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28 and 32 weeks (but up to 38 weeks) of pregnancy: later advise allowed maternal pertussis immunisation from week 16 of pregnancy. Since its introduction the maternal pertussis immunisation programme has been shown to be very effective in protecting infants until they can have their first vaccinations at two months of age. During the first year of the maternal immunization programme in
Britain, the average vaccine coverage in England was 64% and vaccine effectiveness was estimated to be 91%. During 2012 fourteen infants died from pertussis in England and Wales; all were born before the introduction of the programme. Up to 31 October 2014, 10 deaths were reported in infants with confirmed whooping cough who were born after the introduction of the maternal programme. Nine of them were born to unvaccinated mothers and all 10 were too young to have received a dose of pertussis-containing vaccine.
409:" (Tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis). It is similar to the childhood vaccine called "DTaP" (Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis), with the main difference that the adult version contains smaller amounts of the diphtheria and pertussis components—this is indicated in the name by the use of lower-case "d" and "p" for the adult vaccine. The lower-case "a" in each vaccine indicates that the pertussis component is acellular, or cell-free, which reduces the incidence of side effects. The pertussis component of the original DPT vaccine accounted for most of the minor local and systemic side effects in many vaccinated infants (such as mild fever or soreness at the injection site). The newer acellular vaccine, known as DTaP, has greatly reduced the incidence of
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exceeded 120,000. By 1972, when vaccine coverage was around 80%, there were only 2,069 notifications of pertussis. The professional and public anxiety about the safety and efficacy of the whole-cell vaccine caused coverage to fall to about 60% in 1975 and around 30% by 1978. Major epidemics occurred in 1977–79 and 1981–83. In 1978 there were over 65,000 notifications and 12 deaths (see the chart of perussis notifications). These two major epidemics illustrate the impact of a fall in coverage of an effective vaccine. The actual number of deaths due to these pertussis outbreaks was higher, since not all cases in infants are recognised.
861:. Despite this allegation, doctors recommended the vaccine due to the overwhelming public health benefit, because the claimed rate was very low (one case per 310,000 immunizations, or about 50 cases out of the 15 million immunizations each year in the United States), and the risk of death from the disease was high (pertussis killed thousands of Americans each year before the vaccine was introduced). No studies showed a causal connection, and later studies showed no connection of any type between the DPT vaccine and permanent brain injury. The alleged vaccine-induced brain damage proved to be an unrelated condition, infantile
42:
457:
793:
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846:). Acellular vaccines are less likely to provoke side effects. They became a part of DTaP vaccines for children. In 2005, two new vaccine products were licensed for use in adolescents and adults that combine the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids with acellular pertussis vaccine. These (Tdap) vaccines contain reduced amounts of pertussis antigens compared to DTaP vaccines.
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not due to another identifiable cause occurring within seven days after a previous dose of pertussis vaccine as a contraindication and recommends those who have had seizures, have a known or suspected neurological disorder, or have had a neurologic event after a previous dose not be vaccinated until
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In 2006 the CDC recommended adults receive pertussis vaccination along with the tetanus and diphtheria toxoid booster. In 2011 they began recommended boosters during each pregnancy. The UK commenced routine vaccination of pregnant women in 2012. The program initially aimed to vaccinate women between
334:
and long periods of crying occur in less than 1% of people. With the acellular vaccines a brief period of non-serious swelling of the arm may occur. Side effects with both types of vaccines, but especially the whole-cell vaccine, are less common the younger the child. The whole-cell vaccines should
359:
Despite widespread vaccination, pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and is one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases. The recent resurgence in pertussis infections is attributed to a combination of waning immunity and new mutations in the pathogen that existing vaccines are
355:
Acellular pertussis vaccine (aP) with three or more antigens prevents around 85% of typical whooping cough cases in children. Compared to the whole cell pertussis vaccine (wP) used previously, the efficacy of aP declines faster. Multi-antigen aP has higher efficacy than old low-efficacy wP, but is
521:
As of 2018, there are four acellular DTaP/Tdap vaccines licensed for use in the United States: Infanrix and
Daptacel for children, Boostrix and Adacel for adolescents and adults. As of April 2016, the United Kingdom authorized five multivalent vaccines that include pertussis components: Pediacel,
878:
caused the immunization rate to fall in several countries, including the UK, Sweden, and Japan. A dramatic increase in the incidence of pertussis followed. For example, in
England and Wales before the introduction of pertussis immunisation in the 1950s, the average annual number of notifications
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and acellular vaccines. The whole-cell vaccine is about 78% effective while the acellular vaccine is 71–85% effective. The effectiveness of the vaccines appears to decrease by between 2 and 10% per year after vaccination with a more rapid decrease with the acellular vaccines. The vaccine is only
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Some studies have suggested that while acellular pertussis vaccines are effective at preventing the disease, they have a limited impact on infection and transmission, meaning that vaccinated people could spread the disease even though they may have only mild symptoms or none at all.
