35:
60:
538:, it causes whooping cough in babies. Yet, when strains found in sheep are isolated there is a strong distinction between those found in humans. This suggests that the varying strains of this species evolved independently of one another, the one found in humans and the one found in sheep. With this particular distinction it means that there is little to no transmission between the two reservoirs.
946:. The two former methods are administered using live bacteria, while the latter is done with a killed bacteria. A comparative study done in 2013 by the School of Veterinary Medicine in Madison, Wisconsin studied the effectiveness of these three methods by vaccinating beagle puppies. The 40 beagles were divided into four groups; a group to test each of the three methods, plus one unvaccinated
895:
vaccine is non-essential, but highly recommended for dogs especially if they are expected to come into contact with other dogs at dog parks, boarding facilities, dog shows, training classes, etc. In fact, it can be required at certain facilities for entry. The vaccine can also be given to cats, but
646:
phase of infection produces symptoms similar to those of the common cold, and during this period, large numbers of bacteria can be recovered from the pharynx. Thereafter, the bacteria proliferate and spread further into the respiratory tract, where the secretion of toxins causes ciliostasis and
2251:
Larson, Laurie & Thiel, Bliss & Sharp, Patricia & Schultz, Ronald. (2013). A Comparative Study of
Protective Immunity Provided by Oral, Intranasal and Parenteral Canine Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccines. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine. 11.
1990:
Larson, Laurie & Thiel, Bliss & Sharp, Patricia & Schultz, Ronald. (2013). A Comparative Study of
Protective Immunity Provided by Oral, Intranasal and Parenteral Canine Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccines. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine. 11.
741:
also affects human adults and even with an 85% vaccination coverage over 160,000 related deaths occur each year all around the globe. There are few antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods but no change or progress have been discovered as of 2018. Most studies performed using
2241:
Kadlec, K., & Schwarz, S. (2018). Antimicrobial
Resistance in Bordetella bronchiseptica (1062719807 809797198 L. Cavaco & 1062719808 809797198 J. Shen, Eds.). Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Livestock and Companion Animals, 365-375.
569:
883:. In these conditions, some, but not all of the virulence factors associated with the Bvg phase are expressed, suggesting this two-component regulatory system can give rise to a continuum of phenotypic states in response to the environment.
508:. These species are known to accumulate in the respiratory tracts of mammals. This is most commonly seen in human infants as a product of an illness known as whooping cough. The particular species responsible for this illness is
896:
it is less commonly done because infection appears to be uncommon in adult cats. However, it may be a good idea to vaccinate a kitten if it is in a high-risk environment (i.e. living with multiple other cats).
545:(gram-negative, aerobic) however has a broader host range, causing similar symptoms in a wide range of animals, while only occasionally affecting humans. These symptoms often manifest as chronic and
2127:
1774:"Repressor binding to a regulatory site in the DNA coding sequence is sufficient to confer transcriptional regulation of the vir-repressed genes (vrg genes) in Bordetella pertussis"
804:-containing protein, BvgA. When phosphorylated, BvgA has increased affinity for specific binding sites in Bvg-activated promoter sequences and is able to promote transcription in
561:
flagella that enables it to be motile. On a petri dish, colonies of this species appear small, grayish-white, smooth, and shiny. This species is also typically associated with
659:
toxins, tracheal cytotoxin is expressed constitutively, being a normal product of the breakdown of the bacterial cell wall. Other bacteria recycle this molecule back into the
733:. These factors are then expressed and regulated most often by environmental stimuli. Differences in virulence factors relate to the loss of regulatory or control functions.
596:, and the pathogenesis of respiratory disease caused by these bacteria has been reviewed. Transmission occurs by direct contact, via respiratory aerosol droplets, or
2101:
2140:
1031:
1264:"Analysis of the lung microbiota in dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection and correlation with culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction"
1472:"Molecular Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Clinical Manifestations of Respiratory Infections Due to Bordetella pertussis and Other Bordetella Subspecies"
689:. The toxin is delivered to phagocytic immune cells upon contact. Immune cell functions are then inhibited in part by the resulting accumulation of
2088:
1519:
Gray MC, Donato GM, Jones FR, Kim T, Hewlett EL (2004). "Newly secreted adenylate cyclase toxin is responsible for intoxication of target cells by
867:
in an intermediate Bvg phase revealed a class of BvgAS-regulated genes that are exclusively transcribed under intermediate concentrations of BvgA-P
2114:
958:
vaccine was more effective than the killed subcutaneous vaccine, and the live oral vaccine works equally as well as the live intranasal vaccine.
