021-05-21
3145:: 101047.
3106:REN21 2020
3092:2021-05-21
3017:2020-05-30
2988:2021-05-21
2900:2009-06-19
2875:2021-09-24
2846:2021-08-09
2821:2021-08-09
2796:2022-01-16
2600:2020-09-20
2484:: 118975.
2437:: 105873.
2411:2023-03-01
2355:: 120838.
2312:(4): 834.
2255:: 111284.
2204:2013-06-17
2126:2013-05-30
2097:2019-11-26
1984:2013-10-07
1915:2015-06-04
1862:2011-07-03
1835:(2): 355.
1707:2022-06-10
1627:2010-09-22
1585:References
1319:Pittsburgh
1046:See also:
1018:line shaft
1004:commutator
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