429:. The same reactions may occur after acellular vaccines, but are less common. Side effects with both types of vaccines, but especially the whole-cell vaccine, are more likely the older the child. The whole-cell vaccines should not be used after seven years of age. According to the
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Concerns about side effects led Sato to introduce an even safer acellular vaccine for Japan in 1981, that was approved in the U.S. in 1992, for use in the combination DTaP vaccine. The acellular vaccine has a rate of adverse events similar to that of a Td vaccine (a
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serious long term neurological problems are not associated with either type. The WHO says that the only contraindication to either whole cell or acellular pertussis vaccines is an anaphylactic reaction to a previous dose of pertussis vaccine, while the US
518:) including the pertussis toxin alone or with components such as filamentous haemagglutinin, fimbrial antigens and pertactin. Whole-cell (wP) remains the vaccine of choice in low and middle-income countries, as it is cheaper and easier to produce.
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depicted the lives of children whose severe disabilities were incorrectly blamed on the DPT vaccine. The ensuing negative publicity led to many lawsuits against vaccine manufacturers. By 1985, vaccine manufacturers had difficulty obtaining
2125:"Update on vaccine liability in the United States: presentation at the National Vaccine Program Office Workshop on strengthening the supply of routinely recommended vaccines in the United States, 12 February 2002"
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Patel SS, Wagstaff AJ (August 1996). "A cellular pertussis vaccine (Infanrix-DTPa; SB-3). A review of its immunogenicity, protective efficacy and tolerability in the prevention of
Bordetella pertussis infection".
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It is plausible that in humans, as in nonhuman primates, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic infections in DTaP-immunized persons may result in transmission of B. pertussis to others and may drive pertussis
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The acellular vaccines are more commonly used in the developed world due to fewer adverse effects. Between 10 and 50% of people given the whole-cell vaccines develop redness at the injection site or fever.
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899:. The price of DPT vaccine skyrocketed, leading providers to curtail purchases, limiting availability. Only one manufacturer remained in the US by the end of 1985. In response, Congress passed the
317:. Three doses starting at six weeks of age are typically recommended in young children. Additional doses may be given to older children and adults. This recommendation includes people who have
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During the 1970s and 1980s, a controversy erupted related to the question of whether the whole-cell pertussis component caused permanent brain injury in rare cases, called pertussis vaccine
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Gangarosa EJ, Galazka AM, Wolfe CR, Phillips LM, Gangarosa RE, Miller E, et al. (January 1998). "Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: the untold story".
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van der Ark AA, Hozbor DF, Boog CJ, Metz B, van den
Dobbelsteen GP, van Els CA (September 2012). "Resurgence of pertussis calls for re-evaluation of pertussis animal models".