2282:
1431:
1070:
907:, the species typically responsible for kennel cough. The vaccine introduces the bacteria (live or dead) to the body in order to develop an
2230:
1942:
616:
2176:
1831:
gene results in reduced virulence and increased resistance to starvation, and identifies a new class of Bvg-regulated antigens".
759:
2119:
1627:"Phosphorylated BvgA is sufficient for transcriptional activation of virulence-regulated genes in Bordetella pertussis"
576:
toxin complex (protein) highlighting alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Also including the 5 different sub-units.
59:
647:
facilitates the entry of bacteria to tracheal/bronchial ciliated cells. One of the first toxins to be expressed is
635:). As well as assisting in adherence to epithelial cells, some of these are also involved in attachment to immune
396:
181:
46:
2145:
1323:"How well do vaccines for Bordetella bronchiseptica work in dogs? A critical review of the literature 1977–2014"
737:
is typically found to live within the hosts' respiratory tract and immune system and can transmit to new hosts.
2277:
2267:
390:
226:
831:, the so-called Bvg-activated repressor protein, BvgR. BvgR binds to a consensus sequence present within the
681:
in epithelial cells and ultimately killing of the same. One of the most important of the regulated toxins is
253:
2272:
2229:
Gardiner, J. (2020, August 11). Vaccination
Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from
2205:
840:
694:
682:
172:
2217:
Burke, A. (2018, July 13). 5 Facts About the
Bordetella Vaccine for Dogs. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from
1966:
289:
2218:
2002:
1917:
624:
517:
262:
190:
669:
217:
1568:"Autophosphorylation and phosphotransfer in the Bordetella pertussis BvgAS signal transduction cascade"
280:
154:
1725:"Identification of a locus required for the regulation of bvg-repressed genes in Bordetella pertussis"
2181:
2155:
2062:
1676:"The bvgAS locus negatively controls motility and synthesis of flagella in Bordetella bronchiseptica"
1579:
987:
879:
by growth of the bacteria in a medium containing intermediate concentrations of the BvgAS modulator,
384:
235:
920:
835:
of at least some Bvg-repressed genes. Binding of this protein to the consensus sequence represents
811:
Most of the toxins and adhesins under BvgAS control are expressed under Bvg conditions (high BvgA-P
726:
382:, or difficult to culture. All species can infect humans. The first three species to be described (
379:
271:
208:
145:
1086:
Hoffman CL, Gonyar LA, Zacca F, Sisti F, Fernandez J, Wong T, Damron FH, Hewlett EL (2019-06-25).
128:
2231:
https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/feline/vaccination-guidelines-dogs-and-cats
1856:
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908:
824:
730:
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674:
648:
91:
54:
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Bryant, C. (2009, January 23). How
Bordetella Vaccines Work. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from
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725:, tracheal colonization factor and fimbriae, and toxins, such as adenylate cyclase-hemolysin,
463:
458:
446:
370:
244:
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concentration). But there are also genes expressed solely in the Bvg state, most notably the
2168:
1887:
1840:
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Fastrès A, Canonne MA, Taminiau B, Billen F, Garigliany MM, Daube G, Clercx C (2020-03-24).
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in pigs. Other members of the genus cause similar diseases in other mammals, and in birds (
1453:
1215:"Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia and bacteremia following bone marrow transplantation"
836:
832:
794:
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686:
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375:
101:
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1214:
976:"Bacterial filamentation as a mechanism for cell-to-cell spread within an animal host"
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1371:
947:
718:
678:
652:
636:
554:
353:
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911:. It is important to remember that the vaccine only protects against one species of
435:
strains only colonize sheep. It has also been known to cause bronchitis in cats and
2054:
939:
562:
558:
546:
528:
species, it is thought that it was derived from a common ancestor in recent years.