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bacteria. Until the beginning of the 1990s it was used as a part of the DTwP vaccine for the immunization of children. It, however, contained pertussis endotoxin (surface
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Between 10% and 50% of people given the whole-cell vaccines develop redness, swelling, soreness or tenderness at the injection site and/or fever, less than 1% experience
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unable to effectively control. It is debated whether the switch from wP to aP has played a role in this resurgence, with two 2019 articles disagreeing with one another.
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818:(DTP/DTwP, DTaP and Tdap) vaccines. There are several types of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines. The first vaccine against pertussis was developed in the 1930s by
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compared to the earlier "whole-cell" pertussis vaccine, however immunity wanes faster after the acellular vaccine than the whole-cell vaccine.
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The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
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possibly less effective than the highest-efficacy wP vaccines. Acellular vaccines also cause fewer side effects than whole cell vaccines.
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The pertussis booster for adults is combined with a tetanus vaccine and diphtheria vaccine booster; this combination is abbreviated "
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Pertussis notifications (England and Wales) and vaccine coverage (England only) of children by their second birthday (1940–2013)
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studied pertussis in the 1930s. They developed and ran the first large scale study of a successful vaccine for the disease.
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1973:"Historical Perspective on Pertussis and Use of Vaccines to Prevent It: 100 years of pertussis (the cough of 100 days)"
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New acellular pertussis vaccines were developed in the 1980s, which included only a few selected pertussis antigens (
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not be used after seven years of age. Serious long term neurological problems are not associated with either type.
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1567:"Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed, ADACEL, Aventis Pasteur Ltd"
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led many manufacturers to stop producing the DPT vaccine by the early 1980s. In 1982, the television documentary
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1996:
Cherry JD (1990). "'Pertussis vaccine encephalopathy': it is time to recognize it as the myth that it is".
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Kline JM, Lewis WD, Smith EA, Tracy LR, Moerschel SK (October 2013). "Pertussis: a reemerging infection".
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after treatment is initiated and the condition stabilized. Only the acellular vaccine is used in the US.
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2209:"Combined tetanus, diphtheria, and 5-component pertussis vaccine for use in adolescents and adults"
2207:
Pichichero ME, Rennels MB, Edwards KM, Blatter MM, Marshall GS, Bologa M, et al. (June 2005).
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or long periods of crying, and less than 1 out of every 1,000 to 2,000 people vaccinated have a
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1240:"Pertussis resurgence: waning immunity and pathogen adaptation - two sides of the same coin"
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Srugo I, Benilevi D, Madeb R, Shapiro S, Shohat T, Somekh E, et al. (October 2000).
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For children, immunizations are commonly given in combination with immunizations against
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1982:
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vaccines. Pertussis vaccine is estimated to have saved over 500,000 lives in 2002.
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33:
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In this section, "DPT" refers to the old whole-cell vaccine, now designated DTwP.
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1698:"Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis Containing Vaccines: Market and Supply Update"
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91:
47:
3350:
3325:
3015:
2965:
2164:
Smith MH (August 1988). "National
Childhood Vaccine Injury Compensation Act".
1359:"Pertussis infection in fully vaccinated children in day-care centers, Israel"
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916:
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382:
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recommend all children be vaccinated for pertussis and that it be included in
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2009:
1503:
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1920:"Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)"
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In the United States, low profit margins and an increase in vaccine-related
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2017:
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1725:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 634. pp.
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system to compensate victims of injury caused by recommended vaccines.
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1179:
Introduction to
Epidemiology: Distribution and Determinants of Disease
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3248:
2534:
2347:"DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) Vaccine Information Statement"
2332:"Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis) Vaccine Information Statement"
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1025:"The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series: Pertussis Vaccines"
891:
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Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S, eds. (2021).
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Vaccinating the mother during pregnancy may protect the baby. The
1918:
Broder KR, Cortese MM, Iskander JK, et al. (24 March 2006).
2553:
1061:
Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA (September 2014).
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Pertussis vaccine is usually administered as a component of the
406:
2364:
1598:
Allen A (August 2013). "Public health. The pertussis paradox".
174:
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Text was copied from this source, which is available under an
1063:"Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children"
450:
430:
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Composition of the pertussis component of selected vaccines
2289:
Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
1771:"Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, and the pertussis vaccine"
522:
Infanrix-IPV+Hib, Repevax, Infanrix-IPV, and
Boostrix-IPV.
514:
organism while acellular pertussis vaccines contain parts (
46:
Pertussis vaccination is often administered via a combined
1504:"Whooping cough outbreak: Pregnant women to be vaccinated"
343:
The pertussis vaccine was developed in 1926. It is on the
980:"Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper – September 2015"
3553:
World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)
1647:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services USA.gov
475:
345:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
263:
1635:
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890:
by reporter Lea Thompson of Washington, D. C. station
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Mooi FR, Van Der Maas NA, De Melker HE (April 2014).
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1723:Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children V
3416:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
510:Whole-cell pertussis vaccines contain the entire
1825:"Pertussis: challenges today and for the future"
2099:"TV Report On Vaccine Stirs Bitter Controversy"
1147:"Pertussis: Summary of Vaccine Recommendations"
871:called the connection a "myth" and "nonsense".
1056:
1054:
1052:
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2320:"Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccines"
1818:
1816:
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1019:
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464:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
1536:Ramsay M, ed. (April 2016). "24 Pertussis".
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393:at two, four, six, and 15–18 months of age.
32:
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1067:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
868:Journal of the American Medical Association
185:In general: â„ž (Prescription only)
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2352:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2337:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2294:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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919:vaccine containing no pertussis vaccine).
482:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
436:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
311:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
40:
2311:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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1151:Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
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498:Learn how and when to remove this message
242:
27:Vaccine protecting against whooping cough
1943:
1941:
903:(NCVIA) in 1986, establishing a federal
524:
3507:
2292:(14th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S.
2274:Immunisation against infectious disease
1539:Immunisation against infectious disease
1516:from the original on 29 September 2014.
1421:"Pertussis Vaccines:WHO Position Paper"
928:
284:(pertussis). There are two main types:
206:
96:
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1926:from the original on 14 September 2013
1449:"Immunisation and Pentavalent Vaccine"
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1196:from the original on 8 September 2017.
31:
1960:from the original on 25 October 2009.
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1214:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
901:National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
7:
2326:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
1696:UNICEF Supply Division (June 2023).
1233:
1231:
147:
137:
127:
117:
1823:Cherry JD (2013). Heitman J (ed.).
1433:from the original on 4 March 2016.
1340:"Pertussis: a tale of two vaccines"
987:Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire
3443:Eradication of infectious diseases
3200:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
2247:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1461:from the original on 29 July 2014.
1405:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1127:from the original on 24 March 2012
25:
3033:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
2267:Ramsay M, ed. (21 January 2021).
2086:from the original on 4 June 2011.
1769:Shapiro-Shapin CG (August 2010).
1502:Gallagher J (28 September 2012).
1182:. Nelson Education. p. 251.
1157:from the original on 29 June 2011
3510:
3422:Alternative vaccination schedule
2392:Artificial induction of immunity
2076:"At last: Ignorance inoculation"
1889:10.2165/00003495-199652020-00010
1719:"How Can We Eradicate Pertussis"
1547:
874:However, negative publicity and
825:. It included whole-cell killed
455:
427:hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode
2074:Rachel K. Sobel (22 May 2011).
1971:Cherry, James D. (March 2007).
1950:"Junk Science in the Courtroom"
3254:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
1338:Fanget N (28 September 2020).
1111:"Annex 6 whole cell pertussis"
1079:10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6
850:Controversy in the 1970s–1980s
289:available in combination with
1:
2785:Group B streptococcal disease
2604:Vaccines for Children Program
2045:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04334-1
1673:. 21 May 2015. Archived from
835:) and produced side effects.
391:haemophilus influenzae type B
2129:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1948:Huber, Peter (8 July 1991).