481:
454:
357:
1860:
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1878:
has a BvgAS-controlled cytotoxic effect upon interaction with epithelial cells".
2034:
762:
BvgAS. Much of what is known about this regulatory system is based on work with
611:, and this interaction with epithelial cells is mediated by a series of protein
608:
1339:
1322:
1280:
999:
823:. The regulation of Bvg repressed genes is mediated by the product of a 624-bp
512:, and can only be found in humans. Even with extensive vaccination research on
690:
677:
itself is able to reproduce paralysis of the ciliary escalator, inhibition of
604:
568:
419:
likely descending from ancestors who lived in soil and/or water environments.
2025:
1348:
1289:
1181:
1172:
1111:
863:
The identification of a specific point mutation in the BvgS gene which locks
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1660:
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1397:
1248:
1103:
1088:"Bordetella pertussis Can Be Motile and Express Flagellum-Like Structures"
524:
is only found in humans and shows little genetic variation from the other
2206:
https://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/pet-travel/bordetella-vaccine1.htm
2019:
848:
714:
612:
409:
71:
42:
2219:
https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/facts-bordetella-vaccine-dogs/
2093:
643:
597:
400:); are sometimes referred to as the 'classical species'. Two of these (
915:. Therefore, it is possible for a pet to become infected with another
534:
can affect both humans and other mammals, primarily sheep. Similar to
790:
746:
vaccines have many flaws and fail to come to an official conclusion.
1996:
2080:
919:
species or contract kennel cough from another source, such as the
601:
349:
1156:"Bordetella Type III Secretion Injectosome and Effector Proteins"
860:, or by reduction of the incubation temperature to ≤ 26 °C.
846:
It is not known what the physiological signals for BvgS are, but
974:
Tran TD, Ali MA, Lee D, Félix MA, Luallen RJ (4 February 2022).
2000:
2067:
1042:. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information
1372:"Pertussis: current concepts of pathogenesis and prevention"
1213:
Bauwens J, Spach D, Schacker T, Mustafa M, Bowden R (1992).
697:, including transmembrane pore formation and stimulation of
319:
340:
334:
325:
852:
BvgAS can be inactivated by millimolar concentrations of
701:, may also contribute to the intoxication of phagocytes.
565:(Canine Respiratory Infectious Disease (CRID)) in dogs.
313:
1947:
Animal Health Topics / School of
Veterinary Medicine
651:, which is a disaccharide-tetrapeptide derived from
453:
causes several diseases in other mammals, including
337:
331:
322:
316:
2009:
1098:(3). American Society for Microbiology: e00787-19.
631:(though expression of pertussis toxin is unique to
328:
954:. This study determined that the live intranasal
557:shape sized at approximately 0.5 μm. It has
445:rarely infects healthy humans, though disease in
1674:Akerley B, Monack D, Falkow S, Miller J (1992).
1414:Cotter PA, Miller JF (2001). Groisman EA (ed.).
1160:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
1918:"5 Facts About the Bordetella Vaccine for Dogs"
713:are common to all three species. These include
1824:Cotter P, Miller J (1997). "A mutation in the
1819:
1817:
1465:
1463:
1409:
1407:
934:There are three licensed ways to deliver the
8:
875:) phenotype can be reproduced in wild-type
1997:
1943:"Vaccination Guidelines for Dogs and Cats"
950:. After 42 days, the dogs were exposed to
931:vaccine is also only about 70% effective.
778:and is responsible for phase variation or
33:
22:
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1650:
1601:
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1495:
1387:
1338:
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1189:
1171:
1119:
1007:
758:adhesins and toxins is controlled by the
750:Regulation of virulence factor expression
1772:Beattie D, Mahan M, Mekalanos J (1993).
709:The virulence factors identified in the
567:
415:There are about 16 different species of
2197:
1625:Steffen P, Goyard S, Ullmann A (1996).
966:
673:, it is released into the environment.