1842:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003418
1775:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1612:10.1126/science.341.6145.454
1572:Food and Drug Administration
1554:Open Government Licence v3.0
1545:. UK Health Security Agency.
1363:Emerging Infectious Diseases
993:(35): 433–458. August 2015.
816:diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis
339:History, society and culture
1735:10.1007/978-0-387-79838-7_4
478:, discuss the issue on the
18:Acellular pertussis vaccine
3574:
1244:Epidemiology and Infection
1224:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
853:
785:
3461:
2097:Hilts D (28 April 1982).
1671:World Health Organization
1477:American Family Physician
1297:Expert Review of Vaccines
1256:10.1017/S0950268813000071
1208:World Health Organization
1118:World Health Organization
1029:World Health Organization
547:Filamentous hemagglutinin
307:World Health Organization
253:
39:
2780:Clostridioides difficile
2313:Medical Subject Headings
2277:. Public Health England.
2226:10.1001/jama.293.24.3003
2010:10.1001/jama.263.12.1679
788:Pertussis § History
3043:Tick-borne encephalitis
2284:"Chapter 16: Pertussis"
2269:"Chapter 24: Pertussis"
3453:List of vaccine topics
2448:Mathematical modelling
2135:(Suppl 3): S130–S137.
2123:Evans G (March 2006).
1787:10.3201/eid1608.100288
1375:10.3201/eid0605.000512
797:
740:16 months to 13 years
280:that protects against
81:Inactivated or subunit
3448:Vaccinate Your Family
2899:Japanese encephalitis
2178:10.1542/peds.82.2.264
2080:Philadelphia Inquirer
888:DPT: Vaccine Roulette
795:
50:or, as shown here, a
3558:Inactivated vaccines
3331:John Franklin Enders
1556:. © Crown copyright.
828:Bordetella pertussis
597:older than 10 years
476:improve this section
466:may not represent a
315:routine vaccinations
2512:Virus-like particle
2436:Vaccine ingredients
2103:The Washington Post
1677:on 22 November 2013
1579:on 16 February 2007
897:liability insurance
833:lipooligosaccharide
622:6 weeks to 7 years
574:6 weeks to 7 years
527:
447:Modern formulations
286:whole-cell vaccines
60:Vaccine description
36:
3488:Never to phase III
3287:Hexavalent vaccine
3101:Epstein–Barr virus
2996:Oxford–AstraZeneca
2684:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
1717:Cherry JD (2009).
798:
525:
3498:
3497:
3410:Vaccines and SIDS
3297:
3296:
3071:Hepatitis A and B
3047:Varicella zoster
2504:Subunit/component
2356:. 24 August 2018.
2309:Pertussis Vaccine
2219:(24): 3003–3011.
2039:(9099): 356–361.
2004:(12): 1679–1680.
1744:978-0-387-79837-0
1606:(6145): 454–455.
1309:10.1586/erv.12.83
1176:Macera C (2012).
779:
778:
688:Infanrix-IPV+Hib
508:
507:
500:
274:Pertussis vaccine
271:
270:
178:
34:Pertussis vaccine
16:(Redirected from
3565:
3543:Subunit vaccines
3515:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3389:MMR autism fraud
3336:Maurice Hilleman
3321:Hilary Koprowski
2629:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2362:
2357:
2342:
2327:
2297:
2278:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2228:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1985:on 23 June 2011.
1981:. Archived from
1978:Microbe Magazine
1968:
1962:
1961:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1820:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1781:(8): 1273–1278.
1766:
1757:
1756:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1575:. Archived from
1563:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1518:
1517:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1386:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1303:(9): 1121–1137.
1292:
1286:
1285:
1267:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1035:on 23 March 2018
1031:. Archived from
1021:
1010:
1009:
1008:on 4 March 2016.