1449:
1439:
1911:
1909:
516:, whooping cough is still considered
431:(whooping cough) in humans, and some
7:
2156:7320d031-5948-459f-8ebb-15387ed14293
1418:. Academic Press. pp. 619–674.
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
693:. Recently discovered activities of
580:The most thoroughly studied of the
520:in many countries. Due to the fact
1892:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12734.x
1845:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.3821741.x
1643:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00338.x
923:, even after being vaccinated for
14:
793:which responds to stimulation by
492:The three most common species of
1741:10.1128/jb.177.10.2727-2736.1995
1537:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04227.x
1424:10.1016/B978-012304220-0/50014-5
1389:10.1097/00006454-199704001-00002
309:
58:
1231:10.1128/jcm.30.9.2474-2475.1992
760:two-component regulatory system
685:, which aids in the evasion of
600:. Bacteria initially adhere to
368:species, with the exception of
2242:doi:10.1128/9781555819804.ch16
1967:"How Bordetella Vaccines Work"
1061:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
352:of small (0.2 – 0.7 μm),
1:
1790:10.1128/jb.175.2.519-527.1993
1692:10.1128/jb.174.3.980-990.1992
1488:10.1128/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005
1065:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
903:vaccine specifically targets
2283:Vaccine-preventable diseases
1723:Merkel T, Stibitz S (1995).
1063:Sherris Medical Microbiology
449:patients has been reported.
1470:Mattoo S, Cherry J (2005).
2299:
1340:10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.006
1281:10.1186/s13567-020-00769-x
1000:10.1038/s41467-022-28297-6
766:, but BvgAS is present in
1941:Gardiner J (2019-03-27).
1876:Bordetella bronchiseptica
1874:van den Akker W (1997). "
1826:Bordetella bronchiseptica
952:Bordetella bronchiseptica
938:vaccine to dogs: orally,
905:Bordetella bronchiseptica
617:filamentous haemaglutinin
182:Bordetella bronchiseptica
141:
136:
55:Scientific classification
53:
47:Bordetella bronchiseptica
41:
32:
25:
1916:Burke A (May 26, 2017).
1566:Uhl M, Miller J (1994).
1173:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00466
871:. This intermediate (Bvg
549:respiratory infections.
227:Bordetella parapertussis
1321:Ellis JA (2015-04-01).
754:The expression of many
695:adenylate cyclase toxin
683:adenylate cyclase toxin
572:Molecular structure of
360:bacteria of the phylum
254:Bordetella pseudohinzii
1593:10.1073/pnas.91.3.1163
1572:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1327:The Veterinary Journal
717:, such as filamentous
577:
173:Bordetella bronchialis
1416:Chapter 13 Bordetella
1104:10.1128/mbio.00787-19
980:Nature Communications
670:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
571:
290:Bordetella tumulicola
1922:American Kennel Club
1521:Bordetella pertussis
1376:Pediatr Infect Dis J
739:Bordetella pertussis
655:. Unlike most other
378:, as well as highly
263:Bordetella sputigena
236:Bordetella pertussis
1880:FEMS Microbiol Lett
1584:1994PNAS...91.1163U
1382:(4 Suppl): S78–84.
1268:Veterinary Research
1154:Kamanova J (2020).
992:2022NatCo..13..693T
921:parainfluenza virus
727:dermonecrotic toxin
272:Bordetella trematum
209:Bordetella holmesii
191:Bordetella flabilis
146:Bordetella ansorpii
1476:Clin Microbiol Rev
1370:Hewlett E (1997).
825:open reading frame
731:tracheal cytotoxin
675:Tracheal cytotoxin
649:tracheal cytotoxin
578:
218:Bordetella muralis
92:Betaproteobacteria
2192:
2191:
2164:Open Tree of Life
2003:Taxon identifiers
1433:978-0-12-304220-0
1072:978-0-8385-8529-0
925:B. bronchiseptica
877:B. bronchiseptica
865:B. bronchiseptica
854:magnesium sulfate
776:B. bronchiseptica
764:B. bronchiseptica
705:Virulence factors
615:.. These include
586:B. bronchiseptica
551:B. bronchiseptica
543:B. bronchiseptica
506:B. bronchiseptica
459:atrophic rhinitis
451:B. bronchiseptica
447:immunocompromised
443:B. bronchiseptica
423:and occasionally
406:B. bronchiseptica
397:B. bronchiseptica
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18:Genus of bacteria
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802:helix-turn-helix
772:B. parapertussis
594:B. parapertussis
532:B. parapertussis
502:B. parapertussis
437:bronchopneumonia
433:B. parapertussis
425:B. parapertussis
391:B. parapertussis
376:obligate aerobes
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629:pertussis toxin
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480:is named after
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2255:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2173:
2160:
2150:
2137:
2124:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2031:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1958:
1933:
1905:
1866:
1813:
1764:
1715:
1666:
1617:
1558:
1531:(6): 1709–19.
1525:Mol. Microbiol
1511:
1459:
1450:|journal=
1432:
1403:
1362:
1313:
1254:
1205:
1135:
1078:
1071:
1053:
1023:
965:
963:
960:
944:subcutaneously
888:
885:
881:nicotinic acid
872:
868:
858:nicotinic acid
812:
789:-bound sensor
751:
748:
735:Bordetella sp.
706:
703:
699:calcium influx
637:effector cells
489:
486:
362:Pseudomonadota
298:
297:
296:
295:
286:
277:
268:
259:
250:
241:
232:
223:
214:
205:
196:
187:
178:
169:
160:
151:
139:
138:
134:
133:
119:
115:
114:
112:Alcaligenaceae
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
82:Pseudomonadota
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
50:
39:
38:
30:
29:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2295:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1987:
1984:
1972:
1971:HowStuffWorks
1968:
1962:
1959:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:(2): 239–44.
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:(4): 671–85.
1838:
1834:
1833:Mol Microbiol
1830:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:(2): 519–27.
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:(3): 980–90.
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:(3): 1163–7.
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:(2): 326–82.
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1443:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:(9): 2474–5.
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1041:
1040:NCBI taxonomy
1037:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
967:
961:
959:
957:
953:
949:
948:control group
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
894:
886:
884:
882:
878:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
850:
844:
842:
841:transcription
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
809:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
749:
747:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:hemagglutinin
716:
712:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:DNA synthesis
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:peptidoglycan
650:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:cells in the
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
575:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
555:coccobacillus
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
474:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
392:
387:
386:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Gram-negative
351:
345:
306:
305:
292:
291:
287:
283:
282:
278:
274:
273:
269:
265:
264:
260:
256:
255:
251:
247:
246:
242:
238:
237:
233:
229:
228:
224:
220:
219:
215:
211:
210:
206:
202:
201:
197:
193:
192:
188:
184:
183:
179:
175:
174:
170:
166:
165:
161:
157:
156:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
140:
135:
130:
125:
124:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
28:
24:
21:
16:
2247:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2200:
2194:
2010:
1986:
1975:. Retrieved
1973:. 2009-01-23
1970:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1936:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1637:(1): 102–9.
1634:
1630:
1620:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1479:
1475:
1415:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1163:
1159:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1062:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1039:
1033:
1026:
983:
979:
969:
955:
951:
940:intranasally
935:
933:
928:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
898:
892:
890:
876:
864:
862:
847:
845:
839:by reducing
828:
820:
810:
805:
784:
782:modulation.
775:
771:
768:B. pertussis
767:
763:
755:
753:
743:
738:
734:
710:
708:
668:
664:
656:
642:The initial
641:
633:B. pertussis
632:
593:
590:B. pertussis
589:
585:
584:species are
581:
579:
573:
563:kennel cough
559:peritrichous
553:is a small,
550:
547:asymptomatic
542:
541:The species
540:
536:B. pertussis
535:
531:
530:
525:
522:B. pertussis
521:
514:B. pertussis
513:
510:B. pertussis
509:
505:
501:
498:B. pertussis
497:
493:
491:
488:Pathogenesis
482:Jules Bordet
477:
475:
468:
462:
457:in dogs and
455:kennel cough
450:
442:
441:
432:
424:
421:B. pertussis
420:
416:
414:
405:
402:B. pertussis
401:
395:
389:
385:B. pertussis
383:
369:
365:
358:coccobacilli
303:
302:
301:
288:
279:
270:
261:
252:
243:
234:
225:
216:
207:
198:
189:
180:
171:
162:
153:
144:
129:Moreno-López
122:
121:
45:
26:
20:
15:
2035:Wikispecies
1778:J Bacteriol
1729:J Bacteriol
1680:J Bacteriol
1333:(1): 5–16.