1007:
1001:. Archived from
984:
976:
760:GlaxoSmithKline
737:GlaxoSmithKline
691:GlaxoSmithKline
594:GlaxoSmithKline
528:
503:
496:
492:
489:
483:
459:
458:
451:
423:febrile seizures
332:Febrile seizures
267:
266:
259:
246:
210:
176:
173:
151:
141:
131:
121:
100:
52:DTaP-IPV vaccine
44:
37:
35:
21:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3538:1926 in biology
3523:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3478:Clinical trials
3457:
3426:
3365:
3341:Stanley Plotkin
3303:
3293:
3205:Cancer vaccines
3188:
3182:Schistosomiasis
3160:
3154:Trypanosomiasis
3127:
3091:Cytomegalovirus
3001:Pfizer–BioNTech
2796:
2620:
2569:Vaccine wastage
2539:
2467:
2419:
2389:
2345:
2341:. 11 July 2018.
2330:
2318:
2305:
2300:
2281:
2266:
2262:
2260:Further reading
2257:
2256:
2239:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1835:(7): e1003418.
1822:
1821:
1812:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1745:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1627:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1521:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1430:
1426:. August 2015.
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1397:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1344:Nature Research
1337:
1336:
1332:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1190:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1073:(9): CD001478.
1060:
1059:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1005:
982:
978:
977:
930:
925:
865:. In 1990, the
855:
852:
790:
784:
714:Sanofi Pasteur
665:Sanofi Pasteur
645:11 to 64 years
642:Sanofi Pasteur
570:GlaxoSmithKline
541:Pertussis toxin
504:
493:
487:
484:
473:
460:
456:
449:
419:
411:adverse effects
399:
375:
370:
353:
341:
327:
303:
301:Recommendations
262:
260:
257:(what is this?)
254:
249:
229:
213:
188:
155:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:Whooping cough
3525:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3356:Katalin KarikĂł
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:Herpes simplex
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Sinopharm BIBP
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Bharat Biotech
2958:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2584:Vaccine injury
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2544:Administration
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2518:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2343:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2303:External links
2301:
2299:
2298:
2279:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2199:
2172:(2): 264–269.
2156:
2142:10.1086/499592
2115:
2089:
2066:
2023:
1988:
1963:
1956:. p. 68.
1937:
1910:
1883:(2): 254–275.
1866:
1829:PLOS Pathogens
1810:
1758:
1743:
1706:
1688:
1658:
1625:
1590:
1558:
1519:
1494:
1483:(8): 507–514.
1464:
1440:
1412:
1369:(5): 526–529.
1349:
1330:
1287:
1250:(4): 685–694.
1227:
1199:
1188:
1168:
1138:
1102:
1046:
1011:
927:
926:
924:
921:
859:encephalopathy
851:
848:
809:Grace Eldering
801:Pearl Kendrick
783:
780:
777:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
754:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
694:from 2 months
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
618:Sanofi Pasteur
615:
611:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
567:
563:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
535:
532:
506:
505:
470:of the subject
468:worldwide view
463:
461:
454:
448:
445:
440:encephalopathy
418:
415:
398:
395:
374:
371:
369:
366:
352:
349:
340:
337:
326:
323:
302:
299:
282:whooping cough
269:
268:
251:
250:
248:
247:
239:
237:
231:
230:
228:
227:
223:
221:
215:
214:
212:
211:
203:
201:
195:
194:
190:
189:
187:
186:
183:
170:
168:
162:
161:
157:
156:
154:
153:
110:
108:
102:
101:
94:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
73:
72:
70:Whooping cough
67:
63:
62:
56:
55:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3570:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3518:
3508:
3504:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3361:Drew Weissman
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:H. Fred Clark
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Louis Pasteur
3314:
3312:
3311:Edward Jenner
3309:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:DTwP-HepB-Hib
3280:
3278:
3277:DTaP-IPV-HepB
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:combination:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3166:Helminthiasis
3163:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:combination:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
2763:
2762:
2761:combination:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:Meningococcus
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Leptospirosis
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Vaccine court
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:GAVI Alliance
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1862:
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763:from 4 years
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717:from 3 years
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537:Licensed for
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86:Clinical data
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30:
19:
3438:Epidemiology
3414:
3386:
3272:DTaP-IPV/Hib
3063:Yellow fever
2976:EpiVacCorona
2728:Tuberculosis
2701:Pneumococcal
2690:
2669:Lyme disease
2497:Heterologous
2396:Immunization
2350:
2335:
2323:
2288:
2273:
2243:cite journal
2216:
2212:
2202:
2169:
2165:
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2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:
2092:
2079:
2069:
2036:
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2026:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1983:the original
1976:
1966:
1953:
1928:. Retrieved
1913:
1880:
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1869:
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1722:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1644:
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1581:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1570:
1561:
1538:
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1452:
1443:
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1415:
1401:cite journal
1366:
1362:
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1343:
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1300:
1296:
1290:
1247:
1243:
1221:10665/371090
1211:
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1159:. Retrieved
1150:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1117:
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1066:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1028:
1003:the original
990:
986:
909:
887:
881:
873:
866:
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837:
826:
820:pediatrician
813:
805:Loney Gordon
799:
669:
520:
509:
494:
485:
465:
438:(CDC) lists
420:
417:Side effects
404:
400:
376:
362:
358:
354:
342:
328:
304:
273:
272:
261:
255:
166:Legal status
160:Legal status
77:Vaccine type
29:
3474:from market
3370:Controversy
3304:researchers
3220:Hepatitis B
3106:Hepatitis C
3051:Chicken pox
2877:Hepatitis E
2872:Hepatitis B
2867:Hepatitis A
2813:Chikungunya
2790:Shigellosis
2644:Brucellosis
2530:Therapeutic
2484:Inactivated
2424:Development
2412:Inoculation
2404:Vaccination
2324:MedlinePlus
1930:18 December
1667:"Pertussis"
1651:26 November
1641:"Pertussis"
1161:12 December
1039:22 November
512:inactivated
368:Medical use
193:Identifiers
92:MedlinePlus
48:DPT vaccine
3527:Categories
3405:Thiomersal
3351:Paul Offit
3326:Jonas Salk
3302:Inventors/
3173:research:
3150:research:
3087:research:
3016:Skycovione
3006:Sanofi–GSK
2951:SARS-CoV-2
2862:Hantavirus
2823:rVSV-ZEBOV
2808:Adenovirus
2776:research:
2654:Diphtheria
2492:Attenuated
2166:Pediatrics
2108:15 October
1436:outbreaks.
923:References
917:diphtheria
786:See also:
561:(FIM), ÎĽg
555:(PRN), ÎĽg
549:(FHA), ÎĽg
383:diphtheria
295:diphtheria
244:2QNL82089R
219:ChemSpider
3484:Phase III
3472:Withdrawn
3400:Pox party
3210:ALVAC-CEA
3132:Protozoan
3021:Sputnik V
2971:CoronaVac
2941:Rotavirus
2839:Pandemrix
2691:Pertussis
2632:Bacterial
2516:Synthetic
2479:Conjugate
2431:Adjuvants
2408:Infection
1282:206283573
662:Pediacel
614:Daptacel
591:Boostrix
566:Infanrix
553:Pertactin
543:(PT), ÎĽg
534:Producer
480:talk page
3548:Vaccines
3517:Medicine
3242:Prostvac
3235:Gardasil
3230:Cervarix
3177:Hookworm
3056:Shingles
3038:Smallpox
2956:Corbevax
2892:Gardasil
2887:Cervarix
2625:Vaccines
2579:Schedule
2550:Global:
2458:Timeline
2400:Vaccines
2235:15933223
2194:28845402
2151:16447135
2084:Archived
2061:35969647
1958:Archived
1924:Archived
1905:46984776
1861:23935481
1805:20678322
1753:19280847
1681:16 March
1620:23908204
1514:Archived
1509:BBC News
1489:24364571
1459:Archived
1428:Archived
1393:10998384
1325:10457474
1317:23151168
1274:23406868
1210:(2023).