799:cytoplasmic
609:nasopharynx
408:) are also
43:Flagellated
2262:Categories
2041:Bordetella
2011:Bordetella
1977:2023-04-21
1952:2023-04-21
1927:2023-04-21
1046:16 January
1034:Bordetella
986:(1): 693.
962:References
956:Bordetella
936:Bordetella
929:Bordetella
917:Bordetella
913:Bordetella
901:Bordetella
893:Bordetella
785:BvgS is a
780:phenotypic
756:Bordetella
744:Bordetella
711:Bordetella
691:cyclic AMP
665:Bordetella
657:Bordetella
605:epithelial
582:Bordetella
526:Bordetella
494:Bordetella
478:Bordetella
476:The genus
417:Bordetella
380:fastidious
366:Bordetella
304:Bordetella
123:Bordetella
27:Bordetella
1452:ignored (
1442:cite book
1349:1090-0233
1290:1297-9716
1274:(1): 46.
1182:2235-2988
1112:2161-2129
817:flagellin
723:pertactin
663:, but in
661:cytoplasm
644:catarrhal
621:pertactin
574:pertussis
464:B. hinzii
439:in pigs.
429:pertussis
371:B. petrii
2020:Wikidata
1991:153-160.
1553:22884606
1545:15341649
1506:15831828
1357:25747699
1308:32209128
1200:33014891
1130:31088927
1018:35121734
909:immunity
887:Vaccines
849:in vitro
808:assays.
806:in vitro
715:adhesins
625:fimbriae
613:adhesins
602:ciliated
470:B. avium
137:Species
108:Family:
78:Phylum:
72:Bacteria
68:Domain:
2107:1351730
2094:3219828
2026:Q893440
1900:9513272
1853:9194696
1808:8419298
1759:7751282
1710:1370665
1661:8598192
1612:8302847
1580:Bibcode
1497:1082800
1398:9109161
1299:7092585
1249:1401019
1191:7498569
1166:: 466.
1121:6520453
1009:8816909
988:Bibcode
721:(FHA),
598:fomites
518:endemic
348:) is a
118:Genus:
98:Order:
88:Class:
2252:153-16
2182:571016
2169:898896
2153:NZOR:
2120:956842
2081:1BORDG
1898:
1861:285961
1859:
1851:
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1799:196167
1796:
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942:, and
927:. The
791:kinase
627:, and
427:cause
410:motile
374:, are
2177:WoRMS
2102:IRMNG
2068:98269
2055:62GXD
1857:S2CID
1549:S2CID
819:gene
350:genus
2141:NCBI
2128:LPSN
2115:ITIS
2089:GBIF
2076:EPPO
1896:PMID
1849:PMID
1829:bvgS
1804:PMID
1755:PMID
1706:PMID
1657:PMID
1608:PMID
1541:PMID
1502:PMID
1454:help
1428:ISBN
1394:PMID
1353:PMID
1345:ISSN
1304:PMID
1286:ISSN
1245:PMID
1196:PMID
1178:ISSN
1126:PMID
1108:ISSN
1092:mBio
1067:ISBN
1048:2019
1014:PMID
899:The
891:The
821:flaA
774:and
729:and
667:and
592:and
504:and
496:are
404:and
131:1952
2146:517
2063:EoL
2050:CoL
1888:doi
1884:156
1841:doi
1794:PMC
1786:doi
1782:175
1745:PMC
1737:doi
1733:177
1696:PMC
1688:doi
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1492:PMC
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1335:doi
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1294:PMC
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