1194:Archived
1155:Archived
1122:Archived
1097:25228233
999:26320265
905:no-fault
884:lawsuits
863:epilepsy
844:adhesins
711:Repevax
559:Fimbriae
531:Vaccine
516:subunits
488:May 2017
474:You may
373:Children
319:HIV/AIDS
264:(verify)
199:DrugBank
106:ATC code
3431:Related
3377:General
3139:Malaria
3026:Valneva
2991:Novavax
2986:Moderna
2981:Janssen
2966:CanSino
2946:Rubella
2904:Measles
2770:Td/Tdap
2740:Typhoid
2723:Tetanus
2718:Q fever
2649:Cholera
2639:Anthrax
2508:Peptide
2472:Classes
2453:Storage
2186:3399300
2053:9652634
2018:2308206
1922:. CDC.
1897:8841742
1852:3723573
1796:3298325
1600:Science
1384:2627963
1265:9151166
1088:9722541
913:tetanus
782:History
639:Adacel
379:tetanus
291:tetanus
278:vaccine
208:DB15274
146: (
144:J07AJ52
136: (
134:J07AJ51
126: (
124:J07AJ02
122:)
116: (
114:J07AJ01
98:a682198
3503:Portal
3467:WHO-EM
3387:Lancet
3264:TA-NIC
3249:NicVAX
3096:Dengue
2936:Rabies
2757:Typhus
2696:Plague
2574:Policy
2535:Toxoid
2463:Trials
2315:(MeSH)
2296:(CDC).
2233:
2192:
2184:
2149:
2059:
2051:
2033:Lancet
2016:
1954:Forbes
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1741:
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1454:UNICEF
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1315:
1280:
1272:
1262:
1186:
1131:5 June
1095:
1085:
997:
892:WRC-TV
840:toxins
670:years
397:Adults
389:, and
325:Safety
181:â„ž-only
179:
66:Target
3395:NCVIA
3259:TA-CD
3193:Other
3144:RTS,S
2924:Sabin
2919:Polio
2914:Mumps
2818:Ebola
2801:Viral
2750:ViCPS
2745:Ty21a
2679:MeNZB
2609:VAERS
2559:NITAG
2488:Live
2354:(CDC)
2339:(CDC)
2190:S2CID
2057:S2CID
1901:S2CID
1877:Drugs
1727:41–51
1701:(PDF)
1583:1 May
1543:(PDF)
1431:(PDF)
1424:(PDF)
1321:S2CID
1278:S2CID
1125:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1006:(PDF)
983:(PDF)
387:polio
276:is a
3121:Zika
3081:MMRV
2929:Salk
2909:Mpox
2855:LAIV
2850:H5N8
2845:H5N1
2835:H1N1
2711:PPSV
2594:ACIP
2590:US:
2564:SAGE
2525:mRNA
2441:list
2249:link
2231:PMID
2213:JAMA
2182:PMID
2147:PMID
2110:2021
2049:PMID
2014:PMID
1998:JAMA
1932:2013
1893:PMID
1857:PMID
1801:PMID
1749:PMID
1739:ISBN
1683:2021
1653:2017
1616:PMID
1585:2006
1485:PMID
1407:link
1389:PMID
1313:PMID
1270:PMID
1184:ISBN
1163:2015
1133:2011
1093:PMID
1071:2014
1041:2017
995:PMID
842:and
807:and
772:2.5
720:2.5
648:2.5
606:2.5
407:Tdap
309:and
293:and
235:UNII
226:none
3382:MMR
3225:HPV
3215:BCG
3116:HIV
3076:MMR
2882:HPV
2830:Flu
2733:BCG
2706:PCV
2659:Hib
2614:VSD
2521:DNA
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2221:doi
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2006:doi
2002:263
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1731:doi
1645:CDC
1608:doi
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1371:doi
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1252:doi